Tournament: Colleyville | Round: 3 | Opponent: Marcus AT | Judge: Jonathan Wei

Congo Mining 1AC

Framework

I affirm. First is Policy-Making. Resolutional action doesn’t occur within a vacuum – any plan of action happens within the US CJS. Prefer util on a policy-making level. Woller in ’97:

Gary Woller, BYU Prof., "An Overview by Gary Woller", A Forum on the Role of Environmental Ethics, June 1997, pg. 10
Moreover, virtually all public policies entail some redistribution of economic or political resources,
AND
perhaps at times a necessary, basis for public policy in a democracy.

Second is Reductionism. Reductionism is true – medical studies prove. Parfit in ’84:

Derek Parfit, Global Distinguished Professor of Philosophy; Visiting Professor of Philosophy at NYU, "Reasons and Persons", Chapter 12 – "Why Our Identity is Not What Matters", Oxford University Press, 1984
Some recent medical cases provide striking evidence in favour of the Reductionist View. Human
AND
In one centre, he sees red, in the other, blue. 

This commits us to util. Shoemaker in ’99:

David Shoemaker, Associate Professor of Philosophy at Tulane University, "Utilitarianism and Personal Identity", The Journal of Value Inquiry 33: 183–199, 1999, Kluwer Academic Publishers
Extreme reductionism might lend support to utilitarianism in the following way. Many people claim
AND
location, would be the most plausible. Utilitarianism is just such a theory

Third is Pragmatism. The function of moral theorizing should be to resolve problems in practices that exist and to make practices more pragmatic. Lekan in ’03:

Todd Lekan, Professor of Philosophy at Muskingum University, "Making Morality: Pragmatist Reconstruction in Ethical Theory", Vanderbilt University Press, 2003 
Since pragmatists take seriously the primacy of practice, they must be careful to give
AND
and, ideally, ought to function to help make practices more intelligent.

And, pragmatism commits us to the authority of consequences. Frega  in ’12:

Roberto Frega, School of Advanced Studies in Social Sciences and Senior Researcher at the Centre for the Study of Social Movements - Institut Marcel Mauss, "Equal Accessibility to All: Habermas, Pragmatism, and the Place of Religious Beliefs in a Post-Secular Society", Roberto Frega Constellations Volume 19, Number 2, 2012
A third theoretical module needs to be introduced in order to complete this pragmatic strategy
AND
justice. But it also holds true for decisions concerning the regulation of family

Advantage 1 is Deforestation

Rampant and illegal mining in the Congo Basin is the root cause of environmental destruction in the area – it directly and indirectly destroys forest ecosystems. Megevand in ’13:

Carole Megevand, researcher for World Bank, United States, Environmental Science and Agricultural Economics, with Aline Mosnier, Joël Hourticq, Klas Sanders, Nina Doetinchem, and Charlotte Streck, "Deforestation Trends in the Congo Basin Reconciling Economic Growth and Forest Protection", DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT Environment and Sustainable Development, 2013

The nature of the potential impacts of mining operations on forests is varied and can
AND
potentially amplify the adverse impacts of mining operations, both exploration and exploitation.

Stopping deforestation is vital to stop global climate change – the Congo Basin is a huge carbon sink and it’s uniquely vulnerable. Van Oijen in ’13:

Danielle Van Oijen, reporter – Greenpeace Netherlands, "Cutting to the truth on Congo Basin deforestation", Greenpeace International, 7/25/13
The Congo Basin is home to the second largest tropical rain-forested area on
AND

The brink is now – scientific consensus indicates that reform in this decade is uniquely key. Chestney in ’12:

NINA CHESTNEY, Journalist for Reuters, "Global warming close to becoming irreversible-scientists", Mon Mar 26, 2012, ellipsis inserted by author
The world is close to reaching tipping points that will make it irreversibly hotter,
AND
cross the threshold beyond which the system shifts to a much hotter state."

The impact is extinction – global warming is real and outweighs other risks on scientific consensus and probability. Deibel in ’07:

Terry Deibel, Professor of International Relations at the Naval War College, "Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic of American Statecraft," Conclusion: American Foreign Affairs Strategy Today, 2007
Finally, there is one major existential threat to American security (as well as
AND
States, but potentially to the continued existence of life on this planet.  

Advantage 2 is Conflict Minerals

Resource exploitation uniquely funds rebel and international violence in Congo – war becomes lucrative as the aff creates a cycle of instability. Katunga in ’06:

John Katunga, senior advisor for the East Africa Region for Catholic Relief Services, acting executive director of the Nairobi Peace Initiative–Africa "Minerals, Forests, and Violent Conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo", Report on ROM AFRICA Population, Health, Environment, and Conflict, 2006
The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is emerging from a bloody war
AND
owned Gécamines, the source of the uranium, sustained Mobutu’s kleptomaniac regime.

The brink is now – conflicts over resource minerals have put the DRC on the verge of state collapse, have killed millions, and spills over into regional conflicts. Unless action is taken now, the DRC and neighboring countries will collapse. Pike in ’12:

John Pike, one of the world’s leading experts on defense, space and intelligence policy, is Director of GlobalSecurity.org, "Congo Civil War", 12/18/2012
The war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC; formerly called Zaire
AND
and troops in support of M23 - allegations that Kigali continually has denied.

Violent conflicts and problems from failed states often spillover into nearby areas and trigger chain reactions. Patrick in ’06:

Stewart Patrick, research fellow at the Center for Global Development, "Weak States and Global Threats: Fact or Fiction?", The Center for Strategic and International Studies and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, The Washington Quarterly, pp. 27–53, 2006
Experience since the end of the Cold War has shown that conflict in developing countries
AND
sustainable peace may depend on successful peace-building in the larger region.

Failed states pose the threat of multiple existential risks and undermine reform. Patrick in ’06:

Stewart Patrick, research fellow at the Center for Global Development, "Weak States and Global Threats: Fact or Fiction?", The Center for Strategic and International Studies and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, The Washington Quarterly, pp. 27–53, 2006
Fears that weak and failing states may incubate transnational terrorism merge with a related concern
AND
or black market and to control flows of such weapons across their borders. 

Plan – CFTI

The federal governments of the Great Lakes Region of Africa will adopt the iTSCi regulations created for mining organizations and their chosen smelting centers – it’ll increase traceability, risk assessment, and transparency. iTSCi in ’14:

iTSCi (ITRI Tin Supply Chain Initiative), a joint initiative that assists upstream companies (from mine to the smelter) to institute the actions, structures, and processes necessary to conform with the OECD Due Diligence Guidance (DDG) at a very practical level, "iTSCi Project Overview", 2014 
iTSCi has three components which are chain of custody data collection (traceability), risk
AND
compliance with rules set out by iTSCi based on the OECD DDG requirements.

Increasing transparency and formalizing artisanal trade in the Congo Basin mines solves violence in the region by creating economic incentives to stop the war and creating peaceful trade – also solves environment. Pendergast in ’13:

John Prendergast, former Director for African Affairs at the National Security Council, and Sasha Lezhnev, Senior Policy Analyst at Enough, where he focuses on peace and conflict minerals in the Democratic Republic of Congo, "Rwanda the key to Congo’s peace", CNN, 11/1/13
The aftermath of the Rwandan genocide spilled over into Congo in the mid-1990s
AND
soon, but a peaceful sub-region would be a good start. 

A third-party auditing body ensures long-term stability and attracts investors interested in long-term trade. USIP in ’09:

United States Institute of Peace, the U.S. Institute of Peace sponsored a series of dialogue sessions between members of the Democratic Republic of the Congo diaspora community and those of the international community, "Special Report: Leadership, Peace, Stability, and Prosper ityin the DRC", Edited by Kitenge N’Gambwa, 2011
Reforming the Mining Sector The DRC’s vast mineral reserves include the rarest 12 (e
AND
market would attract competent partners who possess the necessary technological and financial capacity.

Adopt a parliamentary model of ethics to account for uncertainty – this entails assigning relative probabilities to different ethical theories and means huge util impacts still matter. Bostrom in ’09:

Nick Bostrom, Professor, Faculty of Philosophy 26 Oxford Martin School Director, Future of Humanity Institute Director, Programme on the Impacts of Future Technology University of Oxford, "Moral uncertainty – towards a solution?", 2009
It seems people are overconfident about their moral beliefs. But how should one reason
AND
don’t infringe too much on what other major moral theories deem centrally important.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Hunter College SC | Judge: Gorthey, Tartakovsky, Zhang

Avatar Activism 1AC

Part A is the History of Colonialism

Colonial modes of logic centered on resource extraction and environmental modification are a façade to hide perpetual, colonial violence against indigenous populations. Eurocentric thought has excluded indigenous views of interconnectedness surrounding nature as scientifically inaccurate and continues to destroy Mother Earth in the name of profit. Adamson in ’12:

Joni Adamson, Professor of English and Environmental Humanities in the School of Letters and Sciences, Senior Sustainability Scholar at the Global Institute of Sustainability, Program Faculty in Human and Social Dimensions of Science and Technology and an affiliate of Women and Gender Studies at Arizona State University, "Indigenous Literatures, Multinaturalism, and Avatar: The Emergence of Indigenous Cosmopolitics", Am Lit Hist (Spring 2012) 24 (1): 143-162, January 13, 2012
Educated, articulate, and fully modern, Silko’s ?ctional organizers invite all people of
AND
and renews his energy to continue supporting the ’gathering force’ (734). 

Environmental resource exploitation is the manifestation of Eurocentric modes of thought that creates a hierarchy between the rich, white male and other social groups. Whereas Natives prioritize all forms of life, colonizers see the Earth as a commodity to exploit. Cheng-Levine in ’99:

Jia-Yi Cheng-Levine, Professor of American Literature at UH-Downtown, "Weaving the History of Despair, Resistance, and Hope: Acoma Poet Simon Ortiz Writes Environmental Justice", University of Houston-Downtown, 1999
Cherokee theologian Jace Weaver comments that "~e~nvironmental destruction is simply one manifestation
AND
philosophy were "integral parts of an ecological niche" (Jacobs 49).

Privilege this form of slow violence that characterizes environmental injustices because it’s the root cause of active hostilities and the status quo focus on turbo-capitalism renders it invisible to the masses – the bias is against me. Nixon in ’11:

Rob Nixon, Rachel Carson 26 Elizabeth Ritzmann Professor of English at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, "Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor", Harvard University Press (July 14, 2011)
If, as Said notes, struggles over geography are never reducible to armed struggle
AND
yes, but not now, not yet" becomes the modus operandi.

