Tournament: JANFEB - Platinum Mining AC | Round: 2 | Opponent: Scarsdale DW | Judge: Bob Overing
Interpretation: All kritiks must offer an alternative to whatever they are criticizing that has the same function. For example, a kritik of a certain word must advocate a different word to replace it. 

Standard is reciprocity and argument quality

Tournament: All | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge:
Interpretation: Debaters must disclose all cases, Disads, counterplans, kritiks, and theory shells on the National Debate Coaches Association 2013-2014 LD wiki. Disclosure means uploading tags, citations for every outside piece of evidence, and a minimum of the first 3 and last 3 words of each card. The disclosure must occur 24 hours after the position is broken.

Tournament: JANFEB - Sand Mining AC | Round: 5 | Opponent: Greenhill BE | Judge: Lawrence Grandpre
Man is not gender neutral
Writing Center 10 The Writing Center, University of North Carolina. “Gender-Sensitive Language.” February 11, 2010. http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/gender.html. MR
English speakers and writers have traditionally been taught to use masculine nouns and pronouns in
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that you can "mix and match" as necessary when you write.
Oppression Impact
Using gendered language solidifies oppressive power structures
Mastrine 13 (Julie, writer and PR professional, featured in dozens of blogs and media outlets, writes about feminism, civic advocacy or politics) “Dude, Man Up: An Exploration of Gendered Language” Aug 26 2013 AT
And demeaning language isn’t limited to gay individuals — it extends to all of us
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a fabric — a blanket of oppression that extends to all English speakers.

Alternative
The alternative and role of the ballot is to challenge gendered discourse with neutral or women-centric discourse.
Goueffic 96 Goueffic, Louise. Author, BA graduate studies in France. “Breaking the patriarchal code.” Pg. 13-14 : 1996
Couched within words are presuppositions about gender, that is many taken-for-
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difficult or impractical, or that it interferes with our freedom of speech.

Tournament: Battle for LA | Round: 5 | Opponent: Brentwood JP | Judge: Panel
THE DARK MOUNTAIN---1AC
ALL POETRY IS FROM THE DARK MOUNTAIN AUTHOR

PART 1 – WALKING ON LAVA
THESE GRAND AND FATAL MOVEMENTS TOWARD DEATH: THE GRANDEUR OF THE MASS
MAKES PITY A FOOL, THE TEARING PITY
FOR THE ATOMS OF THE MASS, THE PERSONS, THE VICTIMS, MAKES IT SEEM MONSTROUS
TO ADMIRE THE TRAGIC BEAUTY THEY BUILD.
IT IS BEAUTIFUL AS A RIVER FLOWING OR A SLOWLY GATHERING
GLACIER ON A HIGH MOUNTAIN ROCK-FACE,
BOUND TO PLOW DOWN A FOREST, OR AS FROST IN NOVEMBER,
THE GOLD AND FLAMING DEATH-DANCE FOR LEAVES,
I WOULD BURN MY RIGHT HAND IN A SLOW FIRE
TO CHANGE THE FUTURE … I SHOULD DO FOOLISHLY. THE BEAUTY OF MODERN
MAN IS NOT IN THE PERSONS BUT IN THE
DISASTROUS RHYTHM, THE HEAVY AND MOBILE MASSES, THE DANCE OF THE
DREAM-LED MASSES DOWN THE DARK MOUNTAIN.

OUR PLANET IS DYING AS WE SPEAK – YET WE DENY THAT WE LIVE IN AN AGE OF ECOCIDE,
THE DARK MOUNTAIN 9 (NETWORK OF WRITERS, ARTISTS AND THINKERS, INCLUDES DAVID ABRAM, ECOLOGIST AND GEOPHILOSOPHER, PUBLISHED IN NUMEROUS SCHOLARLY JOURNALS; CHARLOTTE DU CANN, WRITER, EDITOR AND COMMUNITY ACTIVIST, EDITOR-IN-CHIEF OF TRANSITION FREE PRESS; PAUL KINGSNORTH, DEPUTY-EDITOR OF THE ECOLOGIST, ENVIRONMENTALIST AND POET WHO WRITES FOR PUBLICATIONS WORLDWIDE.  “UNCIVILISATION: THE DARK MOUNTAIN MANIFESTO” THE DARK MOUNTAIN PROJECT
THE MYTH OF PROGRESS IS FOUNDED ON THE MYTH OF NATURE. THE FIRST TELLS
AND
BE GOOD FOR US? WE BELIEVE IT IS TIME TO LOOK DOWN.
IN OUR MODERN CIVILIZATION, OUR PRIVILEGING OF THE SUPREMELY RATIONAL LOGOS HAS MADE US FORGET THAT THE MYTHS STILL RULE OUR LIVES
THE DARK MOUNTAIN 2 (NETWORK OF WRITERS, ARTISTS AND THINKERS, INCLUDES DAVID ABRAM, ECOLOGIST AND GEOPHILOSOPHER, PUBLISHED IN NUMEROUS SCHOLARLY JOURNALS; CHARLOTTE DU CANN, WRITER, EDITOR AND COMMUNITY ACTIVIST, EDITOR-IN-CHIEF OF TRANSITION FREE PRESS; PAUL KINGSNORTH, DEPUTY-EDITOR OF THE ECOLOGIST, ENVIRONMENTALIST AND POET WHO WRITES FOR PUBLICATIONS WORLDWIDE.  “UNCIVILISATION: THE DARK MOUNTAIN MANIFESTO” THE DARK MOUNTAIN PROJECT
IF WE ARE INDEED TEETERING ON THE EDGE OF A MASSIVE CHANGE IN HOW WE
AND
AS THEY MUST ALWAYS BE MADE NEW, STARTING FROM WHERE WE ARE.
A SHIFT TO MYTHOS IS CRUCIAL – LOGOCENTRISM GUARANTEES VIOLENCE
KLAUS KRIPPENDORFF 90 - PROFESSOR OF COMMUNICATION AT THE ANNENBERG SCHOOL FOR COMMUNICATION, UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA (“MODELS AND METAPHORS OF COMMUNICATION” 1990 DEPARTMENTAL PAPERS (ASC) HTTP://REPOSITORY.UPENN.EDU/CGI/VIEWCONTENT.CGI?ARTICLE=1283andCONTEXT=ASC_PAPERS)
LET ME START WITH COMMUNICATION IS SHARING. I AM SUGGESTING THAT THIS COMMONLY CHERISHED
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ALSO NOT BE ANSWERED WHILE BELIEVING THAT IT IS THE SYMBOLS THAT FLOW.
CRISES ARE PART OF THE SYSTEM - CONVENTIONAL POLICYMAKING FAILS
AHMED 11 (NAFEEZ, INTERNATIONAL SECURITY ANALYST, RUNS A THINK-TANK CALLED THE INSTITUTE FOR POLICY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT) “THE CRISIS OF CIVILIZATION” DOCUMENTARY, PUBLISHED 2011. TEXT FROM SUBTITLES, ACCESSIBLE ON HTTP://CRISISOFCIVILIZATION.COM/ AT
IF WE LOOK AT WHAT'S GOING ON IN THE WORLD TODAY, WE SEE SO
AND
OF THE SYSTEM; BUT THE QUESTION IS HOW DO WE DO THAT? 

PART 2 – THE SEVERED HAND
THEN WHAT IS THE ANSWER? NOT TO BE DELUDED BY DREAMS.
TO KNOW THAT GREAT CIVILISATIONS HAVE BROKEN DOWN INTO VIOLENCE,
AND THEIR TYRANTS COME, MANY TIMES BEFORE.
WHEN OPEN VIOLENCE APPEARS, TO AVOID IT WITH HONOR OR CHOOSE
THE LEAST UGLY FACTION; THESE EVILS ARE ESSENTIAL.
TO KEEP ONE’S OWN INTEGRITY, BE MERCIFUL AND UNCORRUPTED
AND NOT WISH FOR EVIL; AND NOT BE DUPED
BY DREAMS OF UNIVERSAL JUSTICE OR HAPPINESS. THESE DREAMS WILL
NOT BE FULFILLED.
TO KNOW THIS, AND KNOW THAT HOWEVER UGLY THE PARTS APPEAR
THE WHOLE REMAINS BEAUTIFUL. A SEVERED HAND
IS AN UGLY THING AND MAN DISSEVERED FROM THE EARTH AND STARS
AND HIS HISTORY … FOR CONTEMPLATION OR IN FACT …
OFTEN APPEARS ATROCIOUSLY UGLY. INTEGRITY IS WHOLENESS,
THE GREATEST BEAUTY IS
ORGANIC WHOLENESS, THE WHOLENESS OF LIFE AND THINGS, THE DIVINE BEAUTY
OF THE UNIVERSE. LOVE THAT, NOT MAN
APART FROM THAT, OR ELSE YOU WILL SHARE MAN’S PITIFUL CONFUSIONS,
OR DROWN IN DESPAIR WHEN HIS DAYS DARKEN.

OUR VERY CIVILIZATION IS CRUMBLING BEFORE OUR EYES
THE DARK MOUNTAIN 3 (NETWORK OF WRITERS, ARTISTS AND THINKERS, INCLUDES DAVID ABRAM, ECOLOGIST AND GEOPHILOSOPHER, PUBLISHED IN NUMEROUS SCHOLARLY JOURNALS; CHARLOTTE DU CANN, WRITER, EDITOR AND COMMUNITY ACTIVIST, EDITOR-IN-CHIEF OF TRANSITION FREE PRESS; PAUL KINGSNORTH, DEPUTY-EDITOR OF THE ECOLOGIST, ENVIRONMENTALIST AND POET WHO WRITES FOR PUBLICATIONS WORLDWIDE.  “UNCIVILISATION: THE DARK MOUNTAIN MANIFESTO” THE DARK MOUNTAIN PROJECT
THOSE WHO WITNESS EXTREME SOCIAL COLLAPSE AT FIRST HAND SELDOM DESCRIBE ANY DEEP REVELATION
AND
RUN IT, AND WHICH THEY HAVE ALL TRAINED THEMSELVES NOT TO SEE.
IT IS OUR RESPONSIBILITY AS ACADEMICS TO UNDERMINE THE MYTHS BEHIND OUR CIVILIZATION
THE DARK MOUNTAIN 4 (NETWORK OF WRITERS, ARTISTS AND THINKERS, INCLUDES DAVID ABRAM, ECOLOGIST AND GEOPHILOSOPHER, PUBLISHED IN NUMEROUS SCHOLARLY JOURNALS; CHARLOTTE DU CANN, WRITER, EDITOR AND COMMUNITY ACTIVIST, EDITOR-IN-CHIEF OF TRANSITION FREE PRESS; PAUL KINGSNORTH, DEPUTY-EDITOR OF THE ECOLOGIST, ENVIRONMENTALIST AND POET WHO WRITES FOR PUBLICATIONS WORLDWIDE.  “UNCIVILISATION: THE DARK MOUNTAIN MANIFESTO” THE DARK MOUNTAIN PROJECT
MAINSTREAM ART IN THE WEST HAS LONG BEEN ABOUT SHOCK; ABOUT BUSTING TABOOS,
AND
WORLDVIEW, NOT TO FEED INTO IT. IT IS WRITING FOR OUTSIDERS.
MY POETRY WAS A PERFORMANCE OF UNCIVILIZATION – VOTE AFFIRMATIVE TO EXPRESS SOLIDARITY
THE DARK MOUNTAIN 5 (NETWORK OF WRITERS, ARTISTS AND THINKERS, INCLUDES DAVID ABRAM, ECOLOGIST AND GEOPHILOSOPHER, PUBLISHED IN NUMEROUS SCHOLARLY JOURNALS; CHARLOTTE DU CANN, WRITER, EDITOR AND COMMUNITY ACTIVIST, EDITOR-IN-CHIEF OF TRANSITION FREE PRESS; PAUL KINGSNORTH, DEPUTY-EDITOR OF THE ECOLOGIST, ENVIRONMENTALIST AND POET WHO WRITES FOR PUBLICATIONS WORLDWIDE.  “UNCIVILISATION: THE DARK MOUNTAIN MANIFESTO” THE DARK MOUNTAIN PROJECT
IF YOU WANT TO BE LOVED, IT MIGHT BE BEST NOT TO GET INVOLVED
AND
THERE ARE OTHERS OUT THERE WHO WOULD RELISH JOINING US ON THIS EXPEDITION.
AFF IS KEY TO AN EFFECTIVE TRANSITION
DURAN 12 (RAMO?N FERNA?NDEZ, FOUNDING MEMBER OF ECOLOGISTAS EN ACCIO?N, REFERENCE FOR GRASSROOTS SOCIAL MOVEMENTS) “THE BREAKDOWN OF GLOBAL CAPITALISM: 2000-2030” ECOLOGISTAS EN ACCION (LIBROS EN ACCIO?N), CORPORATE EUROPE OBSERVATORY (CEO), TRANSNATIONAL INSTITUTE (TNI) AT
BUT WHEN THE STRUCTURE OF WORLD POWER (FIRST) AND REGIONAL POWER (LATER
AND
ABUNDANCE (LOS AMIGOS DE LUDD, 2007) – INITIALLY AT LEAST.
AA
THE MYTH OF PROGRESS LIVES ON WITHIN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS – POETRY IS CRUCIAL
WILSON (JAMES MATTHEW WILSON IS AN ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT VILLANOVA UNIVERSITY) “LOGOS SEVERED FROM MYTHOS: THE CONSEQUENCES OF OUR FORGETTING” ANAMNESIS JOURNAL 2012 AT
WE ARRIVE, THEN, AT A FURTHER CONSEQUENCE: THE SHAPE OF HIGHER EDUCATION
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WHICH OUR HAPPINESS FUNDAMENTALLY DEPENDS.  NOTHING COULD BE MORE IRRATIONAL THAN THAT.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: Doubles | Opponent: All | Judge: All
Plan texts that I might break new: 

Brazil, Argentina, and Chile should ban copper mining based on the principle of sustainable development.

Tournament: TOC | Round: 3 | Opponent: Greenhill VA | Judge: Greg Achten
Culture
Advantage 1 is cultures
Industrial agriculture is a result of a model of production that prioritize crop production over environmental protection
Gonzalez 11 Associate Professor, Seattle University School of Law, ‘11
Carmen G., “AN ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE CRITIQUE OF COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE: INDIGENOUS PEOPLES, TRADE POLICY, AND THE MEXICAN NEOLIBERAL ECONOMIC REFORMS”, University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law, 32 U. Pa. J. Int'l L. 723, Spring
5.3. The Conflict between Agro-Export Specialization and Agro-Biodiversity
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of groundwater and surface waters, and greater pesticide-related illnesses. n227 

This export-focused model prioritizes extraction of agricultural commodities over protection of the environment
Wilson 9 (Adam, Human Resources Management) “Social and Ecological Implications of Sustainable Agriculture” The 9th International Students Summit on Food, Agriculture and Environment in the New Century AT
Globalization and the industrialization of agriculture over the past half-century have changed the
AND
to bring communities closer and stimulate regional economies while preserving traditional food cultures.

