Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 6 | Opponent: Christ Episcopal MK | Judge: West
Ought means desirability
American Heritage Dictionary 09 http://www.thefreedictionary.com/ought RMJ
Used to indicate desirability

The standard is utilitarianism

Consequences matter in public policy – key to responsible policymaking, decision makers have to make the best of limited resources, and can’t impose arbitrary rules
Isaac 2 — Jeffrey C. Isaac, James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life at Indiana University-Bloomington, 2002 (“Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent, Volume 49, Issue 2, Spring, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via EBSCOhost, p. 35-36)
As writers such as Niccolo Machiavelli, ... it undermines political effectiveness.

Averting existential risks is paramount – overwhelms any other moral imperative
Bostrom ’05; Nick (professor of philosophy at Oxford) July 2005 http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/view/id/44
Now if we think about what just ... extinct it should still be a high priority

Even if life isn’t inherently valuable, extinction outweighs – there’s option value in preserving humanity
Bostrom 02 Nick Bostrom, philosopher at Oxford.  nickbostrom.com, “Existential Risk”
These reflections on moral uncertainty ... must prevent any existential catastrophe.

Util’s inevitable – competing claims
Green, 02 – Assistant Professor Department of Psychology Harvard University (Joshua, November 2002 "The Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Truth About Morality And What To Do About It", 314)
Some people who talk ... sort of way or covertly consequentialist.

States aren’t moral actors – have to act in the common interest
Kennan 86 — George F. Kennan, Professor Emeritus at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton University, served as U.S. Ambassador to the Soviet Union (1952) and Yugoslavia (1961-1963), 1985 (“Morality and Foreign Policy,” Foreign Affairs, Winter 1985/1986, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via JSTOR, p. 216)
Second, let us recognize that the functions, ... reproach for acting on the basis of them.

I defend compulsory voting in European Parliament elections.

The first internal link is democratic unity

Increasing election credibility is key to prevent EU collapse
Grant ’13 Charles Grant, dir. of Centre for European Reform, EU reform think tank; “How to reduce the EU's democratic deficit;” Jun 10 2013; The Guardian; http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jun/10/how-to-reduce-eu-democratic-deficit  RMJ
Unless EU leaders can become more ... (from 63 in 1979 to 43 in 2009).

Plan makes EU elections better
Malkopoulou ’09 Anthoula Malkopoulou, pol sci @ University of Jyväskylä (Finland), fmly @ University of Uppsala; “Lost Voters: Participation in EU elections and the case for compulsory voting;” Centre for European Policy Studies; July 2009; http://www.ceps.eu/files/book/1886.pdf RMJ
Second, this solution would recreate ... hostage to eccentric political views.

The second internal link is turnout

CV improves turnout
Malkopoulou ’09 Anthoula Malkopoulou, pol sci @ University of Jyväskylä (Finland), fmly @ University of Uppsala; “Lost Voters: Participation in EU elections and the case for compulsory voting;” Centre for European Policy Studies; July 2009; http://www.ceps.eu/files/book/1886.pdf RMJ
The most efficient and cost-effective ... as an indirect tool for civic education.

Improving turnout is key to overall EU credibility
Muntean 2k Andrei M. Muntean, history + ptx @ Drexel; “The European Parliament’s Political Legitimacy and the Commission’s “Misleading Management”: Towards a “Parliamentarian” European Union?” 18.5.2000; http://eiop.or.at/eiop/pdf/2000-005.pdf RMJ
4 The essence of the democratic deficit ... which is essential to this analysis.

The third internal link is the European parliament

EU parliament legitimacy is low because of low turnout
Michaels ’09 Adrian Michaels, foreign editor for The Telegraph; “European elections 2009: Low voter turn-out is a failure for sceptics as well as Brussels;” 1 Jun 2009; The Telegraph http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/adrianmichaels/9946407/European_elections_2009_Low_voter_turnout_is_a_failure_for_sceptics_as_well_as_Brussels/  RMJ
Some 375 million people could be voting in the ... the turnout in Britain was 38.9 per cent.

Plan key to parliamental legitimacy – now key – Lisbon Treaty and separation of powers
Malkopoulou ’09 Anthoula Malkopoulou, pol sci @ University of Jyväskylä (Finland), fmly @ University of Uppsala; “Lost Voters: Participation in EU elections and the case for compulsory voting;” Centre for European Policy Studies; July 2009; http://www.ceps.eu/files/book/1886.pdf RMJ
Nevertheless, there are three main ... reflect a fair share of the EU population.

