Tournament: Loyola | Round: 6 | Opponent: George cant remember his name | Judge: Cowger, Mollie
They view race relations as exclusively “Black vs White”
Linda Martín Alcoff, 3-02-2010, Professor of Philosophy at Hunter College and the CUNY Graduate Center, “Latinos Beyond the Binary,” http://www.alcoff.com/content/beyondbinary.html
Contradictory binaries flourish in…effects of every step that is taken.

This focus hurts the very movement they try to start.
Elizabeth Martinez, 6-09-2004, writer, activist, educator, teaches Ethnic Studies and Women’s Studies in the California state university system, currently works with Latin@ and multinational youth groups, published five books on social movements and writer for Z Magazine, Rethinking Schools and other publications on Latin@ issues, “Seeing More than Black and White,” http://www.indigenouspeople.net/blackwht.htm
When Kissinger said…self- destructive mode?

The alternative is racial pluralism
Linda Martín Alcoff, 11-06-2002, Professor of Philosophy at Hunter College and the CUNY Graduate Center, “Latino/as, Asian-Americans and the Black-White Binary,” http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/25115747?uid=3739256anduid=2anduid=4andsid=21102494840991
I would add to these arguments the…differences can occur).

Tournament: Bronx | Round: 4 | Opponent: New Orleans Jesuit RH | Judge: Ben Holguin
I value morality. The standard is maximizing well-being.  
Pleasure is always good and pain is always bad
Thomas Nagel “The View from Nowhere”. Oxford University Press. 1986. pg 156-157 AJ
I shall defend the unsurprising claim that sensory Pleasure is good and
AND
(And of course he wouldn't be able to justify the avoidance of p
ain in the way that we customarily justify avoiding what we hate without reason—
AND
such cases. There can be no reason to reject the appearances here.
Consequences are the only epistemically accessible moral value
Sam Harris 2010. CEO Project Reason; PHD UCLA Neuroscience; BA Stanford Philosophy.  The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values.”
Here is my (consequentialist) starting point: all questions of value (right
AND
, therefore, consequences and conscious states remain the foundation of all values.
Republicans will win the house in 2014
Bartash 10/8 Jeffry Bartash. “Why House Republicans aren’t sweating the 2014 election.” Market Watch. October 8, 2013, 1:20 PM. http://blogs.marketwatch.com/capitolreport/2013/10/08/why-house-republicans-arent-sweating-the-2014-election/ AJ
The public fingers Republicans for most of the blame over the government shutdown, but
AND
party did well, the gains ranged from just five to 11 seats.
Democrats win the house with CV
Leon 13 Fernanda L L de Leon. Assistant Professor. School of Economics. University of East Anglia. “Adding Ideology to the Equation: New Predictions for Election Results under Compulsory Voting.” No 44, University of East Anglia Applied and Financial Economics Working Paper Series. April 15, 2013 AJ
Turning to the results, if the current voting population had the ideological prefer-
AND
race in which Hillary Clinton run against Rick Lazio and won the election.
Compulsory voting means democrats control the House
Lexington 12 “If America had compulsory voting, would Democrats win every election?” The Economist, Sep 28th 2012 AT
But here is the thing, I suggested to Mr Metcalfe. The poorest and
AND
recipients do not vote, I asked him? He did not agree.
Democrat control of the house raises the minimum wage
Wrigley 13 (Will, Political Editorial Intern at The Huffington Post) “House Republicans Unanimously Vote Down Minimum Wage Increase” The Huffington Post 3/15 AT
House Republicans voted unanimously against raising the federal minimum wage Friday. A proposal by
AND
wage to $9.80 an hour and peg it to inflation.
Minimum wage collapses the economy
Wilson 12 (Mark, Principal at Applied Economic Strategies, 25 years of economic policy experience, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Employment Standards Administration at the U.S. Department of Labor, Research Fellow at The Heritage Foundation specializing in workplace policy and tax issues) “The Negative Effects of Minimum Wage Laws” Policy Analysis, No. 701 June 21, 2012 AT
Despite the use of different models to understand the effects of minimum wages, all
AND
to face an upward-sloping labor supply curve as the monopsony model assumes
The US economy is on the brink – minimum wage will push it over
Economic Times 8/2 “US economy recovering from worst downturn: White House.” Aug 2, 2013, 09.40PM IST. Economic Times. http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-08-02/news/41008276_1_unemployment-rate-lowest-level-alan-b-krueger AJ
WASHINGTON: The US economy is recovering from the worst downturn, the White House
AND
work, such as by rebuilding our roads and bridges," he said.
Economic collapse causes extinction.
Bearden 2000 (Thomas, Lt. Col in US Army) “The Unnecessary Energy Crisis”, Free Republic, June 24, p. online wyo-tjc
History bears out that desperate nations take desperate actions. Prior to the final economic
AND
, and perhaps most of the biosphere, at least for many decades.

Tournament: Damus | Round: Octas | Opponent: Immaculate Heart LM | Judge: Panel
The fear and perception of terrorism is key to relations
Qingguo 3 (Jia, Professor and Associate Dean of the School of International Studies of Peking University) “The impact of 9-11 on Sino-US relations: a preliminary assessment,” International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, Volume 3
When the US shifted its focus from China to the war against terrorism, China
AND
support the US at a time the lattermost needed help from other countries.
High perception causes coop
Qingguo 3 continues (Jia, Professor and Associate Dean of the School of International Studies of Peking University) “The impact of 9-11 on Sino-US relations: a preliminary assessment,” International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, Volume 3
In the long run, one can take a cautiously optimistic view. To begin
AND
to deal with the problems between them in a pragmatic and constructive way.
Breakdown in relations causes nuclear war
Conable and Lampton 92 (Barber Conable, world bank president emeritus and David Lampton, national committee president) “China's Boom: How Can U.s. Reap Benefits?” Orlando Sentinel, December 6
MANY NOW ARGUE that American interests in China are secondary in the wake of the
AND
reduce the incentives for restraint in Beijing toward both Taiwan and Hong Kong.
Relations k2 solving extinction, US Russia
Allison and Blackwill 11 (Graham, director of the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, former assistant secretary of defense for Clinton, co-chairman of the Task Force on Russia and U.S. National Interests; Robert, senior fellow at Council on Foreign Relations, U.S. ambassador to India, deputy national security adviser for strategic planning in the Bush administration, co-chairman of the Task Force on Russia and U.S. National Interests) 10-30-11 Politico, “10 reasons why Russia still matters”
That central point is that Russia matters a great deal to a U.S
AND
.S. success, or failure, in advancing our national interests

Tournament: Bronx | Round: 1 | Opponent: Highland NN | Judge:
Majority rule is bad
Wong 13 (Cori, Philosophical Consultant, Blogger, Lecturer) “Democracy and the Moral Majority: Why Third Graders Know Better” Coriwong.com, June 15 AT
We can obviously…right, and good?
The alternative is to endorse the criticism – students are the citizens of tomorrow
Wong 13 (Cori, Philosophical Consultant, Blogger, Lecturer) “Democracy and the Moral Majority: Why Third Graders Know Better” Coriwong.com, June 15 AT
Now that my attempts to critically…critique are always necessary.
Turns case – majoritarian oppression
Chenoweth and Young (Eric Chenoweth, author for the Democracy Web project, codirector and cofounder of the Institute for Democracy in Eastern Europe, worked in the International Affairs Department of the American Federation for Teachers and the AFL-CIO, consultant for the Albert Shanker Institute; James P. Young, BA, MA, and PhD from the University of Michigan, professor of political science emeritus at Binghamton University, visiting professor of American studies at Keele University) “Majority Rule/Minority Rights: Essential Principles” Democracy Web AT
Yet majority rule can…element of any liberal democracy.
Role of the ballot is to drop my opponent
Stephen Slemon DE-SCRIBING EMPIRE: Post- Colonialism and Textuality “THE SCRAMBLE FOR POST-COLONIALISM”
As for the second part…academic institutions themselves.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: Octas | Opponent: Loyola CK | Judge: Panel
Liberal democracy promotion paints non-democratic states as ontological enemies, creating a global hierarchy
Hobson 9 (Christopher, Department of International Politics – Aberystwyth University) “The Limits of Liberal-Democracy Promotion,” Alternatives 34, p. 383 – 405
There are serious shortcomings and
AND
of the international community.47

That causes escalating warfare
Jahn 7 (Beate, Professor of International Relations – University of Sussex) “The Tragedy of Liberal Diplomacy: Democratization, Intervention, Statebuilding (Part I),” Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, 1:1, 87-106
In the first section of this essay I will
AND
is the real tragedy of liberal diplomacy.

The role of the ballot is to democratize the meaning of democracy
Kurki 10 (Milja, Lecturer in International Relations Theory) “Democracy and Conceptual Contestability: Reconsidering Conceptions of Democracy in Democracy Promotion,” International Studies Review Vol. 12, Iss. 3, September
This approach has some difficulties and dangers
AND
social and political power.

Critical intellectualism key to social movements
Jones 99—IR, Aberystwyth (Richard, “6. Emancipation: Reconceptualizing Practice,” Security, Strategy and Critical Theory, http://www.ciaonet.org/book/wynjones/wynjones06.html, AMiles)
The central political task of the intellectuals
AND
the very survival of the human race, should act as both an inspiration and a challenge to critical security studies.

Tournament: Loyola | Round: 1 | Opponent: Los Altos SD | Judge: Adam Bistagne
Use a comparative worlds paradigm – reciprocity because otherwise skep and NIBs. Reciprocity k2 clash.
Compulsory voting requires ballots but they can be invalid
Shineman 10 Victoria Anne Shineman (Visiting Scholar Center for the Study of Democratic Politics Princeton University). “Compulsory Voting as Compulsory Balloting: How Mandatory Balloting Laws Increase Informed Voting Without Increasing Uninformed Voting.” Mimeo, Princeton University, 2010 AJ
This paper contributes…incentivizing actors to cast uninformed votes.
She continues:
Scholars often talk of the decision…for systems with no participation requirements.
Aff defends implementation, I wil spec to US if they ask in CX
I value morality, as “ought” implies a moral obligation.
Self ownership is the only starting point for ethics
BOAZ (David, Executive vice president, the Cato institute) “Libertarianism:  A Primer.” Simon and Schuster, 1997, New York. Pg 61-62 AT
Any theory of rights…Natural rights are self-evident.  
Positive freedom is necessary though
Amartya Sen Thomas W Larmont University Professor and Professor of Economics and Philosophy at Harvard University. "The Idea of Justice." Penguin Publishing. 2010. Print AJ
Any substantive theory of…focusing on what happens at ‘culmination’.
He continues:
Amartya Sen Thomas W Larmont University Professor and Professor of Economics and Philosophy at Harvard University. "The Idea of Justice." Penguin Publishing. 2010. Print AJ
The capability approach focuses…Tania Burchardt and Polly Vizard.10
Positive freedom requires democracy
Tom Christiano "Democracy", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2008 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2008/entries/democracy/ AJ
Some argue that the basic…those activities they share.
Equal representation key
Tom Christiano 2 "Democracy", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2008 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2008/entries/democracy/ AJ
Two kinds of in instrumental…of needs of the poor.  
Thus the standard is promoting equal representation of the wills of citizens.
First, political expression is key to check government tyranny – it’s the most fundamental liberty in a government.
Pracilio (Amy, journalist for 3rd Degree) “Compulsory voting – Does it keep the community at large more connected? Have First World countries forgotten the value of the vote?” Edith Cowan University, Parliamentary Research Internship, Nov 28, 2012 AT
Political participation is the…not (Orr, Mecurio, Williams, 2003).
More voices leads to better decision making
Tom Christiano 3 "Democracy", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2008 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2008/entries/democracy/ AJ
Epistemologically, democracy is…that guide decision-makers.
Contention 1: turnout
Poor voters vote less
Carey and Horiuchi 13 John M. Carey (John Wentworth Professor in the Social Sciences, Department of Government, Dartmouth College). Yusaku Horiuchi (Associate Professor and Mitsui Chair in the Study of Japan, Department of Government, Dartmouth College). Compulsory Voting and Income Inequality. Prepared for presentation in a seminar on Latin American Politics in the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs at Harvard University on April 23, 2013, and a seminar in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College on April 30, 2013 AJ
The first assumption is that…poor than the rich.
High turnout good for democratic legitimacy – includes voices
Birch 09 Sarah Birch. “The Case for Compulsory Voting.” Public Policy Research. March-May 2009 AJ
The link between political…provides an excuse for further neglect.
CV raises turnout significantly
Engelen 07 Bart Engelen. Research Assistant of the Fund for Scientific Research – Flanders (Belgium), Centre for Economics and Ethics. “Why Compulsory Voting Can Enhance Democracy.” Acta Politica, 2007, 42, (23–39).  2007 Palgrave Macmillan Ltd AJ
Although this seems immediately…other (Keaney and Rogers, 2006, 18–20).
Contention 2: Moderates
CV takes away focus from extreme voters, while current politics incentivizes those citizens
Polman 13 Dick Polman. National political columnist at the Philadelphia Inquirer. “Mandatory voting is a great idea.” Newsworks. August 15, 2013 AJ

