Tournament: cps  vbt | Round: 7 | Opponent: many | Judge: many
The aff’s focus on human traits provides the basis for an anthropocentrism which justifies human oppression and environmental degradation – vote neg to endorse a new animal-centric scholarship that is more productive in resisting hierarchies than traditional approaches
Best 9, UT El Paso philosophy professor, 2009 (Steven, “The Rise of Critical Animal Studies: Putting Theory into Action and Animal Liberation into Higher Education “, Journal for Critical Animal Studies, Volume VII, Issue 1, 2009, http://www.criticalanimalstudies.org/JCAS/Journal_Articles_download/issue_9/JCAS20VII20Issue20120MAY20ISSUE20The20Rise20of20Critical20Animal20Studies20pgs209-52.pdf,)
Postmodern critiques have been hugely influential in
AND
human liberation, peace and justice, and ecological healing and balance.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 3 | Opponent: Bingham TP | Judge: Steve Knell
The absence of the animal is the presence of anthropocentrism
Bell and Russell, 2K (Anne C. by graduate students in the Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University and Constance L. a graduate student at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Beyond Human, Beyond Words: Anthropocentrism, Critical Pedagogy, and the Poststructuralist Turn, http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf)
For this reason, the various movements against ... anthropocentrism passes unchallenged

Animal oppression grounds human oppression
Best 7 (Steven – Chair of Philosophy @ University of Texas – El Paso, Review of Charles Patterson’s “The Eternal Treblinka: Our Treatment of Animals and the Holocaust”, Journal for Critical Animal Studies, http://www.drstevebest.org/EternalTriblenka.pdf)
While a welcome advance over ... Christianity left behind. 

Alternative is to include animals in our cultural studies
Bell 2K, York University department of education, and Russell, Lakehead University associate professor (Anne C. and Constance L., department of education, York University, Canada, and Canadian Journal of Environmental Education, “Beyond Human, Beyond Words: Anthropocentrism, Critical Pedagogy, and the Poststructuralist Turn,” CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATION 25, 3 (2000):188–203, http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf, p. 195-97)
The human/nature dichotomy is ... and giving meaning to it.

Tournament: vbt and cps | Round: 2 | Opponent: many | Judge: many

Foreign investment and imports are the driving force of the Chinese economy

Yao et al 13 ~Yao, Limin, Chaobo Bao, and Junliang Yu. "Research on Economic Development Stage and Marginal Effects of Trade and FDI on Economic Growth in China." International Journal of Economics 26 Finance 5.11 (2013)~ AJ
There has a lot of literatures about trade, FDI which can promote economic growth
AND
is providing ideas for policy adjustments and more effectively promote regional economic growth.

China economy is on the brink

BBC 9/11~BBC News. " Li Keqiang: China economy at crucial stage." 11 September 2013. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-24047426**~~ AJ
At the World Economic Forum in the Chinese port city of Dalian, Mr Li
AND
certainty that the situation is, on the whole, safe and manageable."

Continued Chinese economic strength is key to global economic strength.

Lin 11 ~Justin Yifu Lin (World Bank’s chief economist and senior vice president for Development Economics). "Viewpoint: China, the ’leading dragon’ of the world economy." BBC News. 11/23/11. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-15861161**~~ AJ
Whether we are on the verge of an "Asian Century" or not,
AND
given the growing relative strength of China in the multi-polar world.

Global Nuclear war—-our impact has a strong statistical basis

Royal 10 – Jedediah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, 2010, "Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises," in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-214

Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
popularity, are statistically linked to an increase in the use of force. 

Nuclear war causes extinction

Viegas 09 ~By Jennifer Viegas Wed Nov 11, 2009 01:39 AM ET. Human Extinction: How Could It Happen?~
Humans could become extinct, a new study concludes, but no single event,
AND
or near nuclear war/engagement between any two nations," Lopes said.

That turns climate stability
Robock and Slanina 9 – Prof Climatology @ Rutgers, Alan, Head of Environmental Research @ Netherlands Energy Research Foundation, Sjaak, "Nuclear winter." In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland  http://www.eoearth.org/article/Nuclear_winter**
Nuclear winter is a term that describes the climatic effects of nuclear war. In
AND
. Only nuclear disarmament will prevent the possibility of a nuclear environmental catastrophe.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 6 | Opponent: Miramonte AB | Judge:
Speaking from an abstract, “zero-point” perspective is
rooted in Western philosophies
Grosfoguel 11 (Ramon, Associate Professor Ethnic Studies Department, Chicano/Latino Studies) "Decolonizing Post-Colonial Studies and Paradigms of Political Economy: Transmodernity, Decolonial Thinking, and Global Coloniality." TRANSMODERNITY: Journal of Peripheral Cultural Production of the Luso-Hispanic World 1, no. 1, 4-6
The first point achieving a universal ... our concept of world-system?

Vote negative-- de-linking begins without generating authority from European intellectual and subjective positions
Mignolo 2007 (Walter, semiologist and professor of Humanities at Duke University, “DELINKING: THE RHETORIC OF MODERNITY, THE LOGIC OF¶ COLONIALITY AND THE GRAMMAR OF DE-COLONIALITY” http://www.ceapedi.com.ar/imagenes/biblioteca/libros/20.pdf)
If modernity is understood essentially as ... politics of knowledge and understanding

Reorientation precedes reform – they ignore the realm of ontology which traps them in imperialism.
Spanos 8 “American Exceptionalism in the Age of Globalization: The Specter of Vietnam,” pg 27-30 AT
On the other hand, I do not want to  ... following famous passage on “Enlightenment

Tournament: NDCA | Round: Octas | Opponent: HW CC | Judge: panel
Aff-specific text – the gov of the country should establish Locally-managed Marine Areas in insert location

MPAs are failing now – top-down approaches fail because they do not involve local communities.
Nava et al 2011 Héctor Nava and M. Teresa Ramírez-Herrera, Center for Research in Environmental Geography, National Autonomous University of Mexico “Government conservation policies on Mexican coastal areas: is "top-down" management working?” Rev. biol. trop vol.59 no.4 San José dic. 2011
Anthropogenic causes of coral reef ... vibrant human communities.

CP’s mutually exclusive
Kareiva 06 Peter Kareiva, Chief scientist for The Nature Conservanc “Conservation Biology: Beyond Marine Protected Areas” Current Biology. Volume 16, Issue 14, 25 July 2006.
As they report in this ... common ecosystem as a baseline

Tournament: Stanford | Round: Semis | Opponent: HW AK | Judge: 3
The governments of developing countries should work with affected communities to devise restrictions based on environmental concerns on resource extraction.

regional and community-based agreements best solve the tragedy of the commons.
Ostrom et al 99 Elinor Ostrom (Center for the Study of Institutions, Population, and Environmental Change and Workshop in Political The- ory and Policy Analysis, Indiana University) Joanna Burger,2 Christopher B. Field,3 Richard B. Norgaard,4 David Policansky. “Revisiting the Commons: Local Lessons, Global Challenges.” Science VOL 284 (1999) AJ
The empirical and theoretical research stim
resistance to externally imposed institutions

Only the CP solves
Baragona 12 (steve, journalist; cites Indiana University political science professor Elinor Ostrom) “Study: Giving Local Fishermen Control Prevents Overfishing” Voice of America April 05 AT
Saving threatened coral reef ecosystems ... McClanahan says, there is more to the story

This is an ethical engagement with the Other
Barter 98 – PhD, Coordinator, Sustainable Transport Action Network for Asia and the Pacific A Rahman, UNCHS (Habitat) Regional Symposium on Urban Poverty in Asia, Transport and Urban Poverty in Asia: A Brief Introduction to the Key Issues, http://www.fukuoka.unhabitat.org/docs/occasional_papers/project_a/06/transport-barter-e.html
The Recife Declaration includes a strong emphasis ... This is a serious obstacle to a gender-aware approach.