Industrial agriculture threatens local cultures
Pant and Ramisch 10 (Laxmi PhD candidate at the University of Guelph, research focuses on innovation systems in agriculture with field research; and Joshua, Associate Professor, School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa) “Beyond Biodiversity: Culture in Agricultural Biodiversity Conservation in the Himalayan Foothills” Beyond the Biophysical Pg 73-97 AT
Abstract This chapter explores the cultural dimensions of agricultural biodiversity conservation through a case study
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-biodiversity that has supported those societies (Shiva 1997; Altieri 1987).

This cultural destruction is a manifestation of colonial structures of power
Kortright 3 (Chris, Sessional Lecturer and Adjunct Professor of Anthropology, University of California) “Colonization and Identity” The Anarchist Library Jan 1 AT
Colonization and Identity Those who discovered and conquered other lands were entitled to them,
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and creating a society based on equality, liberty, and mutual aid.

Poverty
Industrialized agriculture causes devastating famines
Shiva 4 (Vandana, Indian environmental activist and anti-globalization author) “The future of food: countering globalisation and recolonisation of Indian agriculture” Futures 36 (2004) 715–732 AT
5. Globalisation and the creation of hunger Agribusiness is harvesting both the stocks and
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vicious treadmill of costly input (seeds, chemicals water) intensive agriculture.

The best empirics confirm that it causes massive poverty and starvation
Gonzalez 7 (Carmen, Fulbright Scholar in Argentina, a Visiting Fellow at Cambridge University in the United Kingdom, a Visiting Professor at the Hopkins-Nanjing Center in Nanjing, China, Chair of the Environmental Law Section of the Association of American Law Schools) “Markets, Monocultures, and Malnutrition: Agricultural Trade Policy through an Environmental Justice Lens” A Center for Progressive ReformWhite Paper April 2007 AT
The Green Revolution was an immense success from the standpoint of food production,76
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farmers destitute, and depriving developing countries of badly needed export earnings.87

Billions are dying in what can only be described as a global shame. The fact that this is a direct result of Western imperial policies creates a moral obligation to correct global injustice even absent a framework.
Ruz 2000 (Dr. Fidel Ruz, President of the Council of State and Council of Ministers of the Republic of Cuba) “Global Economic Apartheid” Speech given at the International Conference Center, Havana, Cuba, April 14, 2000 AT
Every single speaker alluded to the debt tragedy that limits our resources for economic and
AND
the same racist conceptions that inspired the monstrous system of apartheid in Africa.

Solvency
Either we shift systems now or risk total collapse – justice demands reforms
Shiva 4 (Vandana, Indian environmental activist and anti-globalization author) “The future of food: countering globalisation and recolonisation of Indian agriculture” Futures 36 (2004) 715–732 AT
6. Creating a hunger free, suicide free India: an agenda for the
AND
trade. Food and nutrition need to be put first in agricultural policies.

Thus the plan: The Republic of India should implement programs to support organic agriculture. 

Plan Solves.
NCOF 11 National Centre of Organic Farming, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. “About Us.” Last updated 7/2/11 AJ
Our Objectives Promotion of organic farming in the country through technical capacity building of all
AND
Capacity Building for low cost certification system known as “Participatory Guarantee System”.

Framing
Global justice requires a reduction in inequality and a focus on material rights – that turns NCs.
Okereke 07 Chukwumerije Okereke (Senior Research Associate at the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research at the University of East Anglia). Global Justice and Neoliberal Environmental Governance. Routledge 2007 AJ
Notwithstanding these drawbacks, these scholars provide very compelling arguments against mainstream conceptions of justice
AND
satisfy their aspirations for a better life. (WCED 1987: 43). 

Oppression is distinct from harms
Bailey 98 Alison Bailey (professor in the Human Development and Psychology program in the Graduate School of Education at UCLA). “Privilege: Expanding on Marilyn Frye's "Oppression.” JOURNAL of SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY, Vol. 29 No. 3, Winter 1998, 104-119 © 1998 Journal of Social Philosophy AJ
In her careful analysis of oppression, Marilyn Frye argues that one of the reasons
AND
privilege of those who have the authority to define who counts as white.

Policymaking focus is good -

First, Discussion of specific policy-questions is crucial for skills development
Esberg and Sagan 12 Jane Esberg is special assistant to the director at New York University's Center on. International Cooperation. She was the winner of 2009 Firestone Medal, AND Scott Sagan is a professor of political science and director of Stanford's Center for International Security and Cooperation “NEGOTIATING NONPROLIFERATION: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy,” 2/17 The Nonproliferation Review, 19:1, 95-108
These government or quasi-government think tank simulations often provide very similar lessons for
AND
quickly; simulations teach students how to contextualize and act on information.14

Second, Only constructive action that proposes realistic reform can ever solve
Bryant 12 (levi, prof of philosophy at Collins college, Critique of the Academic Left, http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/underpants-gnomes-a-critique-of-the-academic-left/)
The problem as I see it is that this is the worst sort of abstraction
AND
. Instead we prefer to shout and denounce. Good luck with that.

Third, exclusive focus on representations erodes meaningful reversal of the structures of exploitation
Giroux 6, Chair Professorship of Edcuation and Cultural Studies at Penn State, 2k6 Henry, “Dirty Democracy and State of Terrorism,” Comparative Studies of South Asia, 163-177
Abstracted from the ideal of public commitment, the new authoritarianism represents a political and
AND
the chances of humanity are inscribed, and can be nowhere else.59

Tournament: VBT | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Ram Blackbeard Prasad | Judge: Panel
Just for you Ram 3
http://www.mercuryconvention.org/Portals/11/documents/conventionText/Minamata20Convention20on20Mercury_e.pdf

Framework

Environmental protection is defined as:
Black’s Law no date “What is ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION?” The Law Dictionary Featuring Black's Law Dictionary Free Online Legal Dictionary 2nd Ed. AT
What is ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION? Environmental guardianship based on
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and, (3) where possible, repairing damage and reversing trends.
I value morality. Consequentialism is true:
First, in situations of forced choices, we always ought to maximize consequences in order to treat people equally,
Second, governments have limited resources so any decision will trade off with other potential actions.
Third, Psychological evidence proves that human moral reasoning was never rational.
Joshua Greene (John and Ruth Hazel Associate Professor of the Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Harvard University.) Chapter 38: “The secret joke of Kant’s soul.” Thomas Nadelhoffer, Eddy Nahmias, Shaun Nichols. “Moral Psychology: Historical and Contemporary Readings.” Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, John Wiley and Sons, Nov 1, 2010. Print AJ
There is a substantial and growing body of evidence suggesting that much of what we
AND
implications, casting doubt on deontology as a school of normative moral thought.
Consequentialism escapes the dilemma
Joshua Greene 2 (John and Ruth Hazel Associate Professor of the Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Harvard University.) Chapter 38: “The secret joke of Kant’s soul.” Thomas Nadelhoffer, Eddy Nahmias, Shaun Nichols. “Moral Psychology: Historical and Contemporary Readings.” Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, John Wiley and Sons, Nov 1, 2010. Print AJ
This hypothesis raises a further question. Why just deontology? Why not suppose that
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which is why, I argue, that consequentialism is inescapably “cognitive.”
Fourth, No act omission distinction for states
Sunstein and Vermuele Cass R. Sunstein and Adrian Vermeule. The University of Chicago Law School. “Is Capital Punishment Morally Required? The Relevance of Life?Life Tradeoffs.” JOHN M. OLIN LAW and ECONOMICS WORKING PAPER NO. 239. The Chicago Working Paper Series. March 2005 AJ
In our view, both the argument from causation and the argument from intention go
AND
a set of policy instruments that do not adequately or fully discourage it.

If there’s even a risk of ethical uncertainty, we should always prioritize the survival of the human race to ensure future value.
Bostrom Nick Bostrom. Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford. “Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority.” Global Policy (2012)
These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential
AND
of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.
Thus, the standard is minimizing existential risk. 

I advocate that all developing countries will sign, ratify and pass domestic legislation implementing, the Minamata Convention on Mercury.  
Selin 13 explains Henrik Selin, Pardee Faculty Fellow and Associate Professor of International Relations at Boston University. “The Minamata Convention and the Future of Mercury Abatement” THe Frederick S. Pardee cenTer For THe STudy oF THe Longer-range FuTure. Issues in Brief, 28. October 2013.

Mercury is a pollutant of global, regional, and local concern. Humans have
AND
benefitted from using them to help target decision-making and expand controls.
Contention 1 – econ
Mercury is over-supplied and demand is falling
EPA 7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) “Mercury Storage Cost Estimate” Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics And Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response Nov 6 AT
EPA has projected that in the next several decades, global supply of elemental,
AND
on the panel’s estimates, based on current and projected mercury storage practices.
A ban raises production in the short term
CEC 6 (Commission Of The European Communities) Commission Staff Working Document Accompanying Document To The Proposal For A Regulation

Tournament: Stanford | Round: Triples | Opponent: La Canada AZ | Judge: Panel
Same framework and underviews

Plan Text: Transitioning countries should ban primary mercury mining by 2020 and enact national action plans to phase-out the use of mercury in artisanal and small-scale gold mining, as required by the Minamata Convention on Mercury.
NOTE – Message me at facebook or email me at a1jalan11@gmail.com if you want more solvency advocates. Seriously, we have like 12 – don’t be shy.
Selin explains in October 2013 Henrik Selin, Pardee Faculty Fellow and Associate Professor of International Relations at Boston University. “The Minamata Convention and the Future of Mercury Abatement” THe Frederick S. Pardee cenTer For THe STudy oF THe Longer-range FuTure. Issues in Brief, 28. October 2013.

Mercury is a pollutant of global, regional, and local
AND
target decision-making and expand controls.

The plan bans primary mercury mining, meaning that after 2020 no new mercury can enter the environment.
Sharma on January 22nd Yojana Sharma, Asia Director at University World NewsWriter and Editor at SciDev.“treaty to ban mercury emissions” 1/22/2013. http://www.scidev.net/global/news/nations-agree-first-global-treaty-to-ban-mercury-emissions-.html
A legally binding global treaty to curb mercury
AND
a proposed mercury 'trust fund', it was agreed.

And, models show that the aff will significantly reduce mercury emissions.
Lubick on September 27th Naomi Lubick, Columbia University, New York; Earth and Environmental Science Journalism and Associate editor, Environmental Science and Technology;  David Malakoff, Deputy News Editor for Science Magazine. “With Pact's Completion, the Real Work Begins” Science 27 September 2013:  Vol. 341 no. 6153 pp. 1443-1445
An elegant crematorium sits in a wooded
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15 to 35 in coming decades

Same biodiversity advantage
Biodiversity’s key to solve disease – key to disease resistance and medicine development.
Clark and Downes 6, Dana Clark, Center for International Environmental Law, and David Downes, US Interior Dept. Policy Analysis Senior Trade Advisor, 2006, What price biodiversity?, http://www.ciel.org/Publications/summary.html
Biodiversity is the diversity of life on earth, on which we depend
AND
rejuvenation through contact with nature.

The impact is extinction
Quammen 12 David, award-winning science writer, long-time columnist for Outside magazine for fifteen years, with work in National Geographic, Harper's, Rolling Stone, the New York Times Book Review and other periodicals, 9/29, “Could the next big animal-to-human disease wipe us out?,” The Guardian, pg. 29, Lexis
Infectious disease is all around us. It's
AND
is infectious from disease, and viruses in particular.

Contention 2: Water security.
Deforestation and mercury pollution are destroying the Amazon – gold mining is the cause.
Tegel 13 Simeon Tegel, GlobalPost's senior correspondent for South America “Peru's gold miners are killing the Amazon” Minnpost. 10/29/13. http://www.minnpost.com/global-post/2013/10/perus-gold-miners-are-killing-amazonig
LIMA, Peru — The ravaging
AND
a nation, to protect for all humanity.

Brink is now
Brown 13 Paul Brown, the Climate News Network “Amazon forest loss risks water security across South America” The Ecologist. 30th December 2013. http://www.theecologist.org/News/news_analysis/2216428/amazon_forest_loss_risks_water_security_across_south_america.html

The continued destruction of
AND
in underpinning long-term security and prosperity."

Water crises cause escalating global conflict.
Rasmussen 11 (Erik, CEO, Monday Morning; Founder, Green Growth Leaders) “Prepare for the Next Conflict: Water Wars” Huffington Post. 4/12 AT
For years experts have set out
AND
prevails, then water wars will accelerate.

Water conflicts go nuclear.
Zahoor 12 (Musharaf, Researcher at Department of Nuclear Politics – National Defense University, Water Crisis can Trigger Nuclear War in South Asia, http://www.siasat.pk)

Water is an ambient source, which
AND
can only be resolved through political will.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 1 | Opponent: HIllcrest AO | Judge: Patrick Graham
Advantage 1: Peak Oil
Peak oil is real and causes conflict
Ahmed 12/23 Nafeez, That Badass Security Author, Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development, Former Professor of International Relations at the University of Sussex, 2013, “Former BP Geologist: Peak Oil is Here and it Will ‘Break Economies’” http://www.theguardian.com/environment/earth-insight/2013/dec/23/british-petroleum-geologist-peak-oil-break-economy-recession
A former British Petroleum (BP) geologist has warned that the age of cheap
AND
is otherwise "unlikely to make a significant difference in the longer term."
The global model of industrial agriculture has massive over-reliance on fossil fuels 

Barker 7 (Debbie, international director for the Center for Food Safety, public policy institute, and director of the International Forum on Globalization, think tank that analyses economic globalization) “The Rise and Predictable Fall of Globalized Industrial Agriculture” a report from the international forum on globalization AT
Recently, there has been much speculation about the causes of higher oil prices,
AND
be studied and implemented. This will be discussed later in Part Three.
Oil shortages cause extinction
Lendman 7 (Steven, Research Associate of the Centre for Research on Globalization. “Resource Wars - Can We Survive Them?,” Rense.com, 6-6-7, pg. http://www.rense.com/general76/resrouce.htm
With the world's energy supplies finite, the US heavily dependent on imports, and
AND
, or at least a big part of it, would have survived.
Advantage 2: Disease
 A shift to small farms is key to adapt to disease, and pests – solves use of pesticides
Ho 13 (Mae-Wan, Ph. D. in Biochemistry, Postdoctoral
AND
to Industrial Agriculture and Food System” Permaculture Research Institute Sept 18 AT
UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) – the developing nations’ equivalent
AND
lands, many of which are unproductive or no longer suitable for agriculture.
Pesticides cause fertility decreases that results in extinction
WDP 97 Western Daily Press, 10/6/1997. “Diana's gone all sari-eyed,”
For new research claims that PMT - which is supposed to be due to drops
AND
cause a teensy- weensy bit of disturbance in women now and again?
Industrial farming creates antibiotic resistance
Cassuto and Saville 12 (David, professor at Pace Law School and the Director of the Brazil-American Institute for Law and Environment, Visiting Professor of Law at the Federal University of Bahia, Brazil; and Sarah, J.D. Candidate, Class of 2012, at Pace Law School) “HOT, CROWDED, AND LEGAL: A LOOK AT INDUSTRIAL AGRICULTURE IN THE UNITED STATES AND BRAZIL” ANIMAL LAW Vol. 18:2 AT
The U.S. introduced industrial agriculture to the world. Industrial agriculture has
AND
resistance in bacteria, which makes it harder to treat human illnesses.62
Antibiotic-resistant diseases cause extinction
Sample 13 Ian, Science Correspondent for the Guardian, citing Dame Sally Davies, United Kingdom Chief Medical Officer, January 23, “Antibiotic-Resistant Diseases Pose 'Apocalyptic' Threat, Top Expert Says,” http://www.theguardian.com/society/2013/jan/23/antibiotic-resistant-diseases-apocalyptic-threat
Britain's most senior medical adviser has warned MPs that the rise in drug-resistant
AND
see, we are going to be in serious trouble," Johnson added.
Advantage 3: Ocean Biodiversity
Industrial farming causes deadzones which also causes water crisis and destroys ocean ecosystems
Wagner 9 (Cynthia, Editor of The Futurist magazine, explores the technological, scientific, environmental, social, and policy trends shaping our collective future) “Oceans’ Dead Zones on the Rise” World Future Society, Nov-Dec 2009 AT
A predicted global increase in food consumption is likely to create an environmental crisis where
AND
have serious repercussions for developing countries that lack strong, enforceable environmental regulations.
Ocean degradation causes extinction
Craig 3 Robin Craig, Indiana University, Robin Kundis, Winter, 34 McGeorge L. Rev. 155, p. 264-266
Biodiversity and ecosystem function arguments for conserving marine ecosystems also exist, just as they
AND
- even  if a few fishers go out of business as a result. 

