Tournament: Grapevine | Round: Octas | Opponent: Salado AS | Judge: Zhu, Zhang, Gravley

Util

1. Democracies have a unique obligation to show policies are to the advantage of society as a whole Woller in ’97:
   Gary Woller, BYU Prof., "An Overview by Gary Woller", A Forum on the Role of Environmental Ethics, June 1997, pg. 10
   Moreover, virtually all public policies entail some redistribution of economic or political resources,
   AND
   perhaps at times a necessary, basis for public policy in a democracy.

Tournament: Colleyville | Round: Octas | Opponent: Greenhill GB | Judge: Becker, Melin, Arnett

Sustainability K 1NC

Link and Impact

The aff’s mode of understanding the interaction between time and climate change is rooted in the neoliberal imposition of scientific discourse onto embodied experience. Sustainability rhetoric is always coopted by corporate greed, who re-entrench a static vision of the resiliency of Nature to justify continuing resource extraction – turns case and makes aff impacts inevitable. Markley in ’12:

Robert Markley, W. D. and Sara E. Trowbridge Professor of English, Writing Studies, and Center for East Asian and Pacific Studies at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, "Time, History, and Sustainability", in "Telemorphosis: Theory in the Era of Climate Change", Vol. 1, edit. Tom Cohen and Claire Colebrook, Open Humanities Press, 2012
The expanses of pre-human history that extend into the deep backward and abysm
AND
populations, and distributive political economies that are required to manage finite resources.

Impact Calc

The K is a prior question – a sound understanding of the nature of ecological time is the foundation of being able to use sustainability as a policy or ethical goal and is necessary to comprehend aff impacts. Markley in ’12:

Robert Markley, W. D. and Sara E. Trowbridge Professor of English, Writing Studies, and Center for East Asian and Pacific Studies at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, "Time, History, and Sustainability", in "Telemorphosis: Theory in the Era of Climate Change", Vol. 1, edit. Tom Cohen and Claire Colebrook, Open Humanities Press, 2012
In this essay, I outline a brief history of the registers of time and
AND
rework tensions that have characterized views of nature for literally thousands of years.

Alternative

The alternative is to take a step back and embrace the perfection of the world. Rejecting a scientific notion of time in the context of sustainability rhetoric in favor of the transcendental view of nature as complex and free is necessary for the successful reintegration of humankind into nature. Markley in ’12:

Robert Markley, W. D. and Sara E. Trowbridge Professor of English, Writing Studies, and Center for East Asian and Pacific Studies at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, "Time, History, and Sustainability", in "Telemorphosis: Theory in the Era of Climate Change", Vol. 1, edit. Tom Cohen and Claire Colebrook, Open Humanities Press, 2012
Nineteenth-century transcendentalism suggests that the ruptures between microcosm and macrocosm, between humankind’s
AND
Dynamic and unpredictable change is transformed into the energies of self-renewal.

T - Developing Countries

1NC Shell (World Bank)

A – Interpretation: There are 145 developing countries in the world according to the 2013 developing nation list published by the World Bank

World Bank , March 2013 - http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications/country-and-lending-groups - Total of 145 countries.
Afghanistan Albania Algeria American Samoa Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Belarus Belize
AND
Venezuela, RB Vietnam West Bank and Gaza Yemen, Rep. Zambia Zimbabwe

B – Violation: Nations like the U.S. which are included in the affirmative advocacy are not developing countries according to the World Bank list. I’ll show you the list in CX

C – Reasons to Prefer:

Predictability – aff interp kills predictability because defending actually developed countries invalidates neg prep.

The World Bank is the most predictable interp in the topic lit because it’s cited by multiple studies and experts in the field and is used commonly in the real-world. Also, their measure with GNI is the most common and accurate determinant of development. World Bank in ’14:

The World Bank, UN Group seeking to fight poverty and income inequality, "How We Classify Countries: A Short History", Copyright 2014, http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications/a-short-history
The Bank’s analytical income categories (low, middle, high income) are based
AND
Zone. Thus, the thresholds remain constant in real terms over time.

Key to advocacy skills - predictable interps allow the neg to have well-developed arguments prepared against affs – allows us to better test and develop the positions we take. The resolution is the stasis point of discussion, so any aff has to be textually consistent

Clash – forcing me to debate about developed countries for which I reasonably can’t be expected to prep because of their inconsistency with the resolution kills clash by pitting under-developed neg strats against solid affs and spiking out of common disads to extraction industries. Martin in ’05:

Will Martin, Research Manager for Agriculture and Rural Development at the Development Research Group of World Bank, "Outgrowing Resource Dependence: Theory and Some Recent Developments", World Bank, 2005
The first part of the paper identifies policies that can both contribute to economic development
AND
sharing models that have increased developing countries’ ability to participate in manufactures trade. 

Clash is key to defending advocacies because responding to well-developed warrants allows us to reform our positions effectively. Even if they win that they get advocacy skills, it’s always one-sided under their interp because negs are always disadvantaged.

Voter — Advocacy Skills

My model of debate encourages a uniquely beneficial system – it teaches debaters to make the most strategic choices and weigh the advantages and disadvantages of endorsing a specific value judgment

It’s the only portable skill from debate. Advocacy skills are crucial to any job in real life and even persuading people in general by being able to defend our advocacy and undermining others. This is also an offensive reason to prefer my voter because theirs encourages a terrible model of debate

D – Framing Issues:

Drop the Debater –

The abuse in the 1AC skews my potential strategy in the 1N

Dropping the argument means an advocacy shift in the

Competing Interpretations – Prefer competing interpretations as reasonability is arbitrary and openly invites judge intervention

No RVIs –

RVIs deter checking abuse

The logic of RVIs is nonsensical

Tournament: Colleyville | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Greenhill BE | Judge: Hodge, Becker, Wei

1NC Shell (Agriculture)

A – Interpretation: Resource extraction extends only to oil, natural gas, and minerals.  Frank in ’10:

Barney Frank, Senator(D-Mass.) and sponsor of Dodd-Frank, "Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act.", H. R. 4173, One Hundred Eleventh Congress of the United States of America, 5 January 2010
’’(1) DEFINITIONS.—In this subsection— ’’(A) the term ’
AND
that mark information included in the annual report of a resource extraction issuer.

B – Violation:

C – Reasons to Prefer:

Limits – Distinguishing extraction from cultivation industries is uniquely necessary for precise limits – any other interp explodes aff ground and makes to topic limitless. WTO in ’10:

World Trade Report, annual publication from World Trade Organization. It deals with trends in trade, trade policy issues and the multilateral trading system, "Natural resources: definitions, trade patterns and globalization", 2010, http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/anrep_e/wtr10-2b_e.pdf**
All goods either embody natural resources (e.g. automobiles contain iron ore) or
AND
but some effort has been made to identify these in the case of fish. 

Limiting the topic ensures effective advocacy skills by allowing engagement in the core of the topic area in a small range of advocacies – ensures the most clash because more in-depth prep is done on fewer issues and allows more specific in-round discussion.

Voter — Advocacy Skills

My model of debate encourages a uniquely beneficial system – it teaches debaters to make the most strategic choices and weigh the advantages and disadvantages of endorsing a specific value judgment.

It’s the only portable skill from debate. Advocacy skills are crucial to any job in real life and even persuading people in general by being able to defend our advocacy and undermining others. This is also an offensive reason to prefer my voter because theirs encourages a terrible model of debate.

D – Framing Issues:

Drop the Debater –

Same as in other T

CP - GBTL

I advocate the de-settlement and return of all colonized indigenous lands in what is currently defined as Malaysian and Indonesian land.

The return of all colonized lands is key to the de-colonization of society.

 Zoltán Grossman, Jun 12, 2013  (Zoltan Grossman is a Professor of Geography and Native Studies at The Evergreen State College in Olympia, Washington. He is a longtime community organizer, and was a co-founder of the Midwest Treaty Network in Wisconsin. His dissertation explored "Unlikely Alliances: Treaty Conflicts and Environmental Cooperation Between Rural Native and White Communities (University of Wisconsin Department of Geography, 2002). He is co-editor (with Alan Parker) of "Asserting Native Resilience: Pacific Rim Indigenous Nations Face the Climate Crisis" (Oregon State University Press, 2012), Idle No More and Building Bridges Through Native Sovereignty, http://unsettlingamerica.wordpress.com/ )
In the meantime, the European encounter with more egalitarian Indigenous societies convinced some scholars
AND
, "You can all love this land as much as we do."

