Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Reagan SS | Judge:
The value is democratic legitimacy since the resolution is a question of the structure of democratic governments.
The Standard is maintaining avenues for dissent.
First, dissent is necessary to provide a check on the tyranny of the majority.
Elizabeth Anderson John Dewey Distinguished University Professor of Philosophy and Women's Studies at the Universiy of Michigan. “The Epistemology of Democracy” Episteme: A Journal of Social Epistemology, Volume 3, Issue 1-2, 2006, pp. 8-22

Diversity and disagreement are is central features of to democracy.
AND
Negative answers to these questions indicate epistemic weaknesses in political decision-making.

Accountability is necessary in a democracy to ensure that decisions truly reflect the needs and wishes of the people and to prevent abuses of power on the part of the state.
Second, dissent is necessary for the process of democratic deliberation. Without avenues to express disagreement with the prevailing order society is unable to critically reflect on its own values. 

Amartya Sen Thomas W Larmont University Professor and Professor of Economics and Philosophy at Harvard University “Democracy as a Universal Value “Journal of Democracy 10.3 (1999) 3-17

Viewed in this light, the merits of democracy and its claim as a universal
AND
, irrespective of whether open interchange ¶ and debate are permitted or not.

So, the neg standard is a prerequisite to any affirmative standard because democracies can only legitimately endorse particular values after open deliberation.

Third, open avenues of dissent are necessary to respect the freedoms of citizens.

Lawrence B. Solum Professor of Law and William M. Rains Fellow, Loyola Law School. “Book Review The Value of Dissent.” 85 Cornell L. Rev. 859-881 (2000) (reviewing Steven H. Shiffrin, Dissent, Injustice, and the Meanings of America (1999)) AJ

What is the relevance of pluralism and the burdens of judgment to our question about
AND
properly seen as a great benefit by those who disagree with the dissenters.
Dissent is necessary in a democracy because democracy is premised on the understanding that citizens ought to be politically free and equal. 

I contend that compulsory voting closes off legitimate avenues of political dissent. 

First, abstention is a legitimate form of political expression that must be respected in a democracy. 

Hill 02 LISA HILL. University of Adelaide. “Compulsory Voting: Residual Problems and Potential Solutions.” Australian Journal of Political Science, Vol. 37, No. 3, pp. 437–455. 2002. Carfax Publishing, Taylor and Francis Group AJ
First, one of my key arguments for compulsory voting rests on its capacity to
AND
true, but because it potentially quali?? es as a political objection.25
Political participation is a tool of legitimation for the state. Not voting is the only way to express that one believes the system itself to be illegitimate. Compulsory voting is a tool to generate the false appearance of consensus and consent.  

Czesnik 6 (Mikolaj, Institute of Political Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences) “Voter Turnout and Democratic Legitimacy in Central Eastern Europe” Polish Sociological Review, No. 156 (2006), pp. 449-470 Published by: Polish Sociological Association http://www.jstor.org/stable/41274988

The relation between political participation and legitimacy is of particular importance in non-democratic
AND
, whereas electoral abstention becomes a major vehicle of its de-legitimation. 

Spoiled ballots do not solve. Regimes often use turnout statistics to claim legitimacy and electoral mandates and those who fill out blank ballots are still counted as voting.
Second, compulsory voting masks which sections of the population are dissatisfied since everyone votes – that crushes the feedback necessary for politicians to make informed decisions to benefit those populations.

Rovensky 8 (Jan, MA in Political Science and English and American Studies at Charles University Prague, Graduate of Doctoral Program in Political Theoy at LUISS Guido Carli) “Voting: A Citizen’s Right, or Duty?” Free International University of Social Studies Guido Carli, School of Political Science, Doctorate in Political Theory – PhD Thesis AT
Measuring the level of dissatisfaction with CV in a country using compulsion is, however
AND
. How? By looking at the number of protest and random votes.
Compulsory makes dissenters who believe the system is illegitimate, and those who feel politically alienated invisible, meaning their opinions do not enter into the process of democratic deliberation. Other means of participation do not solve. For example, officials do not have incentives to respond to protests against the system if the protestors participate anyway.  

