Tournament: Any | Round: 1 | Opponent: Any | Judge: Any
Interpretation: Debaters must disclose all cases, Disads, counterplans, kritiks, and theory shells on the National Debate Coaches Association 2013-2014 LD wiki. Disclosure means uploading tags, citations for every outside piece of evidence, and a minimum of the first 3 and last 3 words of each card. The disclosure must occur 24 hours after the position is broken.

Tournament: VBT | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Harvard Westlake AK | Judge: Lamothe, Dang, Carter
a) Resource extraction that trades off with environmental protection causes massive environmental degradation. Downey et al.:
Liam Downey,1 Eric Bonds,1 and Katherine Clark1 (1University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA Corresponding Author: Liam Downey, Department of Sociology, University of Colorado). “Natural Resource Extraction, Armed Violence, and Environmental Degradation.” Organ Environ. 2010 December; 23(4): 417–445. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3169238/
The social, political, and economic importance of efficiently extracting and safely transporting natural
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reservoirs used for drinking and irrigation (Xu and Liu, 1999).2

Environmental degradation causes widespread human suffering—environmental protection is key to solve. Sharma:
PARTHA DAS SHARMA (Graduate (B.Tech – Hons.) in Mining Engineering from IIT, Kharagpur, India (1979), has worked in the mining industry). “Effects of Environmental Degradation.” August 18, 2008. http://saferenvironment.wordpress.com/2008/08/18/effects-of-environmental-degradation/
One of the greatest challenges facing humanity is environmental degradation, including deforestation, desertification
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and individuals must also ensure that their work is environmentally friendly and sustainable.

Environmental degradation caused by resource extraction causes extinction—brink is guaranteed and soon. Ophuls and Boyan:
1 Ophuls and Boyan. “Ecology and the Politics of Scarcity Revisited”

The evidence is overwhelming that we have entered the transition zone. People can impressionistically
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of other species, most of which would be dead by that point.

CONTENTION 2
SUBPOINT B : Kenya
Overfishing is destroying ocean biodiversity. Kenya specifically is in dire need of regulation – areas where fishing is banned are doing much better.
Levitan 12 (Dan, freelance journalist, written for Discover, Scientific American, Grist, Yale e360, and many others; Cites study led by Jennifer O'Leary of the Institute of Marine Sciences at U.C. Santa Cruz and Tim McClanahan of the Wildlife Conservation Society, published in Coral Reefs) “Overfishing Unleashes a Scourge of Sea Urchins on Reefs” OnEarth Blog Feb 28 AT
Coral reefs can't seem to catch a break. Not only is ocean acidification --
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complicated art, but at its heart, it is a balancing act. 

Environmental protection solves—Marine protected areas empirically worked in Kenya in the past – increase biodiversity and species density.
Arthur and McClanahan 01 McClanahan, T. R., and R. Arthur. "The effect of marine reserves and habitat on populations of East African coral reef fishes." Ecological Applications 11.2 (2001): 559-569 AJ
The single-factor ANOVAs comparing differences among substratum and sea urchin measures for the
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for reef type, although the interactionterm between both factorsis significant(Table3).

Biodiversity decline is the biggest impact
Chen 2k Professor of Law and Vance K. Opperman Research Scholar, University of Minnesota Law School (Jim, Globalization and Its Losers, Winter 2000, 9 Minn. J. Global Trade 157, Lexis)
Conscious decisions to allow the extinction of a species or the destruction of an entire
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Homo sapiens -- in ten million years, perhaps a hundred million. 348

Tournament: VBT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Most | Judge: A few
Fwk
Environmental protection definition
Black’s Law no date “What is ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION?” The Law Dictionary Featuring Black's Law Dictionary Free Online Legal Dictionary 2nd Ed. AT
What is ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION? Environmental guardianship based on policies and procedures. Objectives are (1) the conserving of natural resources, (2) the preserving of the existing natural environment and, (3) where possible, repairing damage and reversing trends.
I value government obligations.
Moral reasoning is irrational
Joshua Greene (John and Ruth Hazel Associate Professor of the Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Harvard University.) Chapter 38: “The secret joke of Kant’s soul.” Thomas Nadelhoffer, Eddy Nahmias, Shaun Nichols. “Moral Psychology: Historical and Contemporary Readings.” Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, John Wiley and Sons, Nov 1, 2010. Print AJ
There is a substantial and growing body of evidence suggesting that much of what we
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implications, casting doubt on deontology as a school of normative moral thought.
Consequentialism escapes the dilemma of evolutionary debunking
Joshua Greene 2 (John and Ruth Hazel Associate Professor of the Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Harvard University.) Chapter 38: “The secret joke of Kant’s soul.” Thomas Nadelhoffer, Eddy Nahmias, Shaun Nichols. “Moral Psychology: Historical and Contemporary Readings.” Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, John Wiley and Sons, Nov 1, 2010. Print AJ
This hypothesis raises a further question. Why just deontology? Why not suppose that
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which is why, I argue, that consequentialism is inescapably “cognitive.”
The standard is maximizing expected well-being. Two more warrants.
Simple perception tells us that pleasure is good and pain is bad
Nagel – Thomas Nagel. “The View from Nowhere”. Oxford University Press. 1986. pg 156-157
I shall defend the unsurprising claim that sensory Pleasure is good and
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such cases. There can be no reason to reject the appearances here.
No act omission distinction for states
Sunstein and Vermuele Cass R. Sunstein and Adrian Vermeule. The University of Chicago Law School. “Is Capital Punishment Morally Required? The Relevance of Life?Life Tradeoffs.” JOHN M. OLIN LAW and ECONOMICS WORKING PAPER NO. 239. The Chicago Working Paper Series. March 2005 AJ
In our view, both the argument from causation and the argument from intention go
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private killing—becomes obscure when the government formally forbids private action, but
chooses a set of policy instruments that do not adequately or fully discourage it.