This logic pervades discussions of morality and ethics, too. Moral discussions in the abstract dichotomize moral evaluations and human experience, creating a contradiction at the core of moral systems. In order to avoid this problem, moral discussions must be based in the problems that pervade social reality. Ryn  in ’92:

Claes Ryn, Professor of at Politics the Catholic University of America, "Universality and History: The Concrete as Normative", HUMANITAS, Volume VI, No. 1, Fall 1992/Winter 1993, National Humanities Institute
The reasons why a new understanding of universality is needed are many and varied.
AND
of dealing with the problem of universality and particularity are stifling philosophical renewal.

Part B is Avatar Activism

Ethical systems must instead take into account voices that were never considered and use diversity to improve our normative beliefs - this is a question of the best epistemic starting point. We must reject arbitrary forms of exclusion and reconstruct ethics around inclusion. Medina in ’11:

Jose Medina, Professor of Philosophy at Vanderbilt, "Toward a Foucaultian Epistemology of Resistance: Counter-Memory, Epistemic Friction, and Guerrilla Pluralism", Foucault Studies, No. 12, pp. 9-35, October 2011
What we need in order to maintain possibilities of resistance always open is epistemic friction
AND
is always an opportunity for learning from each other and correcting each other.

My advocacy is to adopt an indigenous activist position centered on revitalizing indigenous populations in so-called "developing nations" in the fight against environmental exploitation through the promotion of environmental preservation as perceived through the metaphoric lens of James Cameron’s "Avatar". Groups globally are using the ideas associated with the film to speak out and incite revolution – your ballot is an affirmation of that call.  Adamson in ’12:

Joni Adamson, Professor of English and Environmental Humanities in the School of Letters and Sciences, Senior Sustainability Scholar at the Global Institute of Sustainability, Program Faculty in Human and Social Dimensions of Science and Technology and an affiliate of Women and Gender Studies at Arizona State University, "Indigenous Literatures, Multinaturalism, and Avatar: The Emergence of Indigenous Cosmopolitics", Am Lit Hist (Spring 2012) 24 (1): 143-162, January 13, 2012
"~W~hat forces—imaginative, scienti?c, and activist," asks Rob
AND
la Cadena suggests might more accurately be called "multinaturalism" (347).

Thus, the role of the ballot is to endorse the advocacy that best breaks down oppressive power structures. You as the judge have an obligation past that of mere neutral adjudication – it is the obligation of instilling a critical pedagogy that’s key for real-world change. Giroux in ’04:

Henry Giroux, Global TV Network Chair in English and Cultural Studies at McMaster University, "Public Pedagogy and the Politics of Neo-liberalism: making the political more pedagogical", Policy Futures in Education, Volume 2, Numbers 3 26 4, 2004, http://www.cws.illinois.edu/IPRHDigitalLiteracies/GirouxPublicPFinE2004.pdf)**
The moral implications of pedagogy also suggest that our responsibility as public intellectuals cannot be
AND
of what it means to be educated from its critical and democratic possibilities. 

The ideas that humans exist in an interconnected relationship with Nature and that Nature has its own agency are fundamental indigenous concepts that indicate their priority towards environmental preservation. The plan doesn’t entail removing extraction projects, but rather indicates we must allow Nature to be recognized in politics – that’s a prerequisite to any reform. Adamson in ’12:

Joni Adamson, Professor of English and Environmental Humanities in the School of Letters and Sciences, Senior Sustainability Scholar at the Global Institute of Sustainability, Program Faculty in Human and Social Dimensions of Science and Technology and an affiliate of Women and Gender Studies at Arizona State University, "Indigenous Literatures, Multinaturalism, and Avatar: The Emergence of Indigenous Cosmopolitics", Am Lit Hist (Spring 2012) 24 (1): 143-162, January 13, 2012
In Material Feminisms, Stacy Alaimo reads Chickasaw writer Linda Hogan’s memoir, The Woman
AND
the culture–nature entity known to many as "Source of Light."

Speech acts like this aff are uniquely key to reform – purely abstract writing distances critics who fight for reform from those that they fight for. Only finding a middle ground by including cultural movements of indigenous groups allows unfettered cultural critique. Adamson in ’01:

Joni Adamson, "Cultural Critique and Local Pedagogy: A Reading of Louise Erdrich’s Tracks," from American Indian Literature, Environmental Justice, and Ecocriticism, The University of Arizona Press, 2001
As I stated in the previous chapter, writers and scholars are free to address
AND
. The reading of Tracks that follows is intended to illustrate this point.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 2 | Opponent: Marcus JW | Judge: Ben Koh

Congo AC

1: Framework

I affirm and value morality.

The standard is maximizing expected well-being, three justifications -

First is Policy-Making – policies necessarily entail redistribution of assets, which implies a duty to the public interest – commits policy makers to util

Woller 97
Gary Woller, BYU Prof., "An Overview by Gary Woller", A Forum on the Role of Environmental Ethics, June 1997, pg. 10
Moreover, virtually all public policies entail some redistribution of economic or political resources,
AND
perhaps at times a necessary, basis for public policy in a democracy.

Second is Reductionism –

A. Reductionism is true – medical studies prove

Parfit 84
Derek Parfit, Global Distinguished Professor of Philosophy; Visiting Professor of Philosophy at NYU, "Reasons and Persons", Chapter 12 – "Why Our Identity is Not What Matters", Oxford University Press, 1984
Some recent medical cases provide striking evidence in favour of the Reductionist View. Human
AND
In one centre, he sees red, in the other, blue. 

B. Commits us to util

Shoemaker 99
David Shoemaker, Associate Professor of Philosophy at Tulane University, "Utilitarianism and Personal Identity", The Journal of Value Inquiry 33: 183–199, 1999, Kluwer Academic Publishers
Extreme reductionism might lend support to utilitarianism in the following way. Many people claim
AND
location, would be the most plausible. Utilitarianism is just such a theory

Third is Pragmatism –

A. The function of moral theorizing should be to make practices more pragmatic

Lekan 3
Todd Lekan, Professor of Philosophy at Muskingum University, "Making Morality: Pragmatist Reconstruction in Ethical Theory", Vanderbilt University Press, 2003
Since pragmatists take seriously the primacy of practice, they must be careful to give
AND
and, ideally, ought to function to help make practices more intelligent.

B. Pragmatism commits us to the authority of consequences

Frega 12
Roberto Frega, School of Advanced Studies in Social Sciences and Senior Researcher at the Centre for the Study of Social Movements - Institut Marcel Mauss, "Equal Accessibility to All: Habermas, Pragmatism, and the Place of Religious Beliefs in a Post-Secular Society", Roberto Frega Constellations Volume 19, Number 2, 2012
A third theoretical module needs to be introduced in order to complete this pragmatic strategy
AND
justice. But it also holds true for decisions concerning the regulation of family

2: Deforestation

Artisanal mining in the Congo Basin directly and indirectly destroys forest ecosystems

Megevand 13
Carole Megevand, researcher for World Bank, United States, Environmental Science and Agricultural Economics, with Aline Mosnier, Joël Hourticq, Klas Sanders, Nina Doetinchem, and Charlotte Streck, "Deforestation Trends in the Congo Basin Reconciling Economic Growth and Forest Protection", DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT Environment and Sustainable Development, 2013

The nature of the potential impacts of mining operations on forests is varied and can
AND
potentially amplify the adverse impacts of mining operations, both exploration and exploitation.

Stopping deforestation is key to stop global climate change – the Congo Basin is a huge carbon sink and it’s uniquely vulnerable

Van Oijen 13
Danielle Van Oijen, reporter – Greenpeace Netherlands, "Cutting to the truth on Congo Basin deforestation", Greenpeace International, 7/25/13
The Congo Basin is home to the second largest tropical rain-forested area on
AND
by smallholders and communities so they can truly benefit from this precious resource. 

Scientific consensus indicates that reform in this decade is key

Chestney 12
NINA CHESTNEY, Journalist for Reuters, "Global warming close to becoming irreversible-scientists", Mon Mar 26, 2012, ellipsis inserted by author
The world is close to reaching tipping points that will make it irreversibly hotter,
AND
cross the threshold beyond which the system shifts to a much hotter state."

Warming causes extinction of all life – outweighs other impacts on magnitude, scientific consensus and probability

Deibel 7
Terry Deibel, Professor of International Relations at the Naval War College, "Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic of American Statecraft," Conclusion: American Foreign Affairs Strategy Today, 2007
Finally, there is one major existential threat to American security (as well as
AND
States, but potentially to the continued existence of life on this planet.  

3: Conflict Minerals

Illegal mining funds violence in Congo – war becomes lucrative as extraction wealth creates a cycle of instability

Katunga 6
John Katunga, senior advisor for the East Africa Region for Catholic Relief Services, acting executive director of the Nairobi Peace Initiative–Africa "Minerals, Forests, and Violent Conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo", Report on ROM AFRICA Population, Health, Environment, and Conflict, 2006
The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is emerging from a bloody war
AND
owned Gécamines, the source of the uranium, sustained Mobutu’s kleptomaniac regime.

Conflicts over minerals have killed millions and created regional squabbles - unless action is taken now, the DRC and neighboring countries will collapse

Pike 12
John Pike, one of the world’s leading experts on defense, space and intelligence policy, is Director of GlobalSecurity.org, "Congo Civil War", 12/18/2012
The war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC; formerly called Zaire
AND
and troops in support of M23 - allegations that Kigali continually has denied.

Failed states result in existentially threatening proliferation

Patrick 6
Stewart Patrick, research fellow at the Center for Global Development, "Weak States and Global Threats: Fact or Fiction?", The Center for Strategic and International Studies and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, The Washington Quarterly, pp. 27–53, 2006
Fears that weak and failing states may incubate transnational terrorism merge with a related concern
AND
or black market and to control flows of such weapons across their borders. 

Proliferation leads to increased risk of nuclear war

Khalilzad 95
Zalmay Khalilzad, Rand Corporation, The Washington Quarterly 1995
The extension of instability, conflict, and hostile hegemony in East Asia, Europe
AND
the world, including the United States, would be harmed.continued… 

Extinction

Kateb 92 
(George, The Inner Ocean: Individualism and Democratic Culture, "Thinking About Human Extinction (1): Nuclear Weapons and Individual Rights," p. 111-112)
Schell’s work attempts to force on us an acknowledgment that sounds far-fetched and
AND
the use of nuclear weapons, by containing in an immediate or delayed manner
the possibility of extinction, is in Locke’s phrase "a trespass against the whole species" and places the users in a state of war with all people. And people, the accumulation of individuals, must be understood as of course always indefeasibly retaining the right of self-preservation, and hence as morally allowed, perhaps enjoined, to take the appropriate preserving steps.

4: Solvency

Plan-text: the federal governments of the Great Lakes Region of Africa will adopt the iTSCi regulations created for mining organizations and their chosen smelting centers.

