1. No act omission distinction for states since their implicit approvals of actions still entail moral responsibility
Sunstein and Vermuele ~Cass R. Sunstein and Adrian Vermeule. The University of Chicago Law School. "Is Capital Punishment Morally Required? The Relevance of Life?Life Tradeoffs." JOHN M. OLIN LAW 26 ECONOMICS WORKING PAPER NO. 239. The Chicago Working Paper Series. March 2005~ AJ In our view, both the argument from causation and the argument from intention go AND a set of policy instruments that do not adequately or fully discourage it.
2. Simple theories are more likely to be true
D’Angelo ~(Adam, California Institute of Technology ’06 BS in Computer Science) "Philosophy: What scientific or philosophical justifications exist for Occam’s Razor?" Quora~ AT Given some evidence, you’re looking for an explanation/rule/law/principle AND rely on as evidence that a huge number of explanations were not considered.)
Consequentialism is a better explanation of moral truths than others.
Pettit – Phillip, Professor of Politics and Philosophy, Princeton University~, "Consequentialism" in A Companion to Ethics, ed. Peter Singer (1993), 238 There are at least three respects in which consequentialism scores on simplicity. The first AND which is without analogue in the non-moral area of practical rationality.
3. Government actions will inevitably lead to trade-offs between citizens.
Gary Woller ~BYU Prof., "An Overview by Gary Woller", A Forum on the Role of Environmental Ethics, June 1997, pg. 10~ Moreover, virtually all public policies entail some redistribution of economic or political resources, AND perhaps at times a necessary, basis for public policy in a democracy.
Contention
The global model of industrial agriculture has massive over-reliance on fossil fuels – this causes oil shortages and means peak oil guarantees collapse
Barker 7 ~(Debbie, international director for the Center for Food Safety, public policy institute, and director of the International Forum on Globalization, think tank that analyses economic globalization) "The Rise and Predictable Fall of Globalized Industrial Agriculture" a report from the international forum on globalization~ AT Recently, there has been much speculation about the causes of higher oil prices, AND be studied and implemented. This will be discussed later in Part Three.
Oil shortages cause extinction
Lendman 7 ~(Steven, Research Associate of the Centre for Research on Globalization. "Resource Wars - Can We Survive Them?," Rense.com, 6-6-7, pg. http://www.rense.com/general76/resrouce.htm~~ With the world’s energy supplies finite, the US heavily dependent on imports, and AND , or at least a big part of it, would have survived.
A shift to small farms is key to adapt to warming, disease, and pests – solves use of pesticides
Ho 13 ~(Mae-Wan, Ph. D. in Biochemistry, Postdoctoral AND to Industrial Agriculture 26 Food System" Permaculture Research Institute Sept 18~ AT UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) – the developing nations’ equivalent AND lands, many of which are unproductive or no longer suitable for agriculture.
Pesticides cause fertility decreases that results in extinction
WDP 97 ~Western Daily Press, 10/6/1997. "Diana’s gone all sari-eyed,"~ For new research claims that PMT - which is supposed to be due to drops AND cause a teensy- weensy bit of disturbance in women now and again?
Industrial ag uses phosphorous unsustainably – organic farming is key
Oliveira 11 ~Caroline Felix Oliveira, Addressing the Phosphate Crisis: Precision Agriculture versus Agroecology, University of Florida Honor’s Thesis, 4/20/2011, pg. www.honors.ufl.edu/apps/Thesis.aspx/Download/945~
Industrial agriculture has jeopardized the availability of phosphate for future generations. Agriculture’s dependence on AND food production, thus "ecologizing" the economy towards sustainable farm management.
The impact is famine and global phosphorus wars
Elser 26 White 10—Professor of Ecology @ Arizona State University 26 Director of the Institute for Sustainable Futures @ University of Technology ~James Elser 26 Stuart White, "Peak Phosphorus," Foreign Policy, April 20, 2010, pg. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/04/20/peak_phosphorus?page=full~~ From Kansas to China’s Sichuan province, farmers treat their fields with phosphorus-rich AND all live in a world with cleaner rivers, lakes, and oceans.
The industrial model causes massive hunger and can’t meet the needs of population growth – causes global famine and food wars
Headley 5/12 ~(Joshua, ) "BREAKDOWN: Industrial Agriculture" Deep Green Resistance May 12 2013~ AT In no other industry today is it more obvious to see the culmination of affects AND models and successes of our brothers and sisters in the rest of the world
Food scarcity – and specifically land grabs by industrial ag companies – creates structural conditions that guarantee massive global conflict
Brown 11 – (Lester R. is the President of the Earth Policy Institute, "The New Geopolitics of Food," May 2011, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/04/25/the_new_geopolitics_of_food?page=full, Accessed Date: 3-15-13 y2k The potential for conflict — and not just over water — is high. Many AND host land grabs or import grain will likely see their food situation deteriorate.
Thus the plan – developing countries should implement programs to support organic agriculture.
That’s key to effect a shift to small-scale, sustainable agriculture – 7 warrants
Hoffmann 11 ~(head of the Trade and Sustainable Development Section at the secretariat of AND Conference on Trade and Development Discussion Paper No 201, Feb 2011~ AT First of all, it is important to remove or modify the existing tax and AND about the structural transformation required for effective climate-change adaptation and mitigation.
If there’s even a risk of ethical uncertainty, we should always prioritize the survival of the human race to ensure future value.
Bostrom ~Nick Bostrom. Faculty of Philosophy 26 Oxford Martin School University of Oxford. "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy (2012)~ These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential AND of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.
1/4/14
Agriculture AC new advantages
Tournament: NDCA | Round: 3 | Opponent: John Marshall DD | Judge: Ashley Hellebuick Same interps and fwk as the aff
Advantages - same oil, pesticides advantages
Industrial farming creates antibiotic resistance Cassuto and Saville 12 (David, professor at Pace Law School and the Director of the Brazil-American Institute for Law and Environment, Visiting Professor of Law at the Federal University of Bahia, Brazil; and Sarah, J.D. Candidate, Class of 2012, at Pace Law School) “HOT, CROWDED, AND LEGAL: A LOOK AT INDUSTRIAL AGRICULTURE IN THE UNITED STATES AND BRAZIL” ANIMAL LAW Vol. 18:2 AT The U.S. introduced industrial agriculture to .. harder to treat human illnesses.62
Antibiotic-resistant diseases cause extinction Sample 13 Ian, Science Correspondent for the Guardian, citing Dame Sally Davies, United Kingdom Chief Medical Officer, January 23, “Antibiotic-Resistant Diseases Pose 'Apocalyptic' Threat, Top Expert Says,” http://www.theguardian.com/society/2013/jan/23/antibiotic-resistant-diseases-apocalyptic-threat Britain's most senior medical adviser has ... serious trouble," Johnson added.
Industrial farming causes deadzones which also causes water crisis and destroys ocean ecosystems Wagner 9 (Cynthia, Editor of The Futurist magazine, explores the technological, scientific, environmental, social, and policy trends shaping our collective future) “Oceans’ Dead Zones on the Rise” World Future Society, Nov-Dec 2009 AT A predicted global increase in ... strong, enforceable environmental regulations.
Ocean degradation causes extinction Craig 3 Robin Craig, Indiana University, Robin Kundis, Winter, 34 McGeorge L. Rev. 155, p. 264-266 Biodiversity and ecosystem function arguments for ... fishers go out of business as a result.
Only transition to sustainable agriculture ensures healthy bee populations PANNA 8, Summer 2008. Pesticide Action Network North America. “Vanishing Bees: Victims of Industrial Agriculture,” http://www.panna.org/mag/summer2008/news/vanishing-bees. Over the past 30 years, ... to the biodiverse ecological model.
Bees key to bioD and agriculture Shah 11 (Anup, founder of Global Issues) “Why Is Biodiversity Important? Who Cares?” Global Issues April 6 AT Bees provide enormous benefits for humankind ... vegetables we now take for granted
4/15/14
Enviro Justice Aff
Tournament: NDCA | Round: 5 | Opponent: RAM | Judge: Resource extraction activities in transitioning countries have created a system of exploitation White 13 Rob White (Professor of Criminology, School of Sociology and Social Work, University of Tasmania, Australia). “Resource Extraction Leaves Something Behind: Environmental Justice and Mining.” International Journal for Crime and Justice. IJCJ 2013 2(1): 50-64 AJ Description and analysis of exploitation of the Alberta Tar Sands These systems of power underlie and are undergirded by dominant discourses of racial exclusion and hierarchy Schroeder et al 8 Richard Schroeder (a), Kevin St. Martin (a), Bradley Wilson (a) and Debarati Sen (a). a Department of Geography , Rutgers University. b Department of Anthropology , Rutgers University. “Third World Environmental Justice.” Society and Natural Resources: An International Journal, 21:7, 547-555 AJ Drawing inspiration from so- rights, in the modern city.