And de-colonizing the land and the formation of alliances empirically solves

Zoltán Grossman, Jun 12, 2013  (Zoltan Grossman is a Professor of Geography and Native Studies at The Evergreen State College in Olympia, Washington. He is a longtime community organizer, and was a co-founder of the Midwest Treaty Network in Wisconsin. His dissertation explored "Unlikely Alliances: Treaty Conflicts and Environmental Cooperation Between Rural Native and White Communities (University of Wisconsin Department of Geography, 2002). He is co-editor (with Alan Parker) of "Asserting Native Resilience: Pacific Rim Indigenous Nations Face the Climate Crisis" (Oregon State University Press, 2012), Unlikely Alliances, Idle No More and Building Bridges Through Native Sovereignty, http://unsettlingamerica.wordpress.com/ )
Since the 1970s, unlikely alliances have joined Native communities with their rural white neighbors
AND
groups are weaker because they have lost many of their followers to these alliances

Tournament: Colleyville | Round: 2 | Opponent: Greenhill VA | Judge: Erick Berdugo

1NC Shell – Global Witness

CP Text: ~Aff Countries~ will adopt Global Witness’s proposed changes to the Kimberly Process, including extending its reach into all forms of human rights abuse, creating an independent technical body, and improving its decision-making process – solves criticisms and increases effectiveness. Global Witness in ’13:

Global Witness, Global Witness has run pioneering campaigns against natural resource-related conflict and corruption and associated environmental and human rights abuses, "The Kimberley Process", 2013
The KP will not achieve its aim of stamping out diamond-fuelled violence for
AND
KP to replace its decision-making procedure with a more effective system. 

It competes via mutual exclusivity because the aff ends diamond mining and net benefits.

Poverty DA

Scenario 1 is Local Economy

Diamond trade is essential for African development – fuels projects to develop infrastructure, fuels economic growth, and is the biggest source of revenue. DiamondFacts no date:

Diamond Facts, "Economic Impact", dedicated to presenting the facts about conflict diamonds, along with how diamonds are driving economic growth and prosperity in countries around the world, sponsored by Market Direct Business Communication, n.d.
The global diamond industry employs some 10 million people directly and indirectly all over the
AND
income taxes of C244.7 billion (2004 estimated figures).

Diamond mining is the driver of employment in Africa and is the key to alleviate problems associated with poverty. Diamond Facts no date:

Diamond Facts, "Economic Impact", dedicated to presenting the facts about conflict diamonds, along with how diamonds are driving economic growth and prosperity in countries around the world, sponsored by Market Direct Business Communication, n.d.
The diamond industry provides livelihoods for millions of people around the globe. In southern
AND
diamonds are found and offering broader opportunities to the people of the communities.

Scenario 2 is Education

Diamond mining is the basis of education funding in Africa – no substitute. Diamond Facts no date:

Diamond Facts, "Economic Impact", dedicated to presenting the facts about conflict diamonds, along with how diamonds are driving economic growth and prosperity in countries around the world, sponsored by Market Direct Business Communication, n.d.
Diamond revenues have had a tremendous impact on educational opportunities for people in countries all
AND
providing nearly 12,000 students with a formal school environment since 1998.

Education is one of the primary causes of poverty in Africa – I outweigh on strength of link. Agbor in ’12:

Julius Agbor, research fellow at the Africa Growth Initiative in the Global Economy and Development program, "Poverty, Inequality and Africa’s Education Crisis", Brookings Institute, September 26, 2012
In contrast, rural areas in Africa are often characterized by poor or nonexistent infrastructure
AND
vicious cycle that African countries and international donors must work together to solve.

Poverty comes first under a structural violence lens – kills millions and is undeniably consistent. Spina in 2K:

Stephanie Urso Spina, Ph.D. candidate in social/personality psychology at the Graduate School of the City University of New York, Smoke and Mirrors: The Hidden Context of Violence in Schools and Society, p. 201, 2000
This sad fact is not limited to the United States.  Globally, 18 million
AND
weak and the poor every year of every decade, throughout the world. 

Scenario 3 is Healthcare

Diamonds and mining companies are key players in the fight against AIDS and have empirically extended life expectancy for millions. Diamond Facts no date:

Diamond Facts, "Economic Impact", dedicated to presenting the facts about conflict diamonds, along with how diamonds are driving economic growth and prosperity in countries around the world, sponsored by Market Direct Business Communication, n.d.
Diamonds have long funded—and continue to fund—public healthcare programs. Nowhere
AND
million people have access to appropriate healthcare globally thanks to revenue from diamonds.

Unchecked AIDS causes mass death and economic collapse – outweighs their impacts on certainty and magnitude because it sparks political violence – states fail. Singer in ’02:

Peter W. Singer, director of the 21st Century Defense Initiative and a senior fellow in Foreign Policy at Brookings, "AIDS and International Security", Brookings Institution Foreign Policy Studies Program, Survival, Vol. 44, No. 1, Spring 2002, pp. 145-158.
The manner in which AIDS can hollow out already weak states parallels that of its
AND
undergoing tenuous political transitions only heightens the risks of instability and state failure.

Failed States Impact

Violent conflicts and problems from failed states often spillover into nearby areas and trigger chain reactions. Patrick in ’06:

Stewart Patrick, research fellow at the Center for Global Development, "Weak States and Global Threats: Fact or Fiction?", The Center for Strategic and International Studies and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, The Washington Quarterly, pp. 27–53, 2006
Experience since the end of the Cold War has shown that conflict in developing countries
AND
sustainable peace may depend on successful peace-building in the larger region.

Failed states pose the threat of multiple existential risks and undermine reform. Patrick in ’06:

Stewart Patrick, research fellow at the Center for Global Development, "Weak States and Global Threats: Fact or Fiction?", The Center for Strategic and International Studies and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, The Washington Quarterly, pp. 27–53, 2006
Fears that weak and failing states may incubate transnational terrorism merge with a related concern
AND
or black market and to control flows of such weapons across their borders. 

Impact Framing

Adopt a parliamentary model of ethics to account for uncertainty – this entails assigning relative probabilities to different ethical theories and means huge util impacts still matter. Bostrom in ’09:

Nick Bostrom, Professor, Faculty of Philosophy 26 Oxford Martin School Director, Future of Humanity Institute Director, Programme on the Impacts of Future Technology University of Oxford, "Moral uncertainty – towards a solution?", 2009
It seems people are overconfident about their moral beliefs. But how should one reason
AND
don’t infringe too much on what other major moral theories deem centrally important.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 1 | Opponent: Annie Wright AV | Judge: Ben Sprung-Keyser

K

Fear of apocalypse causes endless violence in the name of security

Coviello 2k (Peter, Professor of English and Acting Program Director of Africana Studies at Bowdoin College, Queer Frontiers, p. 40-41)
Perhaps. But to claim that American culture is at present decisively postnuclear is not
AND
or otherwise, seems a civic initiative that can scarcely be done without.

Beginning discussions at the intellectual level is more productive—causes better social change which the agency of the state can’t access—this is empirically proven

Bilgin 5 Assistant Prof of International Relations at Bilkent University, REGIONAL SECURITY IN THE MIDDLE EAST A CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE, p54-
The point is that a broader security agenda requires students of security to look at
AND
constituting ’threats to the future’ (Kubálková 1998: 193–201).

Vote negative to reject the AC’s enframing.

Critical intellectualism key to solve extinction—-voting negative outweighs hypothetical plan consequences

Jones 99—IR, Aberystwyth (Richard, "6. Emancipation: Reconceptualizing Practice," Security, Strategy and Critical Theory, http://www.ciaonet.org/book/wynjones/wynjones06.html, AMiles)

The central political task of the intellectuals is to aid in the construction of a
AND
should act as both an inspiration and a challenge to critical security studies.

F/W

The judge should place special emphasis on grading the knowledge claims of the AC since it is the baseline for the debate. When a student turns in an F paper a teacher doesn’t have to write a new paper. pointing out major aff academic deficiencies should be enough to vote negative.  The way we understand the world is influenced by particular discourses of knowledge.