Citizen participation in decision-making spills over to greater openness and improvements in the planning process
Willson 1 - Professor of Department of Urban and Regional Planning @ California State Polytechnic University Richard, “Assessing communicative rationality as a transportation planning paradigm,” Transportation, http://www.uvm.edu/~transctr/pdf/willson_article.pdf
The effects of this approach are greater ... explicit part of the planning activity

Tournament: NDCA | Round: Octas | Opponent: HW CC | Judge: panel
Environmental protection laws absolve us of the guilt of our consumption—framing degradation as an aberration from a norm rather than the inevitable byproduct of our lifestyles.
Bobertz 95 Bradley C. Bobertz, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Nebraska College of Law. “Legitimizing Pollution Through Pollution Control Laws: Reflections on Scapegoating Theory.”  Texas Law Review, Volume 73, Number 4, March 1995. Content downloaded/printed from HeinOnline (http://heinonline.org) Wed Dec 25 23:49:03 2013 SW

While the causes of crime, poverty...creating the appearance of reforming it.  

The affirmative’s focus on resource extraction, rather than consumption, as the cause of environmental degradation redeems a culture at odds with its polluting ways.
The first aspect of the legitimizing ... without fear of reprisal.

Consumption is the root cause of the Affirmative harms and constitutes a systemic harm that not only outweighs the case, but creates the possibility of extinction
Dauvergne 5 (Peter, “Dying of Consumption: Accidents or Sacrifices of Global Morality?” Global Environmental Politics, August)
Private consumption expenditures are ... era of consumptive prosperity.

The alt is to reject the affirmative’s framing of environmental degradation for one that examines the problem as a cultural phenomenon.  
Bobertz 95 Bradley C. Bobertz, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Nebraska College of Law. “Legitimizing Pollution Through Pollution Control Laws: Reflections on Scapegoating Theory.”  Texas Law Review, Volume 73, Number 4, March 1995. Content downloaded/printed from HeinOnline (http://heinonline.org) Wed Dec 25 23:49:03 2013 SW
This Article is intended to introduce ... we can devise solutions.

Tournament: Battle LA | Round: 1 | Opponent: Brentwood MR | Judge:
The affirmative’s projection of environmental problems onto others represents a larger impulse to project anxieties onto demonized other, resulting in endless violence and extinction
Byles, 3 Professor of foreign language and lit @ Cyprus; Joanna Montgomery, “Psychoanalysis and war: The superego and projective identification”; Journal for the psychoanalysis of culture and society)
Of course, I ... supposed to share.

Individual consumption outweighs other sources of waste/pollution
Vandenbergh 5
(Michael P, Associate Professor of Law at Vanderbilt University Law School, “The Individual as Polluter”, Environmental Law Reporter 2005)
Identifying the amounts ... from other sources.

Rather than focusing on production of technology, we should embrace our ability to shape and transform our subjectivity as consumers
Alexander ‘11
(Samuel, University of Melbourne; Office for Environmental Programs/Simplicity Institute, “
Voluntary Simplicity as an Aesthetics of Existence”, Social Sciences Research Network, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1941087) 

The  aim  of  this  paper... to  think  otherwise.

Tournament: Emory | Round: 4 | Opponent: Katy Taylor NY | Judge: Nicole Vandermeer
Iran proliferation solves Hezbollah sponsorship
Sadr 5 Graduate student in the department of government and politicsl at the University of Maryland, 2005 (Ehsaneh I., “The Impact of Iran’s Nuclearization on Israel,” Middle East Policy, Summer)
A third conceivable danger of Iran’s entrance into ... support might be perceived as unnecessary. 

Hezbollah’s weak now – Iranian support’s the key factor
Barnard 12 (Anne, reporter at The New York Times, currently covering the Middle East) “Loyalty to Syrian President Could Isolate Hezbollah” NY Times April 5, 2012 AT
In 2012, Hezbollah found itself increasingly ... militant group and Lebanon’s strongest political force

Hezbollah attacks escalate into Iran-Israel war.
Matt Fay 12 (PhD student in the history department at Temple University, Bachelor’s in Political Science from St. Xavier University and a Master’s in International Relations and Conflict Resolution, minor in Transnational Security Studies from American Military University, participated in the Elliot School for International Affairs US Foreign Policy Summer Program at the George Washington University, studied nuclear proliferation at the Hertog Global Strategy Initiative at Columbia University) “Prospects for Accidental Nuclear War in the Middle East.” February http://hegemonicobsessions.com/?p=722
The hypothetical crisis Goldberg envisions in his column is ... justifiable—preventive measure on the part of the Israelis.

Tournament: Battle LA | Round: 1 | Opponent: Brentwood MR | Judge:
Growth causes global environmental destruction and extinction---tech can’t solve because political commitment to growth distorts market signals
Speth 8 – James Gustave Speth, dean of the Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies at Yale University, founder of the World Resources Institute, Professor at Vermont Law School, Former Chairman of the Council on Environmental Quality in the Executive Office of the President, Co-founder of the Natural Resources Defense Council, 2008, The Bridge at the Edge of the World, p. 6-9
But the much larger and more ... out of control environmentally.

The peak for K wave is 2025 – causes massive global conflict
Chase-Dunn 99 – Director of the Institute for Research on World-Systems, University of California-Riverside (Christopher, Bruce Podobnik, Assistant Professor in the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at Lewis and Clark College, The Future of Global Conflict, p. 43)
While the onset of a ... apex around 2025.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 3 | Opponent: Ridge JJ | Judge: Samir Reddy
Developing countries will develop natural resources and distribute the revenue in the form of direct payments to citizens. 

Even small cash transfers are ridiculously good at reducing poverty.
Moss 11 Todd Moss, senior fellow at Center for Global Development. "Oil to Cash: Fighting the Resource Curse through Cash Transfers." Center for Global Development Working Paper 237. January 2011. JY
4. Good for the poor. Importantly, ... other than cash transfers

resource wealth, when funneled into production, actively benefits growth instead of being squandered.
Torvik et al 02 Halvor Mehlum, Kalle Moene and Ragnar Torvik. “Institutions and the resource curse.” Memorandum No. 29. Department of Economics, University of Oslo. 2002 AJ
One of the important empirical findings in ... and test its basic predictions. 

Prefer our model
Torvik et al 02 Halvor Mehlum, Kalle Moene and Ragnar Torvik. “Institutions and the resource curse.” Memorandum No. 29. Department of Economics, University of Oslo. 2002 AJ
Our model has implications that ... producer friendly institutions.

Taxation and incentives for accountability will reduce corruption.
Moss 11 Todd Moss, senior fellow at Center for Global Development. "Oil to Cash: Fighting the Resource Curse through Cash Transfers." Center for Global Development Working Paper 237. January 2011. JY
Incentives to tax. After giving cash to its ... hold their governments accountable 

The resource curse is not inevitable
Greenstein and Remer 12 Terra Lawson-Remer, fellow at Council on Foreign Relations and Joshua Greenstein, econ PhD candidate at New School for Social Research. "Beating the Resource Curse- a global effort." Good Governance Africa. August 1, 2012. JY
But resources do not automatically ... strengthening existing transparency rules

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 3 | Opponent: Ridge JJ | Judge: Samir Reddy
Developing countries will develop natural resources and distribute the revenue in the form of direct payments to citizens. 

Even small cash transfers are ridiculously good at reducing poverty.
Moss 11 Todd Moss, senior fellow at Center for Global Development. "Oil to Cash: Fighting the Resource Curse through Cash Transfers." Center for Global Development Working Paper 237. January 2011. JY
4. Good for the poor. Importantly, ... other than cash transfers

resource wealth, when funneled into production, actively benefits growth instead of being squandered.
Torvik et al 02 Halvor Mehlum, Kalle Moene and Ragnar Torvik. “Institutions and the resource curse.” Memorandum No. 29. Department of Economics, University of Oslo. 2002 AJ
One of the important empirical findings in ... and test its basic predictions. 

Prefer our model
Torvik et al 02 Halvor Mehlum, Kalle Moene and Ragnar Torvik. “Institutions and the resource curse.” Memorandum No. 29. Department of Economics, University of Oslo. 2002 AJ
Our model has implications that ... producer friendly institutions.