The United States Federal Government should create an Office of Voter Registration under the Federal Election Commission that would automatically register all citizens for voting when they reach the voting age. The Office of Voter Registration should enact measures to prevent voter fraud. The United States Federal Government should encourage the 50 states and relevant subnational actors to implement similar mandatory registration reform.
Halperin 2000 (Jason, united states attorney's office for the southern district of new york) LexisNexis Summary of “A Winner At The Polls: A Proposal For Mandatory Voter Registration” 3 New York University Journal of Legislation and Public Policy 69 AT
As we have seen, the United States is unique in having a system of
AND
provision calling for financial incentives for states that adopt the new registration system.
Competition is mutual exclusivity: The CP allows citizens not to vote.
Halperin 2000 (Jason, united states attorney's office for the southern district of new york) LexisNexis Summary of “A Winner At The Polls: A Proposal For Mandatory Voter Registration” 3 New York University Journal of Legislation and Public Policy 69 AT
Finally, another crucial provision of the OVR bill must be that a voter can
AND
opt-out clause should satisfy any concerns about invasion of privacy. n295
Solvency: CP raises turnout dramatically – it captures the reason for turnout being higher under CV.
Halperin 2000 (Jason, united states attorney's office for the southern district of new york) LexisNexis Summary of “A Winner At The Polls: A Proposal For Mandatory Voter Registration” 3 New York University Journal of Legislation and Public Policy 69 AT
When he cast his vote, Wolf was 235 miles from Earth. ... But
AND
high numbers, a mandatory voter registration law would increase voter turnout dramatically.

Republicans do side with Obama to avoid government shutdown
CNN 2013 CNN, "Obama: Republicans privately ‘agree’ with me," 8/23, http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2013/08/23/obama-knocks-congress-calls-for-bipartisanship/
President Barack Obama argued some Republicans secretly side with him on wanting to avoid a
AND
to surpass the limit sometime between mid-October and mid-November.
Congress will always oppose CV, will cost Obama massive capitol.
Beinart 89 Peter A, Yale University, "The Real American Voting Problem," Polity, Vol. 22(1), Autumn, p. 152
The more important reason that voting reform has met such roadblocks in Congress has to
AND
you won the game...why increase the size of the ball field."
Political capital is stretched thin – it’s key to avoid government shutdown
Kilgore 9/5 (Ed Kilgore is a contributing writer to the Washington Monthly. He is managing editor for The Democratic Strategist and a senior fellow at the Progressive Policy Institute) Obama’s “Political Capital” Political Animal, Sept 5 AT
An even hoarier meme than the no-win-war complaint is naturally emerging
AND
he can. But he has no “political capital” to spend. 

Wrecks CDC disease monitoring – key to check outbreaks
Emily Walker, 4-8-2011, "Both Sides Claim Win as Shutdown Averted," Med Page Today, http://www.medpagetoday.com/Washington-Watch/Washington-Watch/25826
The vast majority of employees at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC
AND
won't have the manpower we have right now," the HHS spokesman said.
Outbreak causes extinction
Quammen 12 David, award-winning science writer, long-time columnist for Outside magazine for fifteen years, with work in National Geographic, Harper's, Rolling Stone, the New York Times Book Review and other periodicals, 9/29, “Could the next big animal-to-human disease wipe us out?,” The Guardian, pg. 29, Lexis
Infectious disease is all around us. It's one of the basic processes that ecologists
AND
possible factor is infectious from disease, and viruses in particular.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: Octas | Opponent: Newark Science CQ | Judge: panel
The absence of the animal is the presence of anthropocentrism – failing to address the plight of the animal destroys any attempts to combat oppression
Bell and Russell, 2K (Anne C. by graduate students in the Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University and Constance L. a graduate student at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Beyond Human, Beyond Words: Anthropocentrism, Critical Pedagogy, and the Poststructuralist Turn, http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf)
For this reason, … anthropocentrism passes unchallenged. 1