The plan increases traceability, risk assessment, and transparency

iTSCi 14
iTSCi (ITRI Tin Supply Chain Initiative), a joint initiative that assists upstream companies (from mine to the smelter) to institute the actions, structures, and processes necessary to conform with the OECD Due Diligence Guidance (DDG) at a very practical level, "iTSCi Project Overview", 2014 
The association of minerals with conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has driven the United Nations (UN), civil society and consequently industry and governments to seek to bring transparency and best practice to the extraction and trade of minerals from the Great Lakes Region
In particular the reports of the UN Security Council’s Group of Experts on the DRC
AND
compliance with rules set out by iTSCi based on the OECD DDG requirements.

Plan solves deforestation by promoting sustainable economic growth and modernization

Wolfire 98
Wolfire, Deanna; Jake Brunner and Nigel Sizer (1998). Forests and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. ISBN 1-56973-232-9. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
DRC’s valuable frontier forests face pressures from population growth, industry, infrastructure, a
AND
investors who currently perceive the country as an unfriendly place to do business.
Properly managed, DRC’s forests can contribute to long-term, sustained economic growth
AND
, making auction processes transparent, and elevating taxes on resource extraction industries.

Plan solves conflict minerals by creating peaceful trade and economic incentives to avoid war

Pendergast 13
John Prendergast, former Director for African Affairs at the National Security Council, and Sasha Lezhnev, Senior Policy Analyst at Enough, where he focuses on peace and conflict minerals in the Democratic Republic of Congo, "Rwanda the key to Congo’s peace", CNN, 11/1/13
The aftermath of the Rwandan genocide spilled over into Congo in the mid-1990s
AND
soon, but a peaceful sub-region would be a good start. 

5: Impact Framing

Adopt a parliamentary model of ethics to account for uncertainty – this entails assigning relative probabilities to different ethical theories and means huge util impacts still matter. Bostrom in ’09:

Nick Bostrom, Professor, Faculty of Philosophy 26 Oxford Martin School Director, Future of Humanity Institute Director, Programme on the Impacts of Future Technology University of Oxford, "Moral uncertainty – towards a solution?", 2009
It seems people are overconfident about their moral beliefs. But how should one reason
AND
don’t infringe too much on what other major moral theories deem centrally important.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 4 | Opponent: SLP LS | Judge: Vivian Ho

1AR AT Topicality

This performance is a voting issue and outweighs T – static notions of the debate space make their voters meaningless by inhibiting the activation of political agency. Smith In ’14:

Elijah Smith, NDT-CEDA ’13 Champion, College Policy Debater at Rutgers-Newark, "Developing Our Environment: Planting the Seeds for the Activist Model", Victory Briefs, 2014
Despite popular opinion, I think you should be rooted in the topic no matter
AND
the subject matter of their arguments regardless of the substance of the debate.

Eco-Pedagogy 1AC

Part A is the Collapse of Modernity

This resolution asks the same old question posed by capitalist elites: conventional fossil fuels or sustainable, environmentally friendly practices; both practices are infected with the will of the technocratic elite. This aff is the third option – rethink our roles as subjects in relation to ecological change. Byrne and Toly in ’06:

John Byrne, Nobel Peace Prize Laureate for his contribution to the IPCC, director of the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy and distinguished professor of energy and climate policy at the University of Delaware, Noah Toly, Director of Urban Studies and Associate Professor of Politics and International Relations, Wheaton College, "Transforming Power: Energy, Environment, and Society in Conflict," eds. John Byrne, Noah Toly, Leigh Glover, 2006
When measured in social and political-economic terms, the current energy discourse appears
AND
. The challenge of a social inquiry into energy-society relations awaits.

We can no longer rely on purely quantitative modes of understanding exploitation and preservation – such calculations render structural issues invisible to corporate elites in favor of headline-worthy news and drive carbonization. The only plausible alternative is a qualitative analysis of the resolution. Byrne and Toly in ’06 (2):

John Byrne, Nobel Peace Prize Laureate for his contribution to the IPCC, director of the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy and distinguished professor of energy and climate policy at the University of Delaware, Noah Toly, Director of Urban Studies and Associate Professor of Politics and International Relations, Wheaton College, "Transforming Power: Energy, Environment, and Society in Conflict," eds. John Byrne, Noah Toly, Leigh Glover, 2006
Spiking prices, cartel decisions to limit production, regional conflicts to control ever scarcer
AND
(i.e., more, faster, and bigger are better).

Part B is Eco-Pedagogy

Voting aff is an expression of solidarity with my eco-pedagogical deconstruction of the resolution. The role of the affirmative should be to affirm a qualitative increase in environmental protectionism, not a quantitative one.

This struggle is crucial – as neoliberal forms of pedagogy are on the verge of collapse, we must fill in the gap with a mode of knowledge-production consistent with environmental preservation and sustainability. Kellner in ’10:

Douglas Kellner, George F. Kneller Philosophy of Education Chair, University of California, Los Angeles, "Afterword" in Critical Pedagogy, Ecoliteracy, and Planetary Crisis: The Ecopedagogy Movementby Richard V. Kahn, pp. 151-154, 2010
Richard Kahn’s groundbreaking work Critical Pedagogy, Ecoliteracy, and Planetary Crisis: The Ecopedagogy
AND
make critical ecopedagogy an important component of the reconstruction of education and society.

Engaging the political at this level is the key to transformative reform: micropolitical strategies give students the tools necessary to challenge dominant hegemonies in all forums. Bullis and Houde in ’99:

Lincoln Bullis, Professor of Comunications at Southwestern College, and Connie Houde, Associate Professor of Communications at the University of Utah, "Ecofeminist Pedagogy: An Exploratory Case", Ethics 26 the Environment, Volume 4, Number 2, 1999, pp. 143-174 (Article)
A position of differential and tactical subjectivity questions hegemonic discourses within text-audience interactions
AND
now to describing how this philosophy was, and may be, enacted.

Policy reform is bankrupt, co-opted by the will of conservative elites. Reformism only re-entrenches the power of anti-environmental, casino capitalist elites. Thus, the role of the ballot is to advance the advocacy that best allows us to activate our political agency as debaters – democracy is a graveyard that can only be reinvigorated by new pedagogies. Giroux in ’12:

Henry A. Giroux, Global TV Network Chair in English and Cultural Studies at McMaster University, "Beyond the Politics of the Big Lie: The Education Deficit and the New Authoritarianism", 19 June 2012
The democratic deficit is not, as many commentators have argued, reducible to the
AND
making education central to organized politics and the quest for a radical democracy.

Academia is the central place for this struggle – we need to show solidarity between the debate space, academic institutions, and political struggles. You as the judge have an obligation to advocate for debate as a space through which we activate critical agency. Giroux in ’11:

Henry A. Giroux, Global TV Network Chair in English and Cultural Studies at McMaster University and and a Distinguished Visiting Professorship at Ryerson University, "Occupy Colleges Now: Students as the New Public Intellectuals", November 2011, http://www.truth-out.org/occupy-colleges-now-students-new-public-intellectuals/1321891418**
Finding our way to a more humane future demands a new politics, a new
AND
injustice wherever it occurs and hope with a realistic notion of social change.

1AR AT Topicality

This performance is a voting issue and outweighs T – static notions of the debate space make their voters meaningless by inhibiting the activation of political agency. Smith In ’14:

Elijah Smith, NDT-CEDA ’13 Champion, College Policy Debater at Rutgers-Newark, "Developing Our Environment: Planting the Seeds for the Activist Model", Victory Briefs, 2014
Despite popular opinion, I think you should be rooted in the topic no matter
AND
the subject matter of their arguments regardless of the substance of the debate.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: Octas | Opponent: La Jolla RP | Judge: Tartakovsky, Sprung-Keyser, Weisberg

Water Aff

Framework

I affirm and value morality.

The standard is maximizing expected well-being, three justifications -

First is Policy-Making - policies necessarily entail redistribution of assets, which implies a duty to the public interest - commits policy makers to util

Woller 97
Gary Woller, BYU Prof., "An Overview by Gary Woller", A Forum on the Role of Environmental Ethics, June 1997, pg. 10
Moreover, virtually all public policies entail some redistribution of economic or political resources,
AND
perhaps at times a necessary, basis for public policy in a democracy.

Second is Reductionism -

Reductionism is true - medical studies prove

Parfit 84
Derek Parfit, Global Distinguished Professor of Philosophy; Visiting Professor of Philosophy at NYU, "Reasons and Persons", Chapter 12 - "Why Our Identity is Not What Matters", Oxford University Press, 1984
Some recent medical cases provide striking evidence in favour of the Reductionist View. Human
AND
In one centre, he sees red, in the other, blue. 

Commits us to util

Shoemaker 99
David Shoemaker, Associate Professor of Philosophy at Tulane University, "Utilitarianism and Personal Identity", The Journal of Value Inquiry 33: 183-199, 1999, Kluwer Academic Publishers
Extreme reductionism might lend support to utilitarianism in the following way. Many people claim
AND
location, would be the most plausible. Utilitarianism is just such a theory

Third is Pragmatism -

The function of moral theorizing should be to make practices more pragmatic

Lekan 3
Todd Lekan, Professor of Philosophy at Muskingum University, "Making Morality: Pragmatist Reconstruction in Ethical Theory", Vanderbilt University Press, 2003 
Since pragmatists take seriously the primacy of practice, they must be careful to give
AND
and, ideally, ought to function to help make practices more intelligent.

Pragmatism commits us to the authority of consequences

Frega 12
Roberto Frega, School of Advanced Studies in Social Sciences and Senior Researcher at the Centre for the Study of Social Movements - Institut Marcel Mauss, "Equal Accessibility to All: Habermas, Pragmatism, and the Place of Religious Beliefs in a Post-Secular Society", Roberto Frega Constellations Volume 19, Number 2, 2012
A third theoretical module needs to be introduced in order to complete this pragmatic strategy
AND
justice. But it also holds true for decisions concerning the regulation of family

Advantage 1: Ag Collapse

Food insecurity stemming from severely constrained water resources has created an agricultural crisis in the MENA region - squo is rapidly deteriorating

Yamouri 8
Najat Yamouri is a Senior Social Development Specialist for the World Bank's Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region and co-leads the Affiliated Network for Social Accountability (ANSA)-Arab World. She joined the World Bank in 2002, as Senior Participation Officer. The World Bank, September 2008, "Middle East and North Africa: Agriculture 26 Rural Development." http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/MENAEXT/0_{print:Y~isCURL:Y~contentMDK:20528258~pagePK:146736~piPK:226340~theSitePK:256299,00.html
The ongoing food crisis has translated into significant increases in food price inflation in the
AND
policies, subsidies for water-saving equipment, integrated water resource planning).}

Leads to ag collapse at the first major fluctuation in supply as the Middle East is uniquely vulnerable

Faustus 13
Jared Faustus. June 5 2013, "Envisaging Agricultural Collapse." http://faustusnotes.wordpress.com/2013/06/05/envisaging-agricultural-collapse/
Only a small number of countries provide a large amount of food for the majority
AND
to affect foods that are used for human as well as animal consumption.