Their narrow conception of politics ignores crucial areas more concerned with institutional power than effectiveness and means debaters take less away from the activity

Lee Jones is lecturer in International Relations at Queen Mary, University of London, BA Honors Univ of Warwick, MA in IR St Anthony’s, PhD IR Nuffield , Journal of Critical Globalization Studies Issue 1 2009
Having conceded where Nye has a point, let’s now consider the ways in which
AND
Assistance, Science, and Technology. (p. 127-30)

It’s predictable – they write their AC. My kritik is just an indict of their authors’ assumptions and methodology. They can still weigh the aff, but this makes debate about the mechanism by which we solve

Sophistry disad–plan focus and judge choice provides an infinitely regressive cover for any methodological flaws and condones racist and sexist discourse

Aff misses the boat—symbolic battles of representation are as if not more important than the plan

James K. Stanescu  PhD student at Binghamton University (SUNY) in the Philosophy, Interpretation, and Culture program 11-8-09 http://wrongforum.wordpress.com/2009/11/08/reps-ks/
Harrigan argues that the representations of the affirmative are not necessary components of the plan
AND
happen in the 1AC, and all of them are open for debate. 

Case

Case doesn’t outweigh the K-

Technocratic planning uses techniques of disciple and control that justify biopolitically invasive governance—this evidence is impact comparative

Burke 2007 lecturer at Adelaide University School of History and Politics, "What security makes possible," Working Paper 2007 p.11-12
Even if threats are credible and existential, I do not believe that they warrant
AND
he states that ’as concepts, neither individual nor international security exist’:

Suffering is inevitable –we will never be able to actually influence the world and death is inevitable. Its only a question of how we relate our individual ontologies

Lanza, professor at Wake Forest, 11/26/11 – considered one of the leading cell scientists in the world. He is currently Chief Scientific Officer at Advanced Cell Technology, and a professor at Wake Forest University School of Medicine (Robert, Why Do You Exist?, http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/biocentrism/201111/why-do-you-exist
New evidence continues to suggest that Einstein was right, death is an illusion.
AND

it’s like a perennial flower that returns to bloom in the multiverse.

Their threat discourse justifies mass structural violence—-rational impact calc goes neg

Jackson 12—Director of the National Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies, the University of Otago. Former. Professor of International Politics at Aberystwyth University (8/5/12, Richard, The Great Con of National Security, http://richardjacksonterrorismblog.wordpress.com/2012/08/05/the-great-con-of-national-security/)

It may have once been the case that being attacked by another country was a
AND
terrorism.  Somehow, we need to challenge the politicians on this fact.
 

Bioplastics Affs

Case

Case Turns

Bioplastics destroy the environment – don’t break down well without non-existent, expensive infrastructure and release greenhouse gases worse than plastic when they decompose. Vidal in ’08:

John Vidal, environment editor for the Guardian", "’Sustainable’ bio-plastic can damage the environment", The Guardian, 2008
The worldwide effort by supermarkets and industry to replace conventional oil-based plastic with
AND
, but will degrade and disappear in a short timescale", he said.

The aff represents the technique of the far right, greenwashing the harms of industry by painting bioplastics as a catch-all for disaster – turns case and doesn’t address root cause. GeoLab in ’12:

GeoLab, co-creating community that seeks to find solutions to existing environmental problems through collaboration, "Bioplastics: The Good, The Bad , The Ugly", 2012
The development of plastics from plant matter - bioplastics - holds great promise to address
AND
industry is forecast to need several million acres of farmland within four years. 

AT Biodiversity Loss

Warming is good for species survival.

Idso ’02 ~Craig, Chairman of the Board for CSCDCG/BS in Agriculture from Arizona State, Sep 25, "CO2, Temperature and Biodiversity," http://www.co2science.org/articles/V5/N39/EDIT.php~~**
But, one might argue, CO2 does not come without unwanted baggage; for
AND
fanatics to ignore these facts.  They must be shouted from the rooftops.

No species snowball – Ecosystems are resilient

Roger A Sedjo 2k, Sr. Fellow, Resources for the Future, Conserving Nature’s Biodiversity: insights from biology, ethics 26 economics, eds. Van Kooten, Bulte and Sinclair, p 114
As a critical input into the existence of humans and of life on earth,
AND
the value of the marginal unit of biodiversity appears to be very small. 

AT War

Economic decline doesn’t cause war. Barnett in ’09:

Barnett 9 ~senior managing director of Enterra Solutions LLC and a contributing editor/online columnist for Esquire magazine, columnist for World Politics Review, Thomas P.M. "The New Rules: Security Remains Stable Amid Financial Crisis," World Politics Review, 8/252009, http://www.aprodex.com/the-new-rules—security-remains-stable-amid-financial-crisis-398-bl.aspx~

When the global financial crisis struck roughly a year ago, the blogosphere was ablaze
AND
fear-mongering to proceed apace. That’s what the Internet is for.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 5 | Opponent: Stratford BG | Judge: Colton Smith

DAs

Poverty DA

Drilling in Yasuni will meet strict standards and is necessary to solve poverty via fixing infrastructure – turns case because poverty hurts the environment more than drilling. CHL in ’13:
Cuenca High Life, Ecuador News Website, "Mayors back Correa on Yasuni drilling; Correa tells Assange to cool it; church and Red Cross host blood drive." August 31st, 2013.http://www.cuencahighlife.com/post/2013/08/31/Mayors-back-Correa-on-Yasuni-drilling3b-Correa-tells-Assange-to-cool-it3b-church-and-Red-Cross-host-blood-drive.aspx
Ecuador mayors attending the annual meeting of the National Association of Municipalities AND
will have high quality service, according the plan submitted to the mayors by Correa. 

====Structural violence outweighs on magnitude and probability – death count is unequivocally higher and death is nearly assured. It’s also the root cause of their physical violence impacts. Gilligan in ’96:====
James Gilligan, Professor of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical and Director of the Center for
AND
for they are inextricably related to each other, as cause to effect.

China DA

Ecuador is in huge debt to China and only continuing drilling in Yasuni gives them enough credit to pay it off – China depends on Ecuador for oil. Neher and Pontes in ’13:

Clarissa Neher and Nadia Pontes, staff writers for Deutsche Welle, "China to blame over Yasuni say critics", Deutsche Welle, September 13th, 2013, http://www.dw.de/china-to-blame-over-yasuni-say-critics/a-17085405**

"The decision by Ecuador’s President Rafael Correa to cancel the conservation plan is
AND
Ecuador’s oil goes to China, a trend that is continuing to increase. 

Latin American oil ensures energy stability in China. Xiaoxia in ’13:

Wang Xiaoxia, economic observer for WorldCrunch, "IN AMERICA’S BACKYARD: CHINA’S RISING INFLUENCE IN LATIN AMERICA", WorldCrunch, May 6th, 2013.http://www.worldcrunch.com/china-2.0/in-america-039-s-backyard-china-039-s-rising-influence-in-latin-america/foreign-policy-trade-economy-investments-energy/c9s11647/**
Initially, China’s activities in Latin America were limited to the diplomatic level. By
AND
and its huge reserves and production capacity naturally became a destination for China.

Energy instability causes nuclear war from lashing out. Brandenburg in ’11:

James A. Brandenburg, Colonel in the United States Air Force, "China’s
AND
energy supplies, this warrants special consideration in the geo-political realm.

That turns environment impacts – huge pollution and wildlife death. Greene et. Al in ’85:

Owen Greene, Expert on Security issues, Director of Bradford U. Centre for
AND
water could occur. There would also be global pollution by radioactive fallout.

Defense – Case

AT Solvency

No impact to plan – Block 31, which the plan doesn’t address, is more dangerous and drilling is hugely present in the surrounding areas.

Gerard Coffey, Lecturer in Law at University of Limerick, "Ecuador: Some observations on the controversy over oil development in Yasuní-ITT", September 16, 2013

• 1. As some commentators have already pointed out, the Yasuní National Park
  AND
  avoiding damage is clearly significant as the park is an important centre of biodiversity

AT Biodiversity Loss

Warming is good for species survival.

Idso ’02 ~Craig, Chairman of the Board for CSCDCG/BS in Agriculture from Arizona State, Sep 25, "CO2, Temperature and Biodiversity," http://www.co2science.org/articles/V5/N39/EDIT.php~~**
But, one might argue, CO2 does not come without unwanted baggage; for
AND
fanatics to ignore these facts.  They must be shouted from the rooftops.

No species snowball – Ecosystems are resilient

Roger A Sedjo 2k, Sr. Fellow, Resources for the Future, Conserving Nature’s Biodiversity: insights from biology, ethics 26 economics, eds. Van Kooten, Bulte and Sinclair, p 114
As a critical input into the existence of humans and of life on earth,
AND
the value of the marginal unit of biodiversity appears to be very small. 