Thus the plan – developing countries should implement programs to support organic agriculture. This involves a shift from industrial agriculture, which uses monocultural production by large corporations for exports, to sustainable agriculture, which uses organic farming techniques by small farmers for local consumption.
That’s key to effect a shift to small-scale, sustainable agriculture – 5 warrants
Hoffmann 11 (head of the Trade and Sustainable Development Section at the secretariat of
AND
Conference on Trade and Development Discussion Paper No 201, Feb 2011 AT
First of all, it is important to remove or modify the existing tax and
AND
about the structural transformation required for effective climate-change adaptation and mitigation.

The standard is minimizing existential risk. 

Part 1 is Pragmatism 

The essentialist view of truth cannot guide action.
Rorty (Richard) “Pragmatism, Relativism, and Irrationalism” Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association, Vol. 53, No. 6. (Aug.,1980), pp. 717+719-738. DD

My first characterization of pragmatism is that it is simply anti-essentialism applied to
AND
the sciences from the crafts, from moral reflection, or from art.

Part 2 is Reductionism 

Personal identity is not relevant. 

Shoemaker David Shoemaker 2012. "Personal Identity and Ethics", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2012 Edition).
By way of explanation, consider the case Parfit uses in support of his claim
AND
ordinary survival. Call this the Identity Doesn't Matter (IDM) view.
Absent personal identity only end states matter. 

Derek Parfit 1984.  “Reasons and Persons.” Oxford. “This suggestion differs… …of that thing.”

This suggestion differs from the others in the following way. Rawls remarks that the
AND
correct regulative principle for anything depends upon the nature of that thing'. 103

Part 3 is Policy Making 

Policy actions inevitably entail rights tradeoffs, Util. is the only philosophy appropriate for government use. 

Gary Woller, June 1997 (BYU Prof.), “An Overview by Gary Woller”, A Forum on the Role of Environmental Ethics, pg. 10/

Appeals to a priori moral principles, such as environmental preservation, also often fail
AND
though perhaps at times a necessary, basis for public policy in a democracy
On this topic specifically, role-playing to model policymaking is the best way to promote education. 

Babb (Stephen, debate coach) “Topic Analysis by Stephen Babb” Victory Topic Analysis: Jan-Feb 2014 AT

Despite the difficulties associated with running into multiple-actor fiat, there are—
AND
the important question from a global standpoint is how everyone else follows suit.

Part 4 is Existential Risk 

If there’s even a risk of ethical uncertainty, we should always prioritize the survival of the human race to ensure future value.
Nick Bostrom – 2012 Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford., Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority.  Forthcoming book (Global Policy). MP. http://www.existenti...org/concept.pdf
These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential
AND
is not clear that the shortest path to the goal is the best one.

Tournament: Harvard RR | Round: 4 | Opponent: Palo Alto TC | Judge: Panel
Part 1 - Role of the Ballot
The role of the ballot is to vote for the debater who best discursively and methodologically resists oppression.
Representations influence our thought processes and behaviors.
Bleiker ‘1 (Ronald Bleiker, Senior lecturer and co-director of Rotary centre of International studies in Peace and Conflict resolution, 2001, “The Zen of International Relations”, edited by Stephen Chan, Peter Mandeville, and Ronald Blieker, p. 47)
The doorkeepers of IR are those who, knowingly or unknowingly
AND
is reactivated each time one speaks.
Discourse decides everything
George 94 Jim George, Senior lecturer in international relations in the Department of Political Science, Australian National University, 1994 (“Discourses of Global Politics: A Critical (Re)Introduction to International Relations,” p. 25-26)
The question of reality and realism in postmodernist
AND
Realist knowledge as International Relations.82
Examining the policies that both debaters present with my specific critical perspective is key to equipping debaters with portable skills
Jones 99—IR, Aberystwyth (Richard, “6. Emancipation: Reconceptualizing Practice,” Security, Strategy and Critical Theory, http://www.ciaonet.org/book/wynjones/wynjones06.html, AMiles)
The central political task of the intellectuals
AND
race, should act as both an inspiration and a challenge to critical security studies.
Part 2 - Normative Warrants
Frist, oppression and inequality matters under all frameworks
Amartya Sen Thomas W Larmont University Professor and Professor of Economics and Philosophy at Harvard University. "The Idea of Justice." Penguin Publishing. 2010. Print AJ
Equality was not only among the foremost revolutionary demands in eighteenth-
AND
 whose rejections would respectively matter.†

Second, sociohistorical location is a foundation for ethics
Mingers (Prof J Mingers, Warwick Business School, Warwvick University) The Contribution of Critical Realism as an Underpinning Philosophy for OR/MS and Systems, The Journal of the Operational Research Society, Vol. 51, No. 11 (Nov., 2000), pp.
Bhaskar's 12 (p 23) starting point is to argue, specifically
AND
a variant for applied science that may be more  relevant to OR/MS (RRREI
Third, freedom and well-being are relevant impacts.
Amartya Sen Thomas W Larmont University Professor and Professor of Economics and Philosophy at Harvard University. "The Idea of Justice." Penguin Publishing. 2010. Print AJ
In noting the nature of
AND
we enjoy can also be valuable to us, and it is ultimately for us to decide how to use the freedom we have.

Part 3 – The Resolution
Resource extraction activities in transitioning countries create conflict
White 13 Rob White (Professor of Criminology, School of Sociology and Social Work, University of Tasmania, Australia). “Resource Extraction Leaves Something Behind: Environmental Justice and Mining.” International Journal for Crime and Justice. IJCJ 2013 2(1): 50-64 AJ
Description and analysis of specific
AND
 Sands (Rush 2002; Smandych and Kueneman 2010).
In the frenzy to extract resources, the rights of indigenous groups are ignored.
White 2 Rob White (Professor of Criminology, School of Sociology and Social Work, University of Tasmania, Australia). “Resource Extraction Leaves Something Behind: Environmental Justice and Mining.” International Journal for Crime and Justice. IJCJ 2013 2(1): 50-64. www.crimejusticejournal.com AJ
As extensive work on specific incidents and
AND
2000; Gedicks 2005; Schlosberg 2007).
These networks create systematic injustice
Schroeder et al 8 Richard Schroeder (a), Kevin St. Martin (a), Bradley Wilson (a) and Debarati Sen (a). a Department of Geography , Rutgers University. b Department of Anthropology , Rutgers University. “Third World Environmental Justice.” Society and Natural Resources: An International Journal, 21:7, 547-555 AJ
Judging from the evidence the
AND
and racial injus- tice that affect us all.
These systems create exclusionary discourse
Schroeder et al 8 Richard Schroeder (a), Kevin St. Martin (a), Bradley Wilson (a) and Debarati Sen (a). a Department of Geography , Rutgers University. b Department of Anthropology , Rutgers University. “Third World Environmental Justice.” Society and Natural Resources: An International Journal, 21:7, 547-555 AJ
Drawing inspiration from so-called new social
AND
, it seems, have no place, and thus no rights, in the modern city.
Thus, I advocate whole res. Affirming is key to fighting neoliberal ideology
White 13 Rob White (Professor of Criminology, School of Sociology and Social Work, University of Tasmania, Australia). “Resource Extraction Leaves Something Behind: Environmental Justice and Mining.” International Journal for Crime and Justice. IJCJ 2013 2(1): 50-64 AJ
There is no doubting the national and regional
AND
especially not in relation to this particular industry.
Local perspectives cannot solve
Muller 12 Markus M. Muller (Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, Catholic University Eichst€att-Ingolstadt, Eichst€att, Germany). “Justice as a Framework for the Solution of Environmental Conflicts.” Justice and Conflicts: Theoretical and Empirical Contributions. Editors Elisabeth Kals and Ju ?rgen Maes. 2012 AJ
Environmental conflicts are local
AND
societal and global economic developments.
Squo lacks regulation
Schroeder et al 8 Richard Schroeder (a), Kevin St. Martin (a), Bradley Wilson (a) and Debarati Sen (a). a Department of Geography , Rutgers University. b Department of Anthropology , Rutgers University. “Third World Environmental Justice.” Society and Natural Resources: An International Journal, 21:7, 547-555 AJ
Since the inception of the
AND
but to take to the streets.

Part 4 – Impacts
Subpoint A is cultures: Cultural destruction is a manifestation of colonial structures of power
Kortright 3 (Chris, Sessional Lecturer and Adjunct Professor of Anthropology, University of California) “Colonization and Identity” The Anarchist Library Jan 1 AT
Colonization and Identity Those who discovered and conquered other lands
AND
based on equality, liberty, and mutual aid.
Subpoint B is neoliberalism: This creates unending cycles of violence
Kelly 10 (Kieran, Mendeley member in Humanities interested in war, genocide, international relations, US foreign policy; Master's in History from Massey University in New Zealand; Author of blog On Genocide) “US Neocolonialism” On Genocde, No date, April 2010 is last date cited AT
The third point about US neocolonialism
AND
Iran and Guatemala had effected.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 4 | Opponent: Presentation SK | Judge: Kuhuk Goyal
Peru econ growth solves poverty – empirically verified
Wiig and Balarezo 12 Jorge Balarezo and Henrik Wiig. “The mighty few vs. the silent majority – Barriers to resource extraction for poverty reduction in Peru.” Norwegian Institute for Urban and Regional Research Working Paper 2012: 105. May 2012 AJ
The economic growth has
AND
social programs rose by just over 80 in relation to 2007.
And, economic collapse causes nuke war
Harris and Burrows 9 Mathew, PhD European History @ Cambridge, counselor in the National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer is a member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis” http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf Increased Potential for Global Conflict

Of course, the report encompasses more than
AND
states in a more dog-eat-dog world. 

That turns climate stability
Robock and Slanina 9 – Prof Climatology @ Rutgers, Alan, Head of Environmental Research @ Netherlands Energy Research Foundation, Sjaak, "Nuclear winter." In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland  http://www.eoearth.org/article/Nuclear_winter
Nuclear winter is a term that describes the climatic effects of nuclear war. In
AND
disarmament will prevent the possibility of a nuclear environmental catastrophe.

Tournament: JANFEB - Platinum Mining AC | Round: 2 | Opponent: Scarsdale DW | Judge: Bob Overing
Environmental protection is defined as:
Black’s Law no date “What is ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION?” The Law Dictionary Featuring Black's Law Dictionary Free Online Legal Dictionary 2nd Ed. AT
What is ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION? Environmental
AND
repairing damage and reversing trends.
I value morality.
Subpoint A is the good:
Freedom is the foundation of all ethics: 

1. The moral problem: In the absence of clear moral purpose, it is most reasonable to leave individuals alone
   2. Autonomy solves the problem of consent and moral justification
   Gerald Dworkin Professor, University of Illinois at Chicago. “The Theory and Practice
   of Autonomy.” Cambridge University Press. 1988. Pages 30-31 AJ
   Let me begin by considering at the most abstract level what is involved in moral
   AND
   . The autonomous person gives meaning to her own his life.
   3. A notion of autonomy is necessary for meaningful existence
   Gerald Dworkin Professor, University of Illinois at Chicago. “The Theory and Practice of Autonomy.” Cambridge University Press. 1988. Pages 30-31 AJ
   On the view defended here autonomy is a capacity that is (partly) constitutive
   AND
   way they define and value the world in deciding how I should act.
   Death is the greatest denial of freedom
   Bauman 95 Zygmunt Bauman (University of Leeds Professor Emeritus of Sociology). “Life In Fragments: Essays In Postmodern Morality.” p. 66-71. 1995
   The being for is like living towards the future: a being filled with anticipation
   AND
   acting morally, and sometimes even of being good, in the present.
   Subpoint B is the right: Consequentialism is true – thus, the standard is minimizing death.
   First, noninterference is complicit with the existence of evil
   Isaac Jeffrey C. Isaac (Professor of Political Science at Indiana-Bloomington, Director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life, PhD from Yale). “Ends, Means, and Politics.” Dissent Magazine, Vol. 49, Iss. 2, 2002
   As a result, the most important political questions are simply not asked. It
   AND
   not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.
   Second, no act omission distinction for states
   Sunstein and Vermuele Cass R. Sunstein and Adrian Vermeule. The University of Chicago Law School. “Is Capital Punishment Morally Required? The Relevance of Life?Life Tradeoffs.” JOHN M. OLIN LAW and ECONOMICS WORKING PAPER NO. 239. The Chicago Working Paper Series. March 2005 AJ
   In our view, both the argument from causation and the argument from intention go
   AND
   a set of policy instruments that do not adequately or fully discourage it.
   Third, in situations of forced choices, we always ought to maximize consequences in order to treat people equally,
   Fourth, Psychological evidence proves that human moral reasoning was never rational.
   Joshua Greene (John and Ruth Hazel Associate Professor of the Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Harvard University.) Chapter 38: “The secret joke of Kant’s soul.” Thomas Nadelhoffer, Eddy Nahmias, Shaun Nichols. “Moral Psychology: Historical and Contemporary Readings.” Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, John Wiley and Sons, Nov 1, 2010. Print AJ
   There is a substantial and growing body of evidence suggesting that much of what we
   AND
   implications, casting doubt on deontology as a school of normative moral thought.
   Consequentialism escapes the dilemma of evolutionary debunking
   Joshua Greene 2 (John and Ruth Hazel Associate Professor of the Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Harvard University.) Chapter 38: “The secret joke of Kant’s soul.” Thomas Nadelhoffer, Eddy Nahmias, Shaun Nichols. “Moral Psychology: Historical and Contemporary Readings.” Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, John Wiley and Sons, Nov 1, 2010. Print AJ
   This hypothesis raises a further question. Why just deontology? Why not suppose that
   AND
   which is why, I argue, that consequentialism is inescapably “cognitive.”
   If there’s even a risk of ethical uncertainty, we should always prioritize the survival of the human race to ensure future value.
   Bostrom Nick Bostrom. Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School Universit

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 5 | Opponent: Greenhill VA | Judge: Ashley Hellebuick
Adv 1 - Neoliberalism
Resource extraction fuels the global stratification system of toxic dumping and subservience
Adeola 01 Francis O. Adeola (Department of Sociology, University of New Orleans). “Environmental Injustice and Human Rights Abuse: The States, MNCs, and Repression of Minority Groups in the World System.” Human Ecology Review, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2001 AJ
The dependency/world system perspective offers a theoretical explanation of the global stratification system
AND
dominated the nation’s oil industry for over 20 years. (Emphasis added).
The global system uses the farce of economic efficiency to hide its institutionalized racism.
Adeola 01 Francis O. Adeola (Department of Sociology, University of New Orleans). “Environmental Injustice and Human Rights Abuse: The States, MNCs, and Repression of Minority Groups in the World System.” Human Ecology Review, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2001 AJ
As an unfortunate aspect of globalization, the relative ease of transnational movements of operations
AND
of Human Rights, and the U.N. Convention on Genocide.
This creates a system of control and perpetual poverty.
DSP 90 Democratic Socialist Party. “Program of the Democratic Socialist Party.” Resistance Books, 1990 DD
Throughout the first phase of its existence, from the Industrial Revolution of the latter
AND
human civilisation, and increasingly, even the survival of life on Earth.
Adv 2 - Imperialism
Resource extraction has created a system of conflicts that victimize and subjugate vulnerable populations
White 13 Rob White (Professor of Criminology, School of Sociology and Social Work, University of Tasmania, Australia). “Resource Extraction Leaves Something Behind: Environmental Justice and Mining.” International Journal for Crime and Justice. IJCJ 2013 2(1): 50-64 AJ
Description and analysis of specific examples provide insight into the challenges to ecological and social
AND
of the Alberta Tar Sands (Rush 2002; Smandych and Kueneman 2010).