If virtually all Americans…with ideological over-representation.
Contention 3: Informed voting
Informed voting INCREASED in CV systems
Shineman 3 Victoria Anne Shineman (Visiting Scholar Center for the Study of Democratic Politics Princeton University). “Compulsory Voting as Compulsory Balloting: How Mandatory Balloting Laws Increase Informed Voting Without Increasing Uninformed Voting.” Mimeo, Princeton University, 2010 AJ
The predictions of the…it was always predicted.
Civic engagement also increased
Milazzo 08 (Caitlin, Lecturer in the School of Politics and International Relations at the University of Nottingham) “Forced to Vote: The Impact of Compulsory Voting Laws on Political Discussion” Paper Presented at MPSA Annual National Conference April 3, 2008 AT
Much of the research on compulsory…in their political choices.

Contetion 4: Campaign finance
CV reduces the need for money to get out the vote
Matsler 02 SEAN MATSLER. University of Southern California Law School. “COMPULSORY VOTING IN AMERICA.” S. Cal. L. Rev. 76 (2002): 953-978 AJ
Two other successes can be…to vote for them.77
Leads to fund reallocation that makes elections more competitive
Snyder 02 Stephen Ansolabehere and James M. Snyder, Jr. “Soft Money, Hard Money, Strong Parties.” Columbia Law Review , Vol. 100, No. 3, Symposium: Law and Political Parties (Apr., 2000), pp. 598-619 AJ
Many students and observers…and struggling challengers.

Tournament: All | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge:
Interpretation: Debaters must disclose all cases, Disads, counterplans, kritiks, and theory shells on the National Debate Coaches Association 2013-2014 LD wiki. Disclosure means uploading tags, citations for every outside piece of evidence, and a minimum of the first 3 and last 3 words of each card. The disclosure must occur 24 hours after the position is broken.

Tournament: GREENHILL - ARJUN | Round: 2 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
The value is democratic legitimacy since the resolution is a question of the structure of democratic governments.
The Standard is maintaining avenues for dissent.
First, dissent is necessary to provide a check on tyrann.
Elizabeth Anderson John Dewey Distinguished University Professor of Philosophy and Women's Studies at the Universiy of Michigan. “The Epistemology of Democracy” Episteme: A Journal of Social Epistemology, Volume 3, Issue 1-2, 2006, pp. 8-22

Diversity and disagreement are…weaknesses in political decision-making.

Second, dissent is necessary for the process of democratic deliberation. 

Amartya Sen Thomas W Larmont University Professor and Professor of Economics and Philosophy at Harvard University “Democracy as a Universal Value “Journal of Democracy 10.3 (1999) 3-17

Viewed in this light,…are permitted or not.

Third, it’s key to realizing freedom

Lawrence B. Solum Professor of Law and William M. Rains Fellow, Loyola Law School. “Book Review The Value of Dissent.” 85 Cornell L. Rev. 859-881 (2000) (reviewing Steven H. Shiffrin, Dissent, Injustice, and the Meanings of America (1999)) AJ

What is the relevance of…with the dissenters.
I contend that compulsory voting closes off legitimate avenues of political dissent. 

First, abstention must be respected

Hill 02 LISA HILL. University of Adelaide. “Compulsory Voting: Residual Problems and Potential Solutions.” Australian Journal of Political Science, Vol. 37, No. 3, pp. 437–455. 2002. Carfax Publishing, Taylor and Francis Group AJ
First, one of my key arguments…it is true, but because it potentially quali?? es as a political objection.25 

High participation masks illegitimate governments

Czesnik 6 (Mikolaj, Institute of Political Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences) “Voter Turnout and Democratic Legitimacy in Central Eastern Europe” Polish Sociological Review, No. 156 (2006), pp. 449-470 Published by: Polish Sociological Association http://www.jstor.org/stable/41274988

The relation between political participation and…vehicle of its de-legitimation. 

Second, compulsory voting masks dissent

Rovensky 8 (Jan, MA in Political Science and English and American Studies at Charles University Prague, Graduate of Doctoral Program in Political Theoy at LUISS Guido Carli) “Voting: A Citizen’s Right, or Duty?” Free International University of Social Studies Guido Carli, School of Political Science, Doctorate in Political Theory – PhD Thesis AT
Measuring the level of…protest and random votes.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: Quarters | Opponent: rammy | Judge:
The alternative is to reject the 1AC’s representations to allow for a new environmental ethic that allows us to belong to nature
Gottlieb 94 (Roger, professor of humanities at Worcester Polytechnic Institute) “ETHICS AND TRAUMA: LEVINAS, FEMINISM, AND DEEP ECOLOGY” Cross Currents Summer94, Vol. 44 Issue 2, p222, 19 pg AT
Here I will at least begin in agreement with…not out of duty, but out of love; neither for our selves nor for the other, but for us all.

Tournament: Damus | Round: Finals | Opponent: Immaculate Heart KH | Judge: Panel
The feminist standpoint inherently legitimates a gender duality. By defining women as a distinct social and biological group with certain characteristic experiences, the aff divides the world into male and female.
Ferguson 91 (Kathy E. Ferguson) “Interpretation and Genealogy in Feminism Chicago Journal Vol. 16, No. 2, Winter, 1991 322-339 AT
An important tension within current feminist theory is that between articulating women's voice and deconstructing
AND
contrasting voices which create different, albeit related, possibilities for knowledge and politics
This exclusion is dangerous – if you don’t fit into neatly defined categories your experiences don’t count. The gender binary is the root cause
Hope 12 (Allison Hope, PR specialist and journalist) “A Penis and a Dress: Why the Gender Binary Needs to Go Away” Huffington Post 05/22/2012 AT
If your genitalia don't match the gender you most identify with, the American Psychiatric
AND
against those who do not fit cleanly into the existing and limiting categories.
The alt is gender binary deconstruction
Tilsen 7 (Julie Tilsen is a therapist, consultant, and trainer in Vancouver, Canada; David Nylund is an associate professor of social work at California State University Sacramento; Lorraine Grieves is Co-director of Peak House in Vancouver) “The gender binary: Theory and lived experience” The International Journal of Narrative Therapy and Community Work 2007 No. 3 AT
Through this kind of critical examination of early experiences, we are able to make
AND
all this. The female partner is speaking while her trans partner listens.
“Women’s identity” binds women to further oppression
Mohanty 84, women's studies department chair at Syracuse University (Chandra Under Western Eyes:Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses, p. 344)
What is problematical, then, about this kind of use of "women"
AND
oppressions. All they do is reinforce binary divisions between men and women.
Turns case – the gender binary makes gender oppression possible
Knights and Kerfoot 4 “Between Representations and Subjectivity: Gender Binaries and the Politics of Organizational Transformation” Gender, Work and Organization Volume 11, Issue 4, pages 430–454, 10 JUN 2004 AT
The distinction between male and female and masculinity and femininity continues to polarize relations between
AND
of gender and the conditions of subjectivity and language that make them possible.
Turns case – this crushes the potential for empowerment
Bacigalupa in 3
Ana Mariella Bacigalupo. “Rethinking Identity and Feminism” Contributions of Mapuche Women and Machi from Southern Chile”. Hypatia. Vol 18, Num 2. Spring 2003. Pp 32-57
Norma Alarcon describes how these multiple manifestations of self, which  are defined by the
AND
passive,  static and unrefl ective ‘traditional’” (1993, 88).

Tournament: Emory | Round: 4 | Opponent: Greenhill VA | Judge: Zach Schuyler
K
Man is not gender neutral
Writing Center 10 The Writing Center, University of North Carolina. “Gender-Sensitive Language.” February 11, 2010. http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/gender.html. MR
English speakers and writers have traditionally been taught to use masculine nouns and pronouns in
AND
that you can "mix and match" as necessary when you write.
Imposing discursive norms such as “mankind” or “he”, my opponent perpetuates the world into a masculine norm
Goueffic 96 Goueffic, Louise. Author, BA graduate studies in France. Breaking the patriarchal code.   Pg. 13-14 : 1996. MR
From the I 960s until today, such-questioning has involved a shift  from
AND
more than one meaning, and language  users' intentions are obscure and unpredictable.
Using gendered language solidifies oppressive power structures and creates a space for violence and subordination.
Mastrine 13 (Julie, writer and PR professional, featured in dozens of blogs and media outlets, writes about feminism, civic advocacy or politics) “Dude, Man Up: An Exploration of Gendered Language” Aug 26 2013 AT
And demeaning language isn’t limited to gay individuals — it extends to all of us
AND
a fabric — a blanket of oppression that extends to all English speakers.

The alternative and role of the ballot is to challenge gendered discourse with neutral or women-centric discourse.  
Goueffic 96 Goueffic, Louise. Author, BA graduate studies in France. “Breaking the patriarchal code.” Pg. 13-14 : 1996
Couched within words are presuppositions about gender, that is many taken-for-
AND
difficult or impractical, or that it interferes with our freedom of speech.

Tournament: GREENHILL - ARJUN | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Harker PR | Judge: Panel
feminist IR theory recreates the oppressive structures they seek to dismantle Stern and Zalewski 09 MARIA STERN, lecturer and researcher at the Department of Peace and Development research at Gotberg university, AND MARYSIA ZALEWSKI, Director of Centre for Gender Studies at university of Aberdeen. “Feminist fatigue(s): reflections on feminism and familiar fables of militarization” Review of International Studies (2009), 35, 611–630, Cambridge journals) In this section we clarify ...scenarios for our students.

furthering both colonial and gender oppression. Tobin 8 (Theresa, The Philosophy Department, Faculty, Theresa W. Tobin, Marquette University.) “Using Rights to Counter Gender-Specific Wrongs” 23 July 2008, Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2008 AT
The core of their critique is that ...recommend morally appropriate solutions.

The impact – Colonialism Hayes 96 Floyd W. Hayes III Fanon: a critical reader Ed. Lewis Ricardo Gordon, T. Denean Sharpley-Whiting. “Fanon, Oppression and Resentment: The Black Experience In the United States.” 1996.
Fanon points out that ...critically, in a form of unveiling.

The alt is that women should be seen as a genealogy, not a social group Stone 4 ((Allison Stone, Centre for Philosophy, Furness College, Lancaster University) “On the Genealogy of Women: A Defence of Anti-Essentialism” Third Wave Feminism: A Critical Exploration - Edited by Stacy Gillis, Gillian Howie and Rebecca Munford. Palgrave Macmillan, 2004 AT
Within feminist philosophical and theoretical ...deter, feminist political activism.

Judge has an obligation to reject colonialism Dei Anti-Colonialism and Education 2006
The anti-colonial classroom ...teaching and learning processes.