Contention Whole
Contention 1 is sustainability
Overfishing in the status quo is unsustainable
INIR 12 INIR News, a service of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. “KENYA: Vanishing fish income forces livelihood switch/correction 6/11/12. http://www.irinnews.org/report/95617/kenya-vanishing-fish-income-forces-livelihood-switch-correction AJ
Experts say rising population and overfishing are deepening poverty for millions of residents around Lake
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seen fish diminish very fast, and particularly Nile perch," said Mboya.
African conflicts cause great power war
Glick 7 (Caroline – senior Middle East fellow at the Center for Security Policy, Condi’s African holiday, p. http://www.centerforsecuritypolicy.org/home.aspx?sid=56andcategoryid=56andsubcategoryid=90andnewsid=11568)
The Horn of Africa is a dangerous and strategically vital place. Small wars,
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waters of the Nile River which flows through all countries of the region.
Causes terrorism
Dehez 5 (Dustin, spokesmen on Defense of the CDU/CSU in the German parliament, Senior Research Fellow at the Düsseldorf Institute for Foreign and Security Policy and the Institute's Director for North-East African Studies, research focuses on the Horn of Africa, Military in Africa) “Why Africa matters: Terrorism in Africa - the forgotten continent once more?” World Security Network Foundation Dec 14 AT
One of the reasons why Africa deserves international attention is actually the war on terror
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yet allocated the necessary financial support nor have they increased their diplomatic activity.
Terrorism causes extinction
Barrett et al 13—PhD in Engineering and Public Policy from Carnegie Mellon University
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and Nonproliferation Initiatives, Volume 21, Issue 2, Taylor and Francis)
War involving significant fractions of the U.S. and Russian nuclear arsenals,
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making one or both nations more likely to misinterpret events as attacks. 16
Overfishing is a key threat to biodiversity
Science Daily 12 Science Daily. “Coral Reef Study Traces Indirect Effects of Overfishing.” Feb. 27, 2012. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/02/120227132835.htm AJ
The researchers found that the loss of predatory fish leads to a cascade of effects
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to enhance the health of reefs may actually be detrimental," he said.
East African aquatic ecosystems are a biodiversity hotspot
UNEP 2000 (United Nations Environment Programme) “The environment of Eastern Africa” AT
The Eastern African region covers four coastal countries along the East African coast (Kenya
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the countries of the region for a variety of political and environmental reasons.
Biodiversity loss in specific hotspots causes extinction
Howard 11 (lead of Ecosystem Service and Poverty Alleviation Project, Wageningen Univ. Department of Social Sciences Faculty) “Tipping Points and Biodiversity Change: Consequences for Human Wellbeing and Challenges for Science and Policy” Draft Prepared for the Kavli Seminar“Addressing Global Tipping Points”13-15 March 2011 AT
In the 20 th century, we became aware that the fate of biodiversity and
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areas in re-sponse to climate change (Lovejoy and Hannah 2005).
Thus the plan: The republics of Kenya and Tanzania should establish a Marine Protected Zone forbidding resource extraction on all ocean area within their exclusive economic zones.
Parrish and Boersma 99 Boersma, P. Dee (Corresponding author), and Julia K. Parrish (Zoology Department, University of Washington). "Limiting abuse: marine protected areas, a limited solution." Ecological Economics 31.2 (1999): 287-304 AJ
The primary legal responsibility for the designation of MPAs falls to individual countries enacting specific
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completely off- limits MPA beyond a sovereign State’s territorial waters politically impossible.
Arthur and McClanahan 01 clarify
Arthur and McClanahan 01 McClanahan, T. R., and R. Arthur. "The effect of marine reserves and habitat on populations of East African coral reef fishes." Ecological Applications 11.2 (2001): 559-569 AJ
Studies were undertaken in 22 sites distributed along a 400 km stretch of coastline that
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and are heavily fished, they were pooled into the Tanzanian fished reefs.
Marine protected areas empirically worked  
Arthur and McClanahan 01 McClanahan, T. R., and R. Arthur. "The effect of marine reserves and habitat on populations of East African coral reef fishes." Ecological Applications 11.2 (2001): 559-569 AJ
The single-factor ANOVAs comparing differences among substratum and sea urchin measures for the
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for reef type, although the interactionterm between both factorsis significant(Table3).
Underview
If there’s even a risk of ethical uncertainty, we should always prioritize the survival of the human race to ensure future value.
Bostrom Nick Bostrom. Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford. “Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority.” Global Policy (2012)
These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential
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of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.

Tournament: NOTE | Round: 1 | Opponent: NOTE | Judge: NOTE
Most of what I'll be reading is disclosed on Arjun and Akhil's wiki already.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 4 | Opponent: every round | Judge: every round
Obligations must be contextualized in terms of an actor:
1) Role-playing is the best way to promote deep education.
Schaap (Andrew, University of Melbourne, Politics, Vol 25 Iss 1, February) AJ.
According to an influential theory of teaching in higher education, people tend to approach
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otherwise have failed to appreciate; and often challenges the teacher's own views.
Thus, we should judge the resolution from the actor of the resolution.