Impact is small – Scientists confirm.

Stevens 91 –Journalist of the New York Times ~William K. , "Species Loss: Crisis or False Alarm," New York Times. August 20,. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res= 9D0CE1D61E3EF933A1575BC0A96795826026sec=26spon=26pagewanted=all~ AP

While species constitute a "valuable endowment" and should be protected, there is
AND
far more certain pursuit than predicting the future of species, he said.  

There is no impact to species loss – We can’t even name those species and we’ve had worse extinctions.

Morana and Washburn 2k, 6-26-2000 Worldnet Daily, http://www.worldnetdaily.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.printable26pageId=4162

"There is no scientific basis for saying that 50,000 species are going
AND
decimal have gone extinct. Extinction is a natural process," he asserts. 

Species loss is exaggerated – UN figures prove.

Dutton 01 - prof of philosophy @ U of Canterbury ~Dennis. "Greener Thank You Think. ’The Skeptical Environmentalist: Measuring the Real State of the World’ by Bjorn Lomborg." The Washington Post. October 21, 2001~

For a factual encyclopedia, the book has immense entertainment value, particularly in
AND
be realistically faced and solved, not a catastrophe to be bewailed.  

Warming increases species diversity.

Avery ’03 ~Dennis, director of the Hudson Institute Center for Global Food Issues, Nov 4, "Global warming and the Fortune of Species," American Outlook Today~
The environmental movement is telling us that global warming might cause a mass extinction of
AND
opportunities to expand their range, rather than getting death notices from Greenpeace.  

1NC Disease Frontline

1. Disease are short term – They evolve to be benign.

AMNH 98 The American Museum of Natural History "How did Hyperdisease cause extinctions?" http://www.amnh.org/science/biodiversity/extinction/Day1/disease/Bit2.html**
It is well known that lethal diseases can have a profound effect on species’ population
AND
be maintained within the host population, thus ensuring the pathogen’s ultimate survival.

2. No terminal impact – Too fast or too slow.

The Independent 03 "Future Tense: Is Mankind Doomed?" http://www.commondreams.org/headlines03/0725-04.htm**
Maybe - though plenty of experienced graduate students could already have a stab. But
AND
. As scares go, this one is ideal - overblown and unrealistic.

3. No risk of big impact – Quarantines check.

Pharma Investments, Ventures 26 Law Weekly 05 "SARS; Quarantine is cost saving and effective in containing emerging infections" Lexis
Quarantine is cost saving and effective in containing emerging infections. "Over time,
AND
. J Infect, 2005;50(5):386-393).

4. A virus has never actually killed off any species.

New York Times 97 May 18, "Pathogens of Glory" http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C00E6DA1639F93BA25756C0A96195826026sec=26spon=26pagewanted=2**
Despite such horrific effects, Dr. Peters is fairly anti-apocalyptic when it
AND
virus in all of history. Yet it’s Ebola that people find ’’scary’’21

Tournament: Colleyville | Round: 4 | Opponent: Cy-Woods JG | Judge: Patrick Davis

NC

====Structural violence outweighs on magnitude and probability – death count is unequivocally higher and death is nearly assured. It’s also the root cause of their physical violence impacts. Gilligan in ’96:====
James Gilligan, Professor of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical and Director of the Center for
AND
for they are inextricably related to each other, as cause to effect.

Resource extraction is the key to long-term economic growth, sustainable development, poverty reduction, and economic opportunities – prefer my evidence because it’s backed by consistent empirics. Wise and Shtylla in ’07:

Holly Wise, leads a consultancy practice, Wise Solutions LLC, and Sokol Shtylla, "The Role of the Extractive Sector in Expanding Economic Opportunity", Economic Opportunity Series, Harvard University School of Government, 2007
Extractive companies are major players in the economic landscapes of many developing countries. While
AND
cases have actually worsened conditions and qualities of life for certain population groups.

Strong extractive sectors offer higher entry level wages and develop human capital through investment in education – solves income inequality. Wise and Shtylla in ’07:

Holly Wise, leads a consultancy practice, Wise Solutions LLC, and Sokol Shtylla, "The Role of the Extractive Sector in Expanding Economic Opportunity", Economic Opportunity Series, Harvard University School of Government, 2007
Extractive industries are not labor intensive. Employment and other economic opportunities are somewhat more
AND
to support the community during and after the life of the mine."’

Tournament: TFA State | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lovejoy BP | Judge: Kris Wright

A – Interpretation:

Political conditions on humanitarian aid are based solely on good governance or democratization. Qarmout and Beland in ’12:

Tamer Qarmout, Researcher at the Institute for Palestine Studies, and Daniel Beland, Canada Research Chair in Public Policy at the University of Saskatchewan, "The Politics of International Aid to the Gaza Strip," The Journal of Palestine Studies, Summer 2012, p. 34
Understandings of conditionality have changed over time. Classic conditionality, on the one hand
AND
directed at bypassing, isolating, and weakening the Hamas administration in Gaza.

Prefer this definition:

Intent to Define – The authors wrote this paper in the context of humanitarian aid to conflict areas and clearly differentiate between economic and political conditions as they apply in action – prefer it because of real-world applicability and specificity within the topic lit.

B – Violation:

C – Reasons to Prefer:

Predictable Ground –

Separating political conditions from economic conditions is the key to effective limits – ensures the aff doesn’t get qualitatively more expansive ground by getting to defend economic conditions, too.

There’s clear abuse – economic conditions are easier to implement and true political conditions, if applied, undermine economic growth, so the aff interp not only ignores topic lit, but skews the debate. ODI in ’92:

Overseas Development Institute, UK’s leading independent think tank on international development and humanitarian issues, "AID AND POLITICAL REFORM", Briefing Paper, January 1992
Although political conditionality is now widely accepted by donors in principle, there is less
AND
that emerges from more politically accountable governments even if growth is not maximised. 

Predictable ground is the key to advocacy skills

Voter – Advocacy Skills

My model of debate encourages a uniquely beneficial system – it teaches debaters to make the most strategic choices and weigh the advantages and disadvantages of endorsing a specific value judgment.

It’s the only portable skill from debate. Advocacy skills are crucial to any job in real life and even persuading people in general by being able to defend our advocacy and undermining others. This is also an offensive reason to prefer my voter because theirs encourages a terrible model of debate.

D – Framing:

Drop the Debater –

The abuse in the 1AC skews my potential strategy in the 1N

Dropping the argument means an advocacy shift in the 1AR

Competing Interpretations –

Prefer competing interpretations as reasonability is arbitrary and openly invites judge intervention

Collapses to C/I anyways as we just shift the burden to establishing the best interpretation of what is reasonable

No RVIs –

RVIs deter checking abuse

MCC CP

The standard is maximizing expected well-being. Legislation does not occur within a vacuum – any plan of action happens within legislative bodies which are responsible for the well-being of certain populations. This commits policy-makers to acting in accordance with benefitting their populations. Professor Gary Woller writes:

Gary Woller, BYU Prof., "An Overview by Gary Woller", A Forum on the Role of Environmental Ethics, June 1997, pg. 10
Moreover, virtually all public policies entail some redistribution of economic or political resources,
AND
perhaps at times a necessary, basis for public policy in a democracy.

1NC Shell

CP Text: ~Aff Actor~ will implement and strengthen the Millenium Challenge Corporation’s model for humanitarian aid, which conditions assistance on recipient nations’ commitment to sound economic policies and good governance.

It competes A) via mutual exclusivity because it’s a direct conditioning of aid and B) through net benefit.

Unconditioned aid is empirically wasted and leads to long-term stagnation – only the MCC model drives private sector growth and promotes stability. Roberts in ’11:

James Roberts, Research Fellow for Economic Freedom and Growth in the Center for International Trade and Economics (CITE) at the Heritage Foundation, "Not All Foreign Aid Is Equal, The Heritage Foundation", March 1, 2011
Congress faces many tough choices as it responds to the national security threat posed by
AND
merit close scrutiny, but their past performance should justify continuing congressional support.