Taxation and incentives for accountability will reduce corruption.
Moss 11 Todd Moss, senior fellow at Center for Global Development. "Oil to Cash: Fighting the Resource Curse through Cash Transfers." Center for Global Development Working Paper 237. January 2011. JY
Incentives to tax. After giving cash to its ... hold their governments accountable 

The resource curse is not inevitable
Greenstein and Remer 12 Terra Lawson-Remer, fellow at Council on Foreign Relations and Joshua Greenstein, econ PhD candidate at New School for Social Research. "Beating the Resource Curse- a global effort." Good Governance Africa. August 1, 2012. JY
But resources do not automatically ... strengthening existing transparency rules

Tournament: CPS | Round: 5 | Opponent: many | Judge: many
CP Text: Developing countries will develop natural resources and distribute the revenue in the form of direct payments to citizens.
Taxation and incentives for accountability will reduce corruption.
Moss 11 Todd Moss, senior fellow at Center for Global Development. "Oil to Cash: Fighting the Resource Curse through Cash Transfers." Center for Global Development Working Paper 237. January 2011. JY
Incentives to tax. After giving cash to its citizens... to hold their governments accountable (Fasano 2000). 

Even small cash transfers are ridiculously good at reducing poverty.
Moss 11 Todd Moss, senior fellow at Center for Global Development. "Oil to Cash: Fighting the Resource Curse through Cash Transfers." Center for Global Development Working Paper 237. January 2011. JY
4. Good for the poor. Importantly, cash transfers ... poor other than cash transfers.

Tournament: Emory | Round: 6 | Opponent: University | Judge:
The affirmative argues from a position of privilege
Beckerman 96 Beckerman, Wilfred, Emeritus Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford, and a former member of the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution. “Through Green-Colored Glasses: Environmentalism Reconsidered.” publ. 1996.

In the richer countries of the world ...by sickness and disease

Environmentalism’s paternalistic crusade leaves those in the third world no better off
Nelson 03 Nelson, Robert H., professor at the School of Public Affairs of the University of Maryland, College Park. Environmental Colonialism: “Saving” Africa from Africans. The Independent Review, v. VIII, n.1, Summer 2003, ISSN 1086-1653, ppg 65– 86.  Accessed online 12.30.2013 SW http://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_08_1_5_nelson.pdf

For the villagers living today ... and development organizations

This mindset reinforces the logic of inferiority
Khan 94 (Ali Khan, Law Professor 3at Washburn University school of Law, “Lessons from Malcolm X: Freedom by Any Means Necessary,” 38, Howard Law Journal 81, http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/howlj38andid=89andtype=textandcollection=journals)
The second aspect of oppression is ... of the entire group.56

The alternative is to reject the affirmative’s framing
Beckerman 96 Beckerman, Wilfred, Emeritus Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford, and a former member of the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution. “Through Green-Colored Glasses: Environmentalism Reconsidered.” publ. 1996.
It may well be true, as Jonathan Porritt has
is that we use them

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 4 | Opponent:  | Judge:
feminist IR theory recreates the oppressive structures they seek to dismantle
Stern and Zalewski 09 MARIA STERN, lecturer and researcher at the Department of Peace and Development research at Gotberg university, AND MARYSIA ZALEWSKI, Director of Centre for Gender Studies at university of Aberdeen. “Feminist fatigue(s): reflections on feminism and familiar fables of militarization” Review of International Studies (2009), 35, 611–630, Cambridge journals) AT
In this section we clarify what we mean by the problem of sexgender and how
AND
and preventing) conflict, or simply into hopeful scenarios for our students. 

Focus on a universal narrative of women’s oppression binds feminism to a sexual identity and re-inscribes patriarchy – co-opting the impacts of the AC.
Mohanty 84, women's studies department chair at Syracuse University (Chandra Under Western Eyes:Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses, p. 344)
What is problematical, then, about this kind of use of "women"
AND
oppressions. All they do is reinforce binary divisions between men and women.
Additionally, these essentialist stereotypes about what it means to be a woman or a man reproduce violence around the globe.
Peterson 2000 (Spike, Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Arizona) SAIS REVIEW, "Rereading Public and Private: The Dichotomy that is Not One." Vol. 20, Iss. 2;  pg. 11 AT
Gender-sensitive accounts go beyond this by bringing everyday practices, reproductive processes,
AND
requires that we seriously consider the question: Is militarism without masculinism possible?
Vote negative to reject the aff’s totalizing framework – this is key to women’s emancipation
Spegele 2 (Roger, Monash University, Victoria, Australia, phD from Cambridge) “Emancipatory International Relations: Good News, Bad News or No News at All?” International Relations 2002 Sage Journals AT
By contrast, Feminist Postmodern Theory focuses on an epistemology which reveals the futility of
AND
and always maintaining ambiguity and a Janus-faced politics of disturbance’.23

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 4 | Opponent:  | Judge:
The claim that patriarchy is the root cause makes it impossible to resist other forms of oppression
Carrie Crenshaw, 2.  PhD, Former President of CEDA Perspectives In Controversy: Selected Articles from Contemporary Argumentation and Debate 2002 p. 119-126
 Feminism is not dead. It is alive and well in intercollegiate debate.
AND
does not discount the importance of feminists to individual or societal consciousness raising. 

Analysis based on patriarchy is ahistorical and reinforces colonialism
Lugones, 7 (María, "Heterosexualism and the Colonial/Modern Gender System." Hypatia 22, no. 1 (2007): 187-188, doi:10.1111/j.1527-2001.2007.tb01156.x.)
In a theoretico-praxical vein, I am offering a framework to begin thinking
AND
of global power-is to understand our present organization of life anew.

The feminist movement as constructed by the AC adopts the wrong political strategy.
Tobin 8 (Theresa, The Philosophy Department, Faculty, Theresa W. Tobin, Marquette University.) “Using Rights to Counter Gender-Specific Wrongs” 23 July 2008, Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2008 AT
The core of their critique is that the global feminist movement, instrumental in redefining
AND
and abuses many women suffer and thereby fails to recommend morally appropriate solutions.

The impact
Hayes 96 Floyd W. Hayes III Fanon: a critical reader Ed. Lewis Ricardo Gordon, T. Denean Sharpley-Whiting. “Fanon, Oppression and Resentment: The Black Experience In the United States.” 1996.
Fanon points out that in the colonial situation the primary thrust of the Master in
AND
sees himself as engaged analytically, critically, in a form of unveiling.

The alt is that women should be seen as a genealogy, not a social group.
Stone 4 ((Allison Stone, Centre for Philosophy, Furness College, Lancaster University) “On the Genealogy of Women: A Defence of Anti-Essentialism” Third Wave Feminism: A Critical Exploration - Edited by Stacy Gillis, Gillian Howie and Rebecca Munford. Palgrave Macmillan, 2004 AT
Within feminist philosophical and theoretical contexts, third wave feminism may be defined as encompassing
AND
its earlier problems and stimulate, rather than deter, feminist political activism.

Judge has an obligation to reject colonialism
Dei Anti-Colonialism and Education 2006
The anti-colonial classroom must always be a de-colonizing space. This
AND
to the notion and necessity of humility in the teaching and learning processes.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: Octas | Opponent: HW CC | Judge: panel
MPAs drive fishers into other marine areas, which causes conflict over fish and turns the aff solvency
Sanchirico 2 (James N. Sanchirico, Professor Environmental Science and Policy University of California, Davis University Fellow Resources for the Future; Kathryn A. Cochran, Adjunct Professor Associate Dean for Student Affairs; and Peter M. Emerson, SENIOR ECONOMIST ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE ON INDIVIDUAL FISHING QUOTAS) “Marine Protected Areas: Economic and Social Implications” Discussion Paper 02–26 May AT
Although there is a considerable amount of ... that second species (Sanchirico 2000).

These escalate globally – the impact is trade and resource wars
Ovetz 5 (Robert, Prof of Social Sciences at Marin College, Save the Leatherback Campaign Coordinator) “Fishing: The New Resource War” Synthesis/Regeneration 38   (Fall 2005) AT
Until the mid-20th century, ... tariffs on imported farmed shrimp. 