Competition for food resources post ag-collapse quickly becomes a global rat race - regional squabbles lead to nuclear war and collapse of the international order

Faustus 13
Jared Faustus. June 5 2013, "Envisaging Agricultural Collapse." http://faustusnotes.wordpress.com/2013/06/05/envisaging-agricultural-collapse/
The collapse would likely be seen in the most vulnerable nations first, most likely
AND
income nations, ending in nuclear attacks if the collapse was broad enough.

Advantage 2: Middle-Eastern War

Tension among Iraq, Syria, and Turkey over the management of the Tigris is a flash-point issue - current water management means various regional and ethnic conflicts are impending

Hasnain 12
David Michel, Director of the Environmental Security Program at the Stimson Center, Amit
AND
Africa, The Saban Center for Middle East Policy at BROOKINGS, November 2012
Since that time, Turkey has shifted its stance some- what on territorial sovereignty
AND
- droelectric developments in the region could end up agitating Kurdish separatist factions.

PWorld Bank models indicate demographic stressors are pushing MENA countries into uncharted territory - accentuates political fragility

Michel 12
David Michel, Director of the Environmental Security Program at the Stimson Center, Amit
AND
Africa, The Saban Center for Middle East Policy at BROOKINGS, November 2012
The combined pressures from population growth, economic development, and climate change will sorely
AND
that water does not aggravate other elements of the region's delicate political balance.

Turkey has warheads aimed at Syria and Iran right now - conflict goes nuclear

Chossudovsky 13
Prof Michel Chossudovsky, Global Research, March 21, 2013, Theme: Militarization and WMD, US NATO War Agenda, "Europe's Five 'Undeclared Nuclear Weapons States'". Michel Chossudovsky is an award-winning author, Professor of Economics (emeritus) at the University of Ottawa, Founder and Director of the Centre for Research on Globalization (CRG), Montreal and Editor of the globalresearch.ca website. He is the author of The Globalization of Poverty and The New World Order (2003) and America's "War on Terrorism"(2005).
According to a recent report, former NATO Secretary-General George Robertson confirmed that
AND
themselves have capabilities of delivering nuclear warheads, which are targeted at Iran. 

Extinction

Kateb 92 
(George, The Inner Ocean: Individualism and Democratic Culture, "Thinking About Human Extinction (1): Nuclear Weapons and Individual Rights," p. 111-112)
Schell's work attempts to force on us an acknowledgment that sounds far-fetched and
AND
as morally allowed, perhaps enjoined, to take the appropriate preserving steps.

Solvency

Plan-text: Developing nations in the MENA region should implement Integrated Water Resource Management policies to reform domestic and international water management.

• • Bahrain - 1,235,000, Egypt - 79,090,000, Iran - 76,923,000, Iraq - 31,234,000, Israel - 7,654,000, Jordan - 6,407,000, Kuwait - 3,566,000, Lebanon - 4,224,000, Libya - 6,420,000, Morocco - 32,200,000, Oman - 2,845,000, Gaza Strip - 1,657,000, West Bank - 2,515,000, Qatar - 1,697,000, Saudi Arabia - 27,137,000, Syria - 22,505,000, Tunisia - 10,433,000, UAE - 4,976,000, Yemen - 23,580,000

The plan solves agricultural failure, water insecurity and builds stable international relationships

Brookings 12
David Michel, Amit Pandya, Syed Iqbal Hasnain, Russell Sticklor and Sreya Panuganti
AND
Muslim world. 2012. U.S.-Islamic World Forum Paper.
Demographic trends, rapid urbanization, political uncertainty, and shifting cli- mate patterns
AND
multilateral relations, to the benefit of the MENA region as a whole.

• • • • • Brackets replace the gerund form of the verb with "Nations will (verb in the infinitive)" - done for purposes of verbal clarity

Plan solves regional violence - takes advantage of existing cooperative structures and builds solidarity among MENA nations

Pandya 12
David Michel, Director of the Environmental Security Program at the Stimson Center, Amit
AND
Africa, The Saban Center for Middle East Policy at BROOKINGS, November 2012
sToday, several regional institutions are dedicated to encouraging IWRM cooperation in the region.
AND
-as far as environmental security is concerned-in the coming decades.

Underview

Impact Framing - existential risks are of primary concern under any system of ethics. Bostrom in '13:

Nick Bostrom, Professor, Faculty of Philosophy 26 Oxford Martin School Director, Future of Humanity Institute Director, Programme on the Impacts of Future Technology University of Oxford, "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority", Global Policy Volume 4. Issue 1. February 2013
These re?ections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential
AND
lot of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe

Tournament: TFA State | Round: 4 | Opponent: Greenhill BE | Judge: Halli Tripe

Coloniality K Aff - HRBA

Part A is Conditioned Colonizing

There once was a time when humanitarian aid served its intended purpose – to assist those in need of basic necessities in the immediate aftermath of disasters. There were no catches, no tricks, no conditions.

Now, though, humanitarian assistance has become a vessel through which the Global North imposes it values on the Global South, rendering them socially dependent on the colonial gift that is humanitarian aid. MacKenzie in ’12:

Megan MacKenzie, lecturer of Government and International Relations at the University of Sydney, "Female Soldiers in Sierra Leone: Sex, Security, and Post-Conflict Development", NYU Press, Aug 27, 2012
Donzelot’s work on philanthropy and the change in attitudes regarding tutelage provides a strong footing
AND
becoming yet another tool available to Western governments to control developing countries."46

Conditioning humanitarian aid on adoption of Western ideals is a prejudiced fantasy that subjugates colonized people under an imperialist lens of pluralism. Conway and Singh in ’11:

Janet Conway, Department of Sociology at Brock University, and Jakeet Singh, Department of Political Science at University of Toronto, "Radical Democracy in Global Perspective: notes from the pluriverse", Third World Quarterly, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 689-706, 2011 
In the decade since the first World Social Forum in 2001 made it famous,
AND
and their imbrication in furthering imperial domination of the Third and Fourth Worlds. 

This colonial logic that privileges euro-modernity above the views of conquered populations and renders the colonized forever dependent on the colonizer is a near permanent state of exception – renders victims ’rapeable’ and ’killable’ without ethical scruples. This is the death ethics of war. Maldonado-Torres in ’08:

Nelson Maldonado-Torres, associate professor of comparative literature at Rutgers, "Against War: Views from the Underside of Modernity", p. 217-21, 2008 
Dussel, Quijano, and Wynter lead us to the understanding that what happened in
AND
such a world, ontology collapses into a Manicheanism, as Fanon suggested." 

Thus, the role of the ballot is to endorse the advocacy that best breaks down oppressive power structures. You as the judge have an obligation past that of mere neutral adjudication – it is the obligation of instilling a critical pedagogy that’s key for real-world change. Giroux in ’04:

Henry Giroux, Global TV Network Chair in English and Cultural Studies at McMaster University, "Public Pedagogy and the Politics of Neo-liberalism: making the political more pedagogical", Policy Futures in Education, Volume 2, Numbers 3 26 4, 2004, http://www.cws.illinois.edu/IPRHDigitalLiteracies/GirouxPublicPFinE2004.pdf)**
The moral implications of pedagogy also suggest that our responsibility as public intellectuals cannot be
AND
of what it means to be educated from its critical and democratic possibilities.

Part B is Decolonizing Humanitarianism

My advocacy is for donors of humanitarian aid to adopt a Human Rights-Based Approach to humanitarian aid that stresses the position of those receiving aid as rights-bearers and does not discriminate aid based on political conditions. CCR no date elaborates:

Center for Constitutional Rights, "A Call for Human Rights-Based Approach to Humanitarian Assistance for Haiti", no date, http://ccrjustice.org/files/100114_HaitiAid_Statement_FINAL_0.pdf**
We urge donor governments, international organizations, and NGOs to adopt a human rights
AND
. All efforts should be coordinated by and with the government of Haiti. 

A human rights-based approach has empirically been more effective – addresses the problems associated with disaster relief efforts and empowers policymaking. Concannon and Lindstrom in ’11:

Brian Concannon Jr., Director, Institute for Justice 26 Democracy in Haiti, Beatrice Lindstrom, Law Fellow, Bureau des Avocats Internationaux, "CHEAPER, BETTER, LONGER-LASTING: A RIGHTS-BASED APPROACH TO DISASTER RESPONSE IN HAITI", EMORY INTERNATIONAL LAW REVIEW, Vol. 25, 2011
The previous Subpart has demonstrated that systemic economic and social rights violations create an environment
AND
implementation of the rights-based approach has been spotty at best.  

Now is the time for new policy protocols that affirms recipients as rights-holders with equal say in the aid process – addresses the source or marginalization. Cotterrell in ’05:

Linn Cotterrell, Research Officer in the Humanitarian Policy Group at the Overseas Development Institute, "Human Rights and Poverty Reduction: Approaches to human rights in humanitarian crises", ODI – Rights in Action, 2005
The past decade has seen an increasing number of international NGOs and agencies adopt a
AND
of difficulties in operationalising both humanitarian principles and a HRBA in crisis environments.

Rights discourse in the context of humanitarian aid is inherently liberating – they serve as a rallying point for the impoverished within a rights-based framework for aid that ensures equality. Amin in ’14:

Azril Amin, Kuala Lumpur-based IIU-trained lawyer, associate member of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators "From relief to redevelopment: Towards a rights-based approach in global humanitarian aid", Minda Madani Online, 2014
However NGO’s such as ACTION AID seem to be committed to integrating rights into its
AND
could allow for a narrowing of the appalling gap that exists at present.

The aff is a prior ethical question. Ethical systems must first take into account excluded voices to improve the objectivity our normative beliefs - this is a question of the best epistemic starting point. Medina in ’11:

Jose Medina, Professor of Philosophy at Vanderbilt, "Toward a Foucaultian Epistemology of Resistance: Counter-Memory, Epistemic Friction, and Guerrilla Pluralism", Foucault Studies, No. 12, pp. 9-35, October 2011
What we need in order to maintain possibilities of resistance always open is epistemic friction
AND
is always an opportunity for learning from each other and correcting each other.

Tournament: TFA State | Round: 2 | Opponent: Burges JC | Judge: Paul Dorasil

Util Aff

Framework

I affirm and value justice.