CP is the best option – increases transparency while creating incentives for economic reform and poverty reduction in developing nations. Roberts in ’11:

James Roberts, Research Fellow for Economic Freedom and Growth in the Center for International Trade and Economics (CITE) at the Heritage Foundation, "Not All Foreign Aid Is Equal, The Heritage Foundation, March 1, 2011
Private-sector trade and investment is by far the best combination to spur sustainable
AND
11 percent growth that would have been expected without the program.~6~

Structural Violence Turns

First, conditioning aid can severely reduce conflict in warlord-infested areas by appealing to their sense of greed and need for humanitarian assistance. Pallage in ’09:

Stephane Pallage, École des sciences de la gestion de l’Université du Québec à Montréal,"Recognizing the Political Side of Humanitarian Aid", 2009 http://www.cirpee.org/fileadmin/documents/Vulgarisation_de_la_recherche/Vulgarisation-Stephane_Pallage_web_en.pdf**
In another text published in 2008 in a major political science journal
AND
 it may result in a safer world and reduce the need for humanitarian aid. 

Without conditioning aid, kleptocratic rulers can take advantage of local populations and allow famines to run rampant while they allow humanitarian aid to do its job – ensures severe structural violence. Pallage in ’09:

Stephane Pallage, École des sciences de la gestion de l’Université du Québec à Montréal,"Recognizing the Political Side of Humanitarian Aid", 2009 http://www.cirpee.org/fileadmin/documents/Vulgarisation_de_la_recherche/Vulgarisation-Stephane_Pallage_web_en.pdf, gender-modified
Can a humanitarian aid agency be neutral? Independently of any action on its part
AND
where the Samaritan’s dilemma can lead to more famines than what nature would dictate

Corruption Turns

First, unconditional aid fuels corruption in various regimes – the money never really gets to the people who need it as aid fuels instability and joblessness.

GRACE AFSARI-MAMAGANI, The Dartmouth Staff, "Moyo: international aid to Africa spurs corruption", The Dartmouth Paper, 2010
Billions of dollars in international financial aid do more harm than good on the African
AND
for performance, we can only expect that there will be poor results."

Unconditional aid feeds corruption in developing nations – only setting political conditions on humanitarian aid solves. Smith in ’10:

Austin Smith, Columnist for the Washington Post, "To really help Haiti, fight corruption", The New York Post, 2010
On Wednesday, international and Haitian leaders will gather in New York to discuss and
AND
opportunity to break from the past and to empower Haitians to help themselves.

Tournament: TFA State | Round: 6 | Opponent: Trinity Valley PK | Judge: Jonathan Wei

Coloniality K

1NC K Shell

The 1AC is haunted by the spectre of coloniality. It calls for unpoliticized solutions to poverty and violence through a politics of impartiality, but ignores that all aid is politically motivated, infected by the colonizer-colonized relation– turns case and perpetuates humanitarian crises. Long in ’14:

Katy Long, Lecturer in International Development at the University of Edinburgh, "Syrians suffer as world plays politics with humanitarian aid", The Conversation, February 19, 2014
The humanitarian crisis in Syria is no longer news. It is simple fact:
AND
and the West is still fiddling while Syria burns. That’s politics too.

This colonial logic that privileges euro-modernity above the views of conquered population and renders the colonized forever dependent on the colonizer is a near permanent state of exception – renders victims ’rapeable’ and ’killable’ without ethical scruples. This is the death ethics of war. Maldonado-Torres in ’08:

Nelson Maldonado-Torres, associate professor of comparative literature at Rutgers, "Against War: Views from the Underside of Modernity", p. 217-21, 2008 
Dussel, Quijano, and Wynter lead us to the understanding that what happened in
AND
such a world, ontology collapses into a Manicheanism, as Fanon suggested." 

The alternative is to reject the notion of humanitarian aid as a first-world gift and engage in decoloniality as a radical suspension of privilege to create a praxis of liberation.  Maldonado-Torres in ’05:

Nelson Maldonado-Torres, associate professor of comparative literature at Rutgers, "Decolonization and the New Identitarian Logics after September 11," Radical Philosophy Review 8, n. 1 (2005): 35-67
Both Fanon and Anzaldúa, colonized subjects of the French and "estadounidense" empires
AND
of creation that leads us beyond the horizon of Eurocentrism and Americanism today.

1NC F/W

The standard is minimizing epistemic exclusion, defined as making heard the voices of subjugated peoples and reforming ethics around those voices.

Ethical systems must first take into account excluded voices to improve the objectivity our normative beliefs - this is a question of the best epistemic starting point. Medina in ’11:

Jose Medina, Professor of Philosophy at Vanderbilt, "Toward a Foucaultian Epistemology of Resistance: Counter-Memory, Epistemic Friction, and Guerrilla Pluralism", Foucault Studies, No. 12, pp. 9-35, October 2011
What we need in order to maintain possibilities of resistance always open is epistemic friction
AND
is always an opportunity for learning from each other and correcting each other.

Case Turns

Political conditionality on aid agreements is defended by multiple treaties – I outweigh on precedence in the status quo. Roth in ’09:

Selma Roth, Master (M.A) in Advanced European and International Studies Anglophone branch, "POLITICAL CONDITIONALITY IN EUROPEAN UNION DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE ASSESSING EFFECTIVENESS AND CONSISTENCY", 2009
By looking at these notions, the extent to which a legal basis exists for
AND
conditionality a strong legal basis in its relations with the signatories of Cotonou.

The ability of aid donors to place political conditions on aid is binding in international law – it’s a shift from the past. Rich in ’01:

Roland Rich, director of the Centre for Democratic Institutions at the Australian National University, "BRINGING DEMOCRACY INTO INTERNATIONAL LAW", Journal of Democracy, Volume 12, Number 3 July 2001
The Commonwealth’s power to suspend aid programs in response to the unconstitutional overthrow of democratic
AND
but the initiative demonstrates the lengths to which democratic conditionality can be taken.

Prefer this:

Specificity – the Rich and Roth both discuss codified international agreements relating to the placing of democracy conditions and various other political conditions on aid programs. The aff evidence is spotty on this issue – ~insert analysis~

I control uniqueness – Rich indicates that while unconditionality may have been a past trend, status quo legal agreements are shifting towards solidifying conditions in binding agreements. It’s a reason to err neg on the I-Law debate

Conflict Discussion – my evidence actually discusses the conflict between political conditions and unconditional aid and concludes political conditions are legally sound. Prefer it because it’s more conclusive on the issue and relies on less of our own subjective views.

Tournament: TFA State | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lovejoy BP | Judge: Kris Wright

T – Political Conditions

A – Interpretation:

Political conditions on humanitarian aid are based solely on good governance or democratization. Qarmout and Beland in ’12:

Tamer Qarmout, Researcher at the Institute for Palestine Studies, and Daniel Beland, Canada Research Chair in Public Policy at the University of Saskatchewan, "The Politics of International Aid to the Gaza Strip," The Journal of Palestine Studies, Summer 2012, p. 34
Understandings of conditionality have changed over time. Classic conditionality, on the one hand
AND
directed at bypassing, isolating, and weakening the Hamas administration in Gaza.

Prefer this definition:

Intent to Define – The authors wrote this paper in the context of humanitarian aid to conflict areas and clearly differentiate between economic and political conditions as they apply in action – prefer it because of real-world applicability and specificity within the topic lit.

B – Violation:

C – Reasons to Prefer:

Predictable Ground –

Separating political conditions from economic conditions is the key to effective limits – ensures the aff doesn’t get qualitatively more expansive ground by getting to defend economic conditions, too.

There’s clear abuse – economic conditions are easier to implement and true political conditions, if applied, undermine economic growth, so the aff interp not only ignores topic lit, but skews the debate. ODI in ’92:

Overseas Development Institute, UK’s leading independent think tank on international development and humanitarian issues, "AID AND POLITICAL REFORM", Briefing Paper, January 1992
Although political conditionality is now widely accepted by donors in principle, there is less
AND
that emerges from more politically accountable governments even if growth is not maximised. 

Predictable ground is the key to advocacy skills

Voter – Advocacy Skills

My model of debate encourages a uniquely beneficial system – it teaches debaters to make the most strategic choices and weigh the advantages and disadvantages of endorsing a specific value judgment.

It’s the only portable skill from debate. Advocacy skills are crucial to any job in real life and even persuading people in general by being able to defend our advocacy and undermining others. This is also an offensive reason to prefer my voter because theirs encourages a terrible model of debate.