Animal oppression grounds human oppression – there are 5 warrants – logical contradictions, chronology, historical practices, hierarchical worldviews, and dehumanization
Best 7 (Steven – Chair of Philosophy @ University of Texas – El Paso, Review of Charles Patterson’s “The Eternal Treblinka: Our Treatment of Animals and the Holocaust”, Journal for Critical Animal Studies, http://www.drstevebest.org/EternalTriblenka.pdf)
While a welcome … Christianity left behind.
Endorse the thought experiment of the voluntary global suicide of humanity --- that solves
Kochi and Ordan 8 (Queen’s University, Borderlands journal, http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol7no3_2008/kochiordan_argument.pdf)JFS
For some, guided …or repress it.
Discursive criticism is necessary to challenge the framework of Anthropocentrism ---- the domination of the non-human world is maintained through discourse and communal meanings
Turner 9 Rita Turner UMBC: An Honors University in Maryland “The Discursive Construction of Anthropocentrism”. Environmental Ethics; Summer2009, Vol. 31 Issue 2, p183-201, 19p. 2009 EBSCO http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=3andhid=106andsid=6c27a5b4-37cc-45d1-92e8-1efc915f420540sessionmgr110andbdata=JmxvZ2lucGFnZT1sb2dpbi5hc3Amc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl#db=aphandAN=42988162#db=aphandAN=42988162)
Our businesses, policies, … a sustainable future

Tournament: NDCA | Round: Octas | Opponent: Newark Science CQ | Judge: panel
They view race relations in terms of the black-white binary – that papers over anti-Latino racism
Linda Martín Alcoff, 3-02-2010, Professor of Philosophy at Hunter College and the CUNY Graduate Center, “Latinos Beyond the Binary,” http://www.alcoff.com/content/beyondbinary.html
Contradictory binaries flourish in…effects of every step that is taken.

This means the kritik is a huge case turn---the black-white binary fractures coalitions, isolates blacks and causes nihilism---effective resistance to white supremacy must include recognition of multi-colored racism and relinquishment of the binary
Elizabeth Martinez, 6-09-2004, writer, activist, educator, teaches Ethnic Studies and Women’s Studies in the California state university system, currently works with Latin@ and multinational youth groups, published five books on social movements and writer for Z Magazine, Rethinking Schools and other publications on Latin@ issues, “Seeing More than Black and White,” http://www.indigenouspeople.net/blackwht.htm
When Kissinger said…self- destructive mode?

The alternative is to reject the affirmative’s understanding of race relations in favor of a move towards imagery of pluralism – this is key to remove ourselves from the oppositional imagery of the affirmative and create coalitions against white supremacy.
Linda Martín Alcoff, 11-06-2002, Professor of Philosophy at Hunter College and the CUNY Graduate Center, “Latino/as, Asian-Americans and the Black-White Binary,” http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/25115747?uid=3739256anduid=2anduid=4andsid=21102494840991
I would add to these arguments the…differences can occur).

Tournament: Any | Round: 2 | Opponent: any | Judge: any
Prioritizing environment over resource extraction ends Chinese exports of rare metals
Plumer 11 (Brad, Washington Post reporter) “How to free the world from China’s rare-earth stranglehold.” Washington Post. 9/16/11 JY
Part of the reason China ...rare-earth demand forever

Availability of rare earth is key to clean tech
Vowles 13 (Glenn, Open University Associate Lecturer in Environment) “Rare Earth Elements and the Environment” Sustainable Cities Aug 26 AT All these greener products, along ...demand in the case of biomass/biofuel.That’s key to solve global warming UCS 11 (Union of Concerned Scientists) “Solutions to Global Warming” Climate Hot Map: GLOBAL WARMING EFFECTS AROUND THE WORLD AT
There is no single solution ...could provide important breakthroughs

Warming is real, anthropogenic, and threatens extinction
Richard Schiffman 9/27/13, environmental writer @ The Atlantic citing the Fifth Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, “What Leading Scientists Want You to Know About Today's Frightening Climate Report,” The Atlantic, http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/09/leading-scientists-weigh-in-on-the-mother-of-all-climate-reports/280045/
The polar icecaps are melting faster ...five minutes before midnight.