Resource extraction destroys local cultures and indigenous communities
White 13 Rob White (Professor of Criminology, School of Sociology and Social Work, University of Tasmania, Australia). “Resource Extraction Leaves Something Behind: Environmental Justice and Mining.” International Journal for Crime and Justice. IJCJ 2013 2(1): 50-64. www.crimejusticejournal.com AJ
As extensive work on specific incidents and patterns of victimisation demonstrates, some people are
AND
traditional cultures and livelihoods (Brook 2000; Gedicks 2005; Schlosberg 2007).
Destruction of culture is a key manifestation of colonialism
Kortright 3 (Chris, Sessional Lecturer and Adjunct Professor of Anthropology, University of California) “Colonization and Identity” The Anarchist Library Jan 1 AT
Colonization and Identity Those who discovered and conquered other lands were entitled to them,
AND
and creating a society based on equality, liberty, and mutual aid.
Neocolonial strategies of dominance are part of a genocidal zero-sum logic that reproduces global hierarchies and violence
Kelly 10 (Kieran, Mendeley member in Humanities interested in war, genocide, international relations, US foreign policy; Master's in History from Massey University in New Zealand; Author of blog On Genocide) “US Neocolonialism” On Genocde, No date, April 2010 is last date cited AT
The third point about US neocolonialism relates to age-old imperial practices of divide
AND
of affairs in Indochina as its coups in Iran and Guatemala had effected.

Adv 3 - Solvency
Environmental protection developing countries solves the neoliberal model
Faber 09 “Environmental Sociology From Analysis to Action.” Edited by Leslie King and Deborah McCarthy. Chapter 11. “The Unfair Trade-off: Globalization and the Export of Ecological Hazards.” By Daniel Faber. Copyright © 2009 by Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc. AJ
In the era of neo-liberalism and corporate-led globalization, environmental justice
AND
Nations.54 In the longrun,however,evenbiggertransformationsarenecessary. . . .
Affirming is key
White 13 Rob White (Professor of Criminology, School of Sociology and Social Work, University of Tasmania, Australia). “Resource Extraction Leaves Something Behind: Environmental Justice and Mining.” International Journal for Crime and Justice. IJCJ 2013 2(1): 50-64 AJ
There is no doubting the national and regional economic importance of the natural resource and
AND
robust regulatory approach, and especially not in relation to this particular industry.

Environment Fwk
In the context of environmental debate, we should focus on specific actions that can achieve concrete change.
Robinson 06 Edited by Tony Shallcross and John Robinson. “Global Citizenship and Environmental Justice.” Amsterdam - New York, NY 2006. From the chapter  “Education for Sustainable Development as Applied Global Citizenship and Environmental Justice.” AJ
How do we get from the dominant Western educational paradigm grounded, at worst in
AND
contribution that education can make to the promotion environmental justice and global citizenship.
Abstraction is insufficient – praxis is essential
Robinson 06 Edited by Tony Shallcross and John Robinson. “Global Citizenship and Environmental Justice.” Amsterdam - New York, NY 2006. From the chapter  “Education for Sustainable Development as Applied Global Citizenship and Environmental Justice.” AJ
We do not require education that terminates at being about, in or for global
AND
rather than inhospitable narratives (Derrida, 2001) on our pilgrim’s progress.
Preempts
Only constructive action that starts with material reform can be effective
Bryant 12 ( levi, prof of philosophy at Collins college, Critique of the Academic Left, http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/underpants-gnomes-a-critique-of-the-academic-left/)
The problem as I see it is that this is the worst sort of abstraction
AND
. Instead we prefer to shout and denounce. Good luck with that.
Exclusive focus on representations erodes meaningful reversal of the structures of exploitation
Giroux 6, Chair Professorship of Edcuation and Cultural Studies at Penn State, 2k6 Henry, “Dirty Democracy and State of Terrorism,” Comparative Studies of South Asia, 163-177
Abstracted from the ideal of public commitment, the new authoritarianism represents a political and
AND
the chances of humanity are inscribed, and can be nowhere else.59

Tournament: JANFEB - Sand Mining AC | Round: 5 | Opponent: Greenhill BE | Judge: Lawrence Grandpre
Since environment protection is defined as
Black’s Law no date “What is ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION?” The Law Dictionary Featuring Black's Law Dictionary Free Online Legal Dictionary 2nd Ed. AT
What is ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION? Environmental guardianship based on policies and procedures. Objectives are (1) the conserving of natural resources, (2) the preserving of the existing natural environment and, (3) where possible, repairing damage and reversing trends.
The aff must defend a set of policies and neg has to defend a competing set of policies – this is key to aff strategy since: otherwise the neg sidesteps the comparison the aff is bound to, which nullifies 6 minutes of the 1AC
I value morality.
Consequentialism is true:
First, pragmatism: As in science, moral judgment requires deliberation between the attractions of concrete alternatives.
Rorty (Richard) “Pragmatism, Relativism, and Irrationalism” Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association, Vol. 53, No. 6. (Aug.,1980), pp. 717+719-738. DD
So a second characterization of pragmatism might go like this: there is no epistemological
AND
the situation. One simply arrives at true beliefs by obeying mechanical procedures.
Second, rule util is false: If we care about consequences, rule util always collapses to act util
Binder and Smith 2000 explain the argument Guyora Binder * and Nicholas J. Smith. * Professor of Law, State University of New York at Buffalo.  Law Clerk, Judge Nygaard, U.S.C.A. 3rd Cir.; J.D., Buffalo; Ph.D., Vanderbilt. “FRAMED: UTILITARIANISM AND PUNISHMENT OF THE INNOCENT.” Rutgers Law Journal¶ Fall, 2000. 32 Rutgers L. J. 115. AJ
Rule-utilitarianism has traditionally been attacked, however, on the grounds that it
AND
apply universally, the critic reasons, the utility principle is wrong. n47
If there’s even a risk of ethical uncertainty, we should always prioritize the survival of the human race to ensure future value.
Bostrom Nick Bostrom. Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford. “Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority.” Global Policy (2012)
These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential
AND
of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.

1AC Whole
Status quo sand mining is unsustainable
CBD 12 Center for Biological Diversity. “Effects of sand mining on coastal biodiversity.” 2012-07-05. http://www.cbd.int/kb/record/sideEvent/2682?RecordType=sideEventandEvent=COP-11 AJ
The event includes presentations from Awaaz Foundation, Bombay Natural History Society and various organizations
AND
bring about policy changes for limiting damage to biodiversity caused by sand mining.
Sand mining destroys water security, kills biodiversity, and increases vulnerability to disasters
Pereira 12 Kiran Pereira (MSc Environment and Development at King’s College). “Sand mining: The High Volume – Low Value Paradox.” Oct 20, 2012. Coastal Care AJ
Water does not exist in isolation. It is an integral part of any ecosystem
AND
activity is surprisingly depoliticized except when there are public concerns in specific areas.
4 impacts

1. Water security
   Water crises cause escalating global conflict
   Rasmussen 11 (Erik, CEO, Monday Morning; Founder, Green Growth Leaders) “Prepare for the Next Conflict: Water Wars” Huffington Post. 4/12 AT
   For years experts have set out warnings of how the earth will be affected by
   AND
   and "business as usual" prevails, then water wars will accelerate.
   Water conflicts go nuclear.
   Zahoor 12 (Musharaf, Researcher at Department of Nuclear Politics – National Defense University, Water Crisis can Trigger Nuclear War in South Asia, http://www.siasat.pk)
   Water is an ambient source, which unlike human beings does not respect boundaries.
   AND
   being faced by Pakistan, which can only be resolved through political will.
   2. Disasters – the death toll is high and set to increase
   Reuters 10 “Climate change may add to disaster death tolls” Stabroek News SEPTEMBER 9, 2010 AT
   Natural disasters are tending to kill fewer people but climate change may add to the
   AND
   . The worst recent year was 2004, with the Indian Ocean tsunami.
   3. Loss of ocean biodiversity causes extinction.
   Craig 3 Robin Craig, Indiana University, Robin Kundis, Winter, 34 McGeorge L. Rev. 155, p. 264-266
   Biodiversity and ecosystem function arguments for conserving marine ecosystems also exist, just as they
   AND
   - even  if a few fishers go out of business as a result.
   4. Biodiversity loss increases disease vulnerability
   Matt and Gebser 11 – Florian and Ronny, citing Keesing et al. 2010,  biologist at Bard College in Annandale, New York, “Biodiversity decline can increase the spread of infectious diseases like Hantavirus,” http://www.eea.europa.eu/atlas/teeb/biodiversity-decline-can-increase-the/view)//a-berg
   What is the problem? Intuitively one might expect that higher overall biodiversity leads to
   AND
   backfire” by resulting in pathogen transmission (Keesing et al. 2010).
   Specifically, zoonotic diseases lead to extinction
   Casadevall 12 – Prof @ Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Division of Infectious Diseases of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine Arturo. (“The future of biological warfare,” Microbial Biotechnology, p. 584-5)
   In considering the importance of biological warfare as a subject for concern it is worthwhile
   AND
   acquired the capacity for pathogenicity as a consequence of natural evolution or bioengineering.

Thus, the plan text: developing countries should implement programs to restrict sand mining.
Dung 11 explains Nguyen Mau Dung (Hanoi University of Agriculture, Vietnam). “RIVER SAND MINING AND MANAGEMENT: A CASE OF CAU RIVER IN BAC NINH PROVINCE, VIETNAM.” No. rr2011111. Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia (EEPSEA), 2011 AJ
With the limited resources for monitoring and enforcement, absolute ban of sand mining in
AND
reduction of illegal sand mining in Cau River and other rivers as well.

Underview

Policymaking focus is good –
First, Discussion of specific policy-questions is crucial for skills development.
Esberg and Sagan 12 Jane Esberg is special assistant to the director at New York University's Center on. International Cooperation. She was the winner of 2009 Firestone Medal, AND Scott Sagan is a professor of political science and director of Stanford's Center for International Security and Cooperation “NEGOTIATING NONPROLIFERATION: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy,” 2/17 The Nonproliferation Review, 19:1, 95-108
These government or quasi-government think tank simulations often provide very similar lessons for
AND
quickly; simulations teach students how to contextualize and act on information.14

Second, Only constructive action that proposes realistic reform can ever solve anything.
Bryant 12 (levi, prof of philosophy at Collins college, Critique of the Academic Left, http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/underpants-gnomes-a-critique-of-the-academic-left/)
The problem as I see it is that this is the worst sort of abstraction
AND
. Instead we prefer to shout and denounce. Good luck with that.
Third, exclusive focus on representations erodes meaningful reversal of the structures of exploitation
Giroux 6, Chair Professorship of Edcuation and Cultural Studies at Penn State, 2k6 Henry, “Dirty Democracy and State of Terrorism,” Comparative Studies of South Asia, 163-177
Abstracted from the ideal of public commitment, the new authoritarianism represents a political and
AND
the chances of humanity are inscribed, and can be nowhere else.59

Tournament: CPS | Round: 1 | Opponent: Mission San Jose SS | Judge: Michelle Jiang
Fwk
Environmental protection definition
Black’s Law no date “What is ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION?” The Law Dictionary Featuring Black's Law Dictionary Free Online Legal Dictionary 2nd Ed. AT
What is ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION? Environmental guardianship based on policies and procedures. Objectives are (1) the conserving of natural resources, (2) the preserving of the existing natural environment and, (3) where possible, repairing damage and reversing trends.
I value government obligations.
Moral reasoning is irrational
Joshua Greene (John and Ruth Hazel Associate Professor of the Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Harvard University.) Chapter 38: “The secret joke of Kant’s soul.” Thomas Nadelhoffer, Eddy Nahmias, Shaun Nichols. “Moral Psychology: Historical and Contemporary Readings.” Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, John Wiley and Sons, Nov 1, 2010. Print AJ
There is a substantial and growing body of evidence suggesting that much of what we
AND
implications, casting doubt on deontology as a school of normative moral thought.
Consequentialism escapes the dilemma of evolutionary debunking
Joshua Greene 2 (John and Ruth Hazel Associate Professor of the Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Harvard University.) Chapter 38: “The secret joke of Kant’s soul.” Thomas Nadelhoffer, Eddy Nahmias, Shaun Nichols. “Moral Psychology: Historical and Contemporary Readings.” Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, John Wiley and Sons, Nov 1, 2010. Print AJ
This hypothesis raises a further question. Why just deontology? Why not suppose that
AND
which is why, I argue, that consequentialism is inescapably “cognitive.”
The standard is maximizing expected well-being. Two more warrants.
Simple perception tells us that pleasure is good and pain is bad
Nagel – Thomas Nagel. “The View from Nowhere”. Oxford University Press. 1986. pg 156-157
I shall defend the unsurprising claim that sensory Pleasure is good and
AND
such cases. There can be no reason to reject the appearances here.
No act omission distinction for states
Sunstein and Vermuele Cass R. Sunstein and Adrian Vermeule. The University of Chicago Law School. “Is Capital Punishment Morally Required? The Relevance of Life?Life Tradeoffs.” JOHN M. OLIN LAW and ECONOMICS WORKING PAPER NO. 239. The Chicago Working Paper Series. March 2005 AJ
In our view, both the argument from causation and the argument from intention go
AND
private killing—becomes obscure when the government formally forbids private action, but
chooses a set of policy instruments that do not adequately or fully discourage it.