The standard is maximizing expected well-being, three justifications -

First is Policy-Making – policies necessarily entail redistribution of assets, which implies a duty to the public interest – commits policy makers to util.  Woller in ’97:

Gary Woller, BYU Prof., "An Overview by Gary Woller", A Forum on the Role of Environmental Ethics, June 1997, pg. 10
Moreover, virtually all public policies entail some redistribution of economic or political resources,
AND
perhaps at times a necessary, basis for public policy in a democracy.

Second is Reductionism –

A. Reductionism is true – medical studies prove. Parfit in ’84:

Derek Parfit, Global Distinguished Professor of Philosophy; Visiting Professor of Philosophy at NYU, "Reasons and Persons", Chapter 12 – "Why Our Identity is Not What Matters", Oxford University Press, 1984
Some recent medical cases provide striking evidence in favour of the Reductionist View. Human
AND
In one centre, he sees red, in the other, blue. 

B. Commits us to util. Shoemaker in ’99:

David Shoemaker, Associate Professor of Philosophy at Tulane University, "Utilitarianism and Personal Identity", The Journal of Value Inquiry 33: 183–199, 1999, Kluwer Academic Publishers
Extreme reductionism might lend support to utilitarianism in the following way. Many people claim
AND
location, would be the most plausible. Utilitarianism is just such a theory

Third is Pragmatism –

A. The function of moral theorizing should be to make practices more pragmatic. Lekan in ’03:

Todd Lekan, Professor of Philosophy at Muskingum University, "Making Morality: Pragmatist Reconstruction in Ethical Theory", Vanderbilt University Press, 2003 
Since pragmatists take seriously the primacy of practice, they must be careful to give
AND
and, ideally, ought to function to help make practices more intelligent.

B. Pragmatism commits us to the authority of consequences. Frega in ’12:

Roberto Frega, School of Advanced Studies in Social Sciences and Senior Researcher at the Centre for the Study of Social Movements - Institut Marcel Mauss, "Equal Accessibility to All: Habermas, Pragmatism, and the Place of Religious Beliefs in a Post-Secular Society", Roberto Frega Constellations Volume 19, Number 2, 2012
A third theoretical module needs to be introduced in order to complete this pragmatic strategy
AND
justice. But it also holds true for decisions concerning the regulation of family

Inherency

US-Pakistan relations are at an all-time low – hampers cooperation and counterterrorism. Gul in ’14:

Ayaz Gul, Pakistani journalist known for his Pashtu language exclusive documentary on Wana headquarters of South Waziristan and weekly program on Khyber News, "Olson: US-Pakistan Relations Still Challenging, Improving", Voice of America News, February 03, 2014
ISLAMABAD — U.S. Ambassador to Pakistan Richard Olson has been Washington’s top
AND
to add 1000 megawatts of badly-needed electricity to Pakistan’s national grid.

Relations discussions with Pakistan are resuming and are expected to strengthen bilateral bonds – conditional aid is the only conflict issue. Saleem in ’14:

SHOAIB SALEEM, staff writer for Pakistan Today, "Pak-US strategic dialogue should trigger new era of relations: FPCCI", Pakistan Today, January 27, 2014 
The Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FPCCI) on Monday welcomed
AND
upgraded commercial ties, market access and increased US investment, he demanded.

Ending efforts to impose conditional humanitarian aid is the key internal link to solid relations – Pakistan needs to know the US will respect its sovereignty. DNN in ’14:

Dunya News Network. A National Communications Services Company for Pakistan, "Pakistan will not accept any conditional aid from US: Ahsan", January 21, 2014; evidence references to US conditioning humanitarian assistance on release of Shakeel Afridi, see http://www.newstime.jp/news/humanitarian-aid-to-pakistan-conditional-on-the-release-of-shakeel-afridi**
ISLAMABAD (Web Desk) - Minister for Planning and Development Ahsan Iqbal emphatically stated
AND
. He reassured continued US support to help Pakistan boost its economic growth.

Thus the plan: The United States federal government will substantially increase unconditioned humanitarian aid to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan by removing political conditions on current conditioned humanitarian aid to the nation.

Advantage 1 is Afghan Stability

Robust US-Pakistan relations are the key to Afghan stability. Mir in ’13:

Nadir Mir, Columnist for The Nation, "Strengthen Pak-US friendship," The Nation, 2/22/13
The US should be seen by Islamabad as a friend after its forces leave the
AND
interests should coincide in future, only if Washington respects our national interests.

An unstable Afghan state post-US exit collapses the region and destroy US hegemony – Afghanistan is the key internal link. Rhinefield in ’06:

Jeffrey Rhinefield, US Navy Lieutenant, Naval Postgraduate School thesis, "IMPLICATIONS OF SOCIETAL FRAGMENTATION FORSTATE FORMATION: CAN DEMOCRACY SUCCEED INAFGHANISTAN?," 2006, http://www.nps.edu/Programs/CCS/Docs/Pubs/Rhinefeld_thesis.pdf**
A. INTODUCTION This chapter is designed to examine the effects a failed or successful
AND
government is the best solution for the concerns of each individual state actor.

Scenario 1 is Central Asian War

Afghan instability spills over into proxy wars between regional powers – a stable Afghanistan is the only solution. Wesley in ’10:
Michael Wesley, Lowy Institute for International Policy, "Stability in Afghanistan: Why it matters", The Interpreter, 2-25-10

The countervailing impulse is to try to reduce one’s rivals’ ability to manipulate one’s own
AND
Southeast Asia’s institutions of stability and mutual guarantee should be taken so seriously.

Scenario 2 is US Hegemony

Stable US hegemony averts multiple existential scenarios – multi-polarity may be inevitable but US heg ensures a smooth transition. Barnett in ’11:

Thomas Barnett, Warfare Analysis and Research Department Professor at the Naval War College, "The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads", pg 3-7, 2011_{http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads**
Let me be more blunt: As the guardian of globalization, the U.
AND
in all of its forms, deeply embedded in the geometry to come.}

Advantage 2 is Terrorism

Terrorism in the Middle East, especially Pakistan, is one rise – action now is necessary. Khan in ’14:

Ismail Khan, Resident Editor for DAWN News, Pakistan, "Pakistan most terror-hit nation", DAWN News, 2/23/14
The draft of National Internal Security Policy (NISP) 2013-2018, currently
AND
attendance were asked to return its copy within 24 hours of receiving it.

US-Pakistan relations are necessary to combat terrorism in the Middle East – no other options. D’Souza in ’06:

Shantie D’Souza, Associate Fellow at the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, "US-Pakistan Counter-Terrorism Cooperation: Dynamics and Challenges", Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses, Volume 30, Issue 3, July 2006
US Counter-Terrorism Cooperation with Pakistan Pakistan reemerged as an important country in the
AND
counterterrorism strategy and its cooperation with Pakistan in curbing terror in the region.

Terrorism outweighs all other existential threats on probability – expert consensus. Rhodes in ’09

RICHARD RHODES, affiliate of the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University, "Reducing the nuclear threat: The argument for public safety" 14 DECEMBER 2009
The response was very different among nuclear and national security experts when Indiana Republican Sen
AND
nothing to do with those attacks in the name of sending a message.

Impact Framing

Adopt a parliamentary model of ethics to account for uncertainty – this entails assigning relative probabilities to different ethical theories and means huge util impacts still matter. Bostrom in ’09:

Nick Bostrom, Professor, Faculty of Philosophy 26 Oxford Martin School Director, Future of Humanity Institute Director, Programme on the Impacts of Future Technology University of Oxford, "Moral uncertainty – towards a solution?", 2009
It seems people are overconfident about their moral beliefs. But how should one reason
AND
don’t infringe too much on what other major moral theories deem centrally important.

Tournament: Strake Jesuit | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Katy Taylor JY | Judge: Heizelman, Gorthey, Wright

Inquisitorial Justice 1AC

Framework

’Ought to be’ is fundamentally a question of the desirability of two competing states of affairs. Finlay and Sendegar in ’12:

~Stephen Finlay, Associate Professor of Philosophy at USC, and Justin Sendegar, PhD candidate in philosophy at the University of Southern California~, "One Ought Too Many", Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 2012~
’Ought’ sentences seem ambiguous in a variety of ways. We can distinguish normative
AND
ticket (the odds of his winning would after all be extremely long).

Ethical systems must take into account voices that were never considered and use diversity to improve our normative beliefs - this is a question of the best epistemic starting point. We must reject arbitrary forms of exclusion and reconstruct ethics around inclusion. Medina in ’11:

Jose Medina, Professor of Philosophy at Vanderbilt, "Toward a Foucaultian Epistemology of Resistance: Counter-Memory, Epistemic Friction, and Guerrilla Pluralism", Foucault Studies, No. 12, pp. 9-35, October 2011
What we need in order to maintain possibilities of resistance always open is epistemic friction
AND
is always an opportunity for learning from each other and correcting each other.

Thus, the role of the ballot is to endorse the advocacy that best breaks down oppressive power structures. You as the judge have an obligation past that of mere neutral adjudication – it is the obligation of instilling a critical pedagogy that’s key for real-world change. Giroux in ’04:

Henry Giroux, Global TV Network Chair in English and Cultural Studies at McMaster University, "Public Pedagogy and the Politics of Neo-liberalism: making the political more pedagogical", Policy Futures in Education, Volume 2, Numbers 3 26 4, 2004, http://www.cws.illinois.edu/IPRHDigitalLiteracies/GirouxPublicPFinE2004.pdf)**
The moral implications of pedagogy also suggest that our responsibility as public intellectuals cannot be
AND
of what it means to be educated from its critical and democratic possibilities. 

A – The Advantages of Privilege

The attorney-client privilege only stands to further privilege the wealthy – it’s used as a tool to block key testimony by those who have the financial capability to do so. Imrinkelried and Amoroso in ’11:

Edward Imwinkelried, Professor of Law at UC Davis and Andrew Amoroso, Associate, Reed Smith LLP, "THE APPLICATION OF THE ATTORNEY-CLIENT PRIVILEGE TO INTERACTIONS AMONG CLIENTS, ATTORNEYS, AND EXPERTS IN THE AGE OF CONSULTANTS: THE NEED FOR A MORE PRECISE, FUNDAMENTAL ANALYSIS.", 48 Hous. L. Rev. 265. Spring 2011. 
Several significant practical consequences flow from positing that the attorney-client privilege–rather
AND
judgment70 or a trial motion for judgment as a matter of law.71

Justice is no longer blind – the rich continue to purchase ’zealous advocates’ and absolute legal protections as if all people have access to best resources and hide their superiority behind the façade that is attorney-client privilege. Truth takes the back seat to the checkbook. Karlberg in ’03:

Michael Karlberg, Professor of Communications at Western Washington Univeristy,The Paradox of Protest in a Culture of Contest, PEACE and CHANGE, 2003, ,http://myweb.wwu.edu/karlberg/articles/ParadoxOfProtest.pdf**
In practice, however, the invisible hand of the political market acts much like
AND
system, which is what they have become, then these rationalizations fail.