Destruction of land destroys culture Kortright 3 (Chris, Sessional Lecturer and Adjunct Professor of Anthropology, University of California) “Colonization and Identity” The Anarchist Library Jan 1 AT Colonization and Identity Those who discovered settle us back in servitude?
Affirming is key – top-down regulations are empirically the best mechanism to prevent the contamination of land White 2 Rob White (Professor of Criminology, School of Sociology and Social Work, University of Tasmania, Australia). “Resource Extraction Leaves Something Behind: Environmental Justice and Mining.” International Journal for Crime and Justice. IJCJ 2013 2(1): 50-64 AJ There is no doubting the national relation to this particular industry
This resource-dominant model foments a dangerous deregulation that makes states surbservient to corporations Short 4 (Annabel, human rights specialist and trained journalist whose academic background includes degrees in International Development, director of the Resource center) “To what extent does a corporate-state security consensus undermine human rights? Oil extraction in Arauca: Colombia, the United States and Occidental Petroleum” Dissertation submitted for MSc in Development Studies Birkbeck College, University of London, Sept AT A corporate-state security consensus After do not exist at all’ (Restrepo, 2001: 111). Neocolonial systems of corporate profit are part of a genocidal zero-sum logic Kelly 10 (Kieran, Mendeley member in Humanities interested in war, genocide, international relations, US foreign policy; Master's in History from Massey University in New Zealand; Author of blog On Genocide) “US Neocolonialism” On Genocde, No date, April 2010 is last date cited AT The third point about US neocolonialism relates many regimes embodying all three
Framework A) A) oppression and inequality matters under all frameworks – no serious philosopher would claim that humans are inherently unequal. Amartya Sen Thomas W Larmont University Professor and Professor of Economics and Philosophy at Harvard University. "The Idea of Justice." Penguin Publishing. 2010. Print AJ Equality was not only among would respectively matter
B) Oppression makes all NC frameworks self-defeating C) Any theory that condones an unequal global order should be rejected D) Global justice requires a reduction in inequality and a focus on material rights Okereke 07 Chukwumerije Okereke (Senior Research Associate at the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research at the University of East Anglia). Global Justice and Neoliberal Environmental Governance. Routledge 2007 AJ Notwithstanding these drawbacks, aspirations for a better life
The essentialist view of truth cannot guide action Rorty (Richard) “Pragmatism, Relativism, and Irrationalism” Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association, Vol. 53, No. 6. (Aug.1980), pp. 717+719-738. DD My first characterization of pragmatism moral reflection, or from art.
Supposedly colorblind frameworks are just a new tactic to justify racism – we need to recognize racism is worth changing to resist it. Walsh 4 (Kenneth, Staff Writer, Boston College Third World Law Journal) “COLOR-BLIND RACISM IN GRUTTER AND GRATZ” Boston College Third World Law Journal, Volume 24 No 2, 2004. Review of RACISM WITHOUT RACISTS: COLOR-BLIND RACISM AND THE PERSISTENCE OF RACIAL INEQUALITY IN THE UNITED STATES. By Eduardo Bonilla-Silva. Lanham, Boulder, New York, and Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield 2003. Pp. 213. AT In his book, Racism Without even a problem to fix.161
Traditional approaches to philosophy exclude constructive viewpoints Robinson 06 Edited by Tony Shallcross and John Robinson. “Global Citizenship and Environmental Justice.” Amsterdam - New York, NY 2006. From the chapter “Education for Sustainable Development as Applied Global Citizenship and Environmental Justice.” AJ How do we get from environmental justice and global citizenship.
4/13/14
Kenyan Fish AC
Tournament: CPS, VBT | Round: 1 | Opponent: many | Judge: many Fwk Environmental protection definition Black’s Law no date “What is ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION?” The Law Dictionary Featuring Black's Law Dictionary Free Online Legal Dictionary 2nd Ed. AT What is ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION? AND damage and reversing trends. I value government obligations. Moral reasoning is irrational Joshua Greene (John and Ruth Hazel Associate Professor of the Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Harvard University.) Chapter 38: “The secret joke of Kant’s soul.” Thomas Nadelhoffer, Eddy Nahmias, Shaun Nichols. “Moral Psychology: Historical and Contemporary Readings.” Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, John Wiley and Sons, Nov 1, 2010. Print AJ There is a substantial and growing body of evidence suggesting that much of what we AND implications, casting doubt on deontology as a school of normative moral thought. Consequentialism escapes the dilemma of evolutionary debunking Joshua Greene 2 (John and Ruth Hazel Associate Professor of the Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Harvard University.) Chapter 38: “The secret joke of Kant’s soul.” Thomas Nadelhoffer, Eddy Nahmias, Shaun Nichols. “Moral Psychology: Historical and Contemporary Readings.” Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, John Wiley and Sons, Nov 1, 2010. Print AJ This hypothesis raises a further question. Why just deontology? Why not suppose that AND which is why, I argue, that consequentialism is inescapably “cognitive.” The standard is maximizing expected well-being. Two more warrants. Simple perception tells us that pleasure is good and pain is bad Nagel – Thomas Nagel. “The View from Nowhere”. Oxford University Press. 1986. pg 156-157 I shall defend the unsurprising claim that sensory Pleasure is good and AND such cases. There can be no reason to reject the appearances here. No act omission distinction for states Sunstein and Vermuele Cass R. Sunstein and Adrian Vermeule. The University of Chicago Law School. “Is Capital Punishment Morally Required? The Relevance of Life?Life Tradeoffs.” JOHN M. OLIN LAW and ECONOMICS WORKING PAPER NO. 239. The Chicago Working Paper Series. March 2005 AJ In our view, both the argument from causation and the argument from intention go AND private killing—becomes obscure when the government formally forbids private action, but chooses a set of policy instruments that do not adequately or fully discourage it.
Contention Whole Contention 1 is sustainability Overfishing in the status quo is unsustainable INIR 12 INIR News, a service of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. “KENYA: Vanishing fish income forces livelihood switch/correction 6/11/12. http://www.irinnews.org/report/95617/kenya-vanishing-fish-income-forces-livelihood-switch-correction AJ Experts say rising population and overfishing are deepening poverty for millions of residents around Lake AND seen fish diminish very fast, and particularly Nile perch," said Mboya. African conflicts cause great power war Glick 7 (Caroline – senior Middle East fellow at the Center for Security Policy, Condi’s African holiday, p. http://www.centerforsecuritypolicy.org/home.aspx?sid=56andcategoryid=56andsubcategoryid=90andnewsid=11568) The Horn of Africa is a dangerous and strategically vital place. Small wars, AND waters of the Nile River which flows through all countries of the region. Causes terrorism Dehez 5 (Dustin, spokesmen on Defense of the CDU/CSU in the German parliament, Senior Research Fellow at the Düsseldorf Institute for Foreign and Security Policy and the Institute's Director for North-East African Studies, research focuses on the Horn of Africa, Military in Africa) “Why Africa matters: Terrorism in Africa - the forgotten continent once more?” World Security Network Foundation Dec 14 AT One of the reasons why Africa deserves international attention is actually the war on terror AND yet allocated the necessary financial support nor have they increased their diplomatic activity. Terrorism causes extinction Barrett et al 13—PhD in Engineering and Public Policy from Carnegie Mellon University AND and Nonproliferation Initiatives, Volume 21, Issue 2, Taylor and Francis) War involving significant fractions of the U.S. and Russian nuclear arsenals, AND making one or both nations more likely to misinterpret events as attacks. 16 Overfishing is a key threat to biodiversity Science Daily 12 Science Daily. “Coral Reef Study Traces Indirect Effects of Overfishing.” Feb. 27, 2012. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/02/120227132835.htm AJ The researchers found that the loss of predatory fish leads to a cascade of effects AND to enhance the health of reefs may actually be detrimental," he said. East African aquatic ecosystems are a biodiversity hotspot UNEP 2000 (United Nations Environment Programme) “The environment of Eastern Africa” AT The Eastern African region covers four coastal countries along the East African coast (Kenya AND the countries of the region for a variety of political and environmental reasons. Biodiversity loss in specific hotspots causes extinction Howard 11 (lead of Ecosystem Service and Poverty Alleviation Project, Wageningen Univ. Department of Social Sciences Faculty) “Tipping Points and Biodiversity Change: Consequences for Human Wellbeing and Challenges for Science and Policy” Draft Prepared for the Kavli Seminar“Addressing Global Tipping Points”13-15 March 2011 AT In the 20 th century, we became aware that the fate of biodiversity and AND areas in re-sponse to climate change (Lovejoy and Hannah 2005). Thus the plan: The republics of Kenya and Tanzania should establish a Marine Protected Zone forbidding resource extraction on all ocean area within their exclusive economic zones. Parrish and Boersma 99 Boersma, P. Dee (Corresponding author), and Julia K. Parrish (Zoology Department, University of Washington). "Limiting abuse: marine protected areas, a limited solution." Ecological Economics 31.2 (1999): 287-304 AJ The primary legal responsibility for the designation of MPAs falls to individual countries enacting specific AND completely off- limits MPA beyond a sovereign State’s territorial waters politically impossible. Arthur and McClanahan 01 clarify Arthur and McClanahan 01 McClanahan, T. R., and R. Arthur. "The effect of marine reserves and habitat on populations of East African coral reef fishes." Ecological Applications 11.2 (2001): 559-569 AJ Studies were undertaken in 22 sites distributed along a 400 km stretch of coastline that AND and are heavily fished, they were pooled into the Tanzanian fished reefs. Marine protected areas empirically worked Arthur and McClanahan 01 McClanahan, T. R., and R. Arthur. "The effect of marine reserves and habitat on populations of East African coral reef fishes." Ecological Applications 11.2 (2001): 559-569 AJ The single-factor ANOVAs comparing differences among substratum and sea urchin measures for the AND for reef type, although the interactionterm between both factorsis significant(Table3). Underview If there’s even a risk of ethical uncertainty, we should always prioritize the survival of the human race to ensure future value. Bostrom Nick Bostrom. Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford. “Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority.” Global Policy (2012) These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential AND of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.