Contention Whole
Contention 1 is sustainability
Overfishing in the status quo is unsustainable
INIR 12 INIR News, a service of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. “KENYA: Vanishing fish income forces livelihood switch/correction 6/11/12. http://www.irinnews.org/report/95617/kenya-vanishing-fish-income-forces-livelihood-switch-correction AJ
Experts say rising population and overfishing are deepening poverty for millions of residents around Lake
AND
seen fish diminish very fast, and particularly Nile perch," said Mboya.
African conflicts cause great power war
Glick 7 (Caroline – senior Middle East fellow at the Center for Security Policy, Condi’s African holiday, p. http://www.centerforsecuritypolicy.org/home.aspx?sid=56andcategoryid=56andsubcategoryid=90andnewsid=11568)
The Horn of Africa is a dangerous and strategically vital place. Small wars,
AND
waters of the Nile River which flows through all countries of the region.
Causes terrorism
Dehez 5 (Dustin, spokesmen on Defense of the CDU/CSU in the German parliament, Senior Research Fellow at the Düsseldorf Institute for Foreign and Security Policy and the Institute's Director for North-East African Studies, research focuses on the Horn of Africa, Military in Africa) “Why Africa matters: Terrorism in Africa - the forgotten continent once more?” World Security Network Foundation Dec 14 AT
One of the reasons why Africa deserves international attention is actually the war on terror
AND
yet allocated the necessary financial support nor

Tournament: VBT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Brentwood CH | Judge: Adam Torson
Framework
Since environment protection is defined as
Black’s Law no date “What is ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION?” The Law Dictionary Featuring Black's Law Dictionary Free Online Legal Dictionary 2nd Ed. AT
What is ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION? Environmental guardianship based on
AND
natural environment and, (3) where possible, repairing damage and reversing trends.
The aff and neg worlds must be competing sets of policies.
I value government obligations.
Psychological evidence proves that human moral reasoning was never rational
Joshua Greene (John and Ruth Hazel Associate Professor of the Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Harvard University.) Chapter 38: “The secret joke of Kant’s soul.” Thomas Nadelhoffer, Eddy Nahmias, Shaun Nichols. “Moral Psychology: Historical and Contemporary Readings.” Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, John Wiley and Sons, Nov 1, 2010. Print AJ
There is a substantial and growing body of evidence suggesting that much of what we
AND
implications, casting doubt on deontology as a school of normative moral thought.
Consequentialism escapes the dilemma of evolutionary debunking since it is driven by cognitive value aggregation
Joshua Greene 2 (John and Ruth Hazel Associate Professor of the Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Harvard University.) Chapter 38: “The secret joke of Kant’s soul.” Thomas Nadelhoffer, Eddy Nahmias, Shaun Nichols. “Moral Psychology: Historical and Contemporary Readings.” Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, John Wiley and Sons, Nov 1, 2010. Print AJ
This hypothesis raises a further question. Why just deontology? Why not suppose that
AND
which is why, I argue, that consequentialism is inescapably “cognitive.”
The standard is maximizing expected well-being.
FIRST, Governments must be practical. It cannot concern itself with purely metaphysical questions because that would avoid consideration of what is required to achieve its ends.
MARTIN RHONHEIMER Prof Of Philosophy at The Pontifical University of the Holy Cross in Rome. “THE POLITICAL ETHOS OF CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY AND THE PLACE OF NATURAL LAW IN PUBLIC REASON: RAWLS’S “POLITICAL LIBERALISM” REVISITED” The American Journal of Jurisprudence vol. 50 (2005), pp. 1-70
It is a fundamental feature of political philosophy to be part of
AND
time are also the rulers.
People accept utilitarianism
Gino et al 2008 Francesca Gino Kenan-Flagler Business School, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Don Moore Tepper Business School, Carnegie Mellon University, Max H. Bozman Harvard Business School, Harvard University “No harm, no foul: The outcome bias in ethical judgments” http://www.hbs.edu/research/pdf/08-080.pdf AT
The present studies provide strong evidence of the existence of outcome effects in ethically-
AND
to allow a decision’s outcome to determine their assessment of the decision’s quality.
SECOND, No act omission distinction for states
Sunstein and Vermuele Cass R. Sunstein and Adrian Vermeule. The University of Chicago Law School. “Is Capital Punishment Morally Required? The Relevance of Life?Life Tradeoffs.” JOHN M. OLIN LAW and ECONOMICS WORKING PAPER NO. 239. The Chicago Working Paper Series. March 2005 AJ
In our view, both the argument from causation and the argument from intention go
AND
a set of policy instruments that do not adequately or fully discourage it.
THIRD, All questions of value are meaningless absent the real lived experiences of human beings.
Sam Harris 2010. CEO Project Reason; PHD UCLA Neuroscience; BA Stanford Philosophy.  The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values.”
Here is my (consequentialist) starting point: all questions of
AND
consequences and conscious states remain the foundation of all values.

Contention Whole
Contention 1 is sustainability
Overfishing in the status quo is unsustainable
INIR 12 INIR News, a service of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. “KENYA: Vanishing fish income forces livelihood switch/correction 6/11/12. http://www.irinnews.org/report/95617/kenya-vanishing-fish-income-forces-livelihood-switch-correction AJ
Experts say ri

Tournament: Emory | Round: 2 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
First: The role of the ballot is to weigh the benefits of the aff and neg world as a policymaker – that’s key to critical thinking.
Burke and Keller 01 Keller, Whittaker, and Burke 01. Thomas E., Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago, James K., professor of Social Work, and Tracy K., doctoral student School of Social Work, “Student debates in policy courses: promoting policy practice skills and knowledge through active learning,” Journal of Social Work Education, Spr/Summer
Policy practice encompasses social
AND
capacities for critical thinking.
Second is ethics: Impacts to environmental sustainability come first
Elliott 97 Herschel Elliott (Emeritus Philosophy, University of Florida). “A General Statement of the Tragedy of the Commons.” February 26, 1997. http://dieoff.org/page121.htm AJ
Correct ethical behavior can no longer be
AND
necessary to prevent the tragic breakdown of the Earth's biosystem.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 4 | Opponent: Presentation SK | Judge: Kuhuk Goyal
Text: The Ecuadorian government should institute a ban on drilling oil in the Yasuni national park and peru should continue all resource extraction activities that conflict with environmental protection. 

Their solvency advocates are ours – all the aff evidence speaks to only Yasuni national park – not Peru
Solves the whole aff – every piece of evidence in the 1AC was about Yasuni national park – not a single one mentions oil drilling in Peru

Tournament: CPS | Round: Semis | Opponent: Harker SP | Judge: Panel
FW
Since environment protection is defined as
Black’s Law no date “What is ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION?” The Law Dictionary Featuring Black's Law Dictionary Free Online Legal Dictionary 2nd Ed. AT
What is ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION? Environmental guardianship based on policies and procedures. Objectives are (1) the conserving of natural resources, (2) the preserving of the existing natural environment and, (3) where possible, repairing damage and reversing trends.
the aff must defend a set of policies and neg has to defend a competing set of policies
The standard is maximizing expected well-being. Two warrants.
First, No act omission distinction for states since their implicit approvals of actions still entail moral responsibility
Sunstein and Vermuele Cass R. Sunstein and Adrian Vermeule. The University of Chicago Law School. “Is Capital Punishment Morally Required? The Relevance of Life?Life Tradeoffs.” JOHN M. OLIN LAW and ECONOMICS WORKING PAPER NO. 239. The Chicago Working Paper Series. March 2005 AJ
In our view, both the argument from causation and the argument from intention go
AND
a set of policy instruments that do not adequately or fully discourage it.
Second, people accept utilitarianism as an appropriate way to judge the actions of decision-makers. This commits governments to take actions with beneficial outcomes.
Gino et al 2008 Francesca Gino Kenan-Flagler Business School, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Don Moore Tepper Business School, Carnegie Mellon University, Max H. Bozman Harvard Business School, Harvard University “No harm, no foul: The outcome bias in ethical judgments” http://www.hbs.edu/research/pdf/08-080.pdf AT
The present studies provide strong evidence of the existence of outcome effects in ethically-
AND
to allow a decision’s outcome to determine their assessment of the decision’s quality.

Contention 1 is sustainability
The global model of industrial agriculture has massive over-reliance on fossil fuels
Barker 7 (Debbie, international director for the Center for Food Safety, public policy institute, and director of the International Forum on Globalization, think tank that analyses economic globalization) “The Rise and Predictable Fall of Globalized Industrial Agriculture” a report from the international forum on globalization AT
Recently, there has been much speculation about the causes of higher oil prices,
AND
be studied and implemented. This will be discussed later in Part Three.
Oil shortages cause extinction
Lendman 7 (Steven, Research Associate of the Centre for Research on Globalization. “Resource Wars - Can We Survive Them?,” Rense.com, 6-6-7, pg. http://www.rense.com/general76/resrouce.htm
With the world's energy supplies finite, the US heavily dependent on imports, and
AND
, or at least a big part of it, would have survived.
A shift to small farms is key
Ho 13 (Mae-Wan, Ph. D. in Biochemistry, Postdoctoral
AND
to Industrial Agriculture and Food System” Permaculture Research Institute Sept 18 AT
UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) – the developing nations’ equivalent
AND
lands, many of which are unproductive or no longer suitable for agriculture.
Industrial ag uses phosphorous unsustainably – organic farming is key
Oliveira 11 Caroline Felix Oliveira, Addressing the Phosphate Crisis: Precision Agriculture versus Agroecology, University of Florida Honor’s Thesis, 4/20/2011, pg. www.honors.ufl.edu/apps/Thesis.aspx/Download/945

Industrial agriculture has jeopardized the availability of phosphate for future generations. Agriculture’s dependence on
AND
food production, thus “ecologizing” the economy towards sustainable farm management.
The impact is famine and global phosphorus wars
Elser and White 10—Professor of Ecology @ Arizona State University and Director of the Institute for Sustainable Futures @ University of Technology James Elser and Stuart White, “Peak Phosphorus,” Foreign Policy, April 20, 2010, pg. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/04/20/peak_phosphorus?page=full
From Kansas to China's Sichuan province, farmers treat thei

Tournament: Stanford | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Bainbridge Island | Judge: Panel
Warming is real, anthropogenic, and causes extinction
Richard Schiffman 9/27/13, environmental writer @ The Atlantic citing the Fifth Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, “What Leading Scientists Want You to Know About Today's Frightening Climate Report,” The Atlantic, http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/09/leading-scientists-weigh-in-on-the-mother-of-all-climate-reports/280045/
The polar icecaps are melting faster than we
AND
report: ¶ "We have five minutes before midnight."
Warming triggers every other impact – also causes wars over land
Ginsborg et al. 12 – Mikkel Funder, Signe Marie Cold-Ravnkilde and Ida Peters Ginsborg - in collaboration with Nanna Callisen Bang, Denmark Institute for International Studies, 2012, "ADDRESSING CLIMATE CHANGE AND CONFLICT IN DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION EXPERIENCES FROM NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT" www.diis.dk/graphics/Publications/Reports2012/RP2012-04-Addressing-climate-change_web.jpg.pdf
2.2 Climate change as a con?ict multiplier¶ Climate
AND
 thereby increasing the risk and intensity of con?ict.
Industrial farming creates antibiotic resistance
Cassuto and Saville 12 (David, professor at Pace Law School and the Director of the Brazil-American Institute for Law and Environment, Visiting Professor of Law at the Federal University of Bahia, Brazil; and Sarah, J.D. Candidate, Class of 2012, at Pace Law School) “HOT, CROWDED, AND LEGAL: A LOOK AT INDUSTRIAL AGRICULTURE IN THE UNITED STATES AND BRAZIL” ANIMAL LAW Vol. 18:2 AT
The U.S. introduced
AND
makes it harder to treat human illnesses.62
Antibiotic-resistant diseases cause extinction
Sample 13 Ian, Science Correspondent for the Guardian, citing Dame Sally Davies, United Kingdom Chief Medical Officer, January 23, “Antibiotic-Resistant Diseases Pose 'Apocalyptic' Threat, Top Expert Says,” http://www.theguardian.com/society/2013/jan/23/antibiotic-resistant-diseases-apocalyptic-threat
Britain's most senior medical adviser has
AND
be in serious trouble," Johnson added.
A shift solves global water crisis
Pretty 6—Professor of Environment and Society at University of Essex Jules Pretty, Agroecological Approaches to Agricultural Development, Background Paper for the World Development Report 2008, November 2006
Widespread appreciation of
AND
levels of productivity. Pg. 19
Water crises cause escalating global conflict
Rasmussen 11 (Erik, CEO, Monday Morning; Founder, Green Growth Leaders) “Prepare for the Next Conflict: Water Wars” HuffPo 4/12 AT
For years experts have set out warnings of
AND
usual" prevails, then water wars will accelerate.
Thus the plan – developing countries should implement programs to support organic agriculture. Implementation is through normal means, I will clarify in CX. This involves a shift from industrial agriculture, which uses monocultural production by large corporations for exports, to sustainable agriculture, which uses organic farming techniques by small farmers for local consumption.

Tournament: VBT | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Apple Valley GH | Judge: Panel
Framework

Environmental protection is defined as:
Black’s Law no date “What is ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION?” The Law Dictionary Featuring Black's Law Dictionary Free Online Legal Dictionary 2nd Ed. AT
What is ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION? Environmental guardianship,
AND
 repairing damage and reversing trends.
I value morality. Consequentialism is true – 2 warrants:
First, Governments must be practical.
MARTIN RHONHEIMER Prof Of Philosophy at The Pontifical University of the Holy Cross in Rome. “THE POLITICAL ETHOS OF CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY AND THE PLACE OF NATURAL LAW IN PUBLIC REASON: RAWLS’S “POLITICAL LIBERALISM” REVISITED” The American Journal of Jurisprudence vol. 50 (2005), pp. 1-70
It is a fundamental feature of political philosophy to be part of
AND
potentially at the same time are also the rulers.
People accept utilitarianism – brain studies
Gino et al 2008 Francesca Gino Kenan-Flagler Business School, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Don Moore Tepper Business School, Carnegie Mellon University, Max H. Bozman Harvard Business School, Harvard University “No harm, no foul: The outcome bias in ethical judgments” http://www.hbs.edu/research/pdf/08-080.pdf AT
The present studies provide strong evidence of the
AND
their assessment of the decision’s quality.

Second, there is no act omission distinction for states
Sunstein and Vermuele Cass R. Sunstein and Adrian Vermeule. The University of Chicago Law School. “Is Capital Punishment Morally Required? The Relevance of Life?Life Tradeoffs.” JOHN M. OLIN LAW and ECONOMICS WORKING PAPER NO. 239. The Chicago Working Paper Series. March 2005 AJ
In our view, both the argument from causation
AND
adequately or fully discourage it.
If there’s even a risk of ethical uncertainty, we should always prioritize the survival of the human race to ensure future value.
Bostrom Nick Bostrom. Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford. “Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority.” Global Policy (2012)
These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an
AND
of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.
Thus, the standard is minimizing existential risk. 