Tournament: Bronx | Round: 1 | Opponent: Highland NN | Judge:
Interpretation: “Resolved” requires a vote on a formal resolution by a deliberative or legislative body  
American Heritage Dictionary 11 (The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition copyright ©2011 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company., “resolved” 2011,  http://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=resolvedandsubmit.x=-826andsubmit.y=-210, accessed July 6, 2013, QDKM)
re·solve (r?-z?lv?)v. re·solved, re·solv·ing…made by body.
Violation –
2 Standards –

1. Debatability – you destroy the ability to examine fiat
   2. Limits
   A) Topic lit – the literature focuses on the effects of CV policies.
   Schafer 11 Armin Schäfer Republican Liberty and Compulsory Voting MPIfG Discussion Paper 11/17 Max-Planck-Institut für Gesellschaftsforschung, Köln Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies, Cologne November 2011 MPIfG Discussion Paper ISSN 0944-2073 (Print) ISSN 1864-4325 (Internet) © 2011 by the author(s http://www.mpifg.de/pu/mpifg_dp/dp11-17.pdf
   Empirical studies have…with voluntary voting.
   B) Prep
   C) Policymaking
   Harwood 5 (Karey, associate professor in the Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies) “Teaching Bioethics through Participation and Policy-Making” Essays on Teaching Excellence Toward the Best in the Academy Vol. 16, No. 4, 2004-2005 A publication of The Professional and Organizational Development Network in Higher Education AT
   Teaching bioethics to undergraduate students…a stake in their outcome.

Tournament: Loyola | Round: Quarters | Opponent: La Jolla RP | Judge: Torson, Fink, Placido
A. The aff must defend implementation of compulsory voting in one or more democracies that currently do not have CV, but may defend countries that have CV in the status quo in addition to the countries they change. 

B. Ram only defends the continuation of CV in countries that currently have it 

C. 

1. Fiat education

2. Topic Lit

Tournament: Battle for LA | Round: 7 | Opponent: Brentwood JC | Judge: panel
A. Text: All relevant aff actors will implement aff plan as a voluntary environmental agreement, offering regulated parties positive incentives for environmental protection.
Coglianese and Borck 09 Borck, Jonathan C., and Cary Coglianese. "Voluntary environmental programs: assessing their effectiveness." Annual Review of Environment and Resources 34 (2009): 305-324 AJ
VEPs are perhaps most readily characterized by what they are not: mandatory regulations.
AND
rely on built-in sanctions as a force for motivating environmental improvements.

B. Competition: Mutual Exclusivity

C. Net benefits 

The CP solves environmental protection better than the aff
Segerson and Miceli 98 Kathleen Segerson and Thomas J. Miceli (Department of Economics, University of Connecticut,). “Voluntary Environmental Agreements: Good or Bad News for Environmental Protection?” JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT 36, 109-130. 1998 AJ
This article has developed a simple model of interaction between a regulator and a polluting
AND
.. This could explain the supercompliance sought under the EPA’s Project XL.31
Empirically verified – comparative studies confirm
Husted et al 13 Henriques, Irene (Professor of Sustainability and Economics, Schulich School of Business, York University), Bryan W. Husted (Erivan K. Haub Chair in Business and Sustainability at the Schulich School of Business, York University), and Ivan Montiel (Assistant Professor of Corporate Sustainability, Loyola Mary- mount University). "Spillover Effects of Voluntary Environmental Programs on Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Lessons from Mexico." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, Vol. 32, No. 2, 296–322 (2013) AJ
We hypothesize that the design attributes of VEPs, specifically the stringency of standards and
AND
designed VEP can have sub- stantial positive spillover effects for the environment.

Tournament: Emory | Round: 5 | Opponent: Grapevine AY | Judge: Chris Castillo
All questions of value are meaningless absent the real lived experiences of human beings.
Sam Harris 2010. CEO Project Reason; PHD UCLA Neuroscience; BA Stanford Philosophy.  The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values.”
Here is my (consequentialist) starting point: all
AND
remain the foundation of all values.
No act omission distinction for states since their implicit approvals of actions still entail moral responsibility
Sunstein and Vermuele Cass R. Sunstein and Adrian Vermeule. The University of Chicago Law School. “Is Capital Punishment Morally Required? The Relevance of Life?Life Tradeoffs.” JOHN M. OLIN LAW and ECONOMICS WORKING PAPER NO. 239. The Chicago Working Paper Series. March 2005 AJ
In our view, both the argument from
AND
adequately or fully discourage it.
The act-omission distinction undermines the normative force of all ethical systems by allowing actors to avoid guilt for morally bad consequences that result from their negligence.
Baron et al Baron et al (Mark Spranca, Elisa Minsk, and Jonathan Baron (University of Pennsylvania), “Omission and commission in judgment and choice,” 1991, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 27, 76-105)
An alternative view (Singer, 1979; Baron, 1986) is that
AND
feelings or regret.
Resource extraction key to local survival and poverty alleviation.
Thondhlana 13 Thondhlana, Gladman, and Edwin Muchapondwa. Dependence on Environmental Resources and Implications for Household Welfare: Evidence from the Kalahari Drylands, South Africa. No. 370. 2013 AJ
Overall, environmental resources
AND
ecological linkages between parks and their surroundings.
Peru econ growth solves poverty – empirically verified
Wiig and Balarezo 12 Jorge Balarezo and Henrik Wiig. “The mighty few vs. the silent majority – Barriers to resource extraction for poverty reduction in Peru.” Norwegian Institute for Urban and Regional Research Working Paper 2012: 105. May 2012 AJ
The economic growth has
and
over 80 in relation to 2007.

Poverty causes nuclear war.
Caldwell 2000 - Joseph George Caldwell, PhD (Statistics) Consultant in Statistics and Information Technology (“On Human Population, Global Nuclear War and the Survival of Planet Earth,” Foundation Website 10/26/00, http://www.foundationwebsite.org/arti1000.htm Accessed 7/10/13 AT)
It would appear that global nuclear war
AND
for war to higher levels.
Economic collapse causes extinction.
Bearden 2000 (Thomas, Lt. Col in US Army) “The Unnecessary Energy Crisis”, Free Republic, June 24, p. online wyo-tjc
History bears out that
AND
at least for many decades.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 2 | Opponent: Ashland | Judge: Nate Zerbib Berda
A) Is the uniqueness and link, environmental regulations push oil companies to the arctic
Toomey 12 (Diane, award-winning public radio journalist, science editor at Marketplace, the World Vision Report and Living on Earth, has reported on science, medicine and the environment for WUNC) Cites Michael Klare, a professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College in Massachusetts, and national security expert) “Global Scarcity: Scramble for Dwindling Natural Resources” Yale Environment 360, May 23 2012 AT

Klare: We’re really going to be using very aggressive means of extraction, so
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indicate that the U.S. is on the road to this?

B) Is the internal link, Artic resource extraction causes conflict
Rogate and Ferrara 12 (Chiara Rogate M.A. candidate at The Johns Hopkins University’s SAIS
Bologna Center and Marco Ferrara,; M.A.I.A. candidate at The Johns Hopkins University’s SAIS Bologna Center, Climate Change and Power Shifts in the Arctic Region
Bologna Center Journal for International Affairs Vol 15, 8/21/12 http://bcjournal.org/volume-15/climate-change-and-power-shifts-in-the-arctic-region.html ) DD
It is therefore fair to state that global climate change, along with and
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rush to establish their claims and plant a foothold in this contested area.
C) Is the impact, Arctic war goes nuclear causes extinction. 

Wallace, 10 (Professor Emeritus at the University of British Columbia, March, “Ridding the Arctic of Nuclear Weapons A Task Long Overdue”, http://www.arcticsecurity.org/docs/arctic-nuclear-report-web.pdf) DD

The fact is, the Arctic is becoming a zone of increased military competition.
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geo-political/economic significance of the Arctic because of climate change.”

Turns warming
Walsh 12 (Bryan, senior writer for TIME magazine, covering energy and the environment) “It’s Not Just Spills—the Climate Risks of Arctic Drilling” TIME online july 20 AT
But a new report by the NGO Clean Air Task Force (CATF) shows
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by 2 to 3 C over the past 50 years—even worse.

Tournament: CPS | Round: Finals | Opponent: Chris Kymn | Judge: Panel
Aff actors should fully fund a program to cover 4.8 of the Earth’s oceans with 0.1 micrometer diameter latex particles, either hollow, or of core-shell morphology, bearing a conventional stabilization system that is inactivated in salt water.
Solves warming---avoids solvency deficits associated with traditional ocean albedo modification
Morgan 11 10/8/11, John, PhD in physical chemistry, runs RandD programmes at a Sydney startup company, research experience in chemical engineering in the US and at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australia's national science agency, “Low intensity geoengineering – microbubbles and microspheres,” http://bravenewclimate.com/2011/10/08/low-intensity-geoengineering-microbubbles-and-microspheres/
The appeal of this technique comes from the fact that you only need very small
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a powerful engineered response to climate change, if we can deploy them.

Tournament: Battle for LA | Round: 7 | Opponent: Brentwood JC | Judge: panel
I advocate that all developing countries adopt mercury reduction regulations to all artisanal and small-scale gold mining.
Blacksmith Institute “Artisanal Gold Mining: A Dangerous Pollution Problem.” Blacksmith Institute. http://www.blacksmithinstitute.org/artisanal-gold-mining.html. No Date AJ
Blacksmith Institute, a New York-based non-profit organisation, designs and
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to manage mercury in gold shops; and conducting environmental and health assessments.

Tournament: Emory | Round: 1 | Opponent: La Salle DS | Judge: Greg Malis
China and US are both eager to be the green leader
Karlsson et al 11—Professor of Political Science @ Uppsala University Dr. Christer Karlsson, Charles Parker (Professor of Political Science @ Uppsala University), Mattias Hjerpe (Professor in the Centre for Climate Science and Policy Research @ Linköping University and Björn-Ola Linnér (Professor in Water and Environmental Studies and director of the Centre for Climate Science and Policy Research at Linköping University), “Looking for Leaders: Perceptions of Climate Change Leadership among Climate Change Negotiation Participants,” Global Environmental Politics 11:1, Feb 2011
The list of possible leadership contenders
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change regime will be to examine the demand side of the leadership equation. Pg. 95
That impedes US-China green cooperation
Larson 9—Journalist focusing on international environmental issues, based in Beijing and Washington, D.C Christina Larson, Christina Larson “Let's call off the green energy space race with China,” Foreign Policy, Monday, April 27, 2009—11:00 AM, pg. http://blog.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2009/04/26/paging_houston_call_off_the_green_space_wars
Lastly, and most importantly, I think that highlighting the competition
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even climate-treaty negotiations.
Extinction
Wittner 11—Professor of History @ State University of New York-Albany Lawrence S. Wittner, “Is a Nuclear War with China Possible?” Huntington News, Monday, November 28, 2011, http://www.huntingtonnews.net/14446
While nuclear weapons exist, there remains a danger that they will be
AND
should be working to encourage these policies.

Nuclear war turns and outweighs any environmental impact
Toon et al 08—Brian Toon is chair of the department of atmospheric and oceanic sciences and a member of the laboratory for atmospheric and space physics at the University of Colorado at Boulder. Alan Robock is a professor of atmospheric science at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey. Rich Turco is a professor of atmospheric science at the University of California, Los Angeles. December, 2008, “Environmental consequences of nuclear war,” Physics Today, http://ptonline.aip.org/journals/doc/PHTOAD-ft/vol_61/iss_12/37_1.shtml
Environmental effects of soot Figure 3a indicates changes in
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advised by a broad section of the scientific community—and widely debated by the public.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: Octas | Opponent: Loyola CK | Judge: Panel
Foreign investment and imports are the driving force of the Chinese economy
Yao et al 13 Yao, Limin, Chaobo Bao, and Junliang Yu. "Research on Economic Development Stage and Marginal Effects of Trade and FDI on Economic Growth in China." International Journal of Economics and Finance 5.11 (2013) AJ
There has a lot of literatures about trade, FDI which can
AND
more effectively promote regional economic growth.