I value morality. Governments must be practical. It cannot concern itself with purely metaphysical questions because that would avoid consideration of what is required to achieve its ends.
MARTIN RHONHEIMER Prof Of Philosophy at The Pontifical University of the Holy Cross in Rome. “THE POLITICAL ETHOS OF CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY AND THE PLACE OF NATURAL LAW IN PUBLIC REASON: RAWLS’S “POLITICAL LIBERALISM” REVISITED” The American Journal of Jurisprudence vol. 50 (2005), pp. 1-70
It is a fundamental feature of political philosophy to be part of practical philosophy.
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ruled, but who potentially at the same time are also the rulers.

Only utilitarianism can serve as the basis to legitimately justify policy to the public. Government actions will inevitably lead to trade-offs between citizens. The only justifiable way to resolve these conflicts is utilitarianism.
Gary Woller BYU Prof., “An Overview by Gary Woller”, A Forum on the Role of Environmental Ethics, June 1997, pg. 10
Moreover, virtually all public policies entail some redistribution of economic or political resources,
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perhaps at times a necessary, basis for public policy in a democracy.

Thus, the standard is maximizing expected well-being. Also prefer the standard because:
1) The only concept of “ought” that makes sense is that it represents the well-being of humans, since other views commit the is/ought fallacy.
Sam Harris 2010. CEO Project Reason; PHD UCLA Neuroscience; BA Stanford Philosophy.  The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values.”
Many moral skeptics piously cite Hume’s is/ought distinction as though it were well
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human well-being as to be truly bound by God’s law. 21
Thus, all standards must be consequentialist because of the definition of ought; exclude those that aren’t. Only my standard meets.
2) People accept utilitarianism as an appropriate way to judge the actions of decision-makers. This commits governments to take actions with beneficial outcomes.
Gino et al 2008 Francesca Gino Kenan-Flagler Business School, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Don Moore Tepper Business School, Carnegie Mellon University, Max H. Bozman Harvard Business School, Harvard University “No harm, no foul: The outcome bias in ethical judgments” http://www.hbs.edu/research/pdf/08-080.pdf AT
The present studies provide strong evidence of the existence of outcome effects in ethically-
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to allow a decision’s outcome to determine their assessment of the decision’s quality.
3) Questions of criminal law are not moral, they are questions of the design of political institutions. Punishment is politically justified for utilitarian reasons.
Guyora Binder University at Buffalo Distinguished Professor of Law “Punishment Theory: Moral or Political?” BUFFALO CRIMINAL LAW REVIEW Vol. 5:321. 2002
In their efforts to reform the criminal law, Beccaria ¶ and Bentham adopted the
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¶ proceeded from using legislation to harness or enable these ¶ energies.¶ 32

4) No act omission distinction for states since their implicit approvals of actions still entail moral responsibility
Sunstein and Vermuele Cass R. Sunstein and Adrian Vermeule. The University of Chicago Law School. “Is Capital Punishment Morally Required? The Relevance of Life?Life Tradeoffs.” JOHN M. OLIN LAW and ECONOMICS WORKING PAPER NO. 239. The Chicago Working Paper Series. March 2005 AJ
In our view, both the argument from causation and the argument from intention go
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a set of policy instruments that do not adequately or fully discourage it.

Advantage 1
WMD terrorism is feasible and dangerous – terrorist groups have the sophistication to build WMDs.
Bunn, et al, 10/2 Bunn, Matthew, Valentin Kuznetsov, Martin B. Malin, Yuri Morozov, Simon Saradzhyan, William H. Tobey, Viktor I. Yesin, and Pavel S. Zolotarev. "Steps to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism." Paper, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School, October 2, 2013
I. Introduction In 2011, Harvard’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs and
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the intention to acquire and use nuclear weapons is as strong as ever.
Al Qaeda uses lawyers to transmit information that is protected by the ACP.
Yin 09 Tung Yin. College of Law, University of Iowa. “BOUMEDIENE AND LAWFARE.” University of Iowa Legal Studies Research Paper, Number 09-11. March 2009. The University of Iowa College of Law AJ
U.S. officials have repeatedly referred to Al-Qaeda training manuals that
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thereby ensuring that the lawyer can give the most accurate legal advice.117
Monitoring attorney-client conversations is key to counter-terrorism strategies. ACP impedes such monitoring in the squo.
Ruzenski 04 Ruzenski, Katherine. "Balancing Fundamental Civil Liberties and the Need for Increased Homeland Security: The Attorney-Client Privilege After September 11th." . John's J. Legal Comment. 19 (2004): 467 AJ
The United States is presently in the largest and most intense criminal investigation in the
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contact and involvement with their terrorist friends who have not yet been caught.
Nuclear terrorism creates great-power conflict and causes extinction.
Barrett et al 13—PhD in Engineering and Public Policy from Carnegie Mellon University
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and Nonproliferation Initiatives, Volume 21, Issue 2, Taylor and Francis)
War involving significant fractions of the U.S. and Russian nuclear arsenals,
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making one or both nations more likely to misinterpret events as attacks. 16