1/4/14
Minamata - other updates
Tournament: Stanford | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Lake Highland SA | Judge: Governments must be justifiable to its citizens. MARTIN RHONHEIMER Prof Of Philosophy at The Pontifical University of the Holy Cross in Rome. “THE POLITICAL ETHOS OF CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY AND THE PLACE OF NATURAL LAW IN PUBLIC REASON: RAWLS’S “POLITICAL LIBERALISM” REVISITED” The American Journal of Jurisprudence vol. 50 (2005), pp. 1-70 It is a fundamental feature of political ... at the same time are also the rulers
Government actions will inevitably lead to trade-offs between citizens Gary Woller BYU Prof., “An Overview by Gary Woller”, A Forum on the Role of Environmental Ethics, June 1997, pg. 10 Moreover, virtually all public policies entail ... necessary, basis for public policy in a democracy
People accept utilitarianism Gino et al 2008 Francesca Gino Kenan-Flagler Business School, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Don Moore Tepper Business School, Carnegie Mellon University, Max H. Bozman Harvard Business School, Harvard University “No harm, no foul: The outcome bias in ethical judgments” http://www.hbs.edu/research/pdf/08-080.pdf AT The present studies provide strong evidence ... assessment of the decision’s quality.
No act omission distinction for states Sunstein and Vermuele Cass R. Sunstein and Adrian Vermeule. The University of Chicago Law School. “Is Capital Punishment Morally Required? The Relevance of Life?Life Tradeoffs.” JOHN M. OLIN LAW and ECONOMICS WORKING PAPER NO. 239. The Chicago Working Paper Series. March 2005 AJ In our view, both the argument from ... adequately or fully discourage it.
All questions of value are meaningless absent the real lived experiences of human beings. Sam Harris 2010. CEO Project Reason; PHD UCLA Neuroscience; BA Stanford Philosophy. The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values.” Here is my (consequentialist) starting point... conscious states remain the foundation of all values
Even if morality is subjective, we ought to accept util. Nagel – Thomas Nagel. “The View from Nowhere”. Oxford University Press. 1986. pg 156-157 I shall defend the unsurprising claim ... no reason to reject the appearances here.
biodiverist
Mercury pollution destroys ecosystems and the environment Leggett 2011 Martin Leggett, University of Manchester, Freelance Writer and Editor at Scribblin Green, Geodata Administrator at Petrologic. “Mercury burden hangs heavy round the neck of the albatross.” Earth Times. 4/18/2011. http://www.earthtimes.org/pollution/mercury-burden-hangs-heavy-neck-albatross/735/#sthash.fzuwMpgc.dpuf One of the icons of the endless oceanic horizons of ... consumption, the problem can be considerable
mercury levels similar to the status quo’s have caused the largest mass extinction in the earth’s history Bishop 2012 Adrian Bishop Editor at OPP Connec, and Eco House. “Mercury caused mass extinctions, say scientists” Earth Times. January 6 2012. http://www.earthtimes.org/pollution/mercury-caused-mass-extinctions-scientists/1744/ Mass extinctions during catastrophic climate change ... cutting international emissions of Mercury.
Mercury pollution threatens ocean biodiversity Science Daily 2011 “Mercury On the Rise in Endangered Pacific Seabirds” Science Daily. Apr. 20, 2011 http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/04/110418152320.htm Using 120 years of feathers from natural ... consumption, the problem can be considerable," said Bank
AND, a loss of ocean biodiversity specifically causes extinction. Craig 3 Robin Craig, Indiana University, Robin Kundis, Winter, 34 McGeorge L. Rev. 155, p. 264-266 Biodiversity and ecosystem function arguments ... few fishers go out of business as a result
Biodiversity decline causes extinction Chen 2k Professor of Law and Vance K. Opperman Research Scholar, University of Minnesota Law School (Jim, Globalization and Its Losers, Winter 2000, 9 Minn. J. Global Trade 157, Lexis) Conscious decisions to allow the ... million years, perhaps a hundred million
poverty
Mercury pollution leads to health effects that devastate economies. GAHP in September “The Poisoned Poor: Toxic Chemicals Exposures in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.” Global Alliance on Health and Pollution. September 2013. Economic costs can also be measured in productivity lost ... expanding access to natural resources and land
This also results in massive suffering WHO 2008 Jessie Poulin; Herman Gibb “Mercury: Assessing the environmental burden of disease at national ¶ and local levels.” Editor, Prüss-Üstün A. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2008. (WHO Environmental Burden of Disease Series No. 16) A literature review was conducted ... have a considerable health impact
Mercury pollution creates an endless cycle of poverty. Blacksmith Institute 2010 “Pollution, Poverty and the I.Q. Connection” Blacksmith Institute, Pollution blog. February 3, 2010. http://www.blacksmithinstitute.org/blog/?p=164 Does pollution plague a country because ... It traps and engulfs
Poverty kills millions and outweighs nuclear war Abu-Jamal 98 Mumia Abu-Jamal, prominent social activist and author, quotes James Gilligan, American psychiatrist and author, director of mental health for the Massachusetts prison system, President of the International Association for Forensic Psychotherapy. (“A Quiet and Deadly Violence,” Al-Ahram Online Sept 19 1998, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/1998/400/in5.htm Accessed 7/10/13 AT) We live, equally immersed, and ... every decade, throughout the world.
Poverty causes nuclear war. Caldwell 2000 Joseph George Caldwell, PhD (Statistics) Consultant in Statistics and Information Technology (“On Human Population, Global Nuclear War and the Survival of Planet Earth,” Foundation Website 10/26/00, http://www.foundationwebsite.org/arti1000.htm Accessed 7/10/13 AT) It would appear that global nuclear ... raising the motivation for war to higher levels
plan
Plan – Developing countries should ban primary mercury mining by 2020 and enact national action plans to phase-out the use of mercury in artisanal and small-scale gold mining, as required by the Minamata Convention on Mercury. Selin 13 Henrik Selin, Pardee Faculty Fellow and Associate Professor of International Relations at Boston University. “The Minamata Convention and the Future of Mercury Abatement” THe Frederick S. Pardee cenTer For THe STudy oF THe Longer-range FuTure. Issues in Brief, 28. October 2013. Mercury is a pollutant of global, ... decision-making and expand controls.
Remedying mercury use in mining also solves the primary source of pollution. Blacksmith Institute “Artisanal Gold Mining: A Dangerous Pollution Problem.” Blacksmith Institute. http://www.blacksmithinstitute.org/artisanal-gold-mining.html. No Date AJ Blacksmith Institute, a New York-based ... conducting environmental and health assessments
underview
default to util
plans are good Babb 13 (Stephen, debate coach) “Topic Analysis by Stephen Babb” Victory Topic Analysis: Jan-Feb 2014 AT Despite the difficulties associated with ... how everyone else follows suit.