D – Framing:

Drop the Debater –

The abuse in the 1AC skews my potential strategy in the 1N by making running certain DA’s and CP’s impossible – I can’t make these arguments

Dropping the argument means an advocacy shift in the 1AR

Competing Interpretations –

Prefer competing interpretations as reasonability is arbitrary and openly invites judge intervention

Collapses to C/I anyways as we just shift the burden to establishing the best interpretation of what is reasonable

No RVIs –

RVIs deter checking abuse

MCC CP

The standard is maximizing expected well-being. Legislation does not occur within a vacuum – any plan of action happens within legislative bodies which are responsible for the well-being of certain populations. This commits policy-makers to acting in accordance with benefitting their populations. Professor Gary Woller writes:

Gary Woller, BYU Prof., "An Overview by Gary Woller", A Forum on the Role of Environmental Ethics, June 1997, pg. 10
Moreover, virtually all public policies entail some redistribution of economic or political resources,
AND
perhaps at times a necessary, basis for public policy in a democracy.

1NC Shell

CP Text: ~Aff Actor~ will implement and strengthen the Millenium Challenge Corporation’s model for humanitarian aid, which conditions assistance on recipient nations’ commitment to sound economic policies and good governance.

It competes A) via mutual exclusivity because it’s a direct conditioning of aid and B) through net benefit.

Unconditioned aid is empirically wasted and leads to long-term stagnation – only the MCC model drives private sector growth and promotes stability. Roberts in ’11:

James Roberts, Research Fellow for Economic Freedom and Growth in the Center for International Trade and Economics (CITE) at the Heritage Foundation, "Not All Foreign Aid Is Equal, The Heritage Foundation", March 1, 2011
Congress faces many tough choices as it responds to the national security threat posed by
AND
merit close scrutiny, but their past performance should justify continuing congressional support.

CP is the best option – increases transparency while creating incentives for economic reform and poverty reduction in developing nations. Roberts in ’11:

James Roberts, Research Fellow for Economic Freedom and Growth in the Center for International Trade and Economics (CITE) at the Heritage Foundation, "Not All Foreign Aid Is Equal, The Heritage Foundation, March 1, 2011
Private-sector trade and investment is by far the best combination to spur sustainable
AND
11 percent growth that would have been expected without the program.~6~

Structural Violence Turns

First, conditioning aid can severely reduce conflict in warlord-infested areas by appealing to their sense of greed and need for humanitarian assistance. Pallage in ’09:

Stephane Pallage, École des sciences de la gestion de l’Université du Québec à Montréal,"Recognizing the Political Side of Humanitarian Aid", 2009 http://www.cirpee.org/fileadmin/documents/Vulgarisation_de_la_recherche/Vulgarisation-Stephane_Pallage_web_en.pdf**
In another text published in 2008 in a major political science journal
AND
it may result in a safer world and reduce the need for humanitarian aid. 

Without conditioning aid, kleptocratic rulers can take advantage of local populations and allow famines to run rampant while they allow humanitarian aid to do its job – ensures severe structural violence. Pallage in ’09:

Stephane Pallage, École des sciences de la gestion de l’Université du Québec à Montréal,"Recognizing the Political Side of Humanitarian Aid", 2009 http://www.cirpee.org/fileadmin/documents/Vulgarisation_de_la_recherche/Vulgarisation-Stephane_Pallage_web_en.pdf, gender-modified
Can a humanitarian aid agency be neutral? Independently of any action on its part
AND
where the Samaritan’s dilemma can lead to more famines than what nature would dictate

Corruption Turns

First, unconditional aid fuels corruption in various regimes – the money never really gets to the people who need it as aid fuels instability and joblessness.

GRACE AFSARI-MAMAGANI, The Dartmouth Staff, "Moyo: international aid to Africa spurs corruption", The Dartmouth Paper, 2010
Billions of dollars in international financial aid do more harm than good on the African
AND
for performance, we can only expect that there will be poor results."

Unconditional aid feeds corruption in developing nations – only setting political conditions on humanitarian aid solves. Smith in ’10:

Austin Smith, Columnist for the Washington Post, "To really help Haiti, fight corruption", The New York Post, 2010
On Wednesday, international and Haitian leaders will gather in New York to discuss and
AND
opportunity to break from the past and to empower Haitians to help themselves.

Tournament: Strake | Round: 3 | Opponent: Center For Talented Youth JA | Judge: Brian Hodge

Kritik 1NC

Framework

Ethical systems must take into account voices that were never considered and use diversity to improve our normative beliefs - this is a question of the best epistemic starting point. We must reject arbitrary forms of exclusion and create reconstruct ethics around inclusion. Medina in ’11:

Jose Medina, Professor of Philosophy at Vanderbilt, "Toward a Foucaultian Epistemology of Resistance: Counter-Memory, Epistemic Friction, and Guerrilla Pluralism", Foucault Studies, No. 12, pp. 9-35, October 2011
What we need in order to maintain possibilities of resistance always open is epistemic friction
AND
is always an opportunity for learning from each other and correcting each other.

Link

The affirmative’s faith in the government-controlled system of truth-seeking is illusory – it is this same search for truth that has allowed the United States to justify torture of purported terror suspects at Guantanamo Bay and use illusions of science to dampen all moral objections. Welch in ’10:

Michael Welch, Professor of Criminal Justice at Rutgers University, "Illusions in truth seeking: the perils of interrogation and torture in the war on terror", June 22, 2010
AS THE BUSH PRESIDENCY REACHED ITS CLOSING MOMENTS, MANY AMERICANS WERE left wondering how
AND
(see Cohen, 2006; Gearty, 2005, 2003, 1996). 

Moreover, the denial of attorney-client privileges to alleged criminals trapped in Guantanamo Bay epitomizes the iron hold of United States imperialism. Arbitrary rules on communication and a lack of confidentiality are an affront to true justice and have effectively silenced terrorists from discussing their own torture. Tayler in ’13:

Letta Taylor, researches terrorism and counterterrorism at Human Rights Watch, "Attorney-Client Privilege? Not at Gitmo?", The Republic, June 28, 2013
A decade after the U.S. captured the five accused plotters of the
AND
stark contrast with the denial of rights to the prisoners we left behind.

Impact

The impact is perpetual, dehumanizing violence against the purported terror suspect – their fungibility is guaranteed as their bodies are removed of unique meaning and all forms of atrocities are rendered acceptable at Guantanamo Bay. Pugliese in ’13:

Joseph Pugliese, Associate Professor of Cultural Studies at Macquarie University, Sydney, "State Violence and the Execution of Law: Biopolitical caesurae of torture, black sites, drones", 2013
Ante-dating Agamben’s marking of the biopolitical caesura, Hortense Spillers, in her
AND
case of Salt Pit torture victim Gul Rahman, to an unknown grave.

Alternative

The alternative is to restore attorney-client privilege and give the prisoners at Guantanamo Bay an avenue to voice their experiences without constraint. This extension of rights provides true justice and ends violence perpetrated behind the mask of truth. The alt also functions as a PIC that competes via net benefits – the aff can still be implemented outside Guantanamo Bay. Robinson in ’11:

Bill Robinson, President of the American Bar Association, "Preservation of Attorney-Client Privilegge  For Guantanamo Bay Detainees and Their Lawyers", Letter to Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta, 2011
The American system of justice depends on the essential role of lawyers in counseling their
AND
actions will maintain public confidence and reaffirm the integrity of our justice system.

Tournament: Strake | Round: 2 | Opponent: ANY | Judge: ANY

1

Posthumous Checking Mechanism CP

The United States criminal justice system, on all relevant levels, should adopt the in-camera checking system to determine the applicability of posthumous attorney-client privilege as described in Sealed Case. USCA in ’97:

IN RE SEALED CASE, NOS. 97-3006, 97-3007. 124 F.3d 230 (1997) In re: SEALED CASE United States Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit. Argued June 20, 1997. Filed August 29, 1997. Brett M. Kavanaugh, Associate Counsel, Washington, DC, argued the cause for appellant, with whom Kenneth W. Starr, Independent Counsel, Washington, DC, Kimberly Nelson Brown and Craig S. Lerner, Associate Counsel, Washington, DC, were on the brief. James Hamilton argued the cause for appellees, with whom Andrew L. Lipps, Michael L. Spafford, Washington, DC, William J. Mertens and Robert V. Zener, Washington, DC, were on the brief. Before: WALD, WILLIAMS and TATEL, Circuit Judges.
Even in the realm of criminal proceedings (including grand jury proceedings), this exception
AND
.6 See 2 Mueller 26 Kirkpatrick § 199, at 380-81

It competes via mutual exclusivity because any perm kills certainty that the aff solves and via net benefits.