Advantage 2
Anti-laundering measures are being developed and have the capability to curb money laundering – but the ACP crushes their effectiveness
CRUZ 9 (Jennifer Anne Marie D. III-D) “THE ATTORNEY-CLIENT PRIVILEGE IN RELATION TO ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING” No date – last date cited 2009
With the dominance of online banking and the proliferation of international crimes and other crimes
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client privilege is invoked during the examination of bank deposits and financial transactions.
Drugs Impact
That’s key to solving drug trafficking and terrorism
Mazur 13 (Robert, former federal agent) “How to Halt the Terrorist Money Train” NYT Jan 2 AT
The only way to stop the flow of this dirty money is to get tough
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both of these scourges by putting the bankers who facilitate them in jail.
Trafficking threatens Colombian rainforests by increasing deforestation.
Brian Handwerk 11 “Cocaine to Blame for Rain Forest Loss, Study Says” National Geographic News February 18, 2011 AT
Cocaine is destroying lives and tearing homes apart—and not simply because of drug
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users age 12 and over dropped about 20 percent from 2007 to 2009.
And, habitat loss in the Amazon causes extinction.
Patricia Howard 2011 (lead of Ecosystem Service and Poverty Alleviation Project, Wageningen Univ. Department of Social Sciences Faculty) “Tipping Points and Biodiversity Change: Consequences for Human Wellbeing and Challenges for Science and Policy” Draft Prepared for the Kavli Seminar“Addressing Global Tipping Points”13-15 March 2011 AT
In the 20 th century, we became aware that the fate of biodiversity and
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areas in re-sponse to climate change (Lovejoy and Hannah 2005).
Terrorism Impact
Laundering causes global terrorism
DEA 2 Drug Enforcement Administration, September 2002. “Drugs and Terrorism: A New Perspective”, US DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION, Accessed May 3, 2005, http://www.dea.gov/pubs/intel/02039/02039.html
Terrorist organizations use a number of sources to garner funds for their activities, such
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fund their activities and perpetrate violence against governments and people around the world.
Econ Impact
Money laundering has systemic economic impacts – sounds countermeasures are key to avoiding economic collapse
McDowell and Novis 1 (John, Senior Policy Adviser, and Gary, Program Analyst, Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs) “THE CONSEQUENCES OF MONEY LAUNDERING AND FINANCIAL CRIME” Economic Perspectives An Electronic Journal of the U.S. Department of State Vol. 6, No. 2, May 2001 AT
Modern financial systems, in addition to facilitating legitimate commerce, also allow criminals to
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problem that could be prevented with proper anti-money-laundering controls.

Advantage 3
Lawyers given the ability to disclose confidential information to save an innocent person will do so. Even if there were no immediate effects, the passage of such a law would create legal legitimacy impacts.
Hasbani 10 Hasbani, Inbal. "When the Law Preserves Injustice: Issues Raised by a Wrongful Incarceration Exception to Attorney-Client Confidentiality." J. Crim. L. and Criminology 100 (2010): 277 AJ
Although there are several concerns that would require consideration before introducing a new exception to
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rights) if they have confidential information that would exonerate an innocent inmate.
Not only will the revelation of information help trials, but it will also bring public attention to the issues at hand and help innocents.
Joy and McMunigal 08 Joy, Peter A (Professor of law and director of the Criminal Justice Clinic at Washington University School of Law in St. Louis), and Kevin C. McMunigal (Judge Ben C Green Professor of Law at Case Western Reserve University School of Law). "Confidentiality and Wrongful Incarceration." Crim. Just. 23 (2008): 46 AJ
In response to the argument that this exception is unlikely to produce much benefit for
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other admissible evidence, or simply prompt the prosecution to reexamine a case.
Wrongful incarceration cause significant harm
Moliterno 10 Moliterno, James E. Vincent Bradford Professor of Law at Washington and Lee University. "Rectifying Wrongful Convictions: May a Lawyer Reveal Her Client's Confidences to Rectify the Wrongful Conviction of Another." Hastings Const. LQ 38 (2010): 811. AJ
Is there harm that comes to all wrongfully convicted persons? Doubtless the answer is
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of the wrongful conviction. The spectrum has a full range in between.

Tournament: Battle for Los Angeles | Round: 6 | Opponent: Brentwood JC | Judge: panel
Plan
Text: South Africa and Russia will ban platinum mining. That effectively solves global usage as no new sources will be found.
Yang 09 Yang, Chi-Jen. "An impending platinum crisis and its implications for the future of the automobile." Energy Policy 37.5 (2009): 1805-1808 AJ
The world’s PGM … (Gordon et al., 2006).

Water Wars
Platinum-mining generates wastes that harm the environment and threaten water resources and indigenous communities.
Mudd 10 Mudd, G. M. "Platinum group metals: a unique case study in the sustainability of mineral resources." The 4th International Platinum Conference, Platinum in Transition ‘Boom or Bust’, Sun City, South Africa, 11th–14th October. 2010. AJ
The majority of … adjacent to mining projects.
Water crises cause escalating global conflict.
Rasmussen 11 (Erik, CEO, Monday Morning; Founder, Green Growth Leaders) “Prepare for the Next Conflict: Water Wars” HuffPo 4/12 AT
For years experts …  wars will accelerate.
Water conflicts go nuclear.
Zahoor 12 (Musharaf, Researcher at Department of Nuclear Politics – National Defense University, Water Crisis can Trigger Nuclear War in South Asia, http://www.siasat.pk)
Water is an ambient … through political will.