Resource wars cause extinction
Brown 11 – (Lester R. is the President of the Earth Policy Institute, “The New Geopolitics of Food,” May 2011, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/04/25/the_new_geopolitics_of_food?page=full, Accessed Date: 3-15-13
The potential for conflict -- and ... food situation deteriorate.

Fish wars escalate in the context of Southeast Asia
Ahmed 6 (Mahfuzuddin Ahmed, Principal Social Scientist and Director for Policy, Economics and Social Science of the WorldFish Center, President and Chair of the Board of the International Institute for Fisheries Economics and Trade; Nerissa D. Salayo, graduate student in the School of Economics, Griffith University; K. Kuperan Viswanathan, Professor of Resource and Environmental Economics Management; Len R. Garces, employed with the Worldfish Center in Manilla, Philippines; Michael D. Pido, Palawan State University, Philippines) “Management of Fishing Capacity and Resource Use Conflicts in Southeast Asia: A Policy Brief” The WorldFish Center (Malaysia) August AT
Conflicts over resource use in ... but destructive, fishing technologies.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: Triples | Opponent: Reagan LB | Judge:
All aff offense must derive from reasons why developing countries should prioritize resource extraction over environmental protection

topical fairness requirements are key to effective dialogue
Galloway 7—Samford Comm prof (Ryan, Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28, 2007)
Debate as a dialogue sets an argumentative table, where all parties receive a relatively
AND
substitutes for topical action do not accrue the dialogical benefits of topical advocacy.
Second is switch-side debate – identifying a limited point of discussion is key to decision-making and advocacy skills
Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Discussion of specific policy-questions is crucial for skills development
Esberg and Sagan 12 *Jane Esberg is special assistant to the director at New York University's Center on. International Cooperation. She was the winner of 2009 Firestone Medal, AND Scott Sagan is a professor of political science and director of Stanford's Center for International Security and Cooperation “NEGOTIATING NONPROLIFERATION: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy,” 2/17 The Nonproliferation Review, 19:1, 95-108
These government or quasi-government think tank simulations often provide very similar lessons for
AND
quickly; simulations teach students how to contextualize and act on information.14

Competition within debates alters the focus from focusing on a communal problem to winning
Atchison and Panetta, 09 (Jarrod Atchison, Phd Rhetoric University of Georgia, Assistant Professor and Director of debate at Wake Forest University, and Edward Panetta, Phd Rhetoric Associate Professor University of Pitt and Director of Debate at Georgia, Intercollegiate Debate and Speech Communication, Historical Developments and Issues for the Future, “Intercollegiate Debate and Speech Communication: Issues for the Future,” The Sage Handbook of Rhetorical Studies, Lunsford, Andrea, ed. (Los Angeles: Sage Publications Inc., 2009) p. 317-334)

Competition has been a critical component of the interest in intercollegiate debate from the beginning
AND
what is best for promoting solutions to diversity problems in the debate community.

Tournament: Battle LA | Round: 2 | Opponent: Loyola MG | Judge:
China and US are both eager to be the green leader—they risk a competition between the two
Karlsson et al 11—Professor of Political Science @ Uppsala University Dr. Christer Karlsson, Charles Parker (Professor of Political Science @ Uppsala University), Mattias Hjerpe (Professor in the Centre for Climate Science and Policy Research @ Linköping University and Björn-Ola Linnér (Professor in Water and Environmental Studies and director of the Centre for Climate Science and Policy Research at Linköping University), “Looking for Leaders: Perceptions of Climate Change Leadership among Climate Change Negotiation Participants,” Global Environmental Politics 11:1, Feb 2011
The list of possible leadership ... the leadership equation

That impedes US-China green cooperation
Larson 9—Journalist focusing on international environmental issues, based in Beijing and Washington, D.C Christina Larson, Christina Larson “Let's call off the green energy space race with China,” Foreign Policy, Monday, April 27, 2009—11:00 AM, pg. http://blog.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2009/04/26/paging_houston_call_off_the_green_space_wars
Lastly, and most importantly... climate-treaty negotiations.

Extinction
Wittner 11—Professor of History @ State University of New York-Albany Lawrence S. Wittner, “Is a Nuclear War with China Possible?” Huntington News, Monday, November 28, 2011, http://www.huntingtonnews.net/14446
While nuclear weapons exist... to encourage these policies.

Nuclear war turns and outweighs any environmental impact—the most recent studies prove
Toon et al 08—Brian Toon is chair of the department of atmospheric and oceanic sciences and a member of the laboratory for atmospheric and space physics at the University of Colorado at Boulder. Alan Robock is a professor of atmospheric science at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey. Rich Turco is a professor of atmospheric science at the University of California, Los Angeles. December, 2008, “Environmental consequences of nuclear war,” Physics Today, http://ptonline.aip.org/journals/doc/PHTOAD-ft/vol_61/iss_12/37_1.shtml
Environmental effects of soot Figure ... debated by the public.

Tournament: Emory | Round: 4 | Opponent: Katy Taylor NY | Judge: Nicole Vandermeer
Iranian bomb results in Israeli declaration of its arsenal
Starobin 6, Contributing editor of Atlantic Monthly, 2006 Quotes Leon, Hadar is currently a research fellow at the Cato Institute in Washington.  (Paul, “Of Mullahs and MADness,” National Journal, May 20)
But Israel could jettison nuclear ambiguity ... fellow at the Cato Institute in Washington

Solves all their offense and biological war
Beres 7, Chairman of the Project Daniel Group and Professor at Purdue, 2007 (Louis Rene, “Israel’s Uncertain Strategic Future,” Parameters, Spring)
The rationale for Israeli nuclear disclosure does ... such declarations may not be far off.

Bioweapons are comparatively worse than nuclear war
Singer 1— Clifford Singer, Director of the Program in Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security at the University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign Spring 2001, “Will Mankind Survive the Millennium?” The Bulletin of the Program in Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 13.1, http://www.acdis.uiuc.edu/research/SandPs/2001-Sp/SandP_XIII/Singer.htm
In recent years the fear of the apocalypse ... through the past fifty thousand years.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: Triples | Opponent: Los Altos JN | Judge:
Kantian theory justifies ruthless anthropocentrism and environmental exploitation
Wood 98 (Allen, philosopher) “Kant on Duties Regarding Nonrational Nature,” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society Supplement, Volume LXXII (1998) AT
Kant’s ethical theory is famously ... on it with increasing ferocity

anthropocentrism justifies human oppression and environmental degradation – vote neg
Best 9, UT El Paso philosophy professor, 2009 (Steven, “The Rise of Critical Animal Studies: Putting Theory into Action and Animal Liberation into Higher Education “, Journal for Critical Animal Studies, Volume VII, Issue 1, 2009, http://www.criticalanimalstudies.org/JCAS/Journal_Articles_download/issue_9/JCAS20VII20Issue20120MAY20ISSUE20The20Rise20of20Critical20Animal20Studies20pgs209-52.pdf,)
Postmodern critiques have been hugely influential ... ecological healing and balance

this is the only way to challenge environmentally destructive modes of thought
Barrett 9 (Mary Jeanne, Graduate Studies and Research at Univ of Regina) “Taking Representation Seriously: Epistemological and Ontological Congruence in Hypertextual Research/Representation” Beyond Human-Nature-Spirit Boundaries: Researching with Animate EARTH AT
I conceptualize this work as ... epistemologies) that created them.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 2 | Opponent: trav | Judge:
The Federal Republic of Nigeria, the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, and the Republic of Mozambique should implement the community management approach with respect to the mangroves.