China economy is on the brink
BBC 9/11BBC News. “ Li Keqiang: China economy at crucial stage.” 11 September 2013. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-24047426 AJ
At the World Economic Forum in the Chinese
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that the situation is, on the whole, safe and manageable."
Continued Chinese economic strength is key to global economic strength.
Lin 11 Justin Yifu Lin (World Bank's chief economist and senior vice president for Development Economics). “Viewpoint: China, the 'leading dragon' of the world economy.” BBC News. 11/23/11. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-15861161 AJ
Whether we are on the verge of an "Asian
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growing relative strength of China in the multi-polar world.
economic collapse causes competition for resources and instability that escalates and goes nuclear
Harris and Burrows 9 Mathew, PhD European History @ Cambridge, counselor in the National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer is a member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis” http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf Increased Potential for Global Conflict

Of course, the report encompasses
AND
in a more dog-eat-dog world.
Economic growth leads to more democracy, while economic recession hurts democracy – the academic consensus is overwhelming, it’s just a question of long-term effects.
Barro 99 Robert J. Barro. Paul M. Warburg Professor of Economics at Harvard University. “Determinants of democracy.” Journal of Political Economy Vol. 107, No. S6 (December 1999), pp. S158-S183. 1999 AJ
A panel study of over 100
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Muslim and non?religious affiliations remain intact.
He continues:
Barro 99 Robert J. Barro. Paul M. Warburg Professor of Economics at Harvard University. “Determinants of democracy.” Journal of Political Economy Vol. 107, No. S6 (December 1999), pp. S158-S183. 1999 AJ
Inspection of the cross-country data
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became more democratic.

Tournament: Battle for LA | Round: 7 | Opponent: Brentwood JC | Judge: panel
Text: All aff actors should phase out mercury cells in chlor-alkali technology and shift to a membrane technology.
Meili and Hylander 5 LARS D. HYLANDER (Department of Limnology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University,) and MARKUS MEILI (Stockholm University, Inst. of Appl. Environ. Research). “The Rise and Fall of Mercury: Converting a Resource to Refuse After 500 Years of Mining and Pollution.” Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 34:1–36, 2005 AJ
Global Hg production increased markedly in the 20th century, due to industrial use other
AND
for a century, will worldwide be entirely replaced within a few decades.

Tournament: Emory | Round: 5 | Opponent: Grapevine AY | Judge: Chris Castillo
NOTE - I also read this round 4 against Varad

Text: The aff actors should work with communities to devise restrictions on the process of resource extraction

Solves case
Ostrom et al 99 Elinor Ostrom (Center for the Study of Institutions, Population, and Environmental Change and Workshop in Political The- ory and Policy Analysis, Indiana University) Joanna Burger,2 Christopher B. Field,3 Richard B. Norgaard,4 David Policansky. “Revisiting the Commons: Local Lessons, Global Challenges.” Science VOL 284 (1999) AJ
The empirical and theoretical
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resistance to externally imposed institutions.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 6 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake NS | Judge: Bekah Boyer
Environmental protection laws absolve us of the guilt of our consumption
Bobertz 95 Bradley C. Bobertz, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Nebraska College of Law. “Legitimizing Pollution Through Pollution Control Laws: Reflections on Scapegoating Theory.”  Texas Law Review, Volume 73, Number 4, March 1995. Content downloaded/printed from HeinOnline (http://heinonline.org) Wed Dec 25 23:49:03 2013 SW
While the causes of crime, poverty, and other social problems can, without
AND
an existing state of affairs while simultaneously creating the appearance of reforming it.  
The affirmative’s focus on resource extraction, rather than consumption, as the cause of environmental degradation redeems a culture at odds with its polluting ways.
Bobertz 95 Bradley C. Bobertz, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Nebraska College of Law. “Legitimizing Pollution Through Pollution Control Laws: Reflections on Scapegoating Theory.”  Texas Law Review, Volume 73, Number 4, March 1995. Content downloaded/printed from HeinOnline (http://heinonline.org) Wed Dec 25 23:49:03 2013 SW
The first aspect of the legitimizing effect of environmental law centers on guilt,'88
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legislative overbuilding and conceptual chaos-precisely the condition of environmental law today.
The enactment of environmental laws also includes a less virtuous tendency to return with one
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is liberated, free to pursue its old ways without fear of reprisal.
Consumption is the root cause of the Affirmative harms and constitutes a systemic harm
Dauvergne 5 (Peter, “Dying of Consumption: Accidents or Sacrifices of Global Morality?” Global Environmental Politics, August)
Private consumption expenditures are now more than 4 times higher than in 1960. The
AND
look at the guts of global morality in an era of consumptive prosperity.
The alt is to reject the affirmative’s framing of environmental degradation for one that examines the problem as a cultural phenomenon.  Only through this model can we hope to understand the conceptual disarray that entangles environmental destruction.
Bobertz 95 Bradley C. Bobertz, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Nebraska College of Law. “Legitimizing Pollution Through Pollution Control Laws: Reflections on Scapegoating Theory.”  Texas Law Review, Volume 73, Number 4, March 1995. Content downloaded/printed from HeinOnline (http://heinonline.org) Wed Dec 25 23:49:03 2013 SW
This Article is intended to introduce a new context for understanding the conceptual disarray and
AND
The better we understand the errors, the better we can devise solutions.
Our individual ethical stance is itself political – building block for a larger and more influential movement. Our alternative acknowledges the inevitably political nature of productive and extractive processes, creating a space for deliberation to challenge economic assumptions.
Muldoon 6 – MSW @ Carleton
Annie, “Where the Green Is: Examining the Paradox of Environmentally Conscious Consumption,” Electronic Green Journal, EBSCO
When discussing issues pertaining to environmental choices, it is helpful to view consumption as
AND
and green consumption is a venue where individual responsibility can meet communal activism.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 6 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake NS | Judge: Bekah Boyer
Environmental protection laws absolve us of the guilt of our consumption
Bobertz 95 Bradley C. Bobertz, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Nebraska College of Law. “Legitimizing Pollution Through Pollution Control Laws: Reflections on Scapegoating Theory.”  Texas Law Review, Volume 73, Number 4, March 1995. Content downloaded/printed from HeinOnline (http://heinonline.org) Wed Dec 25 23:49:03 2013 SW
While the causes of crime, poverty, and other social problems can, without
AND
an existing state of affairs while simultaneously creating the appearance of reforming it.  
The affirmative’s focus on resource extraction, rather than consumption, as the cause of environmental degradation redeems a culture at odds with its polluting ways.
Bobertz 95 Bradley C. Bobertz, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Nebraska College of Law. “Legitimizing Pollution Through Pollution Control Laws: Reflections on Scapegoating Theory.”  Texas Law Review, Volume 73, Number 4, March 1995. Content downloaded/printed from HeinOnline (http://heinonline.org) Wed Dec 25 23:49:03 2013 SW
The first aspect of the legitimizing effect of environmental law centers on guilt,'88
AND
legislative overbuilding and conceptual chaos-precisely the condition of environmental law today.
The enactment of environmental laws also includes a less virtuous tendency to return with one
AND
is liberated, free to pursue its old ways without fear of reprisal.
Consumption is the root cause of the Affirmative harms and constitutes a systemic harm
Dauvergne 5 (Peter, “Dying of Consumption: Accidents or Sacrifices of Global Morality?” Global Environmental Politics, August)
Private consumption expenditures are now more than 4 times higher than in 1960. The
AND
look at the guts of global morality in an era of consumptive prosperity.
The alt is to reject the affirmative’s framing of environmental degradation for one that examines the problem as a cultural phenomenon.  Only through this model can we hope to understand the conceptual disarray that entangles environmental destruction.
Bobertz 95 Bradley C. Bobertz, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Nebraska College of Law. “Legitimizing Pollution Through Pollution Control Laws: Reflections on Scapegoating Theory.”  Texas Law Review, Volume 73, Number 4, March 1995. Content downloaded/printed from HeinOnline (http://heinonline.org) Wed Dec 25 23:49:03 2013 SW
This Article is intended to introduce a new context for understanding the conceptual disarray and
AND
The better we understand the errors, the better we can devise solutions.
Our individual ethical stance is itself political – building block for a larger and more influential movement. Our alternative acknowledges the inevitably political nature of productive and extractive processes, creating a space for deliberation to challenge economic assumptions.
Muldoon 6 – MSW @ Carleton
Annie, “Where the Green Is: Examining the Paradox of Environmentally Conscious Consumption,” Electronic Green Journal, EBSCO
When discussing issues pertaining to environmental choices, it is helpful to view consumption as
AND
and green consumption is a venue where individual responsibility can meet communal activism.

Tournament: VBT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Strake JM | Judge: Erik Legried
The affirmative projects western values upon developing countries
Beckerman 96 Beckerman, Wilfred, Emeritus Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford, and a former member of the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution. “Through Green-Colored Glasses: Environmentalism Reconsidered.” publ. 1996.

In the richer countries of the world it is at least understandable that important sections
AND
poor water, housing, sanitation and nutrition, by sickness and disease."
Environmentalism’s paternalistic crusade leaves those in the third world no better off
Nelson 03 Nelson, Robert H., professor at the School of Public Affairs of the University of Maryland, College Park. Environmental Colonialism: “Saving” Africa from Africans. The Independent Review, v. VIII, n.1, Summer 2003, ISSN 1086-1653, ppg 65– 86.  Accessed online 12.30.2013 SW http://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_08_1_5_nelson.pdf

For the villagers living today in proximity to Arusha National Park, there are clear
AND
the 1970s between international conservation and development organizations. (1999, 234)

This mindset reinforces the logic of inferiority—
Khan 94 (Ali Khan, Law Professor 3at Washburn University school of Law, “Lessons from Malcolm X: Freedom by Any Means Necessary,” 38, Howard Law Journal 81, http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/howlj38andid=89andtype=textandcollection=journals)
The second aspect of oppression is a systematic assault on the inherent human dignity of
AND
marks of inferiority and degradation eliminate the dignity of the entire group.56

And the affirmative’s irrational ideology risks hasty and dramatic action
Beckerman 96 Beckerman, Wilfred, Emeritus Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford, and a former member of the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution. “Through Green-Colored Glasses: Environmentalism Reconsidered.” publ. 1996.
Melodramatic appeals to a total revolution in people's aspirations of the kind that have been
AND
for itself, overcoming major problems like overpopulation, starving and worldwide diseases.

The alternative is to reject the affirmative’s framing in favor of a mode of thought that recognizes problems
Beckerman 96 Beckerman, Wilfred, Emeritus Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford, and a former member of the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution. “Through Green-Colored Glasses: Environmentalism Reconsidered.” publ. 1996.
It may well be true, as Jonathan Porritt has said, that "Politically
AND
will do very well. What is needed is that we use them.
Root Cause of environmental problems
Beckerman 96 Beckerman, Wilfred, Emeritus Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford, and a former member of the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution. “Through Green-Colored Glasses: Environmentalism Reconsidered.” publ. 1996.
But the worst environmental problems are those found in the Third World. These are
AND
intact wildlands themselves, will save biodiversity from the mill of human poverty."
Representations are key to understanding power relations
Biyanwila 8—University of Western Australia (Janaka, Re-empowering labour : Knowledge, ontology and counter-hegemony, http://www.tasa.org.au/uploads/2011/05/Biyanwila-Janaka-Session-59-PDF.pdf)
An essential component of union power and issues of empowerment is the production of knowledge
AND
culture and in the structure, not only in the ‘human mind’”.
Representations influence our thought processes
Bleiker ‘1 (Ronald Bleiker, Senior lecturer and co-director of Rotary centre of International studies in Peace and Conflict resolution, 2001, “The Zen of International Relations”, edited by Stephen Chan, Peter Mandeville, and Ronald Blieker, p. 47)
The doorkeepers of IR are those who, knowingly or unknowingly make sure that the
AND
the rules of a discursive police which is reactivated each time one speaks.