Oceans
Platinum accumulation in oceans causes biodiversity loss.
Verindra et al 04 INCOMPLETE CITE AJ
Several studies have …  life through bioaccumulation.
AND, a loss of ocean biodiversity specifically causes extinction.
Craig 3 Robin Craig, Indiana University, Robin Kundis, Winter, 34 McGeorge L. Rev. 155, p. 264-266
Biodiversity and ecosystem function arguments for conserving marine ecosystems also exist, just as they do for terrestrial ecosystems, but these arguments have thus far rarely been raised in political debates. For example, besides significant tourism values - the most economically valuable ecosystem service coral reefs provide, worldwide - coral reefs protect against storms and dampen other environmental fluctuations, services worth more than ten times the reefs' value for food production. Waste treatment is … as a result. 

Warming
Platinum mining is unsustainable in the status quo – already, it causes millions of tons of greenhouse gas emissions.
Mudd 12 By Gavin M. Mudd. (Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia). “Sustainability Reporting and the Platinum Group Metals: A Global Mining Industry Leader?” •Platinum Metals Rev., 2012, 56, (1), 2–19• AJ
*GGE = Greenhouse Gas Emissions
A moderate relationship … pgm production grows.
Warming is real, anthropogenic, and threatens extinction-~--prefer new evidence that represents consensus
Richard Schiffman 9/27/13, environmental writer @ The Atlantic citing the Fifth Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, “What Leading Scientists Want You to Know About Today's Frightening Climate Report,” The Atlantic, http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/09/leading-scientists-weigh-in-on-the-mother-of-all-climate-reports/280045/
The polar icecaps … minutes before midnight."

Disease
Biodiversity’s key to solve disease – key to disease resistance and medicine development.
Clark and Downes 6, Dana Clark, Center for International Environmental Law, and David Downes, US Interior Dept. Policy Analysis Senior Trade Advisor, 2006, What price biodiversity?, http://www.ciel.org/Publications/summary.html
Biodiversity is the … contact with nature.
The impact is extinction
Quammen 12 David, award-winning science writer, long-time columnist for Outside magazine for fifteen years, with work in National Geographic, Harper's, Rolling Stone, the New York Times Book Review and other periodicals, 9/29, “Could the next big animal-to-human disease wipe us out?,” The Guardian, pg. 29, Lexis
Infectious disease is … viruses in particular.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harker PR | Judge:
v- M 

Comparative word

VC- Promote Democracy

1) States have different obli, has to be democratic
2) Society is pluralistic
3) Democracy respects equality, b/c everyone is treated equal.
4)  checks and balances
a) Politicians will not fulfill obligations and instead act on their own political agendas, and¶
b) Checks enforce rights claims that form the basis for all moral systems.¶
5) Civic edu, more discussion about about gov interactions
6) Topic Lit, more impacts in TL to democracy
7) rez specifics democracy, so most textual
8) Political expression is key to check government tyranny – it’s the most fundamental liberty in a government.
Pracilio (Amy, journalist for 3rd Degree) “Compulsory voting – Does it keep the community at large more connected? Have First World countries forgotten the value of the vote?” Edith Cowan University, Parliamentary Research Internship, Nov 28, 2012 AT
Political participation is the ‘lifeblood of democracy,’ representative government proves obsolete without
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consequently, who does not (Orr, Mecurio, Williams, 2003).

I contend that compulsory voting increases democracy
First, The poor are uniquely under-represented under voluntary systems – utility is lower for the poor voter, offering a compelling causal explanation.
Carey and Horiuchi 13 John M. Carey (John Wentworth Professor in the
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the Department of Government at Dartmouth College on April 30, 2013 AJ
The first assumption is that when voting is voluntary, wealthier people vote at higher
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, posits lower expected utility of voting for the poor than the rich.

High turnout is necessary to represent the voices of all voters – otherwise politicians will have no reason to represent those who don’t vote.  
Birch 09 Sarah Birch. “The Case for Compulsory Voting.” Public Policy Research. March-May 2009 AJ
The link between political fairness and full electoral participation is perhaps the most intuitively obvious
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breeding electoral alienation, which in turn provides an excuse for further neglect.
Citizens who choose not to vote do so largely because they rightly feel the system is not looking out for their interests, the bias toward the rich leaves them alienated from politics.
Lardy 04 Heather Lardy. University of Aberdeen. “Is there a right not to vote?” Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Summer, 2004), pp. 303-321 AJ
The claim that there is a right not to vote is not only an argument
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well make the decision not to vote a less than genuinely free one.

Even if some genuinely do not want to vote for other reasons it is not a violation of liberty to compel them because negative liberty ends at the point that one’s actions harm others. By choosing to not engage in the political process, abstainers harm those who share similar interest by decreasing the political power of those groups. 

CV is necessary since it raises turnout significantly – both cross-country and within-country comparisons consistently show increased participation.
Engelen 07 Bart Engelen. Research Assistant of the Fund for Scientific Research – Flanders (Belgium), Centre for Economics and Ethics. “Why Compulsory Voting Can Enhance Democracy.” Acta Politica, 2007, 42, (23–39).  2007 Palgrave Macmillan Ltd AJ
Although this seems immediately plausible, I want to show that introducing compulsory voting does
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reinforce each other (Keaney and Rogers, 2006, 18–20).

COMPULSORY VOTING LAWS CREATE SOCIAL NORM IN FAVOR OF VOTING
Christopher W. Carmichael, Law Clerk to US Circuit Judge Bauer, 2002, "Proposals for Reforming the American Electoral System After the 2000 Presidential Election," 23 Hamline J. Pub. L. and Pol'y 255, Spring, 2002, p. 312-3
This article proposes that through law, society can impose a legal and social sanction
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if a law compels voting, they will follow the law and vote.
Second, Status quo politics have a major disconnect with reality by representing fringe voters who turn out at higher raters - CV focuses attention on the otherwise alienated moderate voters.
Polman 13 Dick Polman. National political columnist at the Philadelphia Inquirer. “Mandatory voting is a great idea.” Newsworks. August 15, 2013 AJ

If virtually all Americans voted, the ideological partisans in the electorate would have less
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which involves only half the adult population, with ideological over-representation.