CP solves the aff even better – it allows application of exceptions when weighed against the respective harms of posthumous disclosure, and does so without chilling communications or harming reputation. USCA in ’97:

IN RE SEALED CASE, NOS. 97-3006, 97-3007. 124 F.3d 230 (1997) In re: SEALED CASE United States Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit. Argued June 20, 1997. Filed August 29, 1997. Brett M. Kavanaugh, Associate Counsel, Washington, DC, argued the cause for appellant, with whom Kenneth W. Starr, Independent Counsel, Washington, DC, Kimberly Nelson Brown and Craig S. Lerner, Associate Counsel, Washington, DC, were on the brief. James Hamilton argued the cause for appellees, with whom Andrew L. Lipps, Michael L. Spafford, Washington, DC, William J. Mertens and Robert V. Zener, Washington, DC, were on the brief. Before: WALD, WILLIAMS and TATEL, Circuit Judges.
The court believes its balancing test will not damage the attorney-client privilege because
AND
to encourage worried clients to make candid and full disclosures to their attorneys.

2

Public Defender CP

Shell

The United States criminal justice system will maintain current attorney-client privilege and create a Federal Defender Services Center to bolster the attorney-client relationship.

Status quo is a solvency deficit to the aff – public defenders are overburdened by a lack of training and a case overload. That hurts representation of minority groups and kills attorney-client relations. Ogletree in ’95:

Charles J. Ogletree, Professor of Law at Harvard University, litigator, "AN ESSAY ON THE NEW PUBLIC DEFENDER FOR THE 21ST CENTURY", Vol. 58, No. 1, 1995 http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=426726context=lcp-http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=426726context=lcp 
Unlike most other members of the legal profession, the typical public defender is burdened
AND
clients or witnesses, and they cannot retain experts without prior judicial approval.

CP competes via net benefits and solves the aff better – a Federal Defender Services Center independent of the judiciary provides significantly improved training to public defenders and creates norms of thoroughness that ensure the best possible representation. Ogletree in ’95:

Charles J. Ogletree, Professor of Law at Harvard University, litigator, "AN ESSAY ON THE NEW PUBLIC DEFENDER FOR THE 21ST CENTURY", Vol. 58, No. 1, 1995 http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=426726context=lcp-http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=426726context=lcp 
The issues raised during the public hearings held by the Criminal Justice Act Review Committee
AND
prepared every case and explored every possible avenue for advancing the client’s interests.

Tournament: Strake | Round: 6 | Opponent: St Johns MH | Judge: Jeremy Dang

1

Corporate Nexus CP

Shell

CP Text: The United States criminal justice system will, at all relevant levels, expand corporate attorney-client privilege to cover communications between lawyers and third-party consultants so long as those conversations pass the four-requirement nexus test. Beardlsee in ’09:

Michele DeStefano Beardslee, Climenko Fellow and Lecturer on Law at Harvard Law School, "The Corporate Attorney-Client Privilege: Third-Rate Doctrine for Third-Party Consultants", SMU Law Review, Vol. 62, 2009.
This Article contends, therefore, that exchanges between attorneys and third-party consultants
AND
enhance the application of the attorney–client privilege in other contexts.24

It competes via mutual exclusivity – A) there’s still ACP in the neg world as it is in the status quo and B) it sets parameters for expanding the scope of attorney-client privilege even further. It also competes via net benefits.

CP solves case – third party consultation increases compliance. Beardlsee in ’09:

Michele DeStefano Beardslee, Climenko Fellow and Lecturer on Law at Harvard Law School, "The Corporate Attorney-Client Privilege: Third-Rate Doctrine for Third-Party Consultants", SMU Law Review, Vol. 62, 2009.
Lastly, although such a narrow standard may deter corporate misconduct, lack of third
AND
help manage and predict risks that internal employees and consultants might overlook.225

The uniquely solves the harms coming off of the aff because expanding privilege allows lawyers to gain access to key third-party consultants that allow lawyers to effectively gauge consequences of corporate action. Such consultation and analysis allows lawyers to ensure compliance on the part of the corporation.

2

Oil DA

Uniqueness

The US is on the verge of complete energy independence. Saefong in ’13:

Michelle Saefong, analyst and reporter for MarketWatch, "U.S. oil independence isn’t just a dream", MarketWatch, Sept. 13, 2013
The biggest clue might have come from the Energy Information Administration’s Short-Term Energy
AND
future, unless developing countries can use up this surplus," Perry said.

Link

ACP is the only shield for corporations to evade heavy restrictions. Caulkins in ’13:

Laurel Brubaker Calkins, reporter for BusinessWeek, "BP Battles U.S., Transocean Over Gulf Spill Rate Claims", Bloomberg News, Mar 1, 2013
’Core Breach’ Transocean claimed BP’s misrepresentations about the volume of the spill "constitutes
AND
," the U.S. said in a Jan. 29 filing.

The EPA is forced to enforce revealed violations and persecute – only the plan gives them that knowledge. Price and Darzig in ’86:

Courtney M Price, Assistant Administrator for Enforcement and Compliance Monitoringat the EPA, and Allen J. Danzig, Special Assistant to the Assistant Administrator for Enforcement and Compliance Monitoring at the EPA, "ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING: DEVELOPING A "PREVENTIVE MEDICINE" APPROACH TO¶ ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE, 19 Loy. L. A. L. Rev. 1189 1986.
As with EPA access to audit reports, the appropriate EPA enforcement response to environmental
AND
certain level of penalty or other relief in an enforcement case.8 0

Increasing environmental restrictions on oil companies kills exploration and forces dependence on foreign energy. Holton in ’12:

Chuck Holton, American war correspondent for the Christian Broadcasting Network, published author, "Energy Rules: Why America is Foreign Oil Dependent", CBN News, July 15, 2012, 
"When the pipeline started out in the 70s we moved about 700,000
AND
and the best way to do that is to fill the Alaska pipeline."

Impact

The impact is extinction – dependency creates resource wars, kills fiscal policy, and decreases US hegemony. Crawford in ’10:

Colin Crawford, Wake Forest University School of Law, "Green Warfare: An American Grand Strategy for the 21st Century", Wake Forest Journal of Business and Intellectual Property Law, p. Lexis, 2010
~*248~  In addition to the potential for economic growth, even the most
AND
foreign policy throughout entire regions is framed in the context of energy. n32

3

Farm Bill DA

Uniqueness

Farm bill talks are in the final stretch, but key differences remain. Rogers on 12/13:

DAVID ROGERS, POLITICO Reporter, covered Congress for better than 30 years, "Farm Bill Talks in Final Stretch:, 12/13/13
Farm bill talks moved into the final stretch Friday with House Agriculture Committee Chairman Frank
AND
could prove higher than CBO is predicting — based on its earlier baseline.

Political capital is key —- overcomes partisanship. Lederman and Kuhnbenn in ’13:

Josh Lederman 10/18/13, reporter for the Associated Press, and Jim Kuhnhenn, "No safe bets for Obama despite toned-down agenda," US News and World Report, http://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2013/10/18/no-safe-bets-for-obama-despite-toned-down-agenda**
WASHINGTON (AP) — Regrouping after a feud with Congress stalled his agenda,
AND
the year if our focus is on what’s good for the American people."

Link

Attorney-client privilege has strong support in Congress – any bill undermining its strength would face stiff opposition and drain political capital. Bondi in ’10:

Bradley J. Bondi, adjunct professor at Georgetown University Law Center and George Mason University School of Law, "No Secrets Allowed: Congress’s Treatment and Mistreatment of the Attorney-Client Privilege and the Work-Product Protection in Congressional Investigations and Contempt Proceedings", Journal of Law and Politics, 2010
Actions in recent years by Congress seem to signify a growing respect for the attorney
AND
by some members of Congress suggests a growing respect for these important concepts.

Even if they say they don’t link because their actor is the ABA, any proposed amendments to the Rules of Professional Conduct require policies be passed for the criminal justice system to actually adopt them – the ABA can’t by itself change judiciary procedures. The plan requires legislature passing through Congress to solve.

Renewables grants under the farm bill are the basis of the Navy’s Great Green Fleet. Casey in ’12:

Tina Casey, specializes in military and corporate sustainability, advanced technology, emerging materials, biofuels, and water and wastewater issues for Clean Technica, 8/27/12, "Farmers in Cahoots with Navy Biofuel Mission," http://cleantechnica.com/2012/08/27/chemtex-gets-usda-loan-for-biofuel-plant-in-north-carolina/~~23OdGkBwbQVPdqPi7r.99 
When Republican leadership in Congress tried to torpedo the U.S. Navy’s ambitious
AND
this summer, and a full Great Green Fleet is planned for 2016.