Please dont read solvency advocate theory
Mansur 3 (Forestry Officer, FAO) “FROM POLICIES TO PRACTICES: LESSONS FROM COMMUNITY FORESTRY IN MOZAMBIQUE” Submitted to World Forestry Congress, 2003 AT
A first list of CFWM arrangements being ... not too distant in the future. 

it prevents top-down managerial approaches that disrespect the environment and fail to protect the environment
Nava et al 2011 Héctor Nava and M. Teresa Ramírez-Herrera, Center for Research in Environmental Geography, National Autonomous University of Mexico “Government conservation policies on Mexican coastal areas: is "top-down" management working?” Rev. biol. trop vol.59 no.4 San José dic. 2011
Anthropogenic causes of coral reef degradation ... and vibrant human communities. 

locally managed areas perform better than protected areas.
Kareiva 06 Peter Kareiva, Chief scientist for The Nature Conservanc “Conservation Biology: Beyond Marine Protected Areas” Current Biology. Volume 16, Issue 14, 25 July 2006.
As they report in this issue ... close proximity to the managed areas

Tournament: VBT CPS | Round: 5 | Opponent: trav | Judge: naila dharani
Mangrove harvesting key to local subsistence and minimizing poverty
Walters 08 Ethnobiology, socio-economics and management of mangrove forests: A review Bradley B. Walters a,*, Patrik Ro¨nnba¨ck b, John M. Kovacs c, Beatrice Crona b, Syed Ainul Hussain d, Ruchi Badola d, Jurgenne H. Primavera e, Edward Barbier f, Farid Dahdouh-Guebas Aquatic Botany 89 (2008) 220–236 AJ
Non-timber forest products are recognized
AND
for honey bees and hunted wildlife 

Prefer on empirics – non timber forest products are key to local subsistence and fighting poverty.
Stanley et al 12 Stanley, Denise, Robert Voeks, and Leaa Short. "Is Non-Timber Forest Product Harvest Sustainable in the Less Developed World? A Systematic Review of the Recent Economic and Ecological Literature." Ethnobiology and Conservation 1 (2012) AJ
Assessment of recent studies of non-timber ...Latin America against USD$5.62 per day in Africa

Confirmed by empirics
López-Feldman 07, Alejandro, Jorge Mora, and J. Edward Taylor. "Does natural resource extraction mitigate poverty and inequality? Evidence from rural Mexico and a Lacandona Rainforest Community." Environment and Development Economics 12.02 (2007): 251-269
Our findings highlight the importance of ... coefficient by 0.36 and 0.11, respectively

Poverty causes nuclear war.
Caldwell 2000 - Joseph George Caldwell, PhD (Statistics) Consultant in Statistics and Information Technology (“On Human Population, Global Nuclear War and the Survival of Planet Earth,” Foundation Website 10/26/00, http://www.foundationwebsite.org/arti1000.htm Accessed 7/10/13 AT)
It would appear that global nuclear war ... motivation for war to higher levels.

Poverty kills millions
Abu-Jamal 98 – Mumia Abu-Jamal, prominent social activist and author, quotes James Gilligan, American psychiatrist and author, director of mental health for the Massachusetts prison system, President of the International Association for Forensic Psychotherapy. (“A Quiet and Deadly Violence,” Al-Ahram Online Sept 19 1998, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/1998/400/in5.htm Accessed 7/10/13 AT)
We live, equally immersed, and to a ... of every decade, throughout the world.

Poverty is the root cause of environment destruction
Beckerman 96 Beckerman, Wilfred, Emeritus Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford, and a former member of the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution. “Through Green-Colored Glasses: Environmentalism Reconsidered.” publ. 1996.
The main reason for expecting economic growth to ... which there are comparable statistics).

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 2 | Opponent: trav | Judge:
The aff increases poverty
Halbert 5 (Deborah, Associate Professor of Political Science at Otterbein College) “Resistance is Fertile: The Commodification of Life and Environmental Protest in the 21stCentury” Jun9 AT
Mainstream environmental groups tended ... organizations were slow to address.11 

Resource extraction key to local survival and poverty alleviation – this is a case specific link
Walters 08 Ethnobiology, socio-economics and management of mangrove forests: A review Bradley B. Walters a,*, Patrik Ro¨nnba¨ck b, John M. Kovacs c, Beatrice Crona b, Syed Ainul Hussain d, Ruchi Badola d, Jurgenne H. Primavera e, Edward Barbier f, Farid Dahdouh-Guebas Aquatic Botany 89 (2008) 220–236 AJ
Non-timber forest products are recognized ... habitats for honey bees and hunted wildlife 

Poverty is the root cause of environment destruction
Beckerman 96 Beckerman, Wilfred, Emeritus Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford, and a former member of the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution. “Through Green-Colored Glasses: Environmentalism Reconsidered.” publ. 1996.
The main reason for expecting economic growth to be ... which there are comparable statistics

Disad turns and outweighs case
Haugen 7 (Hans Morten, Associate Professor at the Diakonia Program – Institute for Diakonia and Leadership, research areas include WTO Law and environmental Law, Human Rights, International Law, Church and Social Ethics) “THE RIGHT TO SELF-DETERMINATION AND NATURAL RESOURCES: THE CASE OF WESTERN SAHARA” Law Environment and Development Journal 2007 page 70, peer-reviewed academic publication based in New Delhi and London and jointly managed by the School of Law, School of Oriental and African Studies, vol 3/1 AT
Self-determination of peoples was recognised in ... rights, in the context of minorities

Outweighs
Harland 2000 (Christopher, Chairman, Morgan Stanley Latin America and Member of the Management Committee, Morgan Stanley, 2006, Vice-Chairman, Institutional Securities) “The Status of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) in the Domestic Law of State Parties: An Initial Global Survey Through UN Human Rights Committee Documents” Human Rights Quarterly Volume 22, Number 1, February 2000 pp. 187-260 AT
The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ... concerning actual practice before domestic courts

Tournament: VBT | Round: 5 | Opponent: Trav | Judge: Naila Dharani
Interpretation: Environmental protection refers to regulation of pollution and waste – that’s distinct from resource conservation.
Arruda 13 Arruda, Joe, Dr (Pitt State University). "Careers with an Environmental Spin." Careers with an Environmental Spin. Pitt State. Web. 19 Dec. 2013
The two traditional areas of environmental
soils, lands, forests, fish, and wildlife.

limits

Tournament: Battle LA | Round: 1 | Opponent: Brentwood MR | Judge:
Developing countries should enact national action plans to phase-out the use of mercury in artisanal and small-scale gold mining, as required by the Minamata Convention on Mercury.
Selin explains in October 2013 Henrik Selin, Pardee Faculty Fellow and Associate Professor of International Relations at Boston University. “The Minamata Convention and the Future of Mercury Abatement” THe Frederick S. Pardee cenTer For THe STudy oF THe Longer-range FuTure. Issues in Brief, 28. October 2013.

Mercury is a pollutant of ... decision-making and expand controls.

The gold mining provisions of the convention can reduce mercury emissions in a country by up to 40. 

Watsa on November 21st. Mrinalini Erkenswick Watsa. Mongabay. “The Quicksilver Demon: Rogue Gold-Mining is the World’s Largest Source of Mercury Pollution” November 21st 2013.  http://www.wakingtimes.com/2013/11/21/quicksilver-demon-rogue-gold-mining-worlds-largest-source-mercury-pollution/

According to a study by Kevin ... global load of mercury emissions

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 4 | Opponent:  | Judge:
Text – the Papua New Guinea and Tanzania’s federal governments should create regulations forcing mining and natural gas companies to take greater measures to prevent rape, and should consult women in doing so.

Mining Watch Canada “Papua New Guinea: Barrick Gold Pays Rape Victims Not to Sue the Company” Oct 28 2013  http://www.globalresearch.ca/papua-new-guinea-barrick-gold-pays-rape-victims-not-to-sue-the-company/5356030
Barrick Gold is thumbing its nose at a
AND
rape victims before submitting the programme to an independent review,” says Coumans.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 4 | Opponent:  | Judge:
Resource extraction key to local survival and poverty alleviation.
Thondhlana 13 Thondhlana, Gladman, and Edwin Muchapondwa. Dependence on Environmental Resources and Implications for Household Welfare: Evidence from the Kalahari Drylands, South Africa. No. 370. 2013 AJ
Overall, environmental resources provide more subsistence “in kind” income than cash income
AND
on the communal land given the ecological linkages between parks and their surroundings.

ASM is a key internal link
Hentschel et al 02 Thomas Hentschel (Bolivia), Felix Hruschka (Peru), Michael Priester (Germany) Projekt-Consult GmbH. “Global Report on Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining.” Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development. International Institute for Environment and Development. No. 70. January 2002 AJ
The most recent ILO research undertaken on a global scale estimates that 13 million people
AND
in situations of poverty, or where their families are involved in mining.