This change in strategy limits political alienation and confidence in the political system.
Keaney and Rogers 06 Emily Keaney and Ben Rogers. “A Citizen’s Duty Voter inequality and the case for compulsory turnout.” Institute for Public Policy Research. May 2006 AJ
Compulsory turnout not only increases turnout, it also cuts down the cost of political
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of political efficacy and their confidence in the political system (Lijphart 1997).
Third, Informed voting INCREASED in CV systems – my study controlled for external variables and is comparative.
Shineman 3 Victoria Anne Shineman (Visiting Scholar Center for the Study of Democratic Politics Princeton University). “Compulsory Voting as Compulsory Balloting: How Mandatory Balloting Laws Increase Informed Voting Without Increasing Uninformed Voting.” Mimeo, Princeton University, 2010 AJ
The predictions of the CB Model were tested through a computerized laboratory experiment. The
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where informed turnout was never predicted, and where it was always predicted.
The results are not simply knowledge of political issues – civic engagement and political discussions on the whole increase.
Milazzo 08 (Caitlin, Lecturer in the School of Politics and International Relations at the University of Nottingham) “Forced to Vote: The Impact of Compulsory Voting Laws on Political Discussion” Paper Presented at MPSA Annual National Conference April 3, 2008 AT
Much of the research on compulsory voting thus far has not given this institution positive
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voting, but they will also be more informed in their political choices.

Fourth, compulsory voting is key to how parties spend their money – it reduces the need for “get out the vote” campaigns.
Matsler 02 SEAN MATSLER. University of Southern California Law School. “COMPULSORY VOTING IN AMERICA.” S. Cal. L. Rev. 76 (2002): 953-978 AJ
Two other successes can be attributed to Australia’s compulsory voting scheme. The first is
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the much more important task of convincing voters to vote for them.77
Parties would re-allocate money to congressional elections that are close, making elections more competitive and thus forcing politicians to be more accountable once elected.
Snyder 02 Stephen Ansolabehere and James M. Snyder, Jr. “Soft Money, Hard Money, Strong Parties.” Columbia Law Review , Vol. 100, No. 3, Symposium: Law and Political Parties (Apr., 2000), pp. 598-619 AJ
Many students and observers of Congress complain bitterly about the lack of competition in congressional
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and credible challengers, and tend to ignore safe incumbents and struggling challengers. 

AND, affluent citizens have a stranglehold on government policy because they use their money to influence the political process through campaign donations.
Gilens 04 Martin Gilens. Politics Department, Princeton University. “Inequality and Democratic Responsiveness: Who Gets What They Want from Government?” Princeton Politics Department mimeo (2004) AJ
Table 6 compares the association of policy outcomes with the preferences of high income and
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be reserved almost exclusively for those at the top of the income distribution.