Strengthening the parliament is key to overall EU credibility
Muntean 2k Andrei M. Muntean, history + ptx @ Drexel; “The European Parliament’s Political Legitimacy and the Commission’s “Misleading Management”: Towards a “Parliamentarian” European Union?” 18.5.2000; http://eiop.or.at/eiop/pdf/2000-005.pdf RMJ
Therefore, the parliamentarian model of the EU ... the further development of the European Union.

Strong EP uniquely key to solve climate change
Schreurs and Tiberghien ‘07 Schreurs, Miranda A., director of the Environmental Policy Research Centre and prof Comparative Politics at the Freie Universität Berlin, and Tiberghien, Yves., prof. Pol Sci @ U British Columbia; “Multi-Level Reinforcement: Explaining European Union Leadership in Climate Change Mitigation;” Global Environmental Politics, Nov 2007, MIT Press; http://www.bupedu.com/lms/admin/uploded_article/eA.578.pdf RMJ
The European Parliament has provided ... relative to the Council and the Commission.  

Climate change is real and anthropogenic
Rahmstorf 8 Richard, of Physics of the Oceans at Potsdam University, Global Warming: Looking Beyond Kyoto, Edited by Ernesto Zedillo, “Anthropogenic Climate Change?,” pg. 42-4
It is time to turn to statement ... with which we need to deal.

Positive feedbacks mean that nothing survives
Brandenberg 99 (John and Monica Paxson, Visiting Prof. Researcher @ Florida Space Institute, Physicist Ph.D., Science Writer, Dead Mars Dying Earth, Pg 232-233)
The ozone hole expands, driven by a ... perhaps a few hardy microbes surviving.

Climate change tanks biodiversity – extinction
Hansen 11 - is member of the National Academy of Sciences, an adjunct professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Columbia University and at Columbia’s Earth Institute, and director of the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (James E, “Storms of my Grandchildren”)
As long as the total movement of ... caused extinctions to a moderate level.

Strong EU solves great power competition – energy, instability and China rise
Patrick R. Hugg 11, the John J. McAulay Professor of Law, Loyola University New Orleans College of Law, Winter 2011, “Redefining the European Union's Position in the Emerging Multipolar World: Strong Global Leadership Potential, Restrained by Asymmetry of Power and Dissonant Voices,” Tulane Journal of International and Comparative Law, 20 Tul. J. Int'l and Comp. L. 145, p. lexis
The unprecedented pace of change ... The EU remains the largest aid donor in the world. n50 

That escalates to great power wars
Cabral ‘10
(Jim, Professor of International Relations and Political Science – Landmark College, “Book Review – Rising Powers, Shrinking Planet”, Z Magazine, July, http://www.zcommunications.org/rising-powers-shrinking-planet-by-jim-cabral)
Not surprisingly, the accelerating militarization ... they will be caught in any conflagration."

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 2 | Opponent: Hockaday AH | Judge: Boyer
The question of democracy in turn begs the question of democracy for whom – now it’s not enough to enfranchise poor, black or female bodies – democracy has always been democracy-for-humans, a form of ontological privilege that excludes the nonhuman other
Latour ‘04 Bruno Latour, French sociologist and prof @ Sciences Po, winner of Holberg Prize (it’s the Nobel for the humanities); “POLITICS OF NATURE: How to Bring the Sciences into Democracy;” Translated by Catherine Porter; Harvard Univ. Press, 2004; http://napa.vn:8080/uris/uploads/1/0674012895.Harvard.University.Press.Politics.of.Nature.How.to.Bring.the.Sciences.into.Democracy.Apr.2004.pdf RMJ
I do not claim that things speak ... that is, of democracy—constituted by humans.

The resolution’s attempt to fix human democracy ignores the nonhuman objects that make democracy possible – paralyzes politics and forecloses productive avenues of change
Bryant 9/14/13 Levi, prof of phil @ Collin College, “Agential Objects: Towards and Ontology of the Act,” Sep 14, 2013, Lecture @ 2013 Objects as Actors Symposium, Pasadena; http://larvalsubjects.files.wordpress.com/2013/09/pasadenaagentialobjects.pdf  RMJ
Objects are actors. They are activities. ... with respect to certain odious social relations. 

Reorienting politics through objects is critical to challenging oppression at the component level – enables solutions to a litany of major social problems
Bryant 2 Levi, prof of phil @ Collin College, McKenzie Wark: How Do You Occupy an Abstraction?, Larval Subjects http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/08/04/mckenzie-wark-how-do-you-occupy-an-abstraction/
Here I’m also inclined to say ... this post will get Homeland Security after me.