2/11/14
Minamata Aff
Tournament: VBT | Round: Octas | Opponent: Travis chen | Judge: panel The law of conservation of energy and recent physiological research confirms that there can be no physical effects independent of prior physical causes. Papineau David Papineau 2009, "Naturalism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2009 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2009/entries/naturalism/ During the course of the twentieth century received scientific opinion became even more restrictive about AND scientific investigation along with more familiar physical forces.5 Causal closure means mental states and moral judgments are also grounded in physical properties. Papineau 2 David Papineau 2009, "Naturalism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2009 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2009/entries/naturalism/ These considerations argue that causation depends on properties as well as particulars. There are AND property of being angry cannot be ontologically independent of the relevant brain properties. Mental states are meaningless – they simply don’t exist Ramsey 11 William Ramsey 2011, "Eliminative Materialism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2011 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2011/entries/materialism-eliminative/. Some writers have emphasized the apparent mismatch between the sentential structure of AND like structure that appears to be essential to beliefs and other propositional attitudes. However, eliminativism doesn’t apply to qualia, or sensory experiences like pain. Craig 03 AD Craig 2003 Atkinson Research Scientist in the Division of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ. “Mapping Pain in the Brain” The Wellcome Trust. 2003. Many areas of the brain are involved in the experience of pain. These areas AND of our brain achieve all this, and how do they manage it? And, my evidence only specifically indicts the existence of propositional attitudes, not qualia. Thus, beliefs, desires, and intentions don’t exist but sensory experiences like pain and pleasure do. These experiences are bad even if mental states are relevant. Nagel – Thomas Nagel. “The View from Nowhere”. Oxford University Press. 1986. pg 156-157 I shall defend the unsurprising claim that sensory Pleasure is good and AND such cases. There can be no reason to reject the appearances here. Thus, the standard is minimizing suffering. More reasons 1 No act omission distinction for states since their implicit approvals of actions still entail moral responsibility Sunstein and Vermuele Cass R. Sunstein and Adrian Vermeule. The University of Chicago Law School. “Is Capital Punishment Morally Required? The Relevance of Life?Life Tradeoffs.” JOHN M. OLIN LAW and ECONOMICS WORKING PAPER NO. 239. The Chicago Working Paper Series. March 2005 AJ In our view, both the argument from causation and the argument from intention go AND a set of policy instruments that do not adequately or fully discourage it. 2 Personal identity is not relevant. Shoemaker Summarizes Parfit David Shoemaker 2012. "Personal Identity and Ethics", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2012 Edition).
By way of explanation, consider the case Parfit uses in support of his claim AND ordinary survival. Call this the Identity Doesn't Matter (IDM) view. Thus, states of affairs are morally significant independently of a specific subject of the experience. This supports a utilitarian view. Derek Parfit 1984. “Reasons and Persons.” Oxford. “This suggestion differs… …of that thing.” This suggestion differs from the others in the following way. Rawls remarks that the AND correct regulative principle for anything depends upon the nature of that thing'. 103 3 Governments must be practical MARTIN RHONHEIMER Prof Of Philosophy at The Pontifical University of the Holy Cross in Rome. “THE POLITICAL ETHOS OF CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY AND THE PLACE OF NATURAL LAW IN PUBLIC REASON: RAWLS’S “POLITICAL LIBERALISM” REVISITED” The American Journal of Jurisprudence vol. 50 (2005), pp. 1-70 It is a fundamental feature of political philosophy to be part of practical philosophy. AND ruled, but who potentially at the same time are also the rulers. A) People accept util Gino et al 2008 Francesca Gino Kenan-Flagler Business School, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Don Moore Tepper Business School, Carnegie Mellon University, Max H. Bozman Harvard Business School, Harvard University “No harm, no foul: The outcome bias in ethical judgments” http://www.hbs.edu/research/pdf/08-080.pdf AT The present studies provide strong evidence of the existence of outcome effects in ethically- AND to allow a decision’s outcome to determine their assessment of the decision’s quality. B) trade-offs 4. Life is a prerequisite
Contention 1 is biodiversity Mercury pollution devastates biodiversity National Wildlife Federation 2006 “Poisoning Wildlife: The Reality of Mercury Pollution.” The National Wildlife Federation. Sep 2006. http://www.nwf.org/pdf/Policy-Solutions/NWF20Poisoning20Wildlife20Report.pdf In contrast, the impacts of mercury on wildlife have received relatively little attention in AND . All these effects combine to create a severe threat to wildlife survival. Specifically threatens oceans Science Daily 2011 “Mercury On the Rise in Endangered Pacific Seabirds” Science Daily. Apr. 20, 2011 http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/04/110418152320.htm Using 120 years of feathers from natural history museums in the United States, Harvard AND from excessive fish consumption, the problem can be considerable," said Bank. A loss of ocean biodiversity causes extinction Craig 3 Robin Craig, Indiana University, Robin Kundis, Winter, 34 McGeorge L. Rev. 155, p. 264-266 Biodiversity and ecosystem function arguments for conserving marine ecosystems also exist, just as they AND - even if a few fishers go out of business as a result. This is not your typical extinction scenario – mercury levels similar to the status quo’s have caused the largest mass extinction in the earth’s history Bishop 2012 Adrian Bishop Editor at OPP Connec, and Eco House. “Mercury caused mass extinctions, say scientists” Earth Times. January 6 2012. http://www.earthtimes.org/pollution/mercury-caused-mass-extinctions-scientists/1744/ Mass extinctions during catastrophic climate change were caused by huge mercury levels, Canadian scientists AND He says Canada has led the way in cutting international emissions of Mercury. Biodiversity decline causes extinction Chen 2k Professor of Law and Vance K. Opperman Research Scholar, University of Minnesota Law School (Jim, Globalization and Its Losers, Winter 2000, 9 Minn. J. Global Trade 157, Lexis) Conscious decisions to allow the extinction of a species or the destruction of an entire AND Homo sapiens -- in ten million years, perhaps a hundred million. 348 Contention 2 Mercury pollution leads to a reduction in average IQ, and other health effects that devastate economies. GAHP in September “The Poisoned Poor: Toxic Chemicals Exposures in Low- and Middle-Income Countries” ??????????????????????????????? Global Alliance on Health and Pollution. September 2013. Economic costs can also be measured in productivity lost due to decreased IQ, among AND The most obvious ways are by expanding access to natural resources and land.¶ That creates an endless cycle of poverty. Blacksmith Institute 2010 “Pollution, Poverty and the I.Q. Connection” Blacksmith Institute, Pollution blog. February 3, 2010. http://www.blacksmithinstitute.org/blog/?p=164 Does pollution plague a country because it is poor? Or does pollution make a AND pollution does more than just cripple and kill. It traps and engulfs. Poverty kills millions and outweighs nuclear war Abu-Jamal 98 Mumia Abu-Jamal, prominent social activist and author, quotes James Gilligan, American psychiatrist and author, director of mental health for the Massachusetts prison system, President of the International Association for Forensic Psychotherapy. (“A Quiet and Deadly Violence,” Al-Ahram Online Sept 19 1998, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/1998/400/in5.htm Accessed 7/10/13 AT) We live, equally immersed, and to a deeper degree, in a nation AND the weak and poor every year of every decade, throughout the world.
And, Poverty causes nuclear war. Caldwell 2000 Joseph George Caldwell, PhD (Statistics) Consultant in Statistics and Information Technology (“On Human Population, Global Nuclear War and the Survival of Planet Earth,” Foundation Website 10/26/00, http://www.foundationwebsite.org/arti1000.htm Accessed 7/10/13 AT) It would appear that global nuclear war will happen very soon, for two main AND crowding and misery increase, raising the motivation for war to higher levels.
1/5/14
Minamata Plan Text
Tournament: Emory | Round: 2 | Opponent: | Judge: I advocate that all developing countries will sign, ratify and pass domestic legislation implementing, the Minamata Convention on Mercury. Kippenberg 13 Juliane Kippenberg October 04, 2013 “Mercury Treaty: Hope for Child Gold Miners?” The Diplomat. http://thediplomat.com/2013/10/mercury-treaty-hope-for-child-gold-miners/ Under this new international convention that nobody should have to do
If there’s even a risk of ethical uncertainty, we should always prioritize the survival of the human race to ensure future value.
Bostrom ~Nick Bostrom. Faculty of Philosophy 26 Oxford Martin School University of Oxford. "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy (2012)~ These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential AND of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.
Thus, the standard is minimizing existential risk.
Contention : Poverty
Mercury pollution leads to a reduction in average IQ, and other health effects that devastate economies.
GAHP in September ~"The Poisoned Poor: Toxic Chemicals Exposures in Low- and Middle-Income Countries." Global Alliance on Health and Pollution. September 2013.~
Economic costs can also be measured in productivity lost due to decreased IQ, among AND The most obvious ways are by expanding access to natural resources and land.¶
Mercury pollution creates an endless cycle of poverty.
Blacksmith Institute 2010 ~"Pollution, Poverty and the I.Q. Connection" Blacksmith Institute, Pollution blog. February 3, 2010. http://www.blacksmithinstitute.org/blog/?p=164~~ Does pollution plague a country because it is poor? Or does pollution make a AND pollution does more than just cripple and kill. It traps and engulfs.