And, they’re key to US military readiness
Coppel 11 (Emily, research assistant at the American Security Project and graduate student in the Elliott School of International Affairs at George Washington University) “Rare Earth Metals and US national security.” American Security Project. February 2011 JY
The United States’ reliance on technology, particularly…into greater dependence on rare earth metals

Readiness solves war Spencer, 2000 (Jack, Research Fellow at Thomas A. Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies, “The Facts About Military Readiness”, Heritage Foundation, September 15th)
America's national security requirements dictate ... national interest, thereby preserving peace.

Tournament: Any | Round: 1 | Opponent: Any | Judge: Any
Interpretation: Debaters must disclose all cases, Disads, counterplans, kritiks, and theory shells on the National Debate Coaches Association 2013-2014 LD wiki. Disclosure means uploading tags, citations for every outside piece of evidence, and a minimum of the first 3 and last 3 words of each card. The disclosure must occur 24 hours after the position is broken.

Tournament: USC | Round: Octas | Opponent: Brentwood CH | Judge: Placido, Harris, Overing
Gold k2 many economies

Oliphant 2013 Randal Oliphant- Chairman of the World Gold Council. “The direct economic impact of gold”. PWC. January 2013 NM
In the midst of all this,… Czech Republic or Beijing.

Decline will crush effective response to disease
Read this with quarantines solve disease
Pirages 95 (Dennis, UMD Gov’t Prof “Microsecurity: Disease Organisms and Human Well-Being,” Washington Quarterly, Autumn 95
The good news … clearly long overdue.

Economic growth is the single best way to reduce poverty
Bhagwati 11 (Jagdish, University Professor of Law and Economics at Columbia University, Senior Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, served in top-level advisory positions for the WTO and UN, Economic Policy Adviser to the Director-General, GATT, Special Adviser to the UN on globalization) “Does Redistributing Income Reduce Poverty?” Project Syndicate Oct. 27, 2011 AT
NEW YORK – Many … of a society. 

CP-Mercury
Text: All aff actors should phase out mercury cells in chlor-alkali technology and shift to a membrane technology.
Meili and Hylander 5 LARS D. HYLANDER (Department of Limnology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University,) and MARKUS MEILI (Stockholm University, Inst. of Appl. Environ. Research). “The Rise and Fall of Mercury: Converting a Resource to Refuse After 500 Years of Mining and Pollution.” Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 34:1–36, 2005 AJ
Global Hg production … within a few decades.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 4 | Opponent: Palatine AA | Judge: Paul Gravley
I value morality. Governments must be practical. It cannot concern itself with purely metaphysical questions because that would avoid consideration of what is required to achieve its ends.
MARTIN RHONHEIMER Prof Of Philosophy at The Pontifical University of the Holy Cross in Rome. “THE POLITICAL ETHOS OF CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY AND THE PLACE OF NATURAL LAW IN PUBLIC REASON: RAWLS’S “POLITICAL LIBERALISM” REVISITED” The American Journal of Jurisprudence vol. 50 (2005), pp. 1-70
It is a fundamental feature of political philosophy to be part of practical philosophy.
AND
ruled, but who potentially at the same time are also the rulers.

Only utilitarianism can serve as the basis to legitimately justify policy to the public. Government actions will inevitably lead to trade-offs between citizens. The only justifiable way to resolve these conflicts is utilitarianism.
Gary Woller BYU Prof., “An Overview by Gary Woller”, A Forum on the Role of Environmental Ethics, June 1997, pg. 10
Moreover, virtually all public policies entail some redistribution of economic or political resources,
AND
perhaps at times a necessary, basis for public policy in a democracy.