Corporations exploit the privilege to hide all violations within a proverbial zone of silence – that’s a benefit they use to maintain absolute control over the law. Waldman in ’87:

Michael L. Waldman, J.D., cum laude, Harvard Law School, 1986, trial and appellate litigator at Robbins, Russell, Englert, Orseck, Untereiner 26 Sauber LLP, "Beyond Upjohn: The Attorney-Client Privilege in the Corporate Context", 28 Wm. and Mary L. Rev. 473 (1987), http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmlr/vol28/iss3/4**
Courts developed the more limited control group test after expressing three concerns about a pure
AND
by ensuring removal of routine intra-corporate communications from the privilege’s protection.

B – The Denial of Multiculturalism

The adversarial system is based on a flawed binary epistemology that forecloses any attempts to find the truth. It ignores that truth and winning are often two very different issues by promoting active distortion of the facts and perpetuates unipolar notions of privilege. Only a multifaceted, all-inclusive form of knowledge production in criminal justice can solve. Menkel-Meadow in ’96:

Carrie Menkel-Meadow, Professor of Law at Georgetown and UCLA, "The Trouble with the Adversary System in a Postmodern, Multicultural World" William and Mary Law Review, 1996
Taken out of its postmodern context, deconstruction is a useful tool for those who
AND
ethics. First, however, I want to air some more complaints.

Our legal system is multiculturally inaccessible – privileged men hold on to the remnants of an outdated legal system that excludes minority groups from expressing their views and perpetuates resource disparities. Menkel-Meadow in ’96 (2):

Carrie Menkel-Meadow, Professor of Law at Georgetown and UCLA, "The Trouble with the Adversary System in a Postmodern, Multicultural World" William and Mary Law Review, 1996
Recall that when we speak of the adversary system we say the "Anglo-
AND
, let me turn to some proposals for reform of the adversary system.

C – Reforming the System

Thus the plan: The United States criminal justice system will abandon the adversarial criminal justice system currently in place and adopt the inquisitorial system currently in place in France as an act of prioritizing truth-seeking above arbitrary privileges. I reserve the right to clarify.

The French System effectively balances professional confidentiality with finding the truth as lawyers are required only to reveal criminal offences - anything else is criminal. GLN in ’09:

Gide Loyrette Nouel, independent French law firm with headquarters based in Paris " In-House Counsel and the Attorney-Client Privilege", Lex Mundi, Ltd. 2009
According to the French Bars Harmonized Regulations (Règlement Intérieur Harmonisé des Barreaux de France
AND
company. A breach of this obligation is deemed as a criminal offense.

ACP is the key divergent issues between the inquisitorial and adversarial system – the plan criticizes the procedural rights-based foundation of the current system and seeks truth instead. Hendrickson in ’13:

Ed Hendrickson, VBI LD Debate Instructor, Ex-LD Debater – won Kandi King RR and qualified to TOC, Current Coach, "Topic Analysis by Ed Hendrickson", Victory Briefs - 13NFL2-Attorney Client Privilege, 2013
However, attorney-client privilege should be defined in a larger scope of what’s
AND
rights, while inquisitorial systems admonish such efforts as obstructions of the truth.

And, truth is the primary goal of the inquisitorial system – crimes are reconstructed through intense investigation. Moohr in ’04:

Geraldine Szott Moohr, Professor of Law at the University of Houston, "Prosecutorial Power in an Adversarial System: Lessons from Current White Collar Cases and the Inquisitorial Model", Buffalo Criminal Law Review, 2004
The adversarial and inquisitorial models differ in their approaches to ascertaining the truth, largely
AND
traditionally dominated the proceedings, conducting the investigation and managing trial and sentencing.

This quasi-inquisitorial system puts truth first, but not at a cost to individual rights – safeguards level the playing field and treats all offenders in a fair, uniform manner. Mack in ’96:

Raneta Lawson Mack, Associate Professor of Law at Creighton University, "It’s Broke So Let’s Fix It: Using A Quasi-Inquisitorial Approach to Limit the Impact of Bias in the American Criminal Justice System", Indiana International and Comparative Law Review, Vol 7, p. 63, 1996 
The paradigmatic accusatorial system of justice emphasizes protection of individual rights through mechanisms of substantive
AND
and how their respective roles express the ideologies and values of each system.

The plan is uniquely key to solve racial bias in the current adversarial system – prosecutorial bias loses its value and there is legal mandate to prosecute all criminal offenses no matter the situation. Mack in ’96 (2):

Raneta Lawson Mack, Associate Professor of Law at Creighton University, "It’s Broke So Let’s Fix It: Using A Quasi-Inquisitorial Approach to Limit the Impact of Bias in the American Criminal Justice System", Indiana International and Comparative Law Review, Vol 7, p. 63, 1996 

In an accusatorial system of justice, the prosecutor’s role, in theory, is
AND
the right to administrative and judicial review of the decision not to prosecute.°

Tournament: Strake Jesuit | Round: 4 | Opponent: Clements RG | Judge: Ellen Hense

Corporations 1AC

Part 1 is Framework

’Ought to be’ is fundamentally a question of the desirability of two competing states of affairs. Finlay and Sendegar in ’12:

~Stephen Finlay, Associate Professor of Philosophy at USC, and Justin Sendegar, PhD candidate in philosophy at the University of Southern California~, "One Ought Too Many", Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 2012~
’Ought’ sentences seem ambiguous in a variety of ways. We can distinguish normative
AND
ticket (the odds of his winning would after all be extremely long).

The value is morality because ’ought to’ implies normative obligations and the standard is maximizing expected well-being.

First is Policy-Making. Resolutional action doesn’t occur within a vacuum – any plan of action happens within the US CJS. Prefer util on a policy-making level. Woller in ’97:

Gary Woller, BYU Prof., "An Overview by Gary Woller", A Forum on the Role of Environmental Ethics, June 1997, pg. 10
Moreover, virtually all public policies entail some redistribution of economic or political resources,
AND
perhaps at times a necessary, basis for public policy in a democracy.

Second is Reductionism. Reductionism is true – medical studies prove. Parfit in ’84:

Derek Parfit, Global Distinguished Professor of Philosophy; Visiting Professor of Philosophy at NYU, "Reasons and Persons", Chapter 12 – "Why Our Identity is Not What Matters", Oxford University Press, 1984
Some recent medical cases provide striking evidence in favour of the Reductionist View. Human
AND
In one centre, he sees red, in the other, blue. 

This commits us to util. Shoemaker in ’99:

David Shoemaker, Associate Professor of Philosophy at Tulane University, "Utilitarianism and Personal Identity", The Journal of Value Inquiry 33: 183–199, 1999, Kluwer Academic Publishers
Extreme reductionism might lend support to utilitarianism in the following way. Many people claim
AND
location, would be the most plausible. Utilitarianism is just such a theory

Third is Pragmatism. The function of moral theorizing should be to resolve problems in practices that exist and to make practices more pragmatic. Lekan in ’03:

Todd Lekan, Professor of Philosophy at Muskingum University, "Making Morality: Pragmatist Reconstruction in Ethical Theory", Vanderbilt University Press, 2003 
Since pragmatists take seriously the primacy of practice, they must be careful to give
AND
and, ideally, ought to function to help make practices more intelligent.

And, pragmatism commits us to the authority of consequences. Frega  in ’12:

Roberto Frega, School of Advanced Studies in Social Sciences and Senior Researcher at the Centre for the Study of Social Movements - Institut Marcel Mauss, "Equal Accessibility to All: Habermas, Pragmatism, and the Place of Religious Beliefs in a Post-Secular Society", Roberto Frega Constellations Volume 19, Number 2, 2012
A third theoretical module needs to be introduced in order to complete this pragmatic strategy
AND
justice. But it also holds true for decisions concerning the regulation of family

Part 2 is the Advantage

Model Rule 1.6 of the ABA’s rules of ethics have created a norm of silence in the face of future crime – attorneys ignore third-party interests and become complicit in atrocities. Russell in ’98:

Irma S. Russel, Dean of the University of Montana School of Law "Unreasonable Risk: Model Rule 1.6, Environmental Hazards, and Positive Law" , 55 Wash. 26 Lee L. Rev. 117, 1998
Although Rule 1.6 permits disclosure in described exceptions, it appears to advocate
AND
20 to Rule 1.6 states a presumption in favor of nondisclosure.

Scenario 1 is Emissions

The EPA has enacted stricter emissions laws and coal-fired plants not meeting them. Only compliance ensures reduced emissions. Koch in ’13:

Wendy Koch, USA Today reporter who covers energy, climate and the environment, "EPA proposes strict emission limits on new power plants", USA Today, 9/20/13
Lawsuits are expected to challenge the Environmental Protection Agency’s proposal Friday to limit emissions from
AND
, says: "We can kiss goodbye any more dirty power plants..

ACP is the barrier – corporations hide behind privilege and keep emissions increases hidden. ELR in ’02:

Environmental Law Reporter, United States v. Duke Energy Corp., 20741, No. No. 1:00CV1262, 208 F.R.D. 553 (M.D.N.C., 06/07/2002) 
The court holds that an electric utility need not reveal to the federal government calculations
AND
withhold revelation of its defenses until the time for expert reports and depositions.

Systemic reform within the US is the key – our corporations discount global warming and continue to destroy the atmosphere. ENS in ’03:

Environmental News Service, "Most U.S. Industry Giants Ignoring Global Warming", CommonDreams.org, July 9 2003
Most of the nation’s largest carbon dioxide emitting companies are failing to assess, disclose
AND
adopt an environmental ethic that will be built into the corporation’s core strategy."

The impact is extinction – global warming is real and outweighs other risks on scientific consensus and probability. Deibel in ’07:

Terry Deibel, Professor of International Relations at the Naval War College, "Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic of American Statecraft," Conclusion: American Foreign Affairs Strategy Today, 2007
Finally, there is one major existential threat to American security (as well as
AND
States, but potentially to the continued existence of life on this planet.  

Scenario 2 is Oceans

Corporate oil spills in the US are on the rise and a lack of reporting is the problem – ocean life is being destroyed. Marcus in ’13:

JACQUELINE MARCUS, Professor of Philosophy at Cuesta College, "Escalation of Oil Spills, Why They’re Getting Worse in the US: Speeches Don’t Matter, Actions Do", TruthOut, 6/6/13
And yet it’s one thing to assess the scientific data, it’s quite a different
AND
. It’s as if decomposing acid were dropped for years into this ocean. 