Science allows nonhumans to participate in democracy through spokespeople – only way to avoid disenfranchisement and sophistry
Latour 2 Bruno Latour, French sociologist and prof @ Sciences Po, winner of Holberg Prize (it’s the Nobel for the humanities); “POLITICS OF NATURE: How to Bring the Sciences into Democracy;” Translated by Catherine Porter; Harvard Univ. Press, 2004; http://napa.vn:8080/uris/uploads/1/0674012895.Harvard.University.Press.Politics.of.Nature.How.to.Bring.the.Sciences.into.Democracy.Apr.2004.pdf RMJ
Are we going to ?nd the means of buttressing, ... speak for themselves.” But what 

Thus, vote affirmative to endorse a democracy of objects – nothing that exists, humans included, exists more than anything else – a hierarchical human/nonhuman distinction makes objects disposable tools for achieving human goals – we should draw the line at objects instead
Bryant 3 Levi R. Bryant, prof of phil @ Collin College, “The Democracy of Objects,” 2011, http://openhumanitiespress.org/Bryant_2011_The20Democracy20of20Objects.pdf RMJ
Such a democracy, however, does ... of qualities that pertain to the nonhuman world.

This object-oriented, flat ontology is a prerequisite to human ethics – accommodating the nonhuman other reframes morality and changes how humans decide to interact with the world
Bryant 4 9/16/13 Levi R. Bryant, prof of phil @ Collin College, “The Degradation of Ethics,” Sep 16, 2013, Larval Subjects; http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2013/09/16/the-degradation-of-ethics/#more-7448 RMJ
As I teach Aristotle’s Nichomachean Ethics ... of all human and nonhuman others.

Hierarchical ontologies are the root cause of human genocide and violence toward the nonhuman
Kochi and Ordan ‘08 Tarik Kochi and Noam Ordan; Queen’s University and Bar Ilan University “An argument for the global suicide of humanity”, vol 7, no 4, Borderlands, http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol7no3_2008/kochiordan_argument.pdf
Within the picture many paint of humanity, ... animal life is “an eternal Treblinka”

These ontological questions frame and come prior to epistemological and ethical ones – being precedes thought
Bryant 5 Levi R. Bryant, prof of phil @ Collin College, “The Ontic Principle: Outline of an Object-Oriented Ontology;” 2009; Re.Press; ed. Nick Srnicek and Graham Harman; http://www.re-press.org/book-files/OA_Version_Speculative_Turn_9780980668346.pdf
Consequently, prior to even posing questions ... difference requires no grounding from mind.

Putting questions of experience and epistemology before ontology imagines a correlation between human experience and objective reality – that’s either arbitrary or self-defeating because it presumes a static locus of perception
Bryant 6 Levi R. Bryant, prof of phil @ Collin College, “The Democracy of Objects,” 2011, http://openhumanitiespress.org/Bryant_2011_The20Democracy20of20Objects.pdf RMJ
Let us now return to the difference between ... how observers perceive other objects.

Voting affirmative is endorsing the AC’s translation of the resolution – recognizing debaters’ role as translators is critical – denying interpretation makes debaters mechanized, docile intermediaries and denies agency
Bryant 7 Levi R. Bryant, prof of phil @ Collin College, “The Democracy of Objects,” 2011, http://openhumanitiespress.org/Bryant_2011_The20Democracy20of20Objects.pdf RMJ
Here, then, we can make sense of what ... it according to its own organization.

Attempting to confine debate to a static vision is pointless and predictability is impossible – dissent is inevitable and refusing to engage it reproduces closed systems of hierarchical ontologies – means the entire AC is offense against T
Bryant 8 Levi R. Bryant, prof of phil @ Collin College, “The Democracy of Objects,” 2011, http://openhumanitiespress.org/Bryant_2011_The20Democracy20of20Objects.pdf RMJ
Implicit assumptions about the transmissibility ... which entities translate their world.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 4 | Opponent: Clements RG | Judge: Gravley
That kind of participation is critical to solving climate change
Bryant ’11 Levi R. Bryant, prof of phil @ Collin College, “The Democracy of Objects,” 2011, http://openhumanitiespress.org/Bryant_2011_The20Democracy20of20Objects.pdf RMJ  Note: “Resonance refers to the capacity of one system to be perturbed or irritated by another system;” I don’t endorse gendered language
The risk of selectivity and constraint ... dynamics and interfaces with their environment.

Climate change is real and anthropogenic
Rahmstorf 8 Richard, of Physics of the Oceans at Potsdam University, Global Warming: Looking Beyond Kyoto, Edited by Ernesto Zedillo, “Anthropogenic Climate Change?,” pg. 42-4
It is time to turn to statement B: human ... global warming is a reality with which we need to deal.

It causes all living objects to die – biodiversity loss
Hansen 11 - is member of the National Academy of Sciences, an adjunct professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Columbia University and at Columbia’s Earth Institute, and director of the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (James E, “Storms of my Grandchildren”)
As long as the total movement of ... extinctions to a moderate level.