Tournament: Emory | Round: 5 | Opponent: Grapevine AY | Judge: Chris Castillo
Interpretation: Aff must only defend EP over RE. To clarify, that means:

1. no legal structural changes
   2. No consultation of outside actors

Standard:

Predictable limits - too many topical affs

Voter: Fairness

Tournament: CPS | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Claremont | Judge: Panel
Gold mining is an extractive industry and it’s part of the topic – it’s key to the economy
Oliphant 2013 Randal Oliphant- Chairman of the World Gold Council. “The direct economic impact of gold”. PWC. January 2013 NM
In the midst of all this, and at a time when the ‘extractive’
AND
sustained impact on the local economies where gold production or consumption takes place.
Economic decline causes global nuclear war
Royal 10 – Jedediah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, 2010, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises,” in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-214
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
popularity, are statistically linked to an increase in the use of force.
Nuclear war causes extinction.
Phillips 2000 (Dr. Allen, Peace Activist, Nuclear Winter Revisited, October, http://www.peace.ca/nuclearwinterrevisited.htm)
Those of us who were involved in peace activities in the 80's probably remember a
AND
after a few generations of hunger and disease, in a radioactive environment.

Tournament: Battle for LA | Round: 7 | Opponent: Brentwood JC | Judge: panel
Gold mining is an extractive industry and it’s part of the topic – it’s key to the economy
Oliphant 2013 Randal Oliphant- Chairman of the World Gold Council. “The direct economic impact of gold”. PWC. January 2013 NM
In the midst of all this, and at a time when the ‘extractive’
AND
the GDP of the Republic of Ireland or the Czech Republic or Beijing.
Gold mining is key to the global economy
WGC 13 World Gold Council, Market development organisation for the gold industry, "The direct economic impact of gold," http://www.financialiceberg.com/economic_impact_of_gold.html/
In the midst of all this, and at a time when the ‘extractive’
AND
sustained impact on the local economies where gold production or consumption takes place.
Foreign investment and imports are the driving force of the Chinese economy
Yao et al 13 Yao, Limin, Chaobo Bao, and Junliang Yu. "Research on Economic Development Stage and Marginal Effects of Trade and FDI on Economic Growth in China." International Journal of Economics and Finance 5.11 (2013) AJ
There has a lot of literatures about trade, FDI which can promote economic growth
AND
is providing ideas for policy adjustments and more effectively promote regional economic growth.

China economy is on the brink
BBC 9/11BBC News. “ Li Keqiang: China economy at crucial stage.” 11 September 2013. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-24047426 AJ
At the World Economic Forum in the Chinese port city of Dalian, Mr Li
AND
certainty that the situation is, on the whole, safe and manageable."
Continued Chinese economic strength is key to global economic strength.
Lin 11 Justin Yifu Lin (World Bank's chief economist and senior vice president for Development Economics). “Viewpoint: China, the 'leading dragon' of the world economy.” BBC News. 11/23/11. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-15861161 AJ
Whether we are on the verge of an "Asian Century" or not,
AND
given the growing relative strength of China in the multi-polar world.
Economic collapse causes competition for resources and instability that escalates and goes nuclear
Harris and Burrows 9 Mathew, PhD European History @ Cambridge, counselor in the National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer is a member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis” http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf Increased Potential for Global Conflict

Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and indeed believes the future is
AND
within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world.
War turns climate stability
Robock and Slanina 9 – Prof Climatology @ Rutgers, Alan, Head of Environmental Research @ Netherlands Energy Research Foundation, Sjaak, "Nuclear winter." In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland  http://www.eoearth.org/article/Nuclear_winter
Nuclear winter is a term that describes the climatic effects of nuclear war. In
AND
. Only nuclear disarmament will prevent the possibility of a nuclear environmental catastrophe.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 6 | Opponent: Loyola MG | Judge: Matt Delateur
The aff results in a massive expansion of natural gas
Reuters 11 (News source) “India's future lies in liquified natural gas” Deccan Herald May 30 AT
Signing long-term deals now
AND
Petronet and Royal Dutch Shell.
Increasing LNG imports causes accidents – the impact is massive
Hunter and Lovins 1 (analysts, lectures and consultants on energy, resource and security policy, Hunter Lovins has degrees in Law, Political Studies and Sociology and an honorary doctorate, and is a member of the California Bar. For six years she was assistant Director of the California Conservation project. Amory Lovins is a consultant experimental physicist, educated at Harvard and Oxford, who has published 23 books (many co-authored with Hunter) and several hundred papers. He has held various academic chairs, received six honorary doctorates, served on the US Department of Energy's senior advisory board, and consulted (often with Hunter) for scores of energy companies, manufacturing firms, governments and international organisations. The Lovineses have received numerous awards for their work.  Brittle Power : Energy Strategy for National Security – Rocky Mountain Institute --  http://www.rmi.org/images/other/S-BrPwr-Parts123.pdf -- also available @ http://www.transitcommerce.com/Harpswell/weeks.asp)
Disasters Waiting to Happen :  Liquified Natural
AND
about fifty-five Hiroshima bombs
LNG tankers are prime terror targets
Eben Kaplan 2006 (Assistant Editor, the Council on Foreign Relations, “Liquefied Natural Gas: A Potential Terrorist Target?” http://www.cfr.org/port-security/liquefied-natural-gas-potential-terrorist-target/p9810)
The Sandia National Laboratories report
AND
population area and detonating the cargo.
Al-Qaeda wants to target LNG tankers now
Eben Kaplan 2006 (Assistant Editor, the Council on Foreign Relations, “Liquefied Natural Gas: A Potential Terrorist Target?” http://www.cfr.org/port-security/liquefied-natural-gas-potential-terrorist-target/p9810)

Yes, because of LNG's explosive
AND
hazard presented by terrorists is a fire, not an explosion." 

Causes escalation and extinction.
Owen B. Toon 7, chair of the Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences at CU-Boulder, et al., April 19, 2007, “Atmospheric effects and societal consequences of regional scale nuclear conflicts and acts of individual nuclear terrorism,” online: http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/pdf/acp-7-1973-2007.pdf

To an increasing extent, people are
AND
present scenarios and physical outcomes.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 6 | Opponent: Loyola MG | Judge: Matt Delateur
Expanding natural gas causes warming
Pooley 12 Eric Pooley - senior VP @Environmental Defense Fund, Served as chief political correspondent of Time, managing editor of Fortune, and deputy editor of Bloomberg Businessweek. “Natural Gas – A Briefing Paper For Candidates,” August 10, 2012, http://blogs.edf.org/energyexchange/2012/08/10/natural-gas-a-briefing-paper-for-candidates/)
In the absence of responsible
AND
plan for domestic energy security.
Warming is real, anthropogenic, and threatens extinctioN
Richard Schiffman 9/27/13, environmental writer @ The Atlantic citing the Fifth Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, “What Leading Scientists Want You to Know About Today's Frightening Climate Report,” The Atlantic, http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/09/leading-scientists-weigh-in-on-the-mother-of-all-climate-reports/280045/
The polar icecaps are melting faster
AND
of all for the U.N. report: ¶ "We have five minutes before midnight."
Warming magnifies all impacts and makes global conflicts inevitable
John Vogler IR @ Keele et al ’11 “Energy Security and Climate Security: Synergy or Conflict?” http://www.wiscnetwork.org/porto2011/papers/WISC_2011-727.pdf p. 10-13
A combination of these analytical pathways holds
AND
on climate governance.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 6 | Opponent: Loyola MG | Judge: Matt Delateur
India will stop nuclear energy use but continue extraction of uranium and implement the “solar hub” program.
IBN 14 IBN Live India News. “Renewable energy: Challenges in implementing solar energy and possible solutions.” 2/4/14. http://ibnlive.in.com/news/renewable-energy-challenges-in-implementing-solar-energy-and-possible-solutions/449962-3.html AJ
At the outset, public perceptions that solar energy is expensive
AND
to the growing export markets.
Mutually exclusive – your Parameswaran evidence says we shift to coal and natural gas
Solves the case – we no longer use uranium in the reactors but continue extraction. Still negates.

Tournament: Battle for LA | Round: 4 | Opponent: Del Mar VB | Judge: Panel

1. The probability of the Islamic holy book, the Qur’an, not being divine is infinitesimally small
   Naik 7 (Dr. Zakir Naik, Founder of the Islamic Research Foundation and Doctor) “Proving The Existence of Allah SWT To An Athiest” Islamic Research Foundation. 2007 is last date cite AT
   A dice has got six sides. If you throw a dice and guess any
   AND
   prove to a logical person that the origin of the Qur’an is Divine.
   2. The Qur’anic description of human embryos is so accurate it must be divine
   Moore 97 (Keith Leon, Professor Emeritus in Anatomy, University of Toronto, Associate Dean for Basic Medical Sciences, and Founder of American Association of Clinical Anatomists) “Human Embryonic Development” Quran on the Origins of the Universe. From Islam-guide, citing Keith Moor
   Professor Keith Moore is one of the world's prominent scientists in the fields of anatomy
   AND
   such details because he was an illiterate man with absolutely no scientific training."
   3. The Qu’ran makes millennia-long predictions, which proves its truth since the only explanation for this is that it was given by Allah---2 warrants
   A) The Qu’ran predicted the discovery of oil
   Gulen 89 (F, Islamic Sermon Giver) “Examples of the Prophet Muhammad’s Predictions Related to the Distant Future” Islamic Sermon Giver Infinite Light (1989)
   In another narration, God’s Messenger, upon him be peace and blessings, predicted
   AND
   come true because those resources have already been discovered in and around Taleqan.
   B) The Messenger predicted central features of modern economics
   Gulen 89 (F, Islamic Sermon Giver) “Examples of the Prophet Muhammad’s Predictions Related to the Distant Future” Islamic Sermon Giver Infinite Light (1989)
   God’s Messenger also predicted: quote A time will come upon people when
   AND
   warfare. It goes without saying that all these predictions have come true. 
2. The Qu’ran bans the use of force by the state – any compulsions or laws are not allowed
   Beauty of Islam (blog run by several muslims, Diana, Lebanese Muslimah, admin for Muslim Scribes; Amani, Palestinian Muslim living in New York as well, majoring in Speech Pathology; Yamin, General Manager; Osama, graduate from Al- Azhar University and gives lectures on Shariah; Nadir, founder of Candor Muslims Initiative) “Islam and Anarchism?” AT
   While Christian anarchists reject the use of violence completely, most anarchists agree that the
   AND
   religion, the logical conclusion is a stateless, classless society without hierarchy.
   2. The Qu’ran explicitly bans obedience to any human authority
   van Luxzenburg 10 (Erik, Islam religious scholar) “Muslim Anarchism: Policrateia in the Islamic World” Luxzenburg Annotums blog July 9 AT
   These people just show that the thought goes deeper than one might think and stretches
   AND
   but only listen to others in order to make up his own mind!
   The Qur’an requires obedience only to God
   Fiscella 14 (Anthony, student of Social Anthropology at Lund´s University, studying Islam and anarchy) “Varieties of Islamic Anarchism: A Brief Introduction” Alpineanarchist.org AT
   Similarly, the anarchist “tradition” has its own “basket”. Here we
   AND
   been regarded as “rightly-guided” since the death of Ali).
   Islam cannot ground state coercion
   Fiscella 14 (Anthony, student of Social Anthropology at Lund´s University, studying Islam and anarchy) “Varieties of Islamic Anarchism: A Brief Introduction” Alpineanarchist.org AT
   Nonetheless, there have been some anarchists (even Muslim anarchists) who have participated
   AND
   not use the state and its apparatuses for creating justice and imposing piety.” 
3. A quote from the first caliph, an Islamic authority, proves – external state regulations are unnecessary since problems need to be resolved by individuals themselves
   Fiscella 14 (Anthony, student of Social Anthropology at Lund´s University, studying Islam and anarchy) “Varieties of Islamic Anarchism: A Brief Introduction” Alpineanarchist.org AT
   In another paper Carney provides a quote by Ali: Your sickness is within you
   AND
   made known. So you have no need of anything outside of you…