Big corporations like BP and Exxon are using ACP to avoid responsibility and hide spill data. Caulkins in ’13:

Laurel Brubaker Calkins, reporter for BusinessWeek, "BP Battles U.S., Transocean Over Gulf Spill Rate Claims", Bloomberg News, Mar 1, 2013
’Core Breach’ Transocean claimed BP’s misrepresentations about the volume of the spill "constitutes
AND
," the U.S. said in a Jan. 29 filing.

Oil spills kill biodiversity and destroy ocean ecosystems – Deepwater Horizon proves. Bertrand in ’12:

Pierre Bertrand, reporter for IB Times, "BP Gulf Oil Spill Destabilizing Marine Ecosystem, Researcher Says", International Business Times, 4/19/12
Two years after the Deepwater Horizon disaster, a deep-sea biodiversity study suggests
AND
the company will pay for fines under U.S. environmental law.

Ocean acidification and the ensuing biodiversity loss ensure extinction. Craig in ’03:

Robin Kundis Craig, Associate Professor of Law at Indiana University, "Taking Steps Toward Marine Wilderness Protection? Fishing and Coral Reef Marine Reserves in Florida and Hawaii", 2003
Biodiversity and ecosystem function arguments for conserving marine ecosystems also exist, just as they
AND
jelly." n864 More importantly, the Black Sea is not necessarily unique. 

Part 3 is the Plan

Thus the plan: The American Bar Association will amend Model Rule 1.6 of their Rules of Professional Conduct to create exceptions in attorney-client privilege that encourage disclosure of previously privileged information that reveals EPA violations under the Clean Air Act and/or the RCRA. I reserve the right to clarify.

The EPA is forced to enforce revealed violations and persecute – only the plan gives them that knowledge. Price and Darzig in ’86:

Courtney M Price, Assistant Administrator for Enforcement and Compliance Monitoringat the EPA, and Allen J. Danzig, Special Assistant to the Assistant Administrator for Enforcement and Compliance Monitoring at the EPA, "ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING: DEVELOPING A "PREVENTIVE MEDICINE" APPROACH TO¶ ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE, 19 Loy. L. A. L. Rev. 1189 1986.
As with EPA access to audit reports, the appropriate EPA enforcement response to environmental
AND
certain level of penalty or other relief in an enforcement case.8 0

This means I control long-term solvency – the threat of being caught violating is empirically verified to promote self-regulation. Short and Toffel in ’12:

Jodi Short, Associate Professor of Law at UC-Hastings, and Michael Toffel, Associate Professor of Business Administration at Harvard, "Robust Enforcement Should Complement Voluntary Regulation", Economic Policy Vignette, 9/18/2012
To determine when and why voluntary programs improve compliance with government regulations, we examined
AND
regulation commitments more seriously when regulators are more likely to catch them shirking.

Recasting Model Rule 1.6 is necessary – unnecessary disclosures won’t happen and it effectively balances confidentiality with minimizing environmental catastrophes. Russell in ’98(2):

The law adopted by legislatures in environmental laws and regulations and endorsed by courts through
AND
significant harm to others and to comply with the mandates of positive law.

Part 4 is Impact Calculus

Adopt a parliamentary model of ethics to account for uncertainty – this entails assigning relative probabilities to different ethical theories and means huge util impacts still matter. Bostrom in ’09:

Nick Bostrom, Professor, Faculty of Philosophy 26 Oxford Martin School Director, Future of Humanity Institute Director, Programme on the Impacts of Future Technology University of Oxford, "Moral uncertainty – towards a solution?", 2009
It seems people are overconfident about their moral beliefs. But how should one reason
AND
don’t infringe too much on what other major moral theories deem centrally important.

Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 3 | Opponent: Hockaday SS | Judge: Austin Sell

Democracy 1AC

I affirm. ~Resolved: In a democracy, voting ought to be compulsory~

Part A is the Interpretations

First, compulsory voting is compulsory turnout.
Ballinger in ’06:
Chris Ballinger, Lecturer in Politics at Brasenose College, "Compulsory turnout: a solution to disengagement?" In "Democracy Series" – "Democracy and Voting", The Hansard Society, 2006
By ’compulsory voting’, we usually mean~s~ ’compulsory turnout’.
AND
voting’ and ’compulsory turnout’ are therefore used interchangeab~e~ly.

Second, as the resolution questions ought passively without specifying an actor, ’ought to’ entails desirable state of affairs rather than aims. Finlay and Sendegar in ’12:
~Stephen Finlay, Associate Professor of Philosophy at USC, and Justin Sendegar, PhD candidate in philosophy at the University of Southern California~, "One Ought Too Many", Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 2012~
’Ought’ sentences seem ambiguous in a variety of ways. We can distinguish normative
AND
ticket (the odds of his winning would after all be extremely long).

Part B is the Framework

As the resolution is a question of whether or not compulsory voting is justifiable in a democratic regime, I value A Legitimate Democracy. 

First, conflicting interests in democratic societies require an ethical system characterized by the equal representation of interests. Christiano in ’04:
Tom Christiano, Philosopher at the University of Arizona, "The Authority of Democracy," Journal of Political Philosophy, Vol. 12, n. 3 (August): pp. 266-290, 2004
The background conditions of these fundamental interests are the facts of pervasive disagreement and fallibility
AND
least to that extent a bulwark against the biases working against anyone’s interests.

Second, any ethical system must take into account voices that were never considered and use diversity to improve our normative beliefs. Medina in ’11:
Jose Medina, Professor of Philosophy at Vanderbilt, "Toward a Foucaultian Epistemology of Resistance: Counter-Memory, Epistemic Friction, and Guerrilla Pluralism", Foucault Studies, No. 12, pp. 9-35, October 2011
What we need in order to maintain possibilities of resistance always open is epistemic friction
AND
is always an opportunity for learning from each other and correcting each other.

Thus, the standard is Establishing Norms of Democratic Inclusion.

Part C is Un-Democracy

First is Class Bias

Low voter turnout perpetuates oppressive systems of class bias where the socioeconomically disadvantaged are ignored by the electorate. Avery and Peffley in ’05:
James M. Avery, Professor at Southern Illinois University, and Mark Peffley, Professor of Political Science at the University of Kentucky, State Politics 26 Policy Quarterly , Vol. 5, No. 1 (Spring, 2005), pp. 47-67, Sage Publications, Inc.
Public opinion polls have consistently shown a huge difference between the support for social welfare
AND
and that of the upper class, lawmakers will adopt less stringent welfare requirements

Second is Minority Exclusion

This problem is prevalent– the underrepresentation of minority groups in local governing bodies is a direct result of low voter turnout. Under compulsory voting, turnout has the capability to change the results of local elections. Hajnal and Trounstine in ’05:
Zoltan Hajnal, Professor of Political Science at UC-San Diego, and Jessica Trounstine, Professor of Political Science at UC-Mercedes, "Where Turnout Matters: The Consequences of Uneven Turnout in City Politics", THE JOURNAL OF POLITICS, Vol. 67, No. 2, May 2005, Pp. 515–535
Our analysis of electoral outcomes in the local political arena has two important conclusions.
AND
loses in a political arena that touches regularly on the lives of residents.

Voter suppression of minorities is the norm in the status quo – we must reject these Jim Crow era politics in favor of norms of inclusion. Dawson in ’13:
Jim Dawson, John D. MacArthur Professor of Political Science and the director of the Center for the Study of Race, Politics and Culture at the University of Chicago, "Old Habits Die Hard", NY Times, 1/16/13
Unfortunately, by October 2008, I was blogging not about the strides that had
AND
ing communities of color from a central right and rite of democratic practice.

Part D is Democratic Inclusion

Advocacy Text

My advocacy is that the United States federal government adopt a compulsory voting system applicable
AND
or Sunday to facilitate easy access~. I reserve the right to clarify.

First is Systemic Reform

I control long-term solvency. By forcing political parties to truly cater to all citizens, compulsory voting promotes norms of inclusivity and political participation. Also, compulsory voting solves exclusion by creating incentives to tackle serious issues and improves the legislative process Galston in ’11:
William Galston, Ezra Zilkha Chair in the Brookings Institution’s Governance Studies Program, "Telling Americans to Vote, or Else", NY Times, 11/5/11
The second argument for mandatory voting is democratic. Ideally, a democracy will take
AND
would stand to gain far more than the cost of a traffic ticket.

Voting is the most important form of democratic participation – controls the internal link to all others. Hill in ’05:
Lisa Hill, Professor of Politics at the University of Adelaide, "On the Justifiability of Compulsory Voting: Reply to Lever", 2005
Lever writes as though elections are just one other form of self-governing activity
AND
effective kinds of representation than legislative ones, particularly if I am disadvantaged.

Compulsory voting incentivizes civic education and forces political parties to focus less on ’get out to vote’ campaigns and more on real information. Lijphart in ’97:
Arend Lijphart, Research Professor Emeritus of Political Science, ’Unequal Participation: Democracy’s Unresolved Dilemma’, American Political Science, Review 91(1), pp. 1–14, 1997
Having emphasized the advantages of compulsory voting so far, I must also deal with
AND
more attention and work harder to get information to previous non-voters.

Second is Voter Turnout

Strong empirics verify – compulsory voting increases voter turnout. Ballinger in ’06
Chris Ballinger, Lecturer in Politics at Brasenose College, "Compulsory turnout: a solution to disengagement?" In "Democracy Series" – "Democracy and Voting", The Hansard Society, 2006
International surveys indicate that countries which have compulsory voting laws and enforce them have a
AND
70 per cent - very similar to current turnout in the UK.35

Third is the Implications

Voter turnout matters locally too – it can change election results – that’s Hajnall and Troustine ’05. Increased representation of minorities in local governments led to improved inclusion of minorities in day-to-day politics – empirics are on my side. Browning et. al in ’86:
Rufus P. Browning, Professor Emeritus of Political Science, San Francisco State University, Dale Rogers Marshall, President at Wheaton College, Former Academic Dean at Wellesley College, and David H. Tabb, Professor Emeritus of Political Science at San Francisco State, "Protest Is Not Enough: A Theory of Political Incorporation", PS, Vol. 19, No. 3 (Summer, 1986), pp. 576-581. American Political Science Association
When blacks achieved substantial incorporation in these cities, policies changed; the responsiveness of
AND
cil now, council members nod their heads in agreement rather than yawn."