Underview
1) Presume aff, time skew
2) Aff RVI for strategic flex.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 3 | Opponent: Seven Lakes CY | Judge:
Sgro 12 (Jonathan, worked at Regional Housing Legal Services for Equal Justice America) “Intentional Discrimination in Farrakhan V. Gregoire: the Ninth Circuit's Voting Rights Act Standard Results In the New Jim Crow” 57 Villanova University 139 (2012) AT
Jarvious Cotton cannot vote. . . . Cotton's family tree tells the story of
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4 million, are disenfranchised, a rate seven times the national average.
Thus, part one is the ABHORRENT HISTORY
The story of the aff is the story of Jarvious Cotton. Cotton’s story reveals a new generation of racist voting laws, employed to exclude black voters. This is series of tricks to continue 5 generations of disenfranchisement and oppression despite progress made by Court rulings.
Hodgkiss 01 (Anita, trial attorney with over 35 years of experience defending companies and individuals in the state and federal trial and appellate courts) “Race and Election Irregularites on November 7 2000” 15-FEB NBA National Bar Association Magazine 18- (January/February, 2001) AT
The information gathered by civil rights organizations, including the NAACP, details allegations of
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commend several of them to legislatures, agencies and the bar for consideration.
But even the progress of the civil rights movement has been erased – the Supreme Court ruled the Voting Rights Act unconstitutional, amounting to a declaration that racism is over. But it isn’t – the racist voting practices of the past have resumed, locking minorities in a vicious cycle of oppression
Knafo 13 (Saki, General Assignment Writer, has written for The New York Times Magazine, New York Magazine, and Publishers Weekly) “Voting Rights Of Black Americans Trampled By 'New Jim Crow,' Civil Rights Advocates Say” Huffington Post, 07/25/2013 AT
More than a million of these disenfranchised Americans are black. Felony convictions restrict 13
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don't count and the major parties don't have to attend to their preferences."
These laws dilute the power of the individual to the point of creating a collective action problem that makes voting seem futile to minority voters – but by encouraging group mobilization, compulsory voting empowers minorities.
Harvard Law Review 7 “THE CASE FOR COMPULSORY VOTING IN THE UNITED STATES” HARVARD LAW REVIEW Vol. 121:591 Dec 2007 AT
There are serious questions about how legitimate a government is when the vast majority of
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electoral and policy outcomes in ways that better reflect aggregate preferences.34  
Solvency
Thus, part two is SOLVENCY. In the United States, voting ought to be compulsory.
Compulsory voting solves the issue of racism in voting – by giving all citizens an equal voice, minorities are better represented in government
Cherry 09 (Ceridwen, Law Clerk at United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, Voting Rights Intern at The Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, Intern at Office of Senator Edward M. Kennedy, University of Michigan Law School and Harvard University Kennedy School of Government) “Maximizing Participation: what the US can learn from compulsory voting” FairVote June 8, 2009 AT
In the hotly contested and historic 2008 US Presidential election only 61 of registered
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of Georgia. Perhaps mandating participation isn't so un-American after all?
And, CV is key to resisting racist disenfranchisement laws.
Cherry 09 (Ceridwen, Law Clerk at United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, Voting Rights Intern at The Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, Intern at Office of Senator Edward M. Kennedy, University of Michigan Law School and Harvard University Kennedy School of Government) “Maximizing Participation: what the US can learn from compulsory voting” FairVote June 8, 2009 AT
While mandatory turnout has little future in the US, electoral systems using compulsory voting
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shown to be one of the most powerful predictors of high turnout levels.
Voting is a form of empowerment – failure to expand voting excludes black voters from our democracy
Weatherspoon 7 (Floyd, expert in African-American males and the law, published in law journals and newspapers, associate dean for Alternative Dispute Resolution Programs, member of the National Bar Association and the American Bar Association, external Administrative Judge for the EEOC) “The Mass Incarceration of African-American Males: A Return to Institutionalized Slavery, Oppression, and Disenfranchisement of Constitutional Rights” 13 Texas Wesleyan Law Review 599 (2007) AT
The mass incarceration of African-American males has resulted in the subordination of their
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or even worse, subordinates them to a system of de facto slavery.
Coercing political participation is key to equal valuation – the idea that some are exempt communicates that their participation isn’t important, subjugating them.
Alejandro 11 (Hannah Alejandro, Georgetown University Law Center) “The Sovereign Obligations of We, the People: An Argument for Compulsory Voting in the United States” Georgetown Law Center March 18, 2011 AT
Of course, historically jury service has always been a legal obligation (for some
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– coercion can express equal regard and the guarantee of equal opportunity.61
Impact
Part three is the IMPACT
Voting restrictions construct blackness as the anti-citizen – a permanent underclass that must be political sterilized
Wacquant 05 (Loic, Distinguished University Professor of Sociology and Anthropology at the New School for Social Research, Professor of Sociology at the University of California, and a Researcher at the Center for European Sociology in Paris. His interests comprise comparative urban marginality, the penal state, bodily crafts, social theory, and the politics of reason ) “Race as civic felony” UNESCO 2005. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd AT
Race or, to be more precise, blackness – for, since the origins
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Harvard Law Review Association 1989, pp. 1314–1315, 1316)
This model culminates in eugenic violence-~--singling out and targeting biological signifiers makes genocidal violence POSSIBLE
Elden 2 Stuart Elden, politics at University of Warwick, 2002 (Boundary 2 29.2)
The reverse side is the power to allow death. State racism is a recoding
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228–30). As Foucault puts it in La volonté de savoir :
Moreover, these measures bias the system against black voters – indefinitely perpetuating the same forms of social exclusion that put them in the fringe of society in the first place
Wacquant 05 (Loic, Distinguished University Professor of Sociology and Anthropology at the New School for Social Research, Professor of Sociology at the University of California, and a Researcher at the Center for European Sociology in Paris. His interests comprise comparative urban marginality, the penal state, bodily crafts, social theory, and the politics of reason ) “Race as civic felony” UNESCO 2005. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd AT
The alienation of today’s convicts makes them social similes if not legal replicas of antebellum
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and restrictive complexion of American citizenship at the dawn of the new millennium.
Framework
Part four is the FRAMEWORK

A) Racism in the academia might be invisible but it is just as harmful – discussion is uniquely important. This is a pre-fiat justification for the standard.
Scheurich and Young 97 (James Joseph Scheurich, Professor in the Department of Educational Administration and Human Resource Development at Texas AandM University; Michelle D. Young, Associate Professor, Department of Educational Administration. Executive Director, University Council for Educational Administration) “Coloring Epistemologies: Are Our Research Epistemologies Racially Biased?” Educational Researcher, Vol. 26, No. 4. (May, 1997), pp. 4-16. AT
Racism of any sort is heinous, most terribly for its victims but also for
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would be to betray our fundamental commitment as educators and as educational researchers.

B) Epistemology ---- Our conventional mode of experiencing the world is not an absolute truth, but a historically contingent model tinted with racism – the dominant philosophies are framed by epistemological racism – this is not only a myopic way of knowing, but it also commits profound violence against the marginalized
Scheurich and Young 97 (James Joseph Scheurich, Professor in the Department of Educational Administration and Human Resource Development at Texas AandM University; Michelle D. Young, Associate Professor, Department of Educational Administration. Executive Director, University Council for Educational Administration) “Coloring Epistemologies: Are Our Research Epistemologies Racially Biased?” Educational Researcher, Vol. 26, No. 4. (May, 1997), pp. 4-16. AT
The civilizational level is the level of broad civilizational assumptions, assumptions that, though
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a testament to the race/culture-free nature of mainstream research epistemologies
Because as an American citizen, Jarvious Cotton deserves the right to vote, I affirm.