Tournament: CPS | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Jackson Lallas | Judge: Panel
Mangrove harvesting key to local subsistence and minimizing poverty – your own author writes:
Walters 08 Ethnobiology, socio-economics and management of mangrove forests: A review Bradley B. Walters a,*, Patrik Ro¨nnba¨ck b, John M. Kovacs c, Beatrice Crona b, Syed Ainul Hussain d, Ruchi Badola d, Jurgenne H. Primavera e, Edward Barbier f, Farid Dahdouh-Guebas Aquatic Botany 89 (2008) 220–236 AJ
Non-timber forest products are recognized as important economic resources, particularly to rural
AND
honey bees and hunted wildlife (see Table 1; Fig. 1G).
Prefer on empirics – non timber forest products are key to local subsistence and fighting poverty.
Stanley et al 12 Stanley, Denise, Robert Voeks, and Leaa Short. "Is Non-Timber Forest Product Harvest Sustainable in the Less Developed World? A Systematic Review of the Recent Economic and Ecological Literature." Ethnobiology and Conservation 1 (2012) AJ
Assessment of recent studies of non-timber forest products (2000-2010)
AND
in Latin America against USD$5.62 per day in Africa.
Confirmed by empirics
López-Feldman 07, Alejandro, Jorge Mora, and J. Edward Taylor. "Does natural resource extraction mitigate poverty and inequality? Evidence from rural Mexico and a Lacandona Rainforest Community." Environment and Development Economics 12.02 (2007): 251-269
Our findings highlight the importance of income from natural resource extraction in alleviating poverty and
AND
Gini coefficient by 0.36 and 0.11, respectively.
Poverty causes nuclear war.
Caldwell 2000 - Joseph George Caldwell, PhD (Statistics) Consultant in Statistics and Information Technology (“On Human Population, Global Nuclear War and the Survival of Planet Earth,” Foundation Website 10/26/00, http://www.foundationwebsite.org/arti1000.htm Accessed 7/10/13 AT)
It would appear that global nuclear war will happen very soon, for two main
AND
crowding and misery increase, raising the motivation for war to higher levels.
That turns climate stability and causes extinction.
Robock and Slanina 9 – Prof Climatology @ Rutgers, Alan, Head of Environmental Research @ Netherlands Energy Research Foundation, Sjaak, "Nuclear winter." In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland  http://www.eoearth.org/article/Nuclear_winter
Nuclear winter is a term that describes the climatic effects of nuclear war. In
AND
nuclear disarmament will prevent the possibility of a nuclear environmental catastrophe.

Tournament: CPS | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Jackson Lallas | Judge: Panel
Interpretation: Environmental protection refers to regulation of pollution and waste – that’s distinct from resource conservation.
Arruda 13 Arruda, Joe, Dr (Pitt State University). "Careers with an Environmental Spin." Careers with an Environmental Spin. Pitt State. Web. 19 Dec. 2013
The two traditional areas of environmental jobs are environmental protection
AND
of soils, lands, forests, fish, and wildlife.

Violation: Aff takes active steps to preserve mangroves, but does not regulate pollution. That means it’s effects topical at best. 

Standards

1. Jurisdiction
   2. Predictable Limits

Tournament: Harvard RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Danny | Judge: Panel
Text: Bolivia, Colombia, Brazil, and Peru should declare a ban on oil and gas extraction in the western Amazon rainforest modeled after Ecuador’s Yasuni-ITT Initiative.

Text: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru should declare a ban on oil and gas extraction in the western Amazon rainforest modeled after Ecuador’s Yasuni-ITT Initiative.

Tournament: CPS | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Claremont | Judge: Panel
CP Text: Developing countries will develop natural resources and distribute the revenue in the form of direct payments to citizens.
B. Competition: 1st Extracts resources so mutually exclusive. 2nd Competes through Net Benefits
C. Solvency:
Taxation and incentives for accountability will reduce corruption.
Moss 11 Todd Moss, senior fellow at Center for Global Development. "Oil to Cash: Fighting the Resource Curse through Cash Transfers." Center for Global Development Working Paper 237. January 2011. JY
Incentives to tax. After giving cash to its citizens, the state would treat
AND
creating greater incentives for citizens to hold their governments accountable (Fasano 2000). 

Even small cash transfers are ridiculously good at reducing poverty. Moss 2:
4. Good for the poor. Importantly, cash transfers would have immediate and
AND
benefit of, say 10, to the poor other than cash transfers.

The resource curse is not inevitable and resources can be enormously beneficial if managed properly.
Greenstein and Remer 12 Terra Lawson-Remer, fellow at Council on Foreign Relations and Joshua Greenstein, econ PhD candidate at New School for Social Research. "Beating the Resource Curse- a global effort." Good Governance Africa. August 1, 2012. JY
But resources do not automatically lead to poor outcomes. For instance, North America
AND
more important role, too, by enforcing and strengthening existing transparency rules.

Tournament: CPS | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Claremont | Judge: Panel
Resource extraction does not include renewable resources
Alamance County Board of Commissioners 11 “ALAMANCE COUNTY HEAVY INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORDINANCE” Oct 31 AT
Resource Extraction means the removal of any naturally occurring
AND
include timber, surface or subsurface water, or any renewable resource.
They explode limits – key to fairness

Tournament: CPS | Round: Finals | Opponent: Chris Kymn | Judge: Panel
US-Saudi interaction is fully dependent on oil – the plan removes that link
Congregalli ’13 Matteo Congregalli, International Politics Journalist, “Without Oil. Without Allies: USA and the New American Dream of Independent Energy,” Urban Times, 2/15/13, http://urbantimes.co/magazine/2013/02/usa-oil-saudi-arabia-independent-domestic-energy-supply/
Examples of oil-diplomacy are known to be neither smooth nor easy. Take
AND
are turning into a Saudi Arabia with burgers, baseball, and guns.
Link: oil imports from Saudi Arabia uniquely key for Saudi-US relations. Arab America Giving writes,
Arab American Giving, The Importance of Saudi Arabia to the US Economy, http://www.arabamericangiving.org/the-importance-of-saudi-arabia-to-the-us-economy.php
The US economy is highly dependent on oil, relying on oil for about 40
AND
to make it possible for the US to trade with other Arab countries.
Saudi prolif causes nuclear war. Edelman 11’
Edelman ‘11
(Eric –Distinguished Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments and Former U.S. Undersecretary of Defense for Policy, Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67162/eric-s-edelman-andrew-f-krepinevich-jr-and-evan-braden-montgomer/the-dangers-of-a-nuclear-iran)

There is, however, at least one state that could receive significant outside support
AND
Middle East could lead to a new Great Game, with unpredictable consequences.
Nuclear war would be worse than the largest mass extinctions in geological history
PARKINSON 3 (Stuart, Scientists For Global Responsibility, “Does Anybody Remember the Nuclear Winter?”
One further environmental problem would be widespread destruction of the ozone layer caused by high
AND
many times larger than has ever happened during the 3 billion years of evolution

Tournament: Emory | Round: 1 | Opponent: La Salle DS | Judge: Greg Malis
Interpretation: Aff must implement in 2 or more developing countries
Violation: Aff is only china
Standards:
Grammar - Countries is plural. key to predictability
Voter: Fairness

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 6 | Opponent: Loyola MG | Judge: Matt Delateur
Interpretation: Aff must defend a topical advocacy in two or more developing countries.
Violation: Aff only does in India
Standards:

1. Grammar: “Countries” is grammatically plural

Tournament: Emory | Round: 4 | Opponent: Greenhill VA | Judge: Zach Schuyler
Interpretation – environmental protection includes only elimination of pollution
OECD 3 (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, International organisation helping governments tackle the economic, social and governance challenges of a globalised economy) “ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION” CLASSIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION ACTIVITIES, March 04, 2003 AT
Environmental protection refers to any activity to maintain or restore the quality of environmental media
AND
, and (f) prevention of degradation of the landscape and ecosystems.
Violation: aff stops mining
The standard is predictable limits
Fairness is a voter

Tournament: JF | Round: 1 | Opponent: Aff | Judge: JF
A. Text: All relevant aff actors will implement aff plan as a voluntary environmental agreement, offering regulated parties positive incentives for environmental protection.
Coglianese and Borck 09 Borck, Jonathan C., and Cary Coglianese. "Voluntary environmental programs: assessing their effectiveness." Annual Review of Environment and Resources 34 (2009): 305-324 AJ

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 5 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
Part one is the ABHORRENT HISTORY
The story of the aff is the story of Jarvious Cotton. Cotton’s story reveals a new generation of racist voting laws, employed to exclude black voters.
Hodgkiss 01 (Anita, trial attorney with over 35 years of experience defending companies and individuals in the state and federal trial and appellate courts) “Race and Election Irregularites on November 7 2000” 15-FEB NBA National Bar Association Magazine 18- (January/February, 2001) AT
The information gathered by civil rights organizations, including the NAACP, details allegations of
AND
commend several of them to legislatures, agencies and the bar for consideration.
The Progress of the civil rights movement has been erased
Knafo 13 (Saki, General Assignment Writer, has written for The New York Times Magazine, New York Magazine, and Publishers Weekly) “Voting Rights Of Black Americans Trampled By 'New Jim Crow,' Civil Rights Advocates Say” Huffington Post, 07/25/2013 AT
More than a million of these disenfranchised Americans are black. Felony convictions restrict 13
AND
don't count and the major parties don't have to attend to their preferences."
This creates a collective action problem
Harvard Law Review 7 “THE CASE FOR COMPULSORY VOTING IN THE UNITED STATES” HARVARD LAW REVIEW Vol. 121:591 Dec 2007 AT
There are serious questions about how legitimate a government is when the vast majority of
AND
electoral and policy outcomes in ways that better reflect aggregate preferences.34  
Thus, part two is solvency. In the United States, voting ought to be compulsory.
Compulsory voting solves the issue of racism in voting
Cherry 09 (Ceridwen, Law Clerk at United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, Voting Rights Intern at The Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, Intern at Office of Senator Edward M. Kennedy, University of Michigan Law School and Harvard University Kennedy School of Government) “Maximizing Participation: what the US can learn from compulsory voting” FairVote June 8, 2009 AT
In the hotly contested and historic 2008 US Presidential election only 61 of registered
AND
of Georgia. Perhaps mandating participation isn't so un-American after all?
And, CV is key to resisting racist disenfranchisement laws
Cherry 09 (Ceridwen, Law Clerk at United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, Voting Rights Intern at The Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, Intern at Office of Senator Edward M. Kennedy, University of Michigan Law School and Harvard University Kennedy School of Government) “Maximizing Participation: what the US can learn from compulsory voting” FairVote June 8, 2009 AT
While mandatory turnout has little future in the US, electoral systems using compulsory voting
AND
shown to be one of the most powerful predictors of high turnout levels.
CV is key to political equality
Alejandro 11 (Hannah Alejandro, Georgetown University Law Center) “The Sovereign Obligations of We, the People: An Argument for Compulsory Voting in the United States” Georgetown Law Center March 18, 2011 AT
Of course, historically jury service has always been a legal obligation (for some
AND
– coercion can express equal regard and the guarantee of equal opportunity.61
Part three is the IMPACT
Voting restrictions construct blackness as the anti-citizen
Wacquant 05 (Loic, Distinguished University Professor of Sociology and Anthropology at the New School for Social Research, Professor of Sociology at the University of California, and a Researcher at the Center for European Sociology in Paris. His interests comprise comparative urban marginality, the penal state, bodily crafts, social theory, and the politics of reason ) “Race as civic felony” UNESCO 2005. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd AT
Race or, to be more precise, blackness – for, since the origins
AND
Harvard Law Review Association 1989, pp. 1314–1315, 1316)
This justifies violence and exclusion
Elden 02 Stuart Elden, politics at University of Warwick, 2002 (Boundary 2 29.2)
The reverse side is the power to allow death. State racism is a recoding
AND
228–30). As Foucault puts it in La volonté de savoir :
Political participation is the ONLY way to solve
Birch 09 Sarah Birch. “The Case for Compulsory Voting.” Public Policy Research. March-May 2009 AJ
The link between political fairness and full electoral participation is perhaps the most intuitively obvious
AND
breeding electoral alienation, which in turn provides an excuse for further neglect.
Part four is the FRAMEWORK – Yes, RACISM MATTERS.
A) Comparative Justice – We must actively improve the world
Amartya Sen Thomas W Larmont University Professor and Professor of Economics and Philosophy at Harvard University. "The Idea of Justice." Penguin Publishing. 2010. Print AJ
There is a long tradition in economic and social analysis of identifying the realization of
AND
an constant and inescapable part of the pursuit of justice.
B) CHANGING THE STORY: Racism in the academia might be invisible but it is just as harmful.
Scheurich and Young 97 (James Joseph Scheurich, Professor in the Department of Educational Administration and Human Resource Development at Texas AandM University; Michelle D. Young, Associate Professor, Department of Educational Administration. Executive Director, University Council for Educational Administration) “Coloring Epistemologies: Are Our Research Epistemologies Racially Biased?” Educational Researcher, Vol. 26, No. 4. (May, 1997), pp. 4-16. AT
Racism of any sort is heinous, most terribly for its victims but also for
AND
would be to betray our fundamental commitment as educators and as educational researchers.
Our conventional model is tainted with racism
Scheurich and Young 2 (James Joseph Scheurich, Professor in the Department of Educational Administration and Human Resource Development at Texas AandM University; Michelle D. Young, Associate Professor, Department of Educational Administration. Executive Director, University Council for Educational Administration) “Coloring Epistemologies: Are Our Research Epistemologies Racially Biased?” Educational Researcher, Vol. 26, No. 4. (May, 1997), pp. 4-16. AT
The civilizational level is the level of broad civilizational assumptions, assumptions that, though
AND
a testament to the race/culture-free nature of mainstream research epistemologies
We must change the story to inclusiveness
Kevin K. Kumashiro, “’Posts’ Perspectives on Anti-Oppressive Education in Social Studies, English, Mathematics, and Science Classrooms”, Educational Researcher, Volume 30, No. 3, April 2001.
It is easy to add difference to the curriculum in a way that complies with
AND
and the political views and practices they make possible (or close off)
Because as an American citizen, Jarvious Cotton deserves the right to vote, I affirm.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 4 | Opponent: Loyola MG | Judge: Tim Alderete
A. Interp: If the aff defends implementation of CV in one country, that country must be the US. OR, they must defend links to DAs not about their country. 