Tournament: Battle LA | Round: 2 | Opponent: Loyola MG | Judge:
Text: China will invite all UN nations to take part in a CPC, or a climate pricing consultation, to establish a new framework for discussion under the UNFCCC (United Nations Framework for Conventions on Climate Change).
CPC solves the aff through multilateral cooperation – unilateral efforts cause backlash which turns case
Morris et al 13 Adele, Brookings Fellow in Economic Studies and Policy Director of the Climate and Energy Economics Project, with Warwick McKibbin, Brookings Nonresident Senior Fellow in Economic Studies, Global Economy and Development, and Peter Wilcoxen, Brookings Nonresident Senior Fellow in Economic Studies, February 8, “A Climate Diplomacy Proposal: Carbon Pricing Consultations,” http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2013/02/0820climate20diplomacy20carbon20pricing20morris20mckibbin20wilcoxen/0820climate20diplomacy20carbon20pricing20morris20mckibbin20wilcoxen.pdf
Climate talks in December 2012 ... new climate diplomacy

Tournament: note | Round: 2 | Opponent: note | Judge: note
I deleted my old wiki and added a new debater since my neg wiki wasn't working earlier. I have disclosed everything I remember reading on this topic, but if theres something missing or something from the past topics you'd like me to disclose, email me at arjuntambe AT yahoo.com

Tournament: Emory | Round: 4 | Opponent: Katy Taylor NY | Judge: Nicole Vandermeer
The government of Niger should ban all uranium mining facilities in recognition of their environmental costs.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 6 | Opponent: Miramonte AB | Judge:
For the affirmative, the world is a textual object, full of signifiers, narratives, and discourses  - this renders objects invisible
Bryant 12 (Levi, prof of phil @ Collin College, http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/07/18/rsi-discursivity-critique-and-politics/)
So in response to a previous post... must travel throughout populations).

refuse to interpret the 1ac
Sontag 66 (Susan, Against Interpretation, http://www.uiowa.edu/~c08g001d/Sontag_AgainstInterp.pdf)
The fact is, all Western consciousness of ... more immediately what we have

View the world through a lens of flat ontology
Bryant 12 (Levi, prof of philosophy @ Collin College, Flat Ontology/Flat Ethics, http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/06/01/flat-ontologyflat-ethics/)
I think that Eileen Joy, in a ... our relationship to nonhumans

Tournament: cps, and vbt | Round: 2 | Opponent: many | Judge: many

Peruvian economy is driven mainly by resource extraction and exporting.

Wiig and Balarezo 12 ~Jorge Balarezo and Henrik Wiig. "The mighty few vs. the silent majority – Barriers to resource extraction for poverty reduction in Peru." Norwegian Institute for Urban and Regional Research Working Paper 2012: 105. May 2012~ AJ
In consequence, the poverty and extreme poverty in the urban coast and highlands were
AND
activities along the coast and oil extraction in other regions like the Amazonia.

It’s the biggest quantifiable GDP driver – also non-uniques environmental advantages since the Peruvian companies will benefit the environment.

Bastida 09 ~José Luis De la Bastida. (American University School of International Service Global Environmental Policy). "Development in the Amazon Basin Countries: Alternatives to Extraction of Non-Renewable Natural Resources." Substantial Research Paper. April 27th, 2009~ AJ
Peru represents the current oil boom in the Amazon region with the development of Camisea’s
AND
241 billion in investment in the coming year" (The Economist).

See poverty and econ impacts from rawls Nc and china econ DA

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 3 | Opponent: Ridge JJ | Judge: Samir Reddy
Resource extraction key to local survival and poverty alleviation.
Thondhlana 13 Thondhlana, Gladman, and Edwin Muchapondwa. Dependence on Environmental Resources and Implications for Household Welfare: Evidence from the Kalahari Drylands, South Africa. No. 370. 2013 AJ
Overall, environmental resources provide ... between parks and their surroundings.

Empirics confirm
López-Feldman 07, Alejandro, Jorge Mora, and J. Edward Taylor. "Does natural resource extraction mitigate poverty and inequality? Evidence from rural Mexico and a Lacandona Rainforest Community." Environment and Development Economics 12.02 (2007): 251-269
Our findings highlight the importance of ... by 0.36 and 0.11, respectively

Poverty kills millions and outweighs nuclear war
Abu-Jamal 98 – Mumia Abu-Jamal, prominent social activist and author, quotes James Gilligan, American psychiatrist and author, director of mental health for the Massachusetts prison system, President of the International Association for Forensic Psychotherapy. (“A Quiet and Deadly Violence,” Al-Ahram Online Sept 19 1998, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/1998/400/in5.htm Accessed 7/10/13 AT)
We live, equally immersed, and to ... every decade, throughout the world

Poverty is the root cause of environment destruction – this means they do not solve
Beckerman 96 Beckerman, Wilfred, Emeritus Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford, and a former member of the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution. “Through Green-Colored Glasses: Environmentalism Reconsidered.” publ. 1996.
The main reason for expecting economic growth ... there are comparable statistics

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 3 | Opponent: Ridge JJ | Judge: Samir Reddy
Resource extraction key to local survival and poverty alleviation.
Thondhlana 13 Thondhlana, Gladman, and Edwin Muchapondwa. Dependence on Environmental Resources and Implications for Household Welfare: Evidence from the Kalahari Drylands, South Africa. No. 370. 2013 AJ
Overall, environmental resources provide ... between parks and their surroundings.

Empirics confirm
López-Feldman 07, Alejandro, Jorge Mora, and J. Edward Taylor. "Does natural resource extraction mitigate poverty and inequality? Evidence from rural Mexico and a Lacandona Rainforest Community." Environment and Development Economics 12.02 (2007): 251-269
Our findings highlight the importance of ... by 0.36 and 0.11, respectively

Poverty kills millions and outweighs nuclear war
Abu-Jamal 98 – Mumia Abu-Jamal, prominent social activist and author, quotes James Gilligan, American psychiatrist and author, director of mental health for the Massachusetts prison system, President of the International Association for Forensic Psychotherapy. (“A Quiet and Deadly Violence,” Al-Ahram Online Sept 19 1998, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/1998/400/in5.htm Accessed 7/10/13 AT)
We live, equally immersed, and to ... every decade, throughout the world

Poverty is the root cause of environment destruction – this means they do not solve
Beckerman 96 Beckerman, Wilfred, Emeritus Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford, and a former member of the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution. “Through Green-Colored Glasses: Environmentalism Reconsidered.” publ. 1996.
The main reason for expecting economic growth ... there are comparable statistics

Tournament: Emory | Round: 4 | Opponent: Katy Taylor NY | Judge: Nicole Vandermeer
Proliferation constructs the world in imperialist and Orientalist terms
Behnke 2k—Andreas Behnke, Prof. of Poli Sci @ Towson January, International Journal of Peace Studies 5.1, “Inscriptions of the Imperial Order,” http://www.gmu.edu/academic/ijps/vol5_1/behnke.htm
David Mutimer (1997) has argued that the use ... with an other it is unwilling to listen to.

The nuclear apartheid is a manifestation of racism
Batur 07 Pinar, PhD @ UT-Austin – Prof. of Sociology @ Vassar, The Heart of Violence: Global Racism, War, and Genocide, Handbook of The Sociology of Racial and Ethnic Relations, eds. Vera and Feagin, p. 441-3
War and genocide are horrid, and taking them ... are Iraq and New Orleans

Evaluate probability first – “1 doctrine” kills decisionmaking
Meskill 9 (David, professor at Colorado School of Minds and PhD from Harvard, “The "One Percent Doctrine" and Environmental Faith,” Dec 9, http://davidmeskill.blogspot.com/2009/12/one-percent-doctrine-and-environmental.html)
Tom Friedman's piece today in the Times on the ... looming apocalypse, with the time (just barely) to take action.