Tournament: Battle for Los Angeles | Round: 4 | Opponent: Immac KH | Judge: panel
Part 1 – walking on lava

These grand and fatal movements toward death: the grandeur of the mass
Makes pity a fool, the tearing pity
For the atoms of the mass, the persons, the victims, makes it seem monstrous
To admire the tragic beauty they build.
It is beautiful as a river flowing or a slowly gathering
Glacier on a high mountain rock-face,
Bound to plow down a forest, or as frost in November,
The gold and flaming death-dance for leaves,
I would burn my right hand in a slow fire
To change the future … I should do foolishly. The beauty of modern
Man is not in the persons but in the
Disastrous rhythm, the heavy and mobile masses, the dance of the
Dream-led masses down the dark mountain.

Our planet is dying as we speak – yet we deny that we live in an age of ecocide, guaranteeing its continuing destruction
The Dark Mountain 9 (network of writers, artists and thinkers, includes David Abram, ecologist and geophilosopher, published in numerous scholarly journals; Charlotte Du Cann, writer, editor and community activist, Editor-in-Chief of Transition Free Press; Paul Kingsnorth, deputy-editor of The Ecologist, environmentalist and poet who writes for publications worldwide.  “UNCIVILISATION: THE DARK MOUNTAIN MANIFESTO” The Dark Mountain Project
The myth of … to look down. 

In our modern civilization, our privileging of the supremely rational logos has made us forget that the myths that still rule our lives are just myths. We need a new story that reframes our mastery over nature, one that allows us to live in nature rather than living over it
The Dark Mountain 2 (network of writers, artists and thinkers, includes David Abram, ecologist and geophilosopher, published in numerous scholarly journals; Charlotte Du Cann, writer, editor and community activist, Editor-in-Chief of Transition Free Press; Paul Kingsnorth, deputy-editor of The Ecologist, environmentalist and poet who writes for publications worldwide.  “UNCIVILISATION: THE DARK MOUNTAIN MANIFESTO” The Dark Mountain Project
If we are … where we are.

A shift to mythos is crucial – a logocentric narrative of absolute truth in interpretation justifies violence against all those who disagree
Klaus Krippendorff 90 - Professor of Communication at the Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania (“Models and Metaphors of Communication” 1990 Departmental Papers (ASC) http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1283andcontext=asc_papers)
Let me start … symbols that flow.

Part 2 – the severed hand

Then what is the answer? Not to be deluded by dreams.
To know that great civilisations have broken down into violence,
and their tyrants come, many times before.
When open violence appears, to avoid it with honor or choose
the least ugly faction; these evils are essential.
To keep one’s own integrity, be merciful and uncorrupted
and not wish for evil; and not be duped
By dreams of universal justice or happiness. These dreams will
not be fulfilled.
To know this, and know that however ugly the parts appear
the whole remains beautiful. A severed hand
Is an ugly thing and man dissevered from the earth and stars
and his history … for contemplation or in fact …
Often appears atrociously ugly. Integrity is wholeness,
the greatest beauty is
Organic wholeness, the wholeness of life and things, the divine beauty
of the universe. Love that, not man
Apart from that, or else you will share man’s pitiful confusions,
or drown in despair when his days darken.

Our very civilization is crumbling before our eyes, denying the myth of progress that development will constantly improve our lives – the machine of politics is dead – this isn’t a glitch in the system, the computer is corroding
The Dark Mountain 3 (network of writers, artists and thinkers, includes David Abram, ecologist and geophilosopher, published in numerous scholarly journals; Charlotte Du Cann, writer, editor and community activist, Editor-in-Chief of Transition Free Press; Paul Kingsnorth, deputy-editor of The Ecologist, environmentalist and poet who writes for publications worldwide.  “UNCIVILISATION: THE DARK MOUNTAIN MANIFESTO” The Dark Mountain Project
Those who witness … not to see. 

It is our responsibility as academics to undermine the myths behind our civilization – this project is too important to be left to politics alone
The Dark Mountain 4 (network of writers, artists and thinkers, includes David Abram, ecologist and geophilosopher, published in numerous scholarly journals; Charlotte Du Cann, writer, editor and community activist, Editor-in-Chief of Transition Free Press; Paul Kingsnorth, deputy-editor of The Ecologist, environmentalist and poet who writes for publications worldwide.  “UNCIVILISATION: THE DARK MOUNTAIN MANIFESTO” The Dark Mountain Project
Mainstream art in … writing for outsiders. 

My poetry was a performance of Uncivilization, redrawing the maps of the world to chart out new paths that confront the collapse of our civilization – civilized modes of that fail to account for our physical location and have disastrous consequences – voting affirmative is an expression of solidarity with uncivilization
The Dark Mountain 5 (network of writers, artists and thinkers, includes David Abram, ecologist and geophilosopher, published in numerous scholarly journals; Charlotte Du Cann, writer, editor and community activist, Editor-in-Chief of Transition Free Press; Paul Kingsnorth, deputy-editor of The Ecologist, environmentalist and poet who writes for publications worldwide.  “UNCIVILISATION: THE DARK MOUNTAIN MANIFESTO” The Dark Mountain Project
If you want … on this expedition. 

The myth of progress lives on within educational institutions – our reading of poetry writes the mythos back in to a society that lacks it
Wilson (James Matthew Wilson is an Assistant Professor at Villanova University) “Logos Severed from Mythos: The Consequences of Our Forgetting” Anamnesis Journal 2012 AT
We arrive, then, … irrational than that.