Contention
A. Sustainability: Peak oil guarantees that industrial agriculture is unsustainable
Barker 7 (Debbie, international director for the Center for Food Safety, public policy institute, and director of the International Forum on Globalization, think tank that analyses economic globalization) “The Rise and Predictable Fall of Globalized Industrial Agriculture” a report from the international forum on globalization AT
Recently, there has been much speculation
AND
studied and implemented. This will be discussed later in Part Three.
Oil shortages cause extinction
Lendman 7 (Steven, Research Associate of the Centre for Research on Globalization. “Resource Wars - Can We Survive Them?,” Rense.com, 6-6-7, pg. http://www.rense.com/general76/resrouce.htm
With the world's energy supplies finite, the US heavily dependent
AND
have followed and whether planet earth, or at least a big part of it, would have survived.
B. Pesticides: A shift to small farms is key to adapt to disease, pollution, warming, and pests
Ho 13 (Mae-Wan, Ph. D. in Biochemistry, Postdoctoral Fellow in Biochemical Genetics, in the University of California in San Diego, Senior Research Fellow in Queen Elizabeth College, Lecturer in Genetics and Reader in Biology in Open University, Visiting Reader in Biology at the Open University, and Visiting Professor of Biophysics in Catania University, Sicily) “Paradigm Shift Urgently Needed In Agriculture – UN Agencies Call for an End to Industrial Agriculture and Food System” Permaculture Research Institute Sept 18 AT
UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) – the developing nations’ equivalent of
AND
lands, many of which are unproductive or no longer suitable for agriculture.
Fertility declines cause extinction
WDP 97 Western Daily Press, 10/6/1997. “Diana's gone all sari-eyed,”
For new research claims that PMT - which is supposed
AND
bit of disturbance in women now and again?
C. Phosphorus: Industrial ag relies heavily on phosphorus
Oliveira 11 Caroline Felix Oliveira, Addressing the Phosphate Crisis: Precision Agriculture versus Agroecology, University of Florida Honor’s Thesis, 4/20/2011, pg. www.honors.ufl.edu/apps/Thesis.aspx/Download/945

Industrial agriculture has jeopardized the
AND
the economy towards sustainable farm management.
The impact is famine and global phosphorus wars
Elser and White 10—Professor of Ecology @ Arizona State University and Director of the Institute for Sustainable Futures @ University of Technology James Elser and Stuart White, “Peak Phosphorus,” Foreign Policy, April 20, 2010, pg. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/04/20/peak_phosphorus?page=full
From Kansas to China's Sichuan province, farmers treat their fields with
AND
where all live in a world with cleaner rivers, lakes, and oceans.

D. Famines: The industrial model causes massive hunger
Headley 13 (Joshua, ) “BREAKDOWN: Industrial Agriculture” Deep Green Resistance May 12 2013 AT
In no other industry today is it more obvious to see the
AND
models and successes of our brothers and sisters in the rest of the world
Food scarcity creates structural conditions that guarantee massive global conflict.
Brown 11 – (Lester R. is the President of the Earth Policy Institute, “The New Geopolitics of Food,” May 2011, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/04/25/the_new_geopolitics_of_food?page=full, Accessed Date: 3-15-13 y2k
The potential for conflict -- and not just
AND
see their food situation deteriorate.
Thus, subpoint E is the plan – developing countries should implement programs to support organic agriculture. That’s key to effect a shift to small-scale, sustainable agriculture – 7 warrants
Hoffmann 11 clarifies (head of the Trade and Sustainable Development Section at the secretariat of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, member of the International Task Force on Harmonization and Equivalence in Organic Agriculture, editor in chief of UNCTAD's annual Trade and Environment Review) “ASSURING FOOD SECURITY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES UNDER THE CHALLENGES OF CLIMATE CHANGE: KEY TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT ISSUES OF A FUNDAMENTAL TRANSFORMATION OF AGRICULTURE” UN Conference on Trade and Development Discussion Paper No 201, Feb 2011 AT
First of all, it is important to remove or modify the existing tax and
AND
for effective climate-change adaptation and mitigation.

Tournament: Damus | Round: 3 | Opponent: Bingham TP | Judge: Hiyawan Solomon
Framework
Use a comparative worlds paradigm
I value morality.
Consequences are the only value we can experience
Sam Harris 2010. CEO Project Reason; PHD UCLA Neuroscience; BA Stanford Philosophy.  The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values.”
Here is my (consequentialist) starting point: all questions of value (right
AND
, therefore, consequences and conscious states remain the foundation of all values.
Pleasure and pain are subjectively valuable
Thomas Nagel “The View from Nowhere”. Oxford University Press. 1986. pg 156-157 AJ
I shall defend the unsurprising claim that sensory Pleasure is good and
AND
such cases. There can be no reason to reject the appearances here.
Thus, my standard is maximizing expected well-being. Additional reasons:
First, public justification requires util
Frega Equal Accessibility to All: Habermas, Pragmatism, and the Place of Religious Beliefs in a Post-Secular Society Roberto Frega Constellations Volume 19, Number 2, 2012
A third theoretical module needs to be introduced in order to complete this pragmatic strategy
AND
.), the reproductive sphere, or the freedom of religious practice and expression.
People accept util as legitimatge
Gino et al 2008 Francesca Gino Kenan-Flagler Business School, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Don Moore Tepper Business School, Carnegie Mellon University, Max H. Bozman Harvard Business School, Harvard University “No harm, no foul: The outcome bias in ethical judgments” http://www.hbs.edu/research/pdf/08-080.pdf AT
The present studies provide strong evidence of the existence of outcome effects in ethically-
AND
to allow a decision’s outcome to determine their assessment of the decision’s quality.
Second, extinction first since moral judgments are uncertain
Bostrom Nick Bostrom. Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford. “Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority.” Global Policy (2012)
These reflections on moral uncertainty suggests an alternative, complementary way of
AND
of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.

Third, no act omission distinction for states since their implicit approvals of actions still entail moral responsibility
Sunstein and Vermuele Cass R. Sunstein and Adrian Vermeule. The University of Chicago Law School. “Is Capital Punishment Morally Required? The Relevance of Life?Life Tradeoffs.” JOHN M. OLIN LAW and ECONOMICS WORKING PAPER NO. 239. The Chicago Working Paper Series. March 2005 AJ
In our view, both the argument from causation and the argument from intention go
AND
a set of policy instruments that do not adequately or fully discourage it.
Contention – Terror
Uniqueness: WMD terrorism is feasible and dangerous
Bunn, et al, 10/2 Bunn, Matthew, Valentin Kuznetsov, Martin B. Malin, Yuri Morozov, Simon Saradzhyan, William H. Tobey, Viktor I. Yesin, and Pavel S. Zolotarev. "Steps to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism." Paper, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School, October 2, 2013
I. Introduction In 2011, Harvard’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs and
AND
the intention to acquire and use nuclear weapons is as strong as ever.
Al Qaeda uses lawyers to transmit dangerous info
Yin 09 Tung Yin. College of Law, University of Iowa. “BOUMEDIENE AND LAWFARE.” University of Iowa Legal Studies Research Paper, Number 09-11. March 2009. The University of Iowa College of Law AJ
U.S. officials have repeatedly referred to Al-Qaeda training manuals that
AND
thereby ensuring that the lawyer can give the most accurate legal advice.117
ACP impedes monitoring the in the squo
Ruzenski 04 Ruzenski, Katherine. "Balancing Fundamental Civil Liberties and the Need for Increased Homeland Security: The Attorney-Client Privilege After September 11th." . John's J. Legal Comment. 19 (2004): 467 AJ
The United States is presently in the largest and most intense criminal investigation in the
AND
contact and involvement with their terrorist friends who have not yet been caught.
Nuclear terrorism creates great-power conflict and causes

Tournament: Damus | Round: 5 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart KH | Judge: Ryan Fink
Framework
Use a comparative worlds paradigm
I value morality.
Consequences are the only value we can experience
Sam Harris 2010. CEO Project Reason; PHD UCLA Neuroscience; BA Stanford Philosophy.  The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values.”
Here is my (consequentialist) starting point: all questions of value (right
AND
, therefore, consequences and conscious states remain the foundation of all values.
Pleasure and pain are subjectively valuable
Thomas Nagel “The View from Nowhere”. Oxford University Press. 1986. pg 156-157 AJ
I shall defend the unsurprising claim that sensory Pleasure is good and
AND
such cases. There can be no reason to reject the appearances here.
Thus, my standard is maximizing expected well-being. Additional reasons:
First, public justification requires util
Frega Equal Accessibility to All: Habermas, Pragmatism, and the Place of Religious Beliefs in a Post-Secular Society Roberto Frega Constellations Volume 19, Number 2, 2012
A third theoretical module needs to be introduced in order to complete this pragmatic strategy
AND
.), the reproductive sphere, or the freedom of religious practice and expression.
People accept util as legitimatge
Gino et al 2008 Francesca Gino Kenan-Flagler Business School, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Don Moore Tepper Business School, Carnegie Mellon University, Max H. Bozman Harvard Business School, Harvard University “No harm, no foul: The outcome bias in ethical judgments” http://www.hbs.edu/research/pdf/08-080.pdf AT
The present studies provide strong evidence of the existence of outcome effects in ethically-
AND
to allow a decision’s outcome to determine their assessment of the decision’s quality.
Second, extinction first since moral judgments are uncertain
Bostrom Nick Bostrom. Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford. “Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority.” Global Policy (2012)
These reflections on moral uncertainty suggests an alternative, complementary way of
AND
of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.

Contention – Terror
Uniqueness: WMD terrorism is feasible and dangerous
Bunn, et al, 10/2 Bunn, Matthew, Valentin Kuznetsov, Martin B. Malin, Yuri Morozov, Simon Saradzhyan, William H. Tobey, Viktor I. Yesin, and Pavel S. Zolotarev. "Steps to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism." Paper, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School, October 2, 2013
I. Introduction In 2011, Harvard’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs and
AND
the intention to acquire and use nuclear weapons is as strong as ever.
Al Qaeda uses lawyers to transmit dangerous info
Yin 09 Tung Yin. College of Law, University of Iowa. “BOUMEDIENE AND LAWFARE.” University of Iowa Legal Studies Research Paper, Number 09-11. March 2009. The University of Iowa College of Law AJ
U.S. officials have repeatedly referred to Al-Qaeda training manuals that
AND
thereby ensuring that the lawyer can give the most accurate legal advice.117
ACP impedes monitoring the in the squo
Ruzenski 04 Ruzenski, Katherine. "Balancing Fundamental Civil Liberties and the Need for Increased Homeland Security: The Attorney-Client Privilege After September 11th." . John's J. Legal Comment. 19 (2004): 467 AJ
The United States is presently in the largest and most intense criminal investigation in the
AND
contact and involvement with their terrorist friends who have not yet been caught.
Nuclear terrorism creates great-power conflict and causes extinction.
Barrett et al 13—PhD in Engineering and Public Policy from Carnegie Mellon University
AND
and Nonproliferation Initiatives, Volume 21, Issue 2, Taylor and Francis)
War involving significant fractions of the U.S. and Russian nuclear arsenals,
AND
making one or both nations more likely to misinterpret events as attacks. 16
Contention – Innocents
ACP prevents revelation of info relevant to innocent people
Freedman 95 Freedman, Monroe H. "Life-Saving Exception to Confidentiality: Restating Law without the Was, the Will Be, or the Ought to Be." Loy

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Westwood AG | Judge: Devin Race
Use a comparative worlds paradigm
My meta ethic is reflective equilibrium, which gives credence values to moral judgments and beliefs.
Norman Daniels “Wide Reflective Equilibrium and Theory Acceptance in Ethics.” The Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 76, No. 5 (May, 1979), pp. 256-282 AJ
The method of wide reflective equilibrium is an attempt to produce coherence in an ordered
AND
of the ordered triple (a), (b), (C).5
Reflective equilibrium better describes the nature of moral reasoning
Norman Daniels “Wide Reflective Equilibrium and Theory Acceptance in Ethics.” The Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 76, No. 5 (May, 1979), pp. 256-282 AJ
By revealing this structural complexity, the search for wide equilibrium can benefit moral inquiry
AND
can be traced to disagreements about theory, greater moral agreement may result.
First, Protection of innocent people is one of our strongest intuitions
Jeffrie G. Murphy Murphy, Jeffrie G. "The killing of the innocent." The Monist 57.4 (1973): 527-550
From what I have said so far, it should be obvious that this question
AND
obvious wrongness of making slaves of people, punishing the innocent, etc.
Second is rule of law:
Political institutions must be justifiable
MARTIN RHONHEIMER Prof Of Philosophy at The Pontifical University of the Holy Cross in Rome. “THE POLITICAL ETHOS OF CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY AND THE PLACE OF NATURAL LAW IN PUBLIC REASON: RAWLS’S “POLITICAL LIBERALISM” REVISITED” The American Journal of Jurisprudence vol. 50 (2005), pp. 1-70
It is a fundamental feature of political philosophy to be part of practical philosophy.
AND
ruled, but who potentially at the same time are also the rulers.
Conflicting ideals means the state must be reasonable
John Rawls Emeritus Professor of Philosophy, Harvard University “The Idea of Public Reason Revisited” The University of Chicago Law Review, Vol. 64, No. 3 (Summer, 1997), pp. 765-807.

The idea of public reason, as I understand  it,'  belongs to  a
AND
a suitable idea of public reason is  a concern that faces them all.
Thus, the rule of law creates legitimate expectations between citizens
Rawls 2 James Bryant Conant Professor of Philosophy at Harvard University. A Theory of Justice. The Presidents and Fellows of Harvard College. Cambridge, MA. 1971. 233-236
I now wish to consider rights of the person as these are protected by the
AND
the basic structure, but ones that are not by any means negligible.
A society that punishes innocents violates the rule of law
John Rawls 3 “Two Concepts of Rules” The Philosophical Review, Vol. 64, No. 1 (Jan., 1955), pp. 3-32
Try to imagine, then, an institution (which we may call "telishment
AND
something after one has agreeingd to buy it."4
Therefore, the standard is preventing wrongful punishment.
Contention 1 is harms
Currently, attorneys cannot disclose info that would exonerate an innocent
TYSON CIEPLUCH 2000 JD Marquette Law School. Partner Quarles and Brady LLP “OVERRIDING THE POSTHUMOUS APPLICATION OF THE ATTORNEY-CLIENT PRIVILEGE: DUE PROCESS FOR A CRIMINAL DEFENDANT” Marquette Law Review. Vol 83. 2000
The attorney-client privilege and the duty of confidentiality serves
AND
, the defendant can allege a Brady violation of her due process rights.
Creating an exception is key
Hasbani 10 Inbal, litigation associate "When the Law Preserves Injustice: Issues Raised by a Wrongful Incarceration Exception to Attorney-Client Confidentiality." J. Crim. L. and Criminology 100 (2010): 277 AJ
Although there are several concerns that would require consideration before introducing a new exception to
AND
rights) if they have confidential information that would exonerate an innocent inmate.
The information revealed by attorneys can create secondary effects
Joy and McMunigal 08 Joy, Peter A (Professor of law and director of the Criminal Justice Clinic at Washington University School of Law in St. Louis), and Kevin C. McMunigal (Judge Ben C Green Professor of Law at Case Western Reserve University School of Law). "Confidentiality and Wrongful Incarceration." Crim. Just. 23 (2008): 46 AJ
In response to the argument that this exception is unlikely to produce much benefit for
AND
other admissible evidence, or simply prompt the prosecution to reexamine a case.