Vote negative to reject the 1AC’s enframing and interrogate its epistemological failures
Ahmed 12 Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development (IPRD), an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society" Global Change, Peace and Security Volume 23, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor Francis
While recommendations to shift our frame of orientation away from ... joined-up policy-making on these issues

Role-playing encourages an intellectually bankrupt cult of expertise—critically examining 1AC assumptions solves better
Biswas 07 Shampa, Associate Professor of Politics @ Whitman, Ph.D. – Political Science @ the University of Minnesota, M.A. – International Relations @ Maxwell School of Citizenship – Syracuse University, M.A. – Economics @ the Dehli School of Economics – University of Dehli, B.A. – Economics @ St. Stephen's College – University of Dehli, Empire and Global Public Intellectuals: Reading Edward Said as an International Relations Theorist, Millennium 36 (1) p. 117-125
The recent resuscitation of the project of ... and important senses of the vocation

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 3 | Opponent:  | Judge:
Developing countries should extend property rights to environmental resources and guarantee the protection of these rights
Only property rights can solve
Adler 5 - JONATHAN ADLER Prof. of environmental law at Case Western, writes for the Case research series: “Back to the Future of Conservation: Changing Perceptions of Property Rights and Environmental Protection” Case Research Paper Series in Legal Studies Working Paper 05-16, July 2005
The problem with the dominant approach ... their investments altogether

Empirics confirm this
Adler 5 - JONATHAN ADLER Prof. of environmental law at Case Western, writes for the Case research series: “Back to the Future of Conservation: Changing Perceptions of Property Rights and Environmental Protection” Case Research Paper Series in Legal Studies Working Paper 05-16, July 2005
International studies of¶ economic and ... elsewhere maintain sustainable catches

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 2 | Opponent: trav | Judge:
The aff trades off with a property rights approach
Adler 5 - JONATHAN ADLER Prof. of environmental law at Case Western, writes for the Case research series: “Back to the Future of Conservation: Changing Perceptions of Property Rights and Environmental Protection” Case Research Paper Series in Legal Studies Working Paper 05-16, July 2005
The problem with the dominant approach ... lose their investments altogether.'

Economic regulation creates monopolies which increases environmental harm since the company has no accountability to its consumers
Adler 5 - JONATHAN ADLER Prof. of environmental law at Case Western, writes for the Case research series: “Back to the Future of Conservation: Changing Perceptions of Property Rights and Environmental Protection” Case Research Paper Series in Legal Studies Working Paper 05-16, July 2005
If public sector management places environmental ... opportunities and incentives for rent-seeking.

Environmental regulation causes landowner backlash.
Adler 05 JONATHAN ADLER Prof. of environmental law at Case Western, writes for the Case research series. “Back to the Future of Conservation: Changing Perceptions of Property Rights and Environmental Protection” Case Research Paper Series in Legal Studies Working Paper 05-16, July 2005 AJ
The proliferation of rules governing property use ... authorities confiscate their property

Need them to have any other rights
Cooray 13 (Mark, doctor of Philosophy from Unv of Cambridge; author of 14 books, 65 articles in learned academic journals and over 500 articles in popular journals and newspapers) “Freedom Of The Individual And Property Rights” Ourcivilization.com 8/16 AT
At the time, I not only agreed with ... established as a right depends on property.

Tournament: CPS, VBT | Round: 1 | Opponent: many | Judge: many
Prioritizing environment over resource extraction ends Chinese exports of rare metals – China is the biggest market
Plumer 11 (Brad, Washington Post reporter) “How to free the world from China’s rare-earth stranglehold.” Washington Post. 9/16/11 JY
Part of the reason China
exploding rare-earth demand forever.

Availability of rare earth is key to clean tech – restricting them destroys it and also results in more harmful production elsewhere
Vowles 13 (Glenn, Open University Associate Lecturer in Environment) “Rare Earth Elements and the Environment” Sustainable Cities Aug 26 AT
All these greener products, along with many non-green
in the case of biomass/biofuel.

That’s key to solve global warming
UCS 11 (Union of Concerned Scientists) “Solutions to Global Warming” Climate Hot Map: GLOBAL WARMING EFFECTS AROUND THE WORLD AT
There is no single solution to global
areas could provide important breakthroughs.

Warming is real, anthropogenic, and threatens extinction
Richard Schiffman 9/27/13, environmental writer @ The Atlantic citing the Fifth Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, “What Leading Scientists Want You to Know About Today's Frightening Climate Report,” The Atlantic, http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/09/leading-scientists-weigh-in-on-the-mother-of-all-climate-reports/280045/
The polar icecaps are melting faster than
We have five minutes before midnight."

Green energy is key to solve global war
Klarevas 9 (Louis, professor at the Center for Global Affairs at New York University) “Securing American Primacy While Tackling Climate Change: Toward a National Strategy of Greengemony” Huffington Post 12/15/2009 AT
The U.S., however, seems to be stuck in
promote a national strategy of greengemony.

And, they’re key to US military readiness
Coppel 11 (Emily, research assistant at the American Security Project and graduate student in the  Elliott School of International Affairs at George Washington University) “Rare Earth Metals and US national security.” American Security Project. February 2011 JY
The United States’ reliance on technology, particularly
greater dependence on rare earth metals

Readiness solves war
Spencer, 2000 (Jack, Research Fellow at Thomas A. Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies, “The Facts About Military Readiness”, Heritage Foundation, September 15th, http://www.heritage.org/Research/Reports/2000/09/BG1394-The-Facts-About-Military-Readiness)
America's national security requirements dictate that
national interest, thereby preserving peace.

Tournament: CPS, VBT | Round: 1 | Opponent: many | Judge: many

Rawls

I value justice. Justice refers to the proper distribution of benefits and burdens. 

First, in a democracy justice serves the purpose of providing a shared basis of public justification 

Samuel Freeman ~Avalon Professor in the Humanities at The University of Pennsylvania. Justice and the Social Contract: Essays on Rawlsian Political Philosophy. Oxford University Press. New York, NY. 2007. 37~
We have considered how the social contract plays a role within Rawls’s conception of justice
AND
call the practical that Rawls sees as is appropriate for a democratic society.

Second, in a democratic society our principles of justice must be based on the idea that all citizens are free and equal persons 

Pluralism outweighs the case

Key to legitimacy 

Probability
.

The shared point-of-view necessary for rational agreement is represented by the original position

John Rawls 96 ~Held James Bryant Conant Professorship at Harvard. Political Liberalism. Columbia University Press. 1996. Pg 23-26~
Justice as fairness recasts the doctrine of the social contract and adopts a form of
AND
—here and now-as fair and supported by the best reasons.

Behind the veil of ignorance citizens would design a system that benefited the least advantaged
.

So, the criterion is benefitting the least advantaged.

Poverty

Resource extraction key to local survival and poverty alleviation.

Thondhlana 13 ~Thondhlana, Gladman, and Edwin Muchapondwa. Dependence on Environmental Resources and Implications for Household Welfare: Evidence from the Kalahari Drylands, South Africa. No. 370. 2013~ AJ
Overall, environmental resources provide more subsistence "in kind" income than cash income
AND
on the communal land given the ecological linkages between parks and their surroundings.

Empirics confirm

López-Feldman 07, Alejandro, Jorge Mora, and J. Edward Taylor. "Does natural resource extraction mitigate poverty and inequality? Evidence from rural Mexico and a Lacandona Rainforest Community." Environment and Development Economics 12.02 (2007): 251-269
Our findings highlight the importance of income from natural resource extraction in alleviating poverty and
AND
Gini coefficient by 0.36 and 0.11, respectively.

poverty impacts

Poverty kills millions and outweighs nuclear war

Abu-Jamal 98 – Mumia Abu-Jamal, prominent social activist and author, quotes James Gilligan, American psychiatrist and author, director of mental health for the Massachusetts prison system, President of the International Association for Forensic Psychotherapy. ("A Quiet and Deadly Violence," Al-Ahram Online Sept 19 1998, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/1998/400/in5.htm Accessed 7/10/13 AT)
We live, equally immersed, and to a deeper degree, in a nation
AND
the weak and poor every year of every decade, throughout the world.

Poverty causes nuclear war.