Poverty kills millions and outweighs nuclear war
Abu-Jamal 98 ~Mumia Abu-Jamal, prominent social activist and author, quotes James Gilligan, American psychiatrist and author, director of mental health for the Massachusetts prison system, President of the International Association for Forensic Psychotherapy. ("A Quiet and Deadly Violence," Al-Ahram Online Sept 19 1998, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/1998/400/in5.htm Accessed 7/10/13 AT)~ We live, equally immersed, and to a deeper degree, in a nation AND the weak and poor every year of every decade, throughout the world.
And, Poverty causes nuclear war.
Caldwell 2000 ~Joseph George Caldwell, PhD (Statistics) Consultant in Statistics and Information Technology ("On Human Population, Global Nuclear War and the Survival of Planet Earth," Foundation Website 10/26/00, http://www.foundationwebsite.org/arti1000.htm Accessed 7/10/13 AT)~ It would appear that global nuclear war will happen very soon, for two main AND crowding and misery increase, raising the motivation for war to higher levels.
FARC
Illicit mining, which utilizes mercury to extract gold, is now fueling the FARC’S war.
Seizing on the decade-long surge in gold prices, combatants from multiple sides AND showed that gold mining had become a source of financing for rebel group.
Formalizing the gold mining industry is the key to cutting off the FARCS financial lifeline. Illicit mines provide millions in funding and are necessary for them to launder other revenue.
According to the study "Illegal Armed Actors in the Extractive Sector" published by AND not taking part in the peace negotiations, may continue carrying out extortions."
The aff is necessary to formalize the small-scale gold mining industry, cutting off the FARCS access to funds.
The global legally binding instrument on mercury (The Minamata Convention) has been discussed AND desired effect on health, environment ¶ and the lives of the miners.
FARC rise in Latin America leads to global insecurity and unprecedented violence
Ellis 04 (R. Evan, Ph.D., The Impact of Instability in Latin America, Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, 23(1), p. 187-193) The growing disorder in the nations of the Andean ridge highlights a dangerous new phenomenon AND the region and undercut the basis for U.S. global power.
Narcostates causes genocide, poverty, and extinction
Manwaring 5 (Max G., Retired U.S. Army colonel and an Adjunct Professor of International Politics at Dickinson College, venezuela’s hugo chávez, bolivarian socialism, and asymmetric warfare, October 2005, pg. PUB628.pdf) President Chávez also understands that the process leading to state failure is the most dangerous AND and their associated problems endanger global security, peace, and prosperity.65
Terrorism causes extinction, warming, and econ collapse
Owen B. Toon 7, chair of the Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences at CU-Boulder, et al., April 19, 2007, "Atmospheric effects and societal consequences of regional scale nuclear conflicts and acts of individual nuclear terrorism," online: http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/pdf/acp-7-1973-2007.pdf
To an increasing extent, people are congregating in the world’s great urban centers, AND should be carried out as well for the present scenarios and physical outcomes.
Advocacy
Developing countries should ban primary mercury mining by 2020 and enact national action plans to phase-out the use of mercury in artisanal and small-scale gold mining, as required by the Minamata Convention on Mercury.
Selin explains in October 2013 ~Henrik Selin, Pardee Faculty Fellow and Associate Professor of International Relations at Boston University. "The Minamata Convention and the Future of Mercury Abatement" THe Frederick S. Pardee cenTer For THe STudy oF THe Longer-range FuTure. Issues in Brief, 28. October 2013.~
Mercury is a pollutant of global, regional, and local concern. Humans have AND benefitted from using them to help target decision-making and expand controls.
The convention bans primary mercury mining, meaning that after 2020 no new mercury can enter the environment.
Sharma on January 22nd ~Yojana Sharma, Asia Director at University World NewsWriter and Editor at SciDev."treaty to ban mercury emissions" 1/22/2013. http://www.scidev.net/global/news/nations-agree-first-global-treaty-to-ban-mercury-emissions-.html~~ A legally binding global treaty to curb mercury in the environment, agreed after a AND eliminate mercury, under a proposed mercury ’trust fund’, it was agreed.
And, models show that the aff will significantly reduce mercury emissions.
Lubick on September 27th ~Naomi Lubick, Columbia University, New York; Earth and Environmental Science Journalism and Associate editor, Environmental Science 26 Technology; David Malakoff, Deputy News Editor for Science Magazine. "With Pact’s Completion, the Real Work Begins" Science 27 September 2013: Vol. 341 no. 6153 pp. 1443-1445~ An elegant crematorium sits in a wooded cemetery here on the edge of the city AND help reduce global mercury emissions by 15 to 35 in coming decades
2/11/14
NDCA Fishing Aff
Tournament: NDCA | Round: 1 | Opponent: | Judge: Same interps and framework as old fishing affs
Status quo overfishing is massively unsustainable Science Daily 12 Science Daily. “Coral Reef Study Traces Indirect Effects of Overfishing.” Feb. 27, 2012. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/02/120227132835.htm AJ A study of the tropical coral ... actually be detrimental," he said.
AND, a loss of reefs specifically causes extinction Craig 3 Robin Craig, Indiana University, Robin Kundis, Winter, 34 McGeorge L. Rev. 155, p. 264-266 Biodiversity and ecosystem function arguments ... out of business as a result.
East African aquatic ecosystems are a biodiversity hotspot – collapse also destroys the economy UNEP 2000 (United Nations Environment Programme) “The environment of Eastern Africa” AT The Eastern African region covers four ... for a variety of political and environmental reasons.
Biodiversity loss in specific hotspots causes extinction Howard 11 (lead of Ecosystem Service and Poverty Alleviation Project, Wageningen Univ. Department of Social Sciences Faculty) “Tipping Points and Biodiversity Change: Consequences for Human Wellbeing and Challenges for Science and Policy” Draft Prepared for the Kavli Seminar“Addressing Global Tipping Points”13-15 March 2011 AT In the 20 th century, we .... re-sponse to climate change (Lovejoy and Hannah 2005).
Biodiversity loss increases disease vulnerability Matt and Gebser 11 – Florian and Ronny, citing Keesing et al. 2010, biologist at Bard College in Annandale, New York, “Biodiversity decline can increase the spread of infectious diseases like Hantavirus,” http://www.eea.europa.eu/atlas/teeb/biodiversity-decline-can-increase-the/view)//a-berg What is the problem? Intuitively ... by resulting in pathogen transmission (Keesing et al. 2010).
Specifically, zoonotic diseases lead to extinction Casadevall 12 – Prof @ Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Division of Infectious Diseases of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine Arturo. (“The future of biological warfare,” Microbial Biotechnology, p. 584-5) In considering the importance of biological ... natural evolution or bioengineering.
4/15/14
NOTE
Tournament: note | Round: 2 | Opponent: note | Judge: note I deleted my old wiki and added a new debater since my neg wiki wasn't working earlier. I have disclosed everything I remember reading on this topic, but if theres something missing or something from the past topics you'd like me to disclose, email me at arjuntambe AT yahoo.com
1/4/14
Platinum AC TOC
Tournament: TOC | Round: 4 | Opponent: | Judge: Platinum mining destroys biodiversity and endangers communal water resources Guthrie 10 (Doug, professor of management and international business at The George Washington University School of Business) “The ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT of MINING PRECIOUS METALS and GEMSTONES” AT Mines tend to overlap with ... considerable wind- borne, pollutant-bearing dust.3
Specifically causes bioaccumulation of toxins in oceans Ravindra et al 04 Ravindra, Khaiwal, László Bencs, and René Van Grieken. "Platinum group elements in the environment and their health risk." Science of the Total Environment 318.1 (2004): 1-43. AJ Several studies have given an ... aquatic life through bioaccumulation.
AND, a loss of ocean biodiversity specifically causes extinction. Craig 3 Robin Craig, Indiana University, Robin Kundis, Winter, 34 McGeorge L. Rev. 155, p. 264-266 Biodiversity and ecosystem function arguments ... go out of business as a result.
Platinum-mining generates wastes that harm the environment and threaten water resources and indigenous communities. Mudd 10 Mudd, G. M. "Platinum group metals: a unique case study in the sustainability of mineral resources." The 4th International Platinum Conference, Platinum in Transition ‘Boom or Bust’, Sun City, South Africa, 11th–14th October. 2010. AJ The majority of PGM ore is .. .resources adjacent to mining projects.
Water crises cause escalating global conflict. Rasmussen 11 (Erik, CEO, Monday Morning; Founder, Green Growth Leaders) “Prepare for the Next Conflict: Water Wars” HuffPo 4/12 AT For years experts have set out warnings ... water wars will accelerate.
Water conflicts go nuclear. Zahoor 12 (Musharaf, Researcher at Department of Nuclear Politics – National Defense University, Water Crisis can Trigger Nuclear War in South Asia, http://www.siasat.pk) Water is an ambient source, ... only be resolved through political will.