Thus, the standard is maximizing expected well-being. Also prefer the standard because:
1) Questions of criminal law are not moral, they are questions of the design of political institutions. Punishment is politically justified for utilitarian reasons.
Guyora Binder University at Buffalo Distinguished Professor of Law “Punishment Theory: Moral or Political?” BUFFALO CRIMINAL LAW REVIEW Vol. 5:321. 2002
In their efforts to reform the criminal law, Beccaria ¶ and Bentham adopted the
AND
¶ proceeded from using legislation to harness or enable these ¶ energies.¶ 32

2) No act omission distinction for states since their implicit approvals of actions still entail moral responsibility
Sunstein and Vermuele Cass R. Sunstein and Adrian Vermeule. The University of Chicago Law School. “Is Capital Punishment Morally Required? The Relevance of Life?Life Tradeoffs.” JOHN M. OLIN LAW and ECONOMICS WORKING PAPER NO. 239. The Chicago Working Paper Series. March 2005 AJ
In our view, both the argument from causation and the argument from intention go
AND
a set of policy instruments that do not adequately or fully discourage it. 

ACP is required by the ICCPR which is also a constitutional obligation as per the Supremacy clause – every violation of ACP is a violation of international law
Ford 6 (Chris, Civil rights and appellate law practitioner) “FEAR OF A BLACKENED PLANET: PRESSURED BY THE WAR ON TERROR, COURTS IGNORE THE EROSION OF THE ATTORNEY-CLIENT PRIVILEGE AND EFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL IN 28 C.F.R § 501.3(d) CASES” Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice Volume 12 Issue 2 Article 3, 3/1/06 AT
This proposition is also reflected under treaty law-specifically, the International Covenant on
AND
Constitution 85 -- every time prison officials monitor communications between inmates and their attorneys
US compliance is key to the ICCPR – specifically true in the case of crafting exceptions to internationally recognized rights
UNHRC 6 (United Nations Human Rights Committee) “A Critical Assessment Of The U.S. Commitment To Civil And Political Rights— TOWARD SECURING EQUALITY AND JUSTICE FOR ALL” 2006 by Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights Under Law AT
Under Article 40 of the ICCPR, each State is obliged to produce reports every
AND
by the Covenant only to the extent of its current domestic legal obligations.
ICCPR is key to the legitimacy of international law
Harland 2000 (Christopher, Chairman, Morgan Stanley Latin America and Member of the Management Committee, Morgan Stanley, 2006, Vice-Chairman, Institutional Securities) “The Status of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) in the Domestic Law of State Parties: An Initial Global Survey Through UN Human Rights Committee Documents” Human Rights Quarterly Volume 22, Number 1, February 2000 pp. 187-260 AT
The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR or Covenant) is an
AND
able to supplement this survey with information concerning actual practice before domestic courts.
Promotion of international law is key to preventing nuclear and genocidal conflicts
Shaw 2001 Martin Shaw is a professor of international relations, The unfinished global revolution: intellectuals and the new politics of international relations Based on an inaugural professorial lecture delivered at the University of Sussex on 9 November 1999; this revised version published in the Review of International Studies, 27, 3, October 2001 www.martinshaw.org/unfinished.pdf
The new politics of international relations require us, therefore, to go beyond the
AND
and analytical challenges for students of international relations and politics, are intertwined. 

Ocularcentrism is decreasing
Kavanagh, 2004 (Donncha, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland, “ocularcentrism and its others: a framework for matatheoretical analysis,” Organization Studies, 25:3)
There is a contemporary scepticism towards vision-based metaphors in management and organization studies
AND
the visual and mental worlds has effectively been inverted in the postmodern moment. 

