Tournament: Hendrickson all rounds | Round: 1 | Opponent: Tanisha | Judge: Someone
I value morality as per the word ought in the resolution.
An overarching static truth cannot exist- any claims to objective morality would be inherently based in a subjective mind allowing for subjective understandings to shape and influence them; attempts to use practical reason to escape the problem fail as our understanding of reason is shaped by others, and the only method by which we can validate reason is through the consensus of others, forcing a reality that is subjectively constructed.
Nagel explains:
Nagel, Thomas.an American philosopher, currently University Professor of Philosophy and Law at New York University, where he has taught since 1980. The View from Nowhere. New York: Oxford UP, 1989. Print.
"In the pursuit...
...grasp as well."
Morality is inherently a fluctuating concept that is socially constructed through our interactions with others- we are only able to conceptualize right and wrong through a consensus or agreement on what it is. It is the only way to validate truth. We come into this world knowing nothing about the nature of morality; our interactions with others are what define its existence. Harman furthers,
Harman, Gilbert Moral Relativism Defended Philosophical Review Vol. 84, January 1975
"My thesis is...
...to an agreement."
So, Insofar as morality is constructed through consensus, the only way to reach a moral code for a group of individuals is through popular consensus within that group.
Therefore, the form of government that will be most consistent with morality itself, would be one that is most consistent with the popular consensus. So, the criterion is minimizing misrepresentation so that the decisions of the government accurately reflect the popular consensus, as opposed to the wishes of simply a small selection of the people.
Voter turnout is low in almost all democracies.
Arend Lijphart, world renowned political scientist specializing in comparative politics, elections and voting systems, democratic institutions, and ethnicity and politics Unequal Participation: Democracy's Unresolved Dilemma, The American Political Science Review , Vol. 91, No. 1 (Mar., 1997), pp. 1-14garimasingh
Additional reasons for...
...is only 76.
Inherency: Voluntary voting is biased against the socioeconomically disadvantaged, underrepresenting them.
Lisa Hill, professor of politics Mandatory Voting Works, The New York Times, November 7, 2011garimasingh
Failure to vote...
...bad for democracy
Low voter turnout means politicians don’t consider the interests of groups that don’t vote. This causes misrepresentation.
Arend Lijphart 2, world renowned political scientist specializing in comparative politics, elections and voting systems, democratic institutions, and ethnicity and politics Unequal Participation: Democracy's Unresolved Dilemma, The American Political Science Review , Vol. 91, No. 1 (Mar., 1997), pp. 1-14garimasingh
"The second reason...
...core political constituencies."
Low voter turnout underrepresents low socioeconomic groups. Compulsory voting will solve for this.
Arend Lijphart 3, world renowned political scientist specializing in comparative politics, elections and voting systems, democratic institutions, and ethnicity and politics Unequal Participation: Democracy's Unresolved Dilemma, The American Political Science Review , Vol. 91, No. 1 (Mar., 1997), pp. 1-14garimasingh
"First of all...
...sometimes even negative."
The differences in political preference between voters and nonvoters is enough to change policy.
Arend Lijphart 4, world renowned political scientist specializing in comparative politics, elections and voting systems, democratic institutions, and ethnicity and politics Unequal Participation: Democracy's Unresolved Dilemma, The American Political Science Review , Vol. 91, No. 1 (Mar., 1997), pp. 1-14garimasingh
"There are, however...
...of representative de-mocracy."
Voters are motivated by the expectation of punishment and the severity of punishment. A compulsory voting system will result in the best voter turnout.
Costas Panagopoulos, Associate Professor of Political Science and Director of the Center for Electoral Politics and Democracy Political Behavior , Vol. 30, No. 4 (Dec., 2008), pp. 455-467garimasingh
"Table 2 presents...
...(civic duty, etc.)."
Compulsory voting solves; Empirics prove-other countries
Simon Liem; Harper’s Magazine; oldest general-interest monthly in America;, received nineteen National Magazine Awards, among many other journalistic and literary honors; Nationally viewed;“The Democratic Argument for Compulsory Voting”; October 10, 2012; http://harpers.org/blog/2012/10/the-democratic-argument-for-compulsory-voting/sn
"Other countries have...
...for state services."
Skep affirms- If we don’t know what morality there is an equal chance that the action is obligated and that it isn’t. This means the round becomes irresolvable. So, you then presume aff.
Presume aff to overcome the 7-4-6-3 structural skew and because they have more than twice the rebuttal time as me. It proves that I did the better debating if the flow comes out even. Third, the neg is reactive so they can choose a strategy while I have to read in the dark giving them a strategic advantage because they can pick the optimal strategy. Fourth, empirically affs lose more than negs so presume aff so neg gets less of a verified advantage.
Prefer aff definitions because affirmative must establish a framework, whereas the negative can adapt to definitions advanced by the aff; which skews strat toward the negative because they can run violations they know will preclude the ac.
Only Aff RVIs.
A) Time and Strategy Skew: NC theory comes first on the flow and adds an extra layer to the debate which I have to respond to the 1AR, skewing the round for the neg because they have 6 minutes to respond to 4 minutes of arguments causing the aff to under cover and only have to go for what they’re winning in the 2N.
B) Discourages bad theory because if debaters know they can lose on it, they’ll think twice before running theory.
C) If the round collapses into theory I have to get an RVI because it’s my only chance of winning the round- this outweighs any other standard because I have to have the ability to debate before arguments are made.