Text – all relevant developing countries in Africa should prohibit the mining of platinum-group metals when it conflicts with environmental protection Prinsloo 13 “Department of Mineral Resources grants platinum mining rights in Pretoria North” Afriforum environmental affairs website December, 2013 AT “The DMR granted the rights ... effects on human and environmental health
4/26/14
Platinum Mining AC
Tournament: Battle LA | Round: 7 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart AS | Judge: Overing, Placido Text: South Africa and Russia will ban platinum mining. That effectively solves global usage as no new sources will be found. Yang 09 Yang, Chi-Jen. "An impending platinum crisis and its implications for the future of the automobile." Energy Policy 37.5 (2009): 1805-1808 AJ The world’s PGM … (Gordon et al., 2006). Platinum-mining generates wastes that harm the environment and threaten water resources and indigenous communities. Mudd 10 Mudd, G. M. "Platinum group metals: a unique case study in the sustainability of mineral resources." The 4th International Platinum Conference, Platinum in Transition ‘Boom or Bust’, Sun City, South Africa, 11th–14th October. 2010. AJ The majority of … adjacent to mining projects. Water crises cause escalating global conflict. Rasmussen 11 (Erik, CEO, Monday Morning; Founder, Green Growth Leaders) “Prepare for the Next Conflict: Water Wars” HuffPo 4/12 AT For years experts … wars will accelerate. Water conflicts go nuclear. Zahoor 12 (Musharaf, Researcher at Department of Nuclear Politics – National Defense University, Water Crisis can Trigger Nuclear War in South Asia, http://www.siasat.pk) Water is an ambient … through political will.
Platinum accumulation in oceans causes biodiversity loss. Verindra et al 04 INCOMPLETE CITE AJ Several studies have … life through bioaccumulation. AND, a loss of ocean biodiversity specifically causes extinction. Craig 3 Robin Craig, Indiana University, Robin Kundis, Winter, 34 McGeorge L. Rev. 155, p. 264-266 Biodiversity and ecosystem function arguments for conserving marine ecosystems also exist, just as they do for terrestrial ecosystems, but these arguments have thus far rarely been raised in political debates. For example, besides significant tourism values - the most economically valuable ecosystem service coral reefs provide, worldwide - coral reefs protect against storms and dampen other environmental fluctuations, services worth more than ten times the reefs' value for food production. Waste treatment is … as a result.
Biodiversity’s key to solve disease – key to disease resistance and medicine development. Clark and Downes 6, Dana Clark, Center for International Environmental Law, and David Downes, US Interior Dept. Policy Analysis Senior Trade Advisor, 2006, What price biodiversity?, http://www.ciel.org/Publications/summary.html Biodiversity is the … contact with nature. The impact is extinction Quammen 12 David, award-winning science writer, long-time columnist for Outside magazine for fifteen years, with work in National Geographic, Harper's, Rolling Stone, the New York Times Book Review and other periodicals, 9/29, “Could the next big animal-to-human disease wipe us out?,” The Guardian, pg. 29, Lexis Infectious disease is … viruses in particular.
Platinum mining is unsustainable in the status quo – already, it causes millions of tons of greenhouse gas emissions. Mudd 12 By Gavin M. Mudd. (Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia). “Sustainability Reporting and the Platinum Group Metals: A Global Mining Industry Leader?” •Platinum Metals Rev., 2012, 56, (1), 2–19• AJ *GGE = Greenhouse Gas Emissions A moderate relationship … pgm production grows.
4/19/14
Sand Mining
Tournament: TOC | Round: 6 | Opponent: | Judge: Status quo sand mining is unsustainable CBD 12 Center for Biological Diversity. “Effects of sand mining on coastal biodiversity.” 2012-07-05. http://www.cbd.int/kb/record/sideEvent/2682?RecordType=sideEventandEvent=COP-11 AJ The event includes presentations from Sand mining destroys water security, kills biodiversity, and increases vulnerability to disasters Pereira 12 Kiran Pereira (MSc Environment and Development at King’s College). “Sand mining: The High Volume – Low Value Paradox.” Oct 20, 2012. Coastal Care AJ Water does not exist in ... public concerns in specific areas.
Water crises cause escalating global conflict and are a threat multiplier. Rasmussen 11 (Erik, CEO, Monday Morning; Founder, Green Growth Leaders) “Prepare for the Next Conflict: Water Wars” Huffington Post. 4/12 AT For years experts have set ... water wars will accelerate.
Water conflicts go nuclear.
Zahoor 12 (Musharaf, Researcher at Department of Nuclear Politics – National Defense University, Water Crisis can Trigger Nuclear War in South Asia, http://www.siasat.pk)
Water is an ambient source... through political will.
2. Disasters – the death toll is high and set to increase Reuters 10 “Climate change may add to disaster death tolls” Stabroek News SEPTEMBER 9, 2010 AT Natural disasters are tending ... Indian Ocean tsunami.
Biodiversity decline causes extinction Chen 2k Professor of Law and Vance K. Opperman Research Scholar, University of Minnesota Law School (Jim, Globalization and Its Losers, Winter 2000, 9 Minn. J. Global Trade 157, Lexis) Conscious decisions to allow ... perhaps a hundred million
Thus, the plan text: developing countries should implement programs to restrict coastal sand mining. Dung 11 explains Nguyen Mau Dung (Hanoi University of Agriculture, Vietnam). “RIVER SAND MINING AND MANAGEMENT: A CASE OF CAU RIVER IN BAC NINH PROVINCE, VIETNAM.” No. rr2011111. Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia (EEPSEA), 2011 AJ With the limited resources for ... mining in Cau River and other rivers as well.
4/27/14
The Dark Mountain Affirmative
Tournament: Battle of LA | Round: 6 | Opponent: Brentwood JL | Judge: Overing, Morris PART ONE IS WALKING ON LAVA – Our planet is dying as we speak – yet we deny that we live in an age of ecocide, guaranteeing its continuing destruction The Dark Mountain 9 (network of writers, artists and thinkers, includes David Abram, ecologist and geophilosopher, published in numerous scholarly journals; Charlotte Du Cann, writer, editor and community activist, Editor-in-Chief of Transition Free Press; Paul Kingsnorth, deputy-editor of The Ecologist, environmentalist and poet who writes for publications worldwide. “UNCIVILISATION: THE DARK MOUNTAIN MANIFESTO” The Dark Mountain Project AT
The myth of … to look down.
In our modern civilization, our privileging of the supremely rational logos has made us forget that the myths that still rule our lives are just myths. We need a new story that reframes our mastery over nature, one that allows us to live in nature rather than living over it The Dark Mountain 2 (network of writers, artists and thinkers, includes David Abram, ecologist and geophilosopher, published in numerous scholarly journals; Charlotte Du Cann, writer, editor and community activist, Editor-in-Chief of Transition Free Press; Paul Kingsnorth, deputy-editor of The Ecologist, environmentalist and poet who writes for publications worldwide. “UNCIVILISATION: THE DARK MOUNTAIN MANIFESTO” The Dark Mountain Project AT If we are … where we are.
A shift to mythos is crucial – a logocentric narrative of absolute truth in interpretation justifies violence against all those who disagree Klaus Krippendorff 90 - Professor of Communication at the Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania (“Models and Metaphors of Communication” 1990 Departmental Papers (ASC) http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1283andcontext=asc_papers) Let me start … symbols that flow.
CRISES ARE PART OF THE SYSTEM – CONVENTIONAL POLICYMAKING ONLY REINFORCES GLOBAL CRISES – WE MUST CHALLENGE OUR CIVILIZATION ITSELF OR RISK EVERY CRISIS AND MASSIVE GLOBAL VIOLENCE Ahmed 11 (Nafeez, international security analyst, runs a think-tank called the Institute for Policy Research and Development) “The Crisis of Civilization” Documentary, published 2011. Text from subtitles, accessible on http://crisisofcivilization.com/ AT If we look at what's going ... how do we do that?
Part 2 – the severed hand Then what is the answer? Not to be deluded by dreams. To know that great civilisations have broken down into violence, and their tyrants come, many times before. When open violence appears, to avoid it with honor or choose the least ugly faction; these evils are essential. To keep one’s own integrity, be merciful and uncorrupted and not wish for evil; and not be duped By dreams of universal justice or happiness. These dreams will not be fulfilled. To know this, and know that however ugly the parts appear the whole remains beautiful. A severed hand Is an ugly thing and man dissevered from the earth and stars and his history … for contemplation or in fact … Often appears atrociously ugly. Integrity is wholeness, the greatest beauty is Organic wholeness, the wholeness of life and things, the divine beauty of the universe. Love that, not man Apart from that, or else you will share man’s pitiful confusions, or drown in despair when his days darken.