Reducing class bias in voter turnout decreases restrictions of welfare policy and leads to policy change – the plan is key to improving the quality of life of disenfranchised communities. Avery and Peffley in ’05:
James M. Avery, Professor at Southern Illinois University, and Mark Peffley, Professor of Political Science at the University of Kentucky, State Politics 26 Policy Quarterly , Vol. 5, No. 1 (Spring, 2005), pp. 47-67, Sage Publications, Inc.
Several general findings are especially noteworthy in our study. First, we find a
AND
been quite as tilted in favor of the wealthy and against the poor.

Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 2 | Opponent: Hockaday SS | Judge: Rodrigo Paramo

Part A is the Interpretations

As the resolution questions ought passively without specifying an actor, ’ought to’ entails desirable state of affairs rather than aims. Finlay and Sendegar in ’12:
~Stephen Finlay, Associate Professor of Philosophy at USC, and Justin Sendegar, PhD candidate in philosophy at the University of Southern California~, and#34;One Ought Too Manyand#34;, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 2012~
’Ought’ sentences seem ambiguous in a variety of ways. We can distinguish normative
AND
ticket (the odds of his winning would after all be extremely long).

Part B is the Framework

I value Morality because ought to entail a moral obligation. The standard is Maximizing Expected Well-Being

First is Democracy

Democracies have a unique obligation to show policies are to the advantage of society as a whole Woller in ’97:
Gary Woller, BYU Prof., and#34;An Overview by Gary Wollerand#34;, A Forum on the Role of Environmental Ethics, June 1997, pg. 10
Moreover, virtually all public policies entail some redistribution of economic or political resources,
AND
perhaps at times a necessary, basis for public policy in a democracy.

Second is Reductionism

Reductionism is true – medical studies prove. Parfit in ’84:
Derek Parfit, Global Distinguished Professor of Philosophy; Visiting Professor of Philosophy at NYU, and#34;Reasons and Personsand#34;, Chapter 12 – and#34;Why Our Identity is Not What Mattersand#34;, Oxford University Press, 1984
Some recent medical cases provide striking evidence in favour of the Reductionist View. Human
AND
In one centre, he sees red, in the other, blue. 

This commits us to util. Shoemaker in ’99:
David Shoemaker, Associate Professor of Philosophy at Tulane University, and#34;Utilitarianism and Personal Identityand#34;, The Journal of Value Inquiry 33: 183–199, 1999, Kluwer Academic Publishers
Extreme reductionism might lend support to utilitarianism in the following way. Many people claim
AND
location, would be the most plausible. Utilitarianism is just such a theory

Third is Pragmatism

The function of moral theorizing should be to resolve problems in practices that exist and to make practices more pragmatic. Lekan in ’03:
Todd Lekan, Professor of Philosophy at Muskingum University, and#34;Making Morality: Pragmatist Reconstruction in Ethical Theoryand#34;, Vanderbilt University Press, 2003 
Since pragmatists take seriously the primacy of practice, they must be careful to give
AND
and, ideally, ought to function to help make practices more intelligent.

And, pragmatism commits us to the authority of consequences. Frega  in ’12:
Roberto Frega, School of Advanced Studies in Social Sciences and Senior Researcher at the Centre for the Study of Social Movements - Institut Marcel Mauss, and#34;Equal Accessibility to All: Habermas, Pragmatism, and the Place of Religious Beliefs in a Post-Secular Societyand#34;, Roberto Frega Constellations Volume 19, Number 2, 2012
A third theoretical module needs to be introduced in order to complete this pragmatic strategy
AND
justice. But it also holds true for decisions concerning the regulation of family

Part C is the Advantages

Advocacy Text

My advocacy is that the United States federal government adopt a compulsory voting system applicable
AND
or Sunday to facilitate easy access~. I reserve the right to clarify.

First is Racism

Voter suppression of minorities is the norm in the status quo – we must reject these Jim Crow era politics in favor of norms of inclusion. Dawson in ’13:
Jim Dawson, John D. MacArthur Professor of Political Science and the director of the Center for the Study of Race, Politics and Culture at the University of Chicago, and#34;Old Habits Die Hardand#34;, NY Times, 1/16/13
Unfortunately, by October 2008, I was blogging not about the strides that had
AND
ing communities of color from a central right and rite of democratic practice.

This problem is prevalent– the underrepresentation of minority groups in local governing bodies is a direct result of low voter turnout. Under compulsory voting, turnout has the capability to change the results of local elections. Hajnal and Trounstine in ’05:
Zoltan Hajnal, Professor of Political Science at UC-San Diego, and Jessica Trounstine, Professor of Political Science at UC-Mercedes, and#34;Where Turnout Matters: The Consequences of Uneven Turnout in City Politicsand#34;, THE JOURNAL OF POLITICS, Vol. 67, No. 2, May 2005, Pp. 515–535
Our analysis of electoral outcomes in the local political arena has two important conclusions.
AND
loses in a political arena that touches regularly on the lives of residents.

Strong empirics verify – compulsory voting increases voter turnout. Ballinger in ’06
Chris Ballinger, Lecturer in Politics at Brasenose College, and#34;Compulsory turnout: a solution to disengagement?and#34; In and#34;Democracy Seriesand#34; – and#34;Democracy and Votingand#34;, The Hansard Society, 2006
International surveys indicate that countries which have compulsory voting laws and enforce them have a
AND
70 per cent - very similar to current turnout in the UK.35

Increased representation of minorities in local governments led to improved inclusion of minorities in day-to-day politics – empirics are on my side. Browning et. al in ’86:
Rufus P. Browning, Professor Emeritus of Political Science, San Francisco State University, Dale Rogers Marshall, President at Wheaton College, Former Academic Dean at Wellesley College, and David H. Tabb, Professor Emeritus of Political Science at San Francisco State, and#34;Protest Is Not Enough: A Theory of Political Incorporationand#34;, PS, Vol. 19, No. 3 (Summer, 1986), pp. 576-581. American Political Science Association
When blacks achieved substantial incorporation in these cities, policies changed; the responsiveness of
AND
cil now, council members nod their heads in agreement rather than yawn.and#34;

The impact is long-term genocidal violence. Scheper-Hughes and Bourgois in ’04:
Scheper-Hughes, Prof of Anthropology @ Cal-Berkeley, and Bourgois, Prof of Anthropology @ UPenn, Nancy and Philippe, Introduction: Making Sense of Violence, in Violence in War and Peace, pg. 19-22, 2004
This large and at first sight and#34;messyand#34; Part VII is central to this
AND
including the house gun and gated communities; and reversed feelings of victimization).

Second is Politics

Republicans will keep House majority absent any major shift. Bernstein in ’13:
Jonathan Bernstein, politicial scientist who contributes to The Plum Line and PostPartisan for the Washington Post, and#34;In the battle for the House, GOP will likely retain majorityand#34;, Washington Post, 4/5/13
Last Friday I. Today’s it’s the House’s turn. Bottom line: House Republicans
AND
and maybe even enough to allow Democrats to gain a handful of seats.

Plan means democrats get elected – US non-voters empirically favor Democrats. Gelman in ’11:
Andrew Gelman, professor of statistics and political science and director of the Applied Statistics Center at Columbia University, and#34;Understanding Nonvotersand#34;, NY Times, 11/7/11
Then came 2000 and 2004, the closest presidential elections, by far, in
AND
is that nonvoters look particularly different on issues of economic security and redistribution.

Plan means democrats get elected in Congressional elections next year. Mackerras and McAllister in ’99:
M. Mackerras, Department of Politics, University of NSW, Canberra, and Ian McAllister, Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, and#34;Compulsory voting, party stability and electoral advantage in Australiaand#34;, Electoral Studies 18 (1999) 217–233
Levels of turnout have long been linked to different voting outcomes. High levels of
AND
be expected to abstain under a voluntary voting system (McAllister, 1986).

2 Scenarios: 

First – Climate

Republicans are the roadblock to climate bills – they’ve said they won’t vote in favor. Rmuse in ’13:
Rmuse, Audio engineer and instructor for SAE. Writes op/ed commentary supporting Secular Humanist causes, and exposing suppression of women, the poor, and minorities, and#34;Republicans Pledge To the Kochs That They Will Oppose Any Climate Change Billand#34;, PoliticsUSA, July 6th, 2013
It is a fairly safe bet that if one polled 100 Americans and asked if
AND
beholden to follow directions from the Kochs and their source of power ALEC.

The climate bill has democratic support and is key to solving multiple scenarios for extinction. Saunders in ’13:
Bernie Saunders, Senator (D-VT), and#34;The best solution on climate change requires Congress to actand#34;, The Guardian, February 16th, 2013
The issue that we are dealing with is not political. It has nothing to
AND
and grandchildren’s future, and want to protect them from this planetary crisis. 

Second – Immigration

Immigration won’t pass through a House with Republican majority. Klein and Soltas on 8/21:
Ezra Klein. columnist for The Washington Post, a columnist for Bloomberg, and a contributor to MSNBC, and Evan Soltas, writer of Wonkbook, ’Wonkbook: Top House Republican on immigration says no path to citizenship. Not even for DREAMers.’, Washington Post, 8/21/13
More bad news for immigration reform: Rep. Bob Goodlatte, head of the
AND
much evidence he’s interested in doing that. And that’s emboldening restrictionists like Goodlatte

CIR is the key to long-term competitiveness and technological hegemony. Bush et. al in ’09:
Jeb Bush, Former Florida Gov. and Thomas F. McLarty and Edward Alden, former White House Chief of Staff, co-chairmen and director of a Council on Foreign Relations-sponsored Independent Task Force on U.S. Immigration Policy and#34;Nation needs comprehensive, flexible immigration reform,and#34; 7/21/09
Our immigration system has been broken for too long, and the costs of that
AND
to foreign students and providing a faster track to permanent residency and citizenship.

US geostrategic dominance solves extinction. Friedberg and Schoenfeld in ’08:
Aaron Friedberg, professor of politics and international relations at Princeton University, and Gabriel Schoenfeld, visiting scholar at the Witherspoon Institute in Princeton, N.J., and#34;The Dangers of a Diminished America,and#34; Wall Street Journal, 10/21/08
With the global financial system in serious trouble, is America’s geostrategic dominance likely to
AND
Are we up for the task? The American economy has historically demonstrated remarkable

Third is Impact Calc

Adopt a parliamentary model of ethics to account for uncertainty – this entails assigning relative probabilities to different ethical theories and means huge util impacts still matter. Bostrom in ’09:
Nick Bostrom, Professor, Faculty of Philosophy 26 Oxford Martin School Director, Future of Humanity Institute Director, Programme on the Impacts of Future Technology University of Oxford, and#34;Moral uncertainty – towards a solution?and#34;, 2009
It seems people are overconfident about their moral beliefs. But how should one reason
AND
don’t infringe too much on what other major moral theories deem centrally important.