The term “observation” cements the supremacy of the eye
Illich, 1998 (Ivan, “The scopic past and the Ethics of the Gaze,” http://www.davidtinapple.com/illich/1998_scopic_past.PDF)
Gradually, during the sixteenth century, draughtsmen ceased to record what they "knew
AND
, at the same time, was assigned dominance over the other senses.

Ocularcentrism is Fascism
Fogu 2006 (Claudio Fogu, University of California–Santa Barbara, "Fascism and Philosophy: The Case of Actualism" South Central Review 23.1 (Spring 2006): 4–22.; MUSE)

This is not the place to assess in detail the charges and arguments that Wolin
AND
time has come for all involved to enter in a more productive dialogue.

Tournament: any | Round: 3 | Opponent: any | Judge: any
Interpretation: Aff must defend a topical advocacy in two or more developing countries.
Violation:
Standards:

Grammar: “Countries” is grammatically plural

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 4 | Opponent: Bronx Science DM | Judge:
see round 2, its the same minus the NC.

Tournament: CPS | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Lynbrook DW | Judge: idr
The existence of resources in developing countries causes violent secessionist movements—empirically confirmed. Bannon and Collier:
IAN BANNON (COUNTRY DIRECTOR FOR SUDAN - WORLD BANK, BERKELEY CENTER OF GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY), PAUL COLLIER (CO-DIRECTOR, CENTRE FOR THE STUDY OF AFRICAN ECONOMIES. PROFESSOR OF ECONOMICS AND PUBLIC POLICY AT THE BLAVATNIK SCHOOL OF GOVERNMENT). NATURAL RESOURCES AND VIOLENT CONFLICT: OPTIONS AND ACTIONS. WORLD BANK PUBLICATIONS, JAN 1, 2003. 

Violent secessionist movements…the driver of con?ict.¶ 

These rebel groups will exploit resources to finance their violence through extortion—empirically confirmed. Bannon and Collier 2:
IAN BANNON (COUNTRY DIRECTOR FOR SUDAN - WORLD BANK, BERKELEY CENTER OF GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY), PAUL COLLIER (CO-DIRECTOR, CENTRE FOR THE STUDY OF AFRICAN ECONOMIES. PROFESSOR OF ECONOMICS AND PUBLIC POLICY AT THE BLAVATNIK SCHOOL OF GOVERNMENT). NATURAL RESOURCES AND VIOLENT CONFLICT: OPTIONS AND ACTIONS. WORLD BANK PUBLICATIONS, JAN 1, 2003. 

Unless a successful…terms “booty futures.”¶

Tournament: USC | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Harvard Westlake CC | Judge: Placido, Harris, Cowger
Resource extraction does not include renewable resources
Alamance County Board of Commissioners 11 “ALAMANCE COUNTY HEAVY INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORDINANCE” Oct 31 AT
Resource Extraction … any renewable resource.
Interpretation: Environmental protection refers to regulation of pollution and waste – that’s distinct from resource conservation.
Arruda 13 Arruda, Joe, Dr (Pitt State University). "Careers with an Environmental Spin." Careers with an Environmental Spin. Pitt State. Web. 19 Dec. 2013
The two traditional …fish, and wildlife.

A. Interpretation: A “least developed country” is distinct from a developing country.
UN 12 United Nations Conference on trade and development. “THE LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES REPORT 2012: Harnessing Remittances and Diaspora Knowledge to Build Productive Capacities.” United Nations AJ
The list of … from LDC status.
B. Violation: Aff implements in a country defined as a “least developed country.”
HIGHLIGHT ONLY THE ONE
UN 12 United Nations Conference on trade and development. “THE LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES REPORT 2012: Harnessing Remittances and Diaspora Knowledge to Build Productive Capacities.” United Nations AJ
What are the … Yemen and Zambia.

Interpretation – if the aff reads a plan, then the plan must advocate limiting resource extraction in a way that protects the environment, and may not advocate the use of subsidies or incentives to result in a reduction in resource extraction and greater environmental protection