Contention 2 is solvency
The plan: the United States should adopt legislation in all jurisdictions allowing attorneys to disclose privileged information he/she believes necessary to prevent the wrongful execution or incarceration of another. This legislation will be modeled after existing law in Alaska and Massachusetts.
Moliterno 11 James, Prof. Washington and Lee University School of Law “Rectifying Wrongful Convictions: May a Lawyer Reveal Her Client’s Confidences to Rectify the Wrongful Conviction of Another?” Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly, Vol. 38, No. 4, 2011
May a lawyer reveal client confidences to rectify the wrongful 93 conviction of another?¶
AND
The lawyer’s decision whether to disclose is judged on the objectively reasonable standard.¶ 

Use immunity solves multiple concerns
Thomas-Fishburn 90 Julia “ATTORNEY-CLIENT CONFIDENCES: PUNISHING THE INNOCENT”61 U. Colo. L. Rev. 185 1990
The second alternative is legislation that would require a lawyer to disclose to a court
AND
a manner harmful to an innocent third party, such as child abuse.
This would be done by a federal statute establishing uniform exceptions to the ACP.
Volz and Ellis 9 (William, Professor of Business Law and Ethics at Wayne State University Detroit; B.A.  1968 from Michigan State University, A.M. 1972 from University of Michigan, J.D. 1975 from Wayne State  University Law School, M.B.A. 1978 Harvard University; Theresa, Associate Attorney at Garrison LawHouse, B.A. 2003 from Wayne  State University, J.D. 2006 from Valparaiso University School of Law, LL.M. in Taxation 2008 from Wayne  State University Law School) AN ATTORNEY-CLIENT PRIVILEGE FOR EMBATTLED TAX PRACTITIONERS: A LEGISLATIVE RESPONSE TO UNCERTAIN LEGAL COUNSEL HOFSTRA LAW REVIEW Vol. 38:213 AT
A legislated attorney-client privilege should not leave
AND
bringing uniformity in the definition of the privilege.232
Use immunity solves all due process concerns
Strutin 11 Ken, Director of Legal Information Services, New York State Defenders Associa- tion. J.D., Temple University School of Law, 1984; “PRESERVING ATTORNEY-CLIENT CONFIDENTIALITY AT THE COST OF ANOTHER'S INNOCENCE: A SYSTEMIC APPROACH” 17 Tex. Wesleyan L. Rev. 499 2010-2011
Assuming the absence of client cooperation or a post-mortem re- lease,
AND
of criminal cases254 and effective remedies for violations of due process.2 55
Existing exceptions do not harm ACP
Moliterno 2 James, Prof. Washington and Lee University School of Law “Rectifying Wrongful Convictions: May a Lawyer Reveal Her Client’s Confidences to Rectify the Wrongful Conviction of Another?” Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly, Vol. 38, No. 4, 2011
When a new exception lo the confidentiality duly is proposed, the oft-heard
AND
on no different "warning" footing than does the future harm exception.
The plan is consistent with the aims interp of the topic
Hasbani 2 Hasbani, Inbal. "When the Law Preserves Injustice: Issues Raised by a Wrongful Incarceration Exception to Attorney-Client Confidentiality." J. Crim. L. and Criminology 100 (2010): 277 AJ
However, every rule has exceptions, and attorney-client confidentiality is no different
AND
forward with confidences to help save the wrongfully convicted is worth the costs.
The topic demands plans.
Hendrickson 13 (Ed, ex-LD Debater, Meadows School ’13) “Topic Analysis by Ed Hendrickson” NFL Topic Analysis AT
Complications with fiat might arise from a lack of a clear actor. We can
AND
attorney-client privilege was just as ambiguous before the plan as after.

Tournament: Damus | Round: 1 | Opponent: Meadows | Judge: Sean Nadel
Hasbani 10 defines the resolutional conflict:
Hasbani 10 Hasbani, Inbal. "When the Law Preserves Injustice: Issues Raised by a Wrongful Incarceration Exception to Attorney-Client Confidentiality." J. Crim. L. and Criminology 100 (2010): 277 AJ
A trial, the Supreme Court has asserted, is a "search for truth
AND
client committed a crime for which an innocent person is serving a sentence.
Contention
Subpoint A is Uniqueness:
ACP excludes lawyers from coming forward to save innocents
Freedman 95 Freedman, Monroe H. "Life-Saving Exception to Confidentiality: Restating Law without the Was, the Will Be, or the Ought to Be." Loy. LAL Rev. 29 (1995): 1631 AJ
There are three cases that have been used over the years to illustrate the life
AND
the information in order to save the life of the innocent person.7
Subpoint B Harms:
Punishing innocents is bad under any framework
Moliterno 10 Moliterno, James E. Vincent Bradford Professor of Law at Washington and Lee University. "Rectifying Wrongful Convictions: May a Lawyer Reveal Her Client's Confidences to Rectify the Wrongful Conviction of Another." Hastings Const. LQ 38 (2010): 811. AJ
Is there harm that comes to all wrongfully convicted persons? Doubtless the answer is
AND
of the wrongful conviction. The spectrum has a full range in between.
Subpoint C is legal legitimacy:
Wrongful convictions destroy public faith in the CJS
Hemmens and Spohn 11 Spohn, Cassia, and Craig Hemmens. Courts: A text/reader. Vol. 4. SAGE, 2011 AT
Third, wrongful conviction is a concern to many people because it undermines public confidence
AND
, reputation, credibility, and effectiveness of the entire criminal justice process.
Legal legitimacy is key to the CJS
Robinson 11 (Paul,) “Mercy, Crime Control and Moral Credibility” Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper Series Research Paper No. #10-32 AT
Perhaps the greatest utility of empirical desert comes through I more subtle but potentially more
AND
it will be effective in doing so only if it has suf?cient credibility.
Wrongful convictions worse than wrongful acquittals
Rizzolo and Stanca 12 (Matteo, Free University of Bozen–Bolzano; and Luca, University of Milan–Bicocca) “Judicial Errors and Crime Deterrence: Theory and Experimental Evidence” Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 55, No. 2 (May 2012), pp. 311-338 AT
Judicial errors against innocent defendants represent an important issue not only theoretically but also empirically
AND
be considered to be far worse than the acquittal of a guilty individual.
Subpoint D is Solvency:
Lawyers will come forward if they can
Hasbani 2 Hasbani, Inbal. "When the Law Preserves Injustice: Issues Raised by a Wrongful Incarceration Exception to Attorney-Client Confidentiality." J. Crim. L. and Criminology 100 (2010): 277 AJ
Although there are several concerns that would require consideration before introducing a new exception to
AND
rights) if they have confidential information that would exonerate an innocent inmate.
Truth seeking brings public attention to the case
Joy and McMunigal 08 Joy, Peter A (Professor of law and director of the Criminal Justice Clinic at Washington University School of Law in St. Louis), and Kevin C. McMunigal (Judge Ben C Green Professor of Law at Case Western Reserve University School of Law). "Confidentiality and Wrongful Incarceration." Crim. Just. 23 (2008): 46 AJ
In response to the argument that this exception is unlikely to produce much benefit for
AND
other admissible evidence, or simply prompt the prosecution to reexamine a case.

FRAMEWORK:
My meta ethic is reflective equilibrium,
Norman Daniels “Wide Reflective Equilibrium and Theory Acceptance in Ethics.” The Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 76, No. 5 (May, 1979), pp. 256-282 AJ
The method of wide reflective equilibrium is an attempt to produce coherence in an ordered
AND
of the ordered triple (a), (b), (C).5
Reflective equilibrium better describes the nature of moral reasoning
Norman Daniels “Wide Reflective Equilibrium and Theory Acceptance in Ethics.” The Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 76, No. 5 (May, 1979), pp. 256-282 A

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: Octas | Opponent: Davis | Judge: Panel
AKHIL 1AC
FRAMEWORK

CV definition
Birch 09 Birch, Sarah. Reader in Politics-University of Essex . “Full Participation : A Comparative Study of Compulsory Voting.” Manchester, GBR: Manchester University Press, 2009. Pgs 2-3. Copyright © 2009. Manchester University Press AJ
Compulsory voting can be defined very simply as the legal obligation to attend the polls
AND
electoral participation’ and ‘mandatory electoral participation’, which will be used interchangeably.
The AC defends implementation of CV in the United States only.
Next is framework.
Traditional understandings of democracy have ignored racism
CAROL C. GOULD Stevens Institute of Technology “Racism and Democracy Reconsidered” Social Identities, Volume 6, Number 4, 2000
Why does racism, as well as the idea of race itself, play
AND
¶ sometimes denigrate feminism and may at times display sexist attitudes in practice.
Neg rights are colorblind
CAROL C. GOULD Stevens Institute of Technology “Racism and Democracy Reconsidered” Social Identities, Volume 6, Number 4, 2000
¶ Based on this analysis of socially constructed racial and cultural identities, we may
AND
for counteracting racism will be considered later, in the ?final part.
This normalizes whiteness
CAROL C. GOULD Stevens Institute of Technology “Racism and Democracy Reconsidered” Social Identities, Volume 6, Number 4, 2000
It may be helpful to analyse the ingredients for this reinterpretation of democracy, namely
AND
in governmental or deliberative bodies); as well as mediated forms of representation.
Thus, the standard is reducing race-based barriers to equal participation in political decision-making.

CONTENTION 1 – HARMS
Subpoint A is discrimination:
A close examination of the US reveals a new generation of racist voting laws, employed to exclude black voters.
Hodgkiss 01 (Anita, trial attorney with over 35 years of experience defending companies and individuals in the state and federal trial and appellate courts) “Race and Election Irregularites on November 7 2000” 15-FEB NBA National Bar Association Magazine 18- (January/February, 2001) AT
The information gathered by civil rights organizations, including the NAACP, details allegations of
AND
commend several of them to legislatures, agencies and the bar for consideration.
Laws oppress people too
Knafo 13 (Saki, General Assignment Writer, has written for The New York Times Magazine, New York Magazine, and Publishers Weekly) “Voting Rights Of Black Americans Trampled By 'New Jim Crow,' Civil Rights Advocates Say” Huffington Post, 07/25/2013 AT
More than a million of these disenfranchised Americans are black. Felony convictions restrict 13
AND
don't count and the major parties don't have to attend to their preferences."
Subpoint B – alienation.
People feel alienated from politics
Lardy 04 Heather Lardy. University of Aberdeen. “Is there a right not to vote?” Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Summer, 2004), pp. 303-321 AJ
The claim that there is a right not to vote is not only an argument
AND
well make the decision not to vote a less than genuinely free one.
Subpoint C is the collective action problem:
Harvard Law Review 7 “THE CASE FOR COMPULSORY VOTING IN THE UNITED STATES” HARVARD LAW REVIEW Vol. 121:591 Dec 2007 AT
There are serious questions about how legitimate a government is when the vast majority of
AND
electoral and policy outcomes in ways that better reflect aggregate preferences.34  
Subpoint D is money in politics:
Gilens 04 Martin Gilens. Politics Department, Princeton University. “Inequality and Democratic Responsiveness: Who Gets What They Want from Government?” Princeton Politics Department mimeo (2004) AJ
In the preceding sections we saw that the link between preferences and policy is substantially stronger for high income than for middle or low income Americans. Moreover, when the policy preferences of these latter groups diverge from the preferences of those with high incomes, the association between preference and policy for middle and low income Americans virtually disappears.
He continues:
Table 6 compares

Tournament: Loyola | Round: 1 | Opponent: Los Altos SD | Judge: Adam Bistagne
Use a comparative worlds paradigm – reciprocity because otherwise skep and NIBs. Reciprocity k2 clash.
Compulsory voting requires ballots but they can be invalid
Shineman 10 Victoria Anne Shineman (Visiting Scholar Center for the Study of Democratic Politics Princeton University). “Compulsory Voting as Compulsory Balloting: How Mandatory Balloting Laws Increase Informed Voting Without Increasing Uninformed Voting.” Mimeo, Princeton University, 2010 AJ
This paper contributes…incentivizing actors to cast uninformed votes.
She continues:
Scholars often talk of the decision…for systems with no participation requirements.
Aff defends implementation, I wil spec to US if they ask in CX
I value morality, as “ought” implies a moral obligation.
Self ownership is the only starting point for ethics
BOAZ (David, Executive vice president, the Cato institute) “Libertarianism:  A Primer.” Simon and Schuster, 1997, New York. Pg 61-62 AT
Any theory of rights…Natural rights are self-evident.  
Positive freedom is necessary though
Amartya Sen Thomas W Larmont University Professor and Professor of Economics and Philosophy at Harvard University. "The Idea of Justice." Penguin Publishing. 2010. Print AJ
Any substantive theory of…focusing on what happens at ‘culmination’.
He continues:
Amartya Sen Thomas W Larmont University Professor and Professor of Economics and Philosophy at Harvard University. "The Idea of Justice." Penguin Publishing. 2010. Print AJ
The capability approach focuses…Tania Burchardt and Polly Vizard.10
Positive freedom requires democracy
Tom Christiano "Democracy", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2008 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2008/entries/democracy/ AJ
Some argue that the basic…those activities they share.
Equal representation key
Tom Christiano 2 "Democracy", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2008 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2008/entries/democracy/ AJ
Two kinds of in instrumental…of needs of the poor.  
Thus the standard is promoting equal representation of the wills of citizens.
First, political expression is key to check government tyranny – it’s the most fundamental liberty in a government.
Pracilio (Amy, journalist for 3rd Degree) “Compulsory voting – Does it keep the community at large more connected? Have First World countries forgotten the value of the vote?” Edith Cowan University, Parliamentary Research Internship, Nov 28, 2012 AT
Political participation is the…not (Orr, Mecurio, Williams, 2003).
More voices leads to better decision making
Tom Christiano 3 "Democracy", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2008 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2008/entries/democracy/ AJ
Epistemologically, democracy is…that guide decision-makers.
Contention 1: turnout
Poor voters vote less
Carey and Horiuchi 13 John M. Carey (John Wentworth Professor in the Social Sciences, Department of Government, Dartmouth College). Yusaku Horiuchi (Associate Professor and Mitsui Chair in the Study of Japan, Department of Government, Dartmouth College). Compulsory Voting and Income Inequality. Prepared for presentation in a seminar on Latin American Politics in the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs at Harvard University on April 23, 2013, and a seminar in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College on April 30, 2013 AJ
The first assumption is that…poor than the rich.
High turnout good for democratic legitimacy – includes voices
Birch 09 Sarah Birch. “The Case for Compulsory Voting.” Public Policy Research. March-May 2009 AJ
The link between political…provides an excuse for further neglect.
CV raises turnout significantly
Engelen 07 Bart Engelen. Research Assistant of the Fund for Scientific Research – Flanders (Belgium), Centre for Economics and Ethics. “Why Compulsory Voting Can Enhance Democracy.” Acta Politica, 2007, 42, (23–39).  2007 Palgrave Macmillan Ltd AJ
Although this seems immediately…other (Keaney and Rogers, 2006, 18–20).
Contention 2: Moderate

Tournament: Loyola | Round: 5 | Opponent: Del Mar VB | Judge: Torson, Adam
The term of art “compulsory voting” creates a law to attend ALL elections.
Birch 09 Birch, Sarah. Reader in Politics-University of Essex . “Full Participation : A Comparative Study of Compulsory Voting.” Manchester, GBR: Manchester University Press, 2009. Pgs 2-3. Copyright © 2009. Manchester University Press AJ
Compulsory voting can be…will be used interchangeably.