B. He read an afghan plan

C. 

1. Quality of ground

2. Predictable Clash

D. Fairness

Tournament: Damus | Round: Finals | Opponent: Immaculate Heart KH | Judge: Panel
Uniqueness: Uncertainty about QE3 and inflationary pressures have put the economy on the brink  - shocks will push it over.
Mirhaydari 10/22 Anthony Mirhaydari. Previously, senior research analyst with Markman Capital Insight. “Kiss the dollar goodbye.” Market Watch. The Wall Street Journal. 10/22/13. http://www.marketwatch.com/story/kiss-the-dollar-goodbye-2013-10-22 AJ
And thanks to constant reassurances from Federal Reserve officials, and Tuesday’s weaker-than
AND
, where you can track the recommendations made in my blogs and columns.
Strong ACP is key to tax code credibility and collection
Volz and Ellis 9 (William, Professor of Business Law and Ethics at Wayne
AND
TO UNCERTAIN LEGAL COUNSEL HOFSTRA LAW REVIEW Vol. 38:213 AT
The complexity of the tax system makes the premise that the attorney-client privilege
AND
system could do substantial harm to a system based on voluntary compliance.22
I’ll isolate 2 scenarios – first is small businesses
Graves 13 (Sam, US Representative for Missouri’s 6th congressional district, Chairman, Committee on Small Businesses) “Small businesses need tax reform” US Chamber of Commerce, Small Business Nation via Politico April 15 AT
Policymakers in Washington must take note of this. Tax complexity and inequity negatively affect
AND
line, hire a new employee or provide more in wages and benefits.”
Second is revenue
Sollenberg 13 (Dwayne, President at Sollenberger Accounting, served national, regional, and local CPA firms) “Tax revenue to play an important role in improvement of U.S. economy” Sollenberg Accounting AT
The budget deficit in U.S. has created a stir amongst numerous economists
AND
. is going to recover it’s financial position again with low national debt.
Economic collapse causes extinction
Bearden 2000 (Thomas, Lt. Col in US Army) “The Unnecessary Energy Crisis”, Free Republic, June 24, p. online wyo-tjc
History bears out that desperate nations take desperate actions. Prior to the final economic
AND
, and perhaps most of the biosphere, at least for many decades.
Economic growth is the single best way to reduce poverty
Bhagwati 11 (Jagdish, University Professor of Law and Economics at Columbia University, Senior Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, served in top-level advisory positions for the WTO and UN, Economic Policy Adviser to the Director-General, GATT, Special Adviser to the UN on globalization) “Does Redistributing Income Reduce Poverty?” Project Syndicate Oct. 27, 2011 AT
NEW YORK – Many on the left are suspicious of the idea that economic growth
AND
, development that consciously includes the marginal and poorest members of a society.

Tournament: VBT | Round: Octas | Opponent: Northland SH | Judge: Panel
Naturalism perpetuates racial exclusion by reinforcing historical stereotypes of black inferiority
Morgan 12 Thomas L. Morgan. “Black Naturalism, White Determinism: Paul Laurence Dunbar's Naturalist Strategies.” Studies in American Naturalism, Volume 7, Number 1, Summer 2012, pp. 7-38 (Article). Published by University of Nebraska Press AJ
In Dunbar’s fiction, white determinism affects both white and black characters. For whites, it
AND
invoked by aspects of evolutionary theory, and the ethical complications of socialDarwinism. (72)
The impact is the loss of agency for the black body
Morgan 12 Thomas L. Morgan. “Black Naturalism, White Determinism: Paul Laurence Dunbar's Naturalist Strategies.” Studies in American Naturalism, Volume 7, Number 1, Summer 2012, pp. 7-38 (Article). Published by University of Nebraska Press AJ
The textual explorations of hereditary and biological determinism pursued by
AND
and informing white determinism that I want to apply more intentionally—and more broadly—to Dunbar’s short fiction.
The ballot represents an instance of a methodology that must be adopted if oppressive ideology is ever to be effectively resisted.
Stephen Slemon DE-SCRIBING EMPIRE: Post- Colonialism and Textuality “THE SCRAMBLE FOR POST-COLONIALISM”
As for the second part of this credo, I believe that post-colonial
AND
of Western academic institutions themselves.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Winston MW | Judge: Rodrigo Paramo
First, abstention must be respected

Hill 02 LISA HILL. University of Adelaide. “Compulsory Voting: Residual Problems and Potential Solutions.” Australian Journal of Political Science, Vol. 37, No. 3, pp. 437–455. 2002. Carfax Publishing, Taylor and Francis Group AJ
First, one of my key arguments…it is true, but because it potentially quali?? es as a political objection.25 

High participation masks illegitimate governments

Czesnik 6 (Mikolaj, Institute of Political Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences) “Voter Turnout and Democratic Legitimacy in Central Eastern Europe” Polish Sociological Review, No. 156 (2006), pp. 449-470 Published by: Polish Sociological Association http://www.jstor.org/stable/41274988

The relation between political participation and…vehicle of its de-legitimation. 

Second, compulsory voting masks dissent

Rovensky 8 (Jan, MA in Political Science and English and American Studies at Charles University Prague, Graduate of Doctoral Program in Political Theoy at LUISS Guido Carli) “Voting: A Citizen’s Right, or Duty?” Free International University of Social Studies Guido Carli, School of Political Science, Doctorate in Political Theory – PhD Thesis AT
Measuring the level of…protest and random votes.

Tournament: Damus | Round: 2 | Opponent: Bonita Vista | Judge: Chris Bentley
The standard is promoting consistent state action.
First, rule of law is necessary to prevent arbitrary state action
PAUL GOWDER “THE RULE OF LAW AND EQUALITY.” Law and Philosophy (2013) 32:565–618 AJ
If the rule of law means anything, it must mean that those who control
AND
because they can be enacted to retaliate against individuals who cross officials.34
Second, moral consensus is key
Norman Daniels “Wide Reflective Equilibrium and Theory Acceptance in Ethics.” The Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 76, No. 5 (May, 1979), pp. 256-282 AJ
By revealing this structural complexity, the search for wide equilibrium can benefit moral inquiry
AND
can be traced to disagreements about theory, greater moral agreement may result.
My framework is supported by multiple egalitarian and libertarian conceptions of political philosophy
PAUL GOWDER 2 “THE RULE OF LAW AND EQUALITY.” Law and Philosophy (2013) 32:565–618 AJ
Now, to normative robustness. Although equality is often a highly controversial ideal (
AND
rule of law have been built on an ideology of natural inequality.85
ACP promotes attorney client relationships
ALBERT W. ALSCHULER “THE PRESERVATION OF A CLIENT'S CONFIDENCES: ONE VALUE AMONG MANY OR A CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE?” 52 U. Colo. L. rev. 349 1980-1981 AJ
Judge Frankel seems to view the attorney-client privilege solely as a means of
AND
to a sense of fair treatment on the part of the clients themselves.
The consistent perception of fairness is necessary to a functioning legal system
Rice and Saul 02 Paul R. Rice and Benjamin Parlin Saul. "Is the War on Terrorism A War On Attorney-Client Privilege." Crim. Just. 17 (2002): 22 AJ
We afford ourselves, as citizens, certain constitutional protections against our government when it
AND
less than what we believe is needed for the fair adjudication of guilt.

Tournament: CPS | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Claremont | Judge: Panel
Prioritizing environment over resource extraction ends Chinese exports of rare metals
Plumer 11 (Brad, Washington Post reporter) “How to free the world from China’s rare-earth stranglehold.” Washington Post. 9/16/11 JY
Part of the reason China ...rare-earth demand forever

Availability of rare earth is key to clean tech
Vowles 13 (Glenn, Open University Associate Lecturer in Environment) “Rare Earth Elements and the Environment” Sustainable Cities Aug 26 AT All these greener products, along ...demand in the case of biomass/biofuel.That’s key to solve global warming UCS 11 (Union of Concerned Scientists) “Solutions to Global Warming” Climate Hot Map: GLOBAL WARMING EFFECTS AROUND THE WORLD AT
There is no single solution ...could provide important breakthroughs

Warming is real, anthropogenic, and threatens extinction
Richard Schiffman 9/27/13, environmental writer @ The Atlantic citing the Fifth Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, “What Leading Scientists Want You to Know About Today's Frightening Climate Report,” The Atlantic, http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/09/leading-scientists-weigh-in-on-the-mother-of-all-climate-reports/280045/
The polar icecaps are melting faster ...five minutes before midnight.

And, they’re key to US military readiness
Coppel 11 (Emily, research assistant at the American Security Project and graduate student in the Elliott School of International Affairs at George Washington University) “Rare Earth Metals and US national security.” American Security Project. February 2011 JY
The United States’ reliance on technology, particularly…into greater dependence on rare earth metals

Readiness solves war Spencer, 2000 (Jack, Research Fellow at Thomas A. Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies, “The Facts About Military Readiness”, Heritage Foundation, September 15th)
America's national security requirements dictate ... national interest, thereby preserving peace.