Caldwell 2000 - Joseph George Caldwell, PhD (Statistics) Consultant in Statistics and Information Technology ("On Human Population, Global Nuclear War and the Survival of Planet Earth," Foundation Website 10/26/00, http://www.foundationwebsite.org/arti1000.htm Accessed 7/10/13 AT)
It would appear that global nuclear war will happen very soon, for two main
AND
crowding and misery increase, raising the motivation for war to higher levels.

Poverty is the root cause of environment destruction – this means they do not solve

Beckerman 96 ~Beckerman, Wilfred, Emeritus Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford, and a former member of the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution. "Through Green-Colored Glasses: Environmentalism Reconsidered." publ. 1996.~
The main reason for expecting economic growth to be good for the environment, in
AND
which are, of course, those for which there are comparable statistics).

Tournament: Battle for LA | Round: 7 | Opponent:  | Judge:
Energy security militarizes energy – justifies intervention and causes serial policy failure
Ciuta 10 -- Lecturer in International Relations and Director of the Centre of European Politics, School of Slavonic and East European Studies @ University College London, UK (Felix, 2010, "Conceptual Notes on Energy Security: Total or Banal Security?" Security Dialogue 41(123), Sage)
Even casual observers will be ... militarized pursuit of energy 

The 1AC’s Orthodox IR’s atomistic approach to global problems makes extinction inevitable
Ahmed 12 Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development (IPRD), an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society" Global Change, Peace and Security Volume 23, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor Francis 3. From securitisation to militarisation 3.1 Complicity
This analysis thus calls ... the name of survival itself

Vote negative to reject the 1AC’s enframing and interrogate its epistemological failures---this is a prereq to successful policy
Ahmed 12 Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development (IPRD), an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society" Global Change, Peace and Security Volume 23, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor Francis

While recommendations to shift our ... policy-making on these issues.

Tournament: cps and vbt | Round: 9 | Opponent: many | Judge: many
interp - Country is defined as
Merriam Webster dictionary. “country” first definition
nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory:

limits 

Policy simulation is key
Coverstone 05 MBA (Alan, Acting on Activism, http://home.montgomerybell.edu/~coversa/Acting20on20Activism20(Nov2017-2005).doc)
An important concern emerges when Mitchell describes reflexive fiat
AND
cause of voter and participatory abstention in America today

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 6 | Opponent: College Prep CL | Judge:
Interpretation – Resolved means the affirmative must defend the implementation of a policy action by a government
Parcher 1 (Jeff, Fmr. Debate Coach at Georgetown University, February, http://www.ndtceda.com/archives/200102/0790.html)
(1) Pardon me if I turn to a source besides Bill. American
AND
or 'no' - which, of course, are answers to a question.

Environmental protection refers to policies
Black’s Law no date “What is ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION?” The Law Dictionary Featuring Black's Law Dictionary Free Online Legal Dictionary 2nd Ed. AT
What is ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION? … repairing damage and reversing trends.

2 Standards –

1. Debability: 

2. Limits –
A) Prep 

B) Policymaking – critical thinking also requires examining policies
Harwood 5 (Karey, associate professor in the Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies) “Teaching Bioethics through Participation and Policy-Making” Essays on Teaching Excellence Toward the Best in the Academy Vol. 16, No. 4, 2004-2005 A publication of The Professional and Organizational Development Network in Higher Education AT
Teaching bioethics to undergraduate students in the humanities and social sciences differs from teaching ethics
AND
about paying attention to these debates and having a stake in their outcome.

Tournament: CPS and VBT | Round: 4 | Opponent: many | Judge: many
Resource extraction means mining
Lamont County Bylaw 7 (BYLAW 674/07) “Lamont Country MUNICIPAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN” 12/11 AT
“Resource Extraction” means ... of those minerals

Predictable limits 

Common usage

Tournament: CPs and vbt | Round: 6 | Opponent: many | Judge: many
Resource extraction does not include renewable resources
Alamance County Board of Commissioners 11 “ALAMANCE COUNTY HEAVY INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORDINANCE” Oct 31 AT
Resource Extraction means the ... any renewable resource

limits
a. the topic is too big
b. Negs should be able to apply generics
c. Common usage

Tournament: CPs and VBT | Round: 2 | Opponent: many | Judge: many
Interpretation – Resource extraction is only the removal of resources
Florida Senate 13 “Title XXVIII NATURAL RESOURCES; CONSERVATION, RECLAMATION, AND USE” 378.403 Definitions. 2013 Florida Statutes AT
(5) “Extraction” or “resource extraction” means the
investigating for resources by drilling.

limits
a. term of art
b. topic's too big
c. neg needs generics

Tournament: Battle of LA | Round: 4 | Opponent:  | Judge:
Interpretation – if the aff reads a plan, then the plan must ONLY directly limit resource extraction in a way that protects the environment, and may not advocate the use of subsidies or incentives to result in a reduction in resource extraction and greater environmental protection

1. effects T bad

2. kills neg ground

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 3 | Opponent: Bingham TP | Judge: Steve Knell
All affirmative offense in the 1AC must derive from reasons that developing countries should prioritize environmental protection over resource extraction when the two are in conflict.

Violation - they're not a government
Rosenberg 11 (Matt, award-winning professional geographer; former adjunct university faculty member in geography, city planning and GIS intern for local government; newspaper columnist; disaster manager for the American Red Cross; awarded the Excellence in Media Award from the National Council for Geographic Education; master's degree in geography from California State University, Northridge; member of the Association of American Geographers and the National Council for Geographic Education) “Country, State, and Nation” October 5 AT
While the terms country, ... same borders as a State. 

And they're not EP either
Arruda 13 Arruda, Joe, Dr (Pitt State University). "Careers with an Environmental Spin." Careers with an Environmental Spin. Pitt State. Web. 19 Dec. 2013
The two traditional areas of ...forests, fish, and wildlife

standard is limits - they make the topic too big
Topical fairness requirements are key to effective dialogue
Galloway 7—Samford Comm prof (Ryan, Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28, 2007)
Debate as a dialogue sets an ... dialogical benefits of topical advocacy

Second is switch-side debate
Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-
Debate is a means of settling ... the following discussion

this also answers your role of the ballot claim - it isn't a reason to vote for you if it's not contestable

Tournament: cps and Vbt | Round: 3 | Opponent: many | Judge: many
A. Interpretation: All debate positions must only contain secular arguments, or arguments that are not warranted by religious beliefs, UNLESS the debater presenting the position receives consent from the audience, judge(s), and opponent before the round.
C. Standards:

1. Judge impartiality

2. Turn ground

3. Debaters who believe in God shouldn’t be forced to argue that he doesn’t exist

4. a link turn would create a contradiction makes it so the offense conflicts and is irresolvable

Tournament: Stanford | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Los Altos SD | Judge:
The 1AC’s ethics are a fiction of universal morality that demands submission to totalitarian institutions
Vote neg to embrace critique before action
Flyvbjerg and Richardson 2—Aalborg University, Department of Development and Planning AND Department of Town and Regional Planning (Bent Flyvbjerg and Tim Richardson, “Planning and Foucault In Search of the Dark Side of Planning Theory” http://flyvbjerg.plan.aau.dk/DarkSide2.pdf) AT
Instead of side-stepping or seeking ... struggle versus control, conflict versus consensus.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: Triples | Opponent: Los Altos JN | Judge:
The will to power solves the grounding of action
Warren - Mark Warren, NIETZSCHE AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY MARK WARREN University of Texas at San Antonio
The final presupposition of willing, ... epistemological, and the evaluative

the only possible explanation for the “self” is the will to power
Conrad 7 - Mark T. Conard, 2007, Marymount Manhattan College, NY, The Philosophy of Stanley Kubrick
This is all the more so, given ... the character of this will to power? 

Psychological evidence confirms
Harrell 10 (Eben, associate at the Project on Managing the Atom in the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard Kennedy School) “Think You're Operating on Free Will? Think Again” Time Jun 2 AT
There may be few things more ... seeking or why," Custers says

The will to power mandates that we overcome and exploit nature
Conrad 7 - Mark T. Conard, 2007, Marymount Manhattan College, NY, The Philosophy of Stanley Kubrick
Nietzsche claims that we see it ... and thus allowing us to flourish