CV is paid for by fees
Jackman 01 Simon Jackman. Assistant Professor and Victoria Schuck Faculty Scholar, Department of Political Science, Stanford University. “Compulsory Voting.” To appear in The International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences AJ
Compliance with CV is most…the age of 70, and for illiterates.

I value morality, as “ought” implies a moral obligation.
Self ownership is essential to ethical theory
BOAZ (David, Executive vice president, the Cato institute) “Libertarianism:  A Primer.” Simon and Schuster, 1997, New York. Pg 61-62 AT
Any theory of rights has to…are self-evident.  

Positive freedom is essential
Amartya Sen Thomas W Larmont University Professor and Professor of Economics and Philosophy at Harvard University. "The Idea of Justice." Penguin Publishing. 2010. Print AJ
Any substantive theory of ethics…happens at ‘culmination’.
He continues:
The capability approach…Tania Burchardt and Polly Vizard.10

That requires democracy
Tom Christiano "Democracy", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2008 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2008/entries/democracy/ AJ
Some argue that the basic…activities they share.

Equal representation is best for any ethical system
Tom Christiano 2 "Democracy", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2008 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2008/entries/democracy/ AJ
Two kinds of in instrumental…of the poor.  

Thus the standard is promoting equal representation of the wills of citizens. Additional justifications:

First, political expression checks government tyranny
Pracilio (Amy, journalist for 3rd Degree) “Compulsory voting – Does it keep the community at large more connected? Have First World countries forgotten the value of the vote?” Edith Cowan University, Parliamentary Research Internship, Nov 28, 2012 AT
Political participation is the…not (Orr, Mecurio, Williams, 2003).

Second, including more voices makes decisions better
Tom Christiano 3 "Democracy", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2008 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2008/entries/democracy/ AJ
Epistemologically, democracy is…that guide decision-makers. 

Contention 1 – Turnout
Currently, non voters are alienated from politics
Lardy 04 Heather Lardy. University of Aberdeen. “Is there a right not to vote?” Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Summer, 2004), pp. 303-321 AJ
The claim that there…than genuinely free one.

Including more voices solves
Birch 2 Sarah Birch. “The Case for Compulsory Voting.” Public Policy Research. March-May 2009 AJ
The link between political fairness…alienation, which in turn provides an excuse for further neglect.

CV raises turnout
Engelen 07 Bart Engelen. Research Assistant of the Fund for Scientific Research – Flanders (Belgium), Centre for Economics and Ethics. “Why Compulsory Voting Can Enhance Democracy.” Acta Politica, 2007, 42, (23–39).  2007 Palgrave Macmillan Ltd AJ
Although this seems immediately…other (Keaney and Rogers, 2006, 18–20).

That solves alienated
Keaney and Rogers 06 Emily Keaney and Ben Rogers. “A Citizen’s Duty Voter inequality and the case for compulsory turnout.” Institute for Public Policy Research. May 2006 AJ
Compulsory turnout not…political system (Lijphart 1997).

Contention 2 – Civic engagement
CV leads to more civic discussion
Milazzo 08 (Caitlin, Lecturer in the School of Politics and International Relations at the University of Nottingham) “Forced to Vote: The Impact of Compulsory Voting Laws on Political Discussion” Paper Presented at MPSA Annual National Conference April 3, 2008 AT
Much of the research…th

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 2 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart | Judge: Chris Castillo
Part one is the ABHORRENT HISTORY
The story of the aff is the story of Jarvious Cotton. Cotton’s story reveals a new generation of racist voting laws, employed to exclude black voters.
Hodgkiss 01 (Anita, trial attorney with over 35 years of experience defending companies and individuals in the state and federal trial and appellate courts) “Race and Election Irregularites on November 7 2000” 15-FEB NBA National Bar Association Magazine 18- (January/February, 2001) AT
The information gathered by civil rights organizations, including the NAACP, details allegations of
AND
commend several of them to legislatures, agencies and the bar for consideration.
The Progress of the civil rights movement has been erased
Knafo 13 (Saki, General Assignment Writer, has written for The New York Times Magazine, New York Magazine, and Publishers Weekly) “Voting Rights Of Black Americans Trampled By 'New Jim Crow,' Civil Rights Advocates Say” Huffington Post, 07/25/2013 AT
More than a million of these disenfranchised Americans are black. Felony convictions restrict 13
AND
don't count and the major parties don't have to attend to their preferences."
This creates a collective action problem
Harvard Law Review 7 “THE CASE FOR COMPULSORY VOTING IN THE UNITED STATES” HARVARD LAW REVIEW Vol. 121:591 Dec 2007 AT
There are serious questions about how legitimate a government is when the vast majority of
AND
electoral and policy outcomes in ways that better reflect aggregate preferences.34  
Thus, part two is solvency. In the United States, voting ought to be compulsory.
Compulsory voting solves the issue of racism in voting
Cherry 09 (Ceridwen, Law Clerk at United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, Voting Rights Intern at The Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, Intern at Office of Senator Edward M. Kennedy, University of Michigan Law School and Harvard University Kennedy School of Government) “Maximizing Participation: what the US can learn from compulsory voting” FairVote June 8, 2009 AT
In the hotly contested and historic 2008 US Presidential election only 61 of registered
AND
of Georgia. Perhaps mandating participation isn't so un-American after all?
And, CV is key to resisting racist disenfranchisement laws
Cherry 09 (Ceridwen, Law Clerk at United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, Voting Rights Intern at The Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, Intern at Office of Senator Edward M. Kennedy, University of Michigan Law School and Harvard University Kennedy School of Government) “Maximizing Participation: what the US can learn from compulsory voting” FairVote June 8, 2009 AT
While mandatory turnout has little future in the US, electoral systems using compulsory voting
AND
shown to be one of the most powerful predictors of high turnout levels.
CV is key to political equality
Alejandro 11 (Hannah Alejandro, Georgetown University Law Center) “The Sovereign Obligations of We, the People: An Argument for Compulsory Voting in the United States” Georgetown Law Center March 18, 2011 AT
Of course, historically jury service has always been a legal obligation (for some
AND
– coercion can express equal regard and the guarantee of equal opportunity.61
Part three is the IMPACT
Voting restrictions construct blackness as the anti-citizen
Wacquant 05 (Loic, Distinguished University Professor of Sociology and Anthropology at the New School for Social Research, Professor of Sociology at the University of California, and a Researcher at the Center for European Sociology in Paris. His interests comprise comparative urban marginality, the penal state, bodily crafts, social theory, and the politics of reason ) “Race as civic felony” UNESCO 2005. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd AT
Race or, to be more precise, blackness – for, since the origins
AND
Harvard Law Review Association 1989, pp. 1314–1315, 1316)
This justifies violence and exclusion
Elden 02 Stuart Elden, politics at University of Warwick, 2002 (Boundary 2 29.2)
The reverse side is the power to allow death. State racism is a recoding

Tournament: Loyola | Round: Finals | Opponent: Brentwood JL | Judge: Placido, Grishaber, Torson
Part one is the ABHORRENT HISTORY

Close examination of the US government reveals a new generation of racist voting laws, employed to exclude black voters.
Hodgkiss 01 (Anita, trial attorney with over 35 years of experience defending companies and individuals in the state and federal trial and appellate courts) “Race and Election Irregularites on November 7 2000” 15-FEB NBA National Bar Association Magazine 18- (January/February, 2001) AT
The information gathered by civil…several of them to legislatures, agencies and the bar for consideration.

The Supreme court ruling that racism is over is false – it permeates society and the law.
Knafo 13 (Saki, General Assignment Writer, has written for The New York Times Magazine, New York Magazine, and Publishers Weekly) “Voting Rights Of Black Americans Trampled By 'New Jim Crow,' Civil Rights Advocates Say” Huffington Post, 07/25/2013 AT
More than a million of these…to attend to their preferences." 

CV empowers minorities
Harvard Law Review 7 “THE CASE FOR COMPULSORY VOTING IN THE UNITED STATES” HARVARD LAW REVIEW Vol. 121:591 Dec 2007 AT
There are serious questions about how…reflect aggregate preferences.34  

Squo legitimizes exclusion of minorities
Wong 13 (Cori, Philosophical Consultant, Blogger, Lecturer) “Democracy and the Moral Majority: Why Third Graders Know Better” Coriwong.com, June 15 AT
We can obviously point to…right, and good? 

Thus, part two is BREAKING THE SHACKLES. My advocacy text: In the United States, voting ought to be compulsory.

Compulsory voting solves the issue of racism in voting by giving all citizens an equal voice.
Cherry 09 (Ceridwen, Law Clerk at United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, Voting Rights Intern at The Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, Intern at Office of Senator Edward M. Kennedy, University of Michigan Law School and Harvard University Kennedy School of Government) “Maximizing Participation: what the US can learn from compulsory voting” FairVote June 8, 2009 AT
In the hotly contested and historic 2008 US Presidential…isn't so un-American after all? 

And, CV is key to resisting racist disenfranchisement laws.
Cherry 2 (Ceridwen, Law Clerk at United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, Voting Rights Intern at The Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, Intern at Office of Senator Edward M. Kennedy, University of Michigan Law School and Harvard University Kennedy School of Government) “Maximizing Participation: what the US can learn from compulsory voting” FairVote June 8, 2009 AT
While mandatory turnout has little…of high turnout levels.

Voting is a form of empowerment – failure to expand voting excludes blacks.
Weatherspoon 7 (Floyd, expert in African-American males and the law, published in law journals and newspapers, associate dean for Alternative Dispute Resolution Programs, member of the National Bar Association and the American Bar Association, external Administrative Judge for the EEOC) “The Mass Incarceration of African-American Males: A Return to Institutionalized Slavery, Oppression, and Disenfranchisement of Constitutional Rights” 13 Texas Wesleyan Law Review 599 (2007) AT
The mass incarceration of African-American…subordinates them to a system of de facto slavery.

Part three is the IMPACT

Voting restrictions construct blackness as the anti-citizen.
Wacquant 05 (Loic, Distinguished University Professor of Sociology and Anthropology at the New School for Social Research, Professor of Sociology at the University of California, and a Researcher at the Center for European Sociology in Paris. His interests comprise comparative urban marginality, the penal state, bodily crafts, social theory, and the politics of reason ) “Race as civic felony” UNESCO 2005. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd AT
Race or, to be more precise,…isolated, fenced out, and politically sterilized’ (Harvard Law Review Association 1989, pp. 1314–1315, 1316).
          
These measures create a cycle of exclusion
Wacquant 05 (Loic, Distinguished University Professor of Sociology an

Tournament: Loyola | Round: Semis | Opponent: Harvard Westlake TC | Judge: Fink, Placido, Cowger
Part one is the ABHORRENT HISTORY
Close examination of the US government reveals a new generation of racist voting laws, employed to exclude black voters.
Hodgkiss 01 (Anita, trial attorney with over 35 years of experience defending companies and individuals in the state and federal trial and appellate courts) “Race and Election Irregularites on November 7 2000” 15-FEB NBA National Bar Association Magazine 18- (January/February, 2001) AT
The information gathered by civil…several of them to legislatures, agencies and the bar for consideration.
The Supreme court ruling that racism is over is false – it permeates society and the law.
Knafo 13 (Saki, General Assignment Writer, has written for The New York Times Magazine, New York Magazine, and Publishers Weekly) “Voting Rights Of Black Americans Trampled By 'New Jim Crow,' Civil Rights Advocates Say” Huffington Post, 07/25/2013 AT
More than a million of these…to attend to their preferences."
CV empowers minorities
Harvard Law Review 7 “THE CASE FOR COMPULSORY VOTING IN THE UNITED STATES” HARVARD LAW REVIEW Vol. 121:591 Dec 2007 AT
There are serious questions about how…reflect aggregate preferences.34  
Thus, part two is BREAKING THE SHACKLES. My advocacy text: In the United States, voting ought to be compulsory.
Compulsory voting solves the issue of racism in voting by giving all citizens an equal voice.
Cherry 09 (Ceridwen, Law Clerk at United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, Voting Rights Intern at The Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, Intern at Office of Senator Edward M. Kennedy, University of Michigan Law School and Harvard University Kennedy School of Government) “Maximizing Participation: what the US can learn from compulsory voting” FairVote June 8, 2009 AT
In the hotly contested and historic 2008 US Presidential…isn't so un-American after all?
And, CV is key to resisting racist disenfranchisement laws.
Cherry 2 (Ceridwen, Law Clerk at United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, Voting Rights Intern at The Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, Intern at Office of Senator Edward M. Kennedy, University of Michigan Law School and Harvard University Kennedy School of Government) “Maximizing Participation: what the US can learn from compulsory voting” FairVote June 8, 2009 AT
While mandatory turnout has little…of high turnout levels.
Voting is a form of empowerment – failure to expand voting excludes blacks.
Weatherspoon 7 (Floyd, expert in African-American males and the law, published in law journals and newspapers, associate dean for Alternative Dispute Resolution Programs, member of the National Bar Association and the American Bar Association, external Administrative Judge for the EEOC) “The Mass Incarceration of African-American Males: A Return to Institutionalized Slavery, Oppression, and Disenfranchisement of Constitutional Rights” 13 Texas Wesleyan Law Review 599 (2007) AT
The mass incarceration of African-American…subordinates them to a system of de facto slavery.
Part three is the IMPACT
Voting restrictions construct blackness as the anti-citizen.
Wacquant 05 (Loic, Distinguished University Professor of Sociology and Anthropology at the New School for Social Research, Professor of Sociology at the University of California, and a Researcher at the Center for European Sociology in Paris. His interests comprise comparative urban marginality, the penal state, bodily crafts, social theory, and the politics of reason ) “Race as civic felony” UNESCO 2005. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd AT
Race or, to be more precise,…isolated, fenced out, and politically sterilized’ (Harvard Law Review Association 1989, pp. 1314–1315, 1316)           
These measures create a cycle of exclusion
Wacquant 05 (Loic, Distinguished University Professor of Sociology and Anthropology at the New School for Social Research, Professor of Sociology at the University of California, and a Researcher at the Center for European Sociology in Paris. His interests comprise comparative urban marginality, the penal state, bodil