Our very civilization is crumbling before our eyes, denying the myth of progress that development will constantly improve our lives – the machine of politics is dead – this isn’t a glitch in the system, the computer is corroding The Dark Mountain 3 (network of writers, artists and thinkers, includes David Abram, ecologist and geophilosopher, published in numerous scholarly journals; Charlotte Du Cann, writer, editor and community activist, Editor-in-Chief of Transition Free Press; Paul Kingsnorth, deputy-editor of The Ecologist, environmentalist and poet who writes for publications worldwide. “UNCIVILISATION: THE DARK MOUNTAIN MANIFESTO” The Dark Mountain Project AT Those who witness extreme ... themselves not to see.
It is our responsibility as academics to undermine the myths behind our civilization – this project is too important to be left to politics alone and must be performed by art The Dark Mountain 4 (network of writers, artists and thinkers, includes David Abram, ecologist and geophilosopher, published in numerous scholarly journals; Charlotte Du Cann, writer, editor and community activist, Editor-in-Chief of Transition Free Press; Paul Kingsnorth, deputy-editor of The Ecologist, environmentalist and poet who writes for publications worldwide. “UNCIVILISATION: THE DARK MOUNTAIN MANIFESTO” The Dark Mountain Project AT Mainstream art in the ... writing for outsiders.
The poetry I read above was a performance of Uncivilization, redrawing the maps of the world to chart out new paths that confront the collapse of our civilization – civilized modes of that fail to account for our physical location and have disastrous consequences – voting affirmative is an expression of solidarity with uncivilization The Dark Mountain 5 (network of writers, artists and thinkers, includes David Abram, ecologist and geophilosopher, published in numerous scholarly journals; Charlotte Du Cann, writer, editor and community activist, Editor-in-Chief of Transition Free Press; Paul Kingsnorth, deputy-editor of The Ecologist, environmentalist and poet who writes for publications worldwide. “UNCIVILISATION: THE DARK MOUNTAIN MANIFESTO” The Dark Mountain Project AT If you want to ... on this expedition.
Jeffers challenges the myth of civilization, allowing us to deal with the collapse of our civilization and live ethically without making this the end of humanity Brown 11 (Andrew, writer) “The Answer” http://andrewjbrown.blogspot.com/2011/03/answer.html March 20 AT Well, it's not ... to human dreams.
The myth of progress lives on within educational institutions – our reading of poetry writes the mythos back in to a society that lacks it Wilson (James Matthew Wilson is an Assistant Professor at Villanova University) “Logos Severed from Mythos: The Consequences of Our Forgetting” Anamnesis Journal 2012 AT We arrive, then, at a ... irrational than that.
Governments must be practical. MARTIN RHONHEIMER Prof Of Philosophy at The Pontifical University of the Holy Cross in Rome. “THE POLITICAL ETHOS OF CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY AND THE PLACE OF NATURAL LAW IN PUBLIC REASON: RAWLS’S “POLITICAL LIBERALISM” REVISITED” The American Journal of Jurisprudence vol. 50 (2005), pp. 1-70 It is a fundamental feature of political philosophy to be part of practical philosophy. AND ruled, but who potentially at the same time are also the rulers. Prefer this account of government legitimacy ) Only utilitarianism can serve as the basis to legitimately justify policy Gary Woller BYU Prof., “An Overview by Gary Woller”, A Forum on the Role of Environmental Ethics, June 1997, pg. 10 Moreover, virtually all public policies entail some redistribution of economic or political resources, AND perhaps at times a necessary, basis for public policy in a democracy. b) People accept utilitarianism
Gino et al 2008 Francesca Gino Kenan-Flagler Business School, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Don Moore Tepper Business School, Carnegie Mellon University, Max H. Bozman Harvard Business School, Harvard University “No harm, no foul: The outcome bias in ethical judgments” http://www.hbs.edu/research/pdf/08-080.pdf AT The present studies provide strong assessment of the decision’s quality
Psychological evidence proves that human moral reasoning was never rational Joshua Greene (John and Ruth Hazel Associate Professor of the Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Harvard University.) Chapter 38: “The secret joke of Kant’s soul.” Thomas Nadelhoffer, Eddy Nahmias, Shaun Nichols. “Moral Psychology: Historical and Contemporary Readings.” Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, John Wiley and Sons, Nov 1, 2010. Print AJ There is a substantial and growing body of evidence suggesting that much of what we AND implications, casting doubt on deontology as a school of normative moral thought. Consequentialism escapes the dilemma of evolutionary debunking Joshua Greene 2 (John and Ruth Hazel Associate Professor of the Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Harvard University.) Chapter 38: “The secret joke of Kant’s soul.” Thomas Nadelhoffer, Eddy Nahmias, Shaun Nichols. “Moral Psychology: Historical and Contemporary Readings.” Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, John Wiley and Sons, Nov 1, 2010. Print AJ This hypothesis raises a further question. Why just deontology? Why not suppose that AND which is why, I argue, that consequentialism is inescapably “cognitive.” The standard is maximizing expected well-being.
No act omission distinction for states Sunstein and Vermuele Cass R. Sunstein and Adrian Vermeule. The University of Chicago Law School. “Is Capital Punishment Morally Required? The Relevance of Life?Life Tradeoffs.” JOHN M. OLIN LAW and ECONOMICS WORKING PAPER NO. 239. The Chicago Working Paper Series. March 2005 AJ In our view, both the argument from adequately or fully discourage it. 2. All questions of value are meaningless Sam Harris 2010. CEO Project Reason; PHD UCLA Neuroscience; BA Stanford Philosophy. The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values.” Here is my (consequentialist) starting point: all questions of value (right AND , therefore, consequences and conscious states remain the foundation of all values. 3. Personal identity is not relevant. Shoemaker Summarizes Parfit David Shoemaker 2012. "Personal Identity and Ethics", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2012 Edition). By way of explanation, consider the case Parfit uses in support of his claim AND ordinary survival. Call this the Identity Doesn't Matter (IDM) view. This supports a utilitarian view. Parfit: Derek Parfit 1984. “Reasons and Persons.” Oxford. “This suggestion differs… …of that thing.” This suggestion differs from the others in the nature of that thing'
contention
The global model of industrial agriculture has massive over-reliance on fossil fuels Barker 7 (Debbie, international director for the Center for Food Safety, public policy institute, and director of the International Forum on Globalization, think tank that analyses economic globalization) “The Rise and Predictable Fall of Globalized Industrial Agriculture” a report from the international forum on globalization AT Recently, there has been much ... be discussed later in Part Three
Oil shortages cause extinction Lendman 7 (Steven, Research Associate of the Centre for Research on Globalization. “Resource Wars - Can We Survive Them?,” Rense.com, 6-6-7, pg. http://www.rense.com/general76/resrouce.htm With the world's energy supplies finite, the US heavily dependent on imports, and AND , or at least a big part of it, would have survived. A shift to small farms is key to adapt to warming, disease, and pests Ho 13 (Mae-Wan, Ph. D. in Biochemistry, Postdoctoral Fellow in Biochemical Genetics, in the University of California in San Diego, Senior Research Fellow in Queen Elizabeth College, Lecturer in Genetics and Reader in Biology in Open University, Visiting Reader in Biology at the Open University, and Visiting Professor of Biophysics in Catania University, Sicily) “Paradigm Shift Urgently Needed In Agriculture – UN Agencies Call for an End to Industrial Agriculture and Food System” Permaculture Research Institute Sept 18 AT UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) – the developing nations’ equivalent AND lands, many of which are unproductive or no longer suitable for agriculture. Pesticides cause fertility decreases that results in extinction WDP 97 Western Daily Press, 10/6/1997. “Diana's gone all sari-eyed,” For new research claims that PMT - which is supposed to be due to drops AND cause a teensy- weensy bit of disturbance in women now and again? Industrial farming causes deadzones Wagner 9 (Cynthia, Editor of The Futurist magazine, explores the technological, scientific, environmental, social, and policy trends shaping our collective future) “Oceans’ Dead Zones on the Rise” World Future Society, Nov-Dec 2009 AT A predicted global increase in food consumption is likely to create an environmental crisis where AND have serious repercussions for developing countries that lack strong, enforceable environmental regulations. Ocean degradation causes extinction Craig 3 Robin Craig, Indiana University, Robin Kundis, Winter, 34 McGeorge L. Rev. 155, p. 264-266 Biodiversity and ecosystem function arguments for conserving marine ecosystems also exist, just as they AND - even if a few fishers go out of business as a result. Thus the plan – developing countries should implement programs to support organic agriculture.