Tournament: Damus | Round: 4 | Opponent: Torrey Pines VB | Judge: Clay Spence
Rationality is tainted by racist assumptions
Eze 97 Emmanuel Chukwudi Eze African philosophy: an anthology. “Modern Western Philosophy and African Colonialism.”1997
When Western philosophy speaks of "reason." It is not just speaking of "
AND
and Africans as a way of justifying unspeakable exploitation and denigration of Africans.
Kant only accepted Europeans as fully human
Emmanuel Chukwudi Eze  Prof. Philosophy DePaul University. Post Colonial African Philosophy: A Critical Reader. “The Color of Reason.”  Pg. 130-31 “It should be…of human nature.”
It should be obvious that what is at stake in our critique of Kant is
AND
compact would be treated as a rebel against fundamental principles of human nature.
Ripstein’s a link
David Luban. “Book Reviews: Force and Freedom.” Georgetown University Law Center.
Ripstein’s aim is both expository and
AND
about persons and political fundamentals.
You cannot escape the assumptions of your theory
Scheurich and Young 97 (James Joseph Scheurich, Professor in the Department of Educational Administration and Human Resource Development at Texas AandM University; Michelle D. Young, Associate Professor, Department of Educational Administration. Executive Director, University Council for Educational Administration) “Coloring Epistemologies: Are Our Research Epistemologies Racially Biased?” Educational Researcher, Vol. 26, No. 4. (May, 1997), pp. 4-16. AT
The civilizational level is the level of broad civilizational assumptions, assumptions that, though
AND
a testament to the race/culture-free nature of mainstream research epistemologies
Alt is to vote neg
Hunter 02 (Margaret, Department of Sociology, Loyola Marymount Universit) “Rethinking epistemology, methodology, and racism: or, is White sociology really dead” Race and Society 5 (2002) 119–138 AT
My brief, critical investigation of the assumptions and blind spots in the current debate
AND
for new ways of understanding and combating racism that we have yet to imagine
Debate is educational, so racism is pre fiat bad
Scheurich and Young 97 (James Joseph Scheurich, Professor in the Department of Educational Administration and Human Resource Development at Texas AandM University; Michelle D. Young, Associate Professor, Department of Educational Administration. Executive Director, University Council for Educational Administration) “Coloring Epistemologies: Are Our Research Epistemologies Racially Biased?” Educational Researcher, Vol. 26, No. 4. (May, 1997), pp. 4-16. AT
Racism of any sort is heinous, most terribly for its victims but also for
AND
would be to betray our fundamental commitment as educators and as educational researchers.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Winston MW | Judge: Rodrigo Paramo
I read the same util framework with this

Republicans do side with Obama to avoid government shutdown
CNN 2013 CNN, "Obama: Republicans privately ‘agree’ with me," 8/23, http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2013/08/23/obama-knocks-congress-calls-for-bipartisanship/
President Barack Obama…and mid-November.
Congress will always oppose CV, will cost Obama massive capitol.
Beinart 89 Peter A, Yale University, "The Real American Voting Problem," Polity, Vol. 22(1), Autumn, p. 152
The more important…increase the size of the ball field."
Political capital is stretched thin – it’s key to avoid government shutdown
Kilgore 9/5 (Ed Kilgore is a contributing writer to the Washington Monthly. He is managing editor for The Democratic Strategist and a senior fellow at the Progressive Policy Institute) Obama’s “Political Capital” Political Animal, Sept 5 AT
An even hoarier meme than the…“political capital” to spend.
Shutdown wrecks the economy
Yi Wu, 8-27-2013, “Government Shutdown 2013: Still a Terrible Idea,” PolicyMic, http://www.policymic.com/articles/60837/government-shutdown-2013-still-a-terrible-idea
Around a third of House Republicans…enacted a year before.
Economic decline leads to global nuclear war  
Harris and Burrows 9 Mathew, PhD European History @ Cambridge, counselor of the U.S. National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer, member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis” http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf
Of course, the report encompasses…between states in a more dog-eat-dog world.

Tournament: Loyola | Round: 2 | Opponent: Granada Hills SG | Judge: Naila Dharani
Uniqueness: The US economy is recovering steadily, but is still vulnerable.
Economic Times 8/2 “US economy recovering from worst downturn: White House.” Aug 2, 2013, 09.40PM IST. Economic Times. http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-08-02/news/41008276_1_unemployment-rate-lowest-level-alan-b-krueger AJ
WASHINGTON: The US economy is…our roads and bridges," he said.

Link – CV leads to progressive taxes and redistribution
Carey and Horiuchi 13 John M. Carey (John Wentworth Professor in the Social Sciences, Department of Government, Dartmouth College). Yusaku Horiuchi (Associate Professor and Mitsui Chair in the Study of Japan, Department of Government, Dartmouth College). Compulsory Voting and Income Inequality. Prepared for presentation in a seminar on Latin American Politics in the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs at Harvard University on April 23, 2013, and a seminar in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College on April 30, 2013 AJ
The third assumption is that…in the full population.

Those programs kill small business
Keating 10 Raymond J. Keating. Chief Economist of Small Business and Entrepreneurship Council. “Small Business Survival Index 2010: Ranking the Policy Environment for Entrepreneurship Across the Nation.” 15th Annual Edition, December 2010. Small Business and Entrepreneurship Council AJ
• A March 2005 study… income would have been 30 percent higher in the end.39
Small business k2 economy
Clark and Saade 10 L. Clark III and Radwan Saade - September 2010. The Role of Small Business in Economic Development of the United States: From the End of the Korean War (1953) to the Present. SBA Office of Advocacy
Small businesses currently represent…of the Labor Surplus area program. Xliv
Economic collapse causes global wars.
Royal 10 (Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense) “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises” Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215
Less intuitive is how periods…deserves more attention.

Tournament: Damus | Round: 4 | Opponent: Torrey Pines VB | Judge: Clay Spence
Uniqueness: Uncertainty about QE3 and inflationary pressures have put the economy on the brink  - shocks will push it over.
Mirhaydari 10/22 Anthony Mirhaydari. Previously, senior research analyst with Markman Capital Insight. “Kiss the dollar goodbye.” Market Watch. The Wall Street Journal. 10/22/13. http://www.marketwatch.com/story/kiss-the-dollar-goodbye-2013-10-22 AJ
And thanks to constant reassurances from Federal Reserve officials, and Tuesday’s weaker-than
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, where you can track the recommendations made in my blogs and columns.
Strong ACP is key to tax code effectiveness
Volz and Ellis 9 (William, Professor of Business Law and Ethics at Wayne
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TO UNCERTAIN LEGAL COUNSEL HOFSTRA LAW REVIEW Vol. 38:213 AT
The complexity of the tax system makes the premise that the attorney-client privilege
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system could do substantial harm to a system based on voluntary compliance.22
Econ turns crime
Doyle 99 (et al, Joanne M. Doyle, James Madison University Associate Professor  of Economics Program; Ehsan Ahmed professor and the head of the Economics Department in the College of Business at James Madison University; and Robert N. Horn, Professor of Economics at James Madison University) “The Effects of Labor Markets and Income Inequality on Crime: Evidence from Panel Data” Southern Economic Journal Vol. 65, No. 4 (Apr., 1999), pp. 717-738 AT
We estimate a model of property crime using a panel data set of the U
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to popular belief, income inequality has no independent effect on crime rates.

Tournament: Battle for LA | Round: 4 | Opponent: Del Mar VB | Judge: Panel
A. Interpretation: All debate positions must only contain secular arguments, or arguments that are not warranted by religious beliefs, UNLESS the debater presenting the position receives consent from the judge(s) and opponent before the round.
B. Violation:
C. Standards:
    Judge impartiality – judges are too biased
Empirics prove
Miller and Bornstein 6 (Monica Miller University of Nevada, Reno; Brian H. Bornstein, University of Nebraska-Lincoln)“The Use of Religion in Death Penalty Sentencing Trials” University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
Faculty Publications, Department of Psychology 10/21 AT
Attorneys who use religious appeals and testimony believe they will be influential, and much
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and the strength of the evidence more aggravators vs. more mitigators).

Tournament: Stanford | Round: Octas | Opponent: Loyola CK | Judge: Panel
Interpretation: All justifications for a value criterion/ethical framework must prove that that framework is true, not that it is theoretically preferable. To clarify, that means no theoretical justifications for frameworks. To also clarify – debaters can read theory against bad frameworks, they just can’t proactively justify frameworks with theory.
Violation:
Standard:

1. Philosophical education: Theoretical justifications will proliferate theory on the framework level. This kills phil education since debaters have no incentive to learn about framework 

Philosophical education is the best form of education
Purdue University News “Value of a Philosophy Degree: Graduate School Preparation.” Purdue University Calumet Campus News. http://webs.purduecal.edu/philosophy/graduate-school-preparation/ AJ
Philosophy majors performed SUBSTANTIALLY better
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by PHILOSOPHY students and then engineers third.

Tournament: Loyola | Round: 2 | Opponent: Granada Hills SG | Judge: Naila Dharani
I value morality. The standard is maximizing well-being.  
First, only consequences are able to be experienced
Sam Harris 2010. CEO Project Reason; PHD UCLA Neuroscience; BA Stanford Philosophy.  The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values.”
Here is my (consequentialist) starting…states remain the foundation of all values.
That outweighs:
a. Experience precludes: epistemology only
b. Motivations: citizens will only obey perceived political government 

Second, Ethical uncertainty means we minimize extinction risk
Bostrom Nick Bostrom. Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford. “Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority.” Global Policy (2012)
These reflections on moral…any existential catastrophe.

Third, Universizability means everyone’s preferences have equal weight
R. M. Hare Whiteand#39;s Professor of Moral Philosophy at the University of Oxford from 1966 until 1983. “Universal Prescriptivism.” Originally published in Peter Singer, A Companion to Ethics (Blackwell Publishers, 1991) AJ
A possible move for one who is…Kant and the utilitarians are well aware.

Tournament: Battle for LA | Round: Finals | Opponent: Captain Blackbeard Prasad | Judge: Panel
Their security discourse sanitizes global destruction
Ahmed 12 Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development (IPRD), an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society" Global Change, Peace 26 Security Volume 23, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor Francis
Complicity This analysis thus calls for a broader approach to environmental security based on retrieving
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crisis onto a newly constructed ‘outsider’ group vindicating various forms of violence.
Vote negative to reject the 1AC’s enframing and interrogate its epistemological failures---this is a prereq to successful policy
Ahmed 12 Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development (IPRD), an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society" Global Change, Peace and Security Volume 23, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor Francis

While recommendations to shift our frame of orientation away from conventional state-centrism toward
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, effective, and joined-up policy-making on these issues.
Water war scenario planning creates a self-fulfilling prophecy and reactionary militarization
Guslits 11 Bayly Guslits Political Science Department University of Western Ontario “The War on Water: International Water Security” February 28, 2011http:centreforforeignpolicystudies.dal.ca/pdf/gradsymp11/Guslits.pdf
The world is facing a water crisis, but there is still much that can
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water scarcity, and thus ensure water availability for environmental and anthropogenic purposes.
Their authors have incentives to overstate the risk and impact
David Katz 11, Director of the Akirov Institute for Business and Environment at Tel Aviv University and Adjunct Lecturer at Tel Aviv University’s Recanati School of Management and Porter School of Environmental Studies, February 2011, “Hydro-Political Hyperbole: Examining Incentives for Overemphasizing the Risks of Water Wars,” Global Environmental Politics, Vol. 11, No. 1, p. 12-33
Observers have noted that various actors may have incentives to stress or even exaggerate the
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risks of water wars in order to promote water-related infrastructure.53

Tournament: Loyola - RAAM TAMBES K | Round: 1 | Opponent: Read by Raam Tambe Round 1 and 3 | Judge: Read by Raam Tambe Round 1 and 3
Aff increases white supremacy.
Avaikin 13 Bob, Chairman of the Revolutionary Communist Party, USA, from Question and Answer Session following the 7 Talks, “The Oppression ?of Black People,  The Crimes?of This System?and the?Revolution ?We Need”

Conventional wisdom says that while some disparities remain, things have generally advanced for Black
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the role of the U.S. as a major world power.

Destroy society .
Avaikin 13 Bob, Chairman of the Revolutionary Communist Party, USA, from Question and Answer Session following the 7 Talks, “The Oppression ?of Black People,  The Crimes?of This System?and the?Revolution ?We Need”

We began by discussing the need to confront the full scope of the problem and
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turn on and then passively sit back while “it does its stuff.” 

Empirically proven
Farley ’05 (Anthony Paul, Professor of Law @ Boston College, “Perfecting Slavery”, 1/27/2005, http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1028andcontext=lsfp - SG)

What is to be done? Two hundred years ago, when the slaves in
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be free, if they would escape slavery, win the entire world.

Tournament: Any | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
Interp: Debaters must disclose all cases, disadvantages, counterplans, kritiks, and theory shells on the National Debate Coaches Association 2013-2014 LD wiki. The disclosure must include at least:
-a tagline or summary of the evidence and a citation including the article title and a minimum of the first 3 and last 3 words for each passage quoted from an outside source for evidence;
-the wording of the standard text and summaries of framework justifications for frameworks;
-a short summary of each justification or standard for theory shells; where applicable.
The disclosure must occur 24 hours after the position is first read at a debate tournament.