Great Green Fleets are the key to US clean tech hegemony and oil independency. Lehner in ’12:

Peter Lehner, Executive Director of the Natural Resources Defense Council, 7/31/12, "Navy Launches Great Green Fleet, Powered by Biofuels," http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/plehner/navy_launches_great_green_flee.html**
The U.S. Navy launched its Great Green Fleet recently at RIMPAC,
AND
-carbon biofuels that provide~s~ maximum benefits for all Americans. 

Impact

US clean tech hegemony solves extinction via both warming and oil dependency. Klarevas in ’09:

Louis Klarevas 9, Professor for Center for Global Affairs @ New York University, 12/15, "Securing American Primacy While Tackling Climate Change: Toward a National Strategy of Greengemony," http://www.huffingtonpost.com/louis-klarevas/securing-american-primacy_b_393223.html**
As national leaders from around the world are gathering in Copenhagen, Denmark, to
AND
. needs to become green energy dominant as opposed to black energy independent.

Tournament: Strake | Round: 1 | Opponent: NA | Judge: NA

T – Terrorism + CJS Education

A – Interpretation: The military justice system is distinct from the criminal justice system and is carried out in military tribunals. The Free Dictionary in ’13:

The Free Dictionary, "Military Law", 2013
The military justice system is the primary legal enforcement tool of the armed services.
AND
armed services and certain civilians who meet limited, well-defined criteria.

B – Violation: Terror suspects are tried in military tribunals outside the scope of the CJS – Obama’s shift proves. St. Louis Post-Dispatch in ’11:

Editorial Board at the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, "Military tribunals for terrorists: An all too American failure.", 4/6/13
Khalid Sheik Mohammed, alleged mastermind of the Sept. 11, 2001 attacks,
AND
argue that doing so is justified because the nation is "at war."

C – Reasons to Prefer:

Topic Education – Military law is nothing like criminal justice in the US – that destroys educations about the US CJS. The Free Dictionary in ’13:

The Free Dictionary, "Military Law", 2013
The military justice system is the primary legal enforcement tool of the armed services.
AND
by courts-martial and appellate decisions by the Court of Criminal Appeals.

The voter is criminal justice education – it outweighs other voters because law is the most common career field debaters choose. Nielson in ’11:

Toni Nielson, Assistant Director of Debate at CSU Fullerton, "Prison Reform Topic Paper." 25 April 2011. http://www.cedadebate.org/forum/index.php?action=dlattach;topic=2381.0;attach=664**
Second, if a large percentage of debaters enter into law school, political science
AND
undergraduates for work in a field they are most likely to go into.

D – Framing Issues:

Drop the Debater –

The abuse in the 1AC skews my potential strategy in the 1N

Dropping the argument means an advocacy shift in the 1AR

Competing Interpretations –

Reasonability is arbitrary and openly invites judge intervention

No RVIs –

RVIs deter checking abuse

The logic of RVIs justifies voting people is nonsensical..

Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 1 | Opponent: Kempner AB | Judge: Enrique Martinez
I value A Just Democracy. Civic knowledge and civic engagement are necessary features of legitimate democratic institutions. Levinson in ’10:
Meira Levinson, Associate Professor in the School of Education at Harvard, "The Civic Empowerment Gap: Defining the Problem and Locating Solutions", In Handbook of Research on Civic Engagement, ed. Lonnie Sherrod, Judith Torney-Purta, and Constance A. Flanagan, 331-361., Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley 26 Sons
Even if these do demonstrate a significant civic empowerment gap along the four dimensions of
AND
(Verba, Schlozman, 26 Brady, 1995, p. 305).

Thus, my standard maintaining the legitimacy of democratic institutions. 

Further prefer this as any policy action that delegitimizes a democratic institution isn’t morally justifiable in a democratic government …….etc.

First, compulsory voting forces misinformed people to vote – guts solvency and turns the case. Brennan in ’11:
Josh Brennan, assistant professor of ethics, economics and public policy at Georgetown University, "High Turnout Would Be a Disaster", 11/7/11, NY Times
The best scientific studies tell us that citizens act like Betty at the voting booth
AND
. Instead, ask the ignorant and irrational voters, how dare you?

And, Australia proves – compulsory voting does nothing to increase civic education. Ballinger in ’06
Chris Ballinger, Lecturer in Politics at Brasenose College, "Compulsory turnout: a solution to disengagement?" In "Democracy Series" – "Democracy and Voting", The Hansard Society, 2006
Professor Arend Lijphart posits the argument that, ’mandatory voting may serve as an
AND
, but much less expensive, form of civic education’50 seems highly unconvincing.

Tournament: Grapevine | Round: Doubles | Opponent: McNeil BP | Judge: Gravley, Merchant, Cook

Right to Abstain NC

As ought is a moral obligation, I value Morality. Freedom is a side constraint on ethical theories so long as it does not infringe on the equal freedom of others. Violations of freedom to secure one’s ends in contradictory. Engstrom No Date:
Stephen Engstrom, Professor of Ethics at Pittsburgh, "Universal Legislation As the Form of Practical Knowledge", n.d.
Given the preceding considerations, it’s a straightforward matter to see how a maxim of
AND
person’s outer freedom is incompatible with the limitation of that same freedom.20 

Thus, my standard is Preventing Unnecessary Coercion. I contend that compulsory voting is not a necessary violation of liberty and violates the fundamental right to abstain from voting.

The right to abstain is fundamentally important as a form of protest – all arguments that say otherwise trivialize democracy. Lever in ’09:
Annabelle Lever, political philosopher working at the intersection of contemporary political philosophy, philosophy and public policy, and philosophy of law, "Is Compulsory Voting Justified?", Public Reason: Vol. 1, No. 1, February 2009
Despite the claims of proponents of compulsory voting, I am not persuaded that the
AND
legislators and to overlook the legitimate reasons why people might wish to abstain.

Compulsory voting is fundamentally distinct from other forms of coercion – it’s not necessary. Rovensky in ’08:
Jan Rovensky, Faculty of Political Science, PhD in Political Theory, "Voting: A Citizen’s Right, or Duty? The Case against Compulsory Voting", PhD Thesis, 2008
In any case, returning back why I do not think that compulsory voting is
AND
not have such urgency to it the other concepts cited above do.110

Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 4 | Opponent: Winston Churchill KH | Judge: Tyler Cook

Definition

Interpretation: The OED defines vote as
A formal indication
AND
Or by voice.

Violation

Reasons to Prefer

1. Equal Division of Ground –
   2. Common Usage –
   3. Extra Topicality –
   4. Voter – Fairness

Framing Issues

Drop the Debater –

Competing Interpretations –

No RVIs –

Tournament: Grapevine | Round: Octas | Opponent: Salado AS | Judge: Zhu, Zhang, Gravley

Uniqueness

The Tea Party will make huge gains in the 2014 congressional races, but low democratic voter turnout is the key. Bouie in ’12:
Jamelle Bouie, Staff Writer at The American Prospect, "Why The Tea Party Will Find Success In 2014". 11/23/2012
As both an ideological movement and a faction of the GOP, the tea party
AND
well-positioned to expand its influence in the next round of elections.

Link

Compulsory voting means more democrats get elected – cross-national and historical empirics verify. Mackerras and McAllister in ’99:
M. Mackerras, Department of Politics, University of NSW, Canberra, and Ian McAllister, Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, "Compulsory voting, party stability and electoral advantage in Australia", Electoral Studies 18 (1999) 217–233
Levels of turnout have long been linked to different voting outcomes. High levels of
AND
be expected to abstain under a voluntary voting system (McAllister, 1986).

Internal Link

Increased Tea Party presence in Congress checks US interventionism and warmongering. Beehner in ’10:
Lionel Beehner, fellow with the Truman National Security Project, a member of the Atlantic Council’s Young Atlanticist Working Group, "Another Tea Party enigma: foreign policy", USA Today, 6/29/10
That may explain the isolationist strand ~is~ running through the Tea Party’s DNA
AND
not enough to say you’re patriotic and in favor of a strong military.

Impact

Isolationist policies solve multiple scenarios for extinction. Chomsky in ’03:
Noam Chomsky, Institute Professor and Professor (Emeritus) in the Department of Linguistics 26 Philosophy at MIT, "The Case Against US Adventurism in Iraq", Star Tribune, March 13, 2003
The most powerful state in history has proclaimed that it intends to control the world
AND
overwhelming force. And surely nothing remotely like that justification has come forward.