That’s key to effect a shift to small-scale, sustainable agriculture – 7 warrants Hoffmann 11 (head of the Trade and Sustainable Development Section at the secretariat of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, member of the International Task Force on Harmonization and Equivalence in Organic Agriculture, editor in chief of UNCTAD's annual Trade and Environment Review) “ASSURING FOOD SECURITY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES UNDER THE CHALLENGES OF CLIMATE CHANGE: KEY TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT ISSUES OF A FUNDAMENTAL TRANSFORMATION OF AGRICULTURE” UN Conference on Trade and Development Discussion Paper No 201, Feb 2011 AT First of all, it is important to remove or modify the existing tax and AND about the structural transformation required for effective climate-change adaptation and mitigation. If there’s even a risk of ethical uncertainty, we should always prioritize the survival of the human race to ensure future value. Bostrom Nick Bostrom. Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford. “Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority.” Global Policy (2012) These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential AND of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.
2/9/14
Util AC
Tournament: Harvard | Round: 4 | Opponent: | Judge: Since environment protection is defined as Black’s Law no date “What is ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION?” The Law Dictionary Featuring Black's Law Dictionary Free Online Legal Dictionary 2nd Ed. AT What is ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION? … repairing damage and reversing trends. the aff must defend a set of policies
Standard is maximizing expected well-being
First, the resolution asks about what governments should do. This implies utilitarianism since political philosophy must be practical and have consent among the ruled. Martin Rhonheimer elaborates MARTIN RHONHEIMER 5 Prof Of Philosophy at The Pontifical University of the Holy Cross in Rome. “THE POLITICAL ETHOS OF CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY AND THE PLACE OF NATURAL LAW IN PUBLIC REASON: RAWLS’S “POLITICAL LIBERALISM” REVISITED” The American Journal of Jurisprudence vol. 50 (2005), pp. 1-70 It is a fundamental feature of political philosophy to be part of practical philosophy. AND ruled, but who potentially at the same time are also the rulers.
And, the only way policymakers can justify their decisions is to maximize the well-being of their citizens. Gary Woller expounds on this claim Woller, Gary BYU Prof., “An Overview by Gary Woller”, A Forum on the Role of Environmental Ethics, June 1997, pg. 10 Moreover, virtually all public policies entail some redistribution of economic or political resources, AND perhaps at times a necessary, basis for public policy in a democracy.
People accept utilitarianism as an appropriate way to judge the actions of decision-makers. Francesca Gino explain Francesca Gino Kenan-Flagler Business School, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Don Moore Tepper Business School, Carnegie Mellon University, Max H. Bozman Harvard Business School, Harvard University “No harm, no foul: The outcome bias in ethical judgments” http://www.hbs.edu/research/pdf/08-080.pdf AT The present studies provide strong evidence of the existence of outcome effects in ethically- AND to allow a decision’s outcome to determine their assessment of the decision’s quality.
Consequences are the only morally relevant determination Sam Harris writes Sam, 2010. CEO Project Reason; PHD UCLA Neuroscience; BA Stanford Philosophy. The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values.” Here is my (consequentialist) starting point: all questions of value (right AND , therefore, consequences and conscious states remain the foundation of all values.
Contention one is environmental degradation. Resource extraction that trades off with environmental protection causes massive environmental degradation. Downey et al write: Liam Downey,1 Eric Bonds,1 and Katherine Clark1 (1University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA Corresponding Author: Liam Downey, Department of Sociology, University of Colorado). “Natural Resource Extraction, Armed Violence, and Environmental Degradation.” Organ Environ. 2010 December; 23(4): 417–445. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3169238/ The social, political, and economic importance of efficiently extracting and safely transporting natural AND reservoirs used for drinking and irrigation (Xu and Liu, 1999).2
Environmental degradation causes widespread human suffering and destroys well-being—environmental protection is key to solve. Partha Sharma explains: PARTHA DAS SHARMA (Graduate (B.Tech – Hons.) in Mining Engineering from IIT, Kharagpur, India (1979), has worked in the mining industry). “Effects of Environmental Degradation.” August 18, 2008. http://saferenvironment.wordpress.com/2008/08/18/effects-of-environmental-degradation/ One of the greatest challenges facing humanity is environmental degradation, including deforestation, desertification AND and individuals must also ensure that their work is environmentally friendly and sustainable.
Moreover, resource extraction results in severe conflict and instability that results in significant loss of life Strand 7 “Technology Treaties and Fossil-Fuels Extraction” Jon Strand The Energy Journal, Vol. 28, No. 4 (2007), pp. 129-141 A notable feature of the Addison, Le Billon, and Murshed and the Weinstein AND conflicts would be more intensive and would accumulate more combat-related deaths:
War destroys the value to life through psychological trauma and mass killings – Bosnia proves. Richard D. Goldstein writes, Department of Social Medicine and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Nina S. Wampler, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center, Paul H. Wise, Boston University School of Medicine, November 1997, “War Experiences and Distress Symptoms of Bosnian Children, Pediatrics Volume 100, No. 5, pp. 873-878, pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/100/5/873 The war in Bosnia lasted approximately 31/2 years, and although military casualties AND civilian populations in Bosnia, particularly for highly vulnerable groups such as children.
Contention two is ecosystem sustainability. Ecosystems are collapsing in the status quo. Chen 2k Professor of Law and Vance K. Opperman Research Scholar, University of Minnesota Law School (Jim, Globalization and Its Losers, Winter 2000, 9 Minn. J. Global Trade 157, Lexis) Globalization marks the end of an epoch. Not merely an epoch in the colloquial AND , to be reaped in the next season of the human understanding." 12
As our ecosystems are degraded, inequality increases with it, drastically reducing the quality of life Mark Swilling summarizes, Professor, Sustainability Institute and School of Public Leadership, Stellenbosch University, programme coordinator of the Sustainable Development Programme in the School of Public Leadership, Stellenbosch University, project leader of the Centre for the Transdisciplinary Study of Sustainability and Complexity, and Academic Director of the Sustainability Institute, 2012, “So what is so unsustainable about the global economy?,” Continuing Medical Education, Vol. 30, No. 3, p. 68-71 Seven globally significant, mainstream documents will, in one way or another, shape AND appropriate for a more sustainable world and the associated ethics would be unviable.
Biodiversity decline affects human society. Even if animals themselves do not have utilitarian value, their decline signals and results in the decline of wider systems that certainly do hold such value Jim Chen writes Professor of Law and Vance K. Opperman Research Scholar, University of Minnesota Law School (Jim, Globalization and Its Losers, Winter 2000, 9 Minn. J. Global Trade 157, Lexis) Conscious decisions to allow the extinction of a species or the destruction of an entire AND Homo sapiens -- in ten million years, perhaps a hundred million. 348
Ethical theories can no longer be abstracted away from our real situation of ecocide Herschel Elliott concludes the affirmative case Herschel Elliott (Emeritus Philosophy, University of Florida). “A General Statement of the Tragedy of the Commons.” February 26, 1997. http://dieoff.org/page121.htm AJ Correct ethical behavior can no longer be deduced from a set of principles, rights AND moral behavior must be discarded because it is often irrelevant and even counterproductive.
2/16/14
VBT outrounds MPZ aff
Tournament: VBT | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Varun bhave | Judge: panel Contention 1 is Global War Overfishing in the status quo is unsustainable INIR 12 INIR News, a service of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. “KENYA: Vanishing fish income forces livelihood switch/correction 6/11/12. http://www.irinnews.org/report/95617/kenya-vanishing-fish-income-forces-livelihood-switch-correction AJ Experts say rising population and overfishing are deepening poverty AND seen fish diminish very fast, and particularly Nile perch," said Mboya.
Causes massive piracy – counterfeit licenses, poverty, and patriotism Schbley and Rosenau 11/29 Ghassan, Research Analyst with CNA’s International Affairs Group, and William, Senior Analyst with CNA Strategic Studies’ Center for Stability and Development, 2013, “Piracy, Illegal Fishing, and Maritime Insecurity in Somalia, Kenya, and Tanzania,” http://www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/IIM-2013-U-005731-Final3.pdf Somali waters, particularly off the coast of the semi-autonomous state of Puntland AND order of $5,000–$10,000 per incident.38
Piracy is on the brink – impact is massive terrorism, global violence and severe regional instability Sterio 10 Melena, Assistant Professor of Law, Cleveland-Marshall College of Law. J.D., Cornell Law School, magna cum laude, 2002; Maitrise en Droit (French law degree), Universite? Paris I-Panthe?on-Sorbonne, cum laude, 2002; D.E.A. (master’s degree), Private International Law, Universite? Paris I-Panthe?on-Sorbonne, cum laude, 2003; B.A., Rutgers University, French Literature and Political Science, summa cum laude, 1998, THE SOMALI PIRACY PROBLEM: A GLOBAL PUZZLE NECESSITATING A GLOBAL SOLUTION, http://www.wcl.american.edu/journal/lawrev/59/5sterio.pdf?rd=1 According to Captain Pottengal Mukundan, Director of the International Maritime Bureau (IMB), AND -day global response is needed to curb and eventually eliminate this menace.
African conflict causes global terrorism Dehez 5 (Dustin, spokesmen on Defense of the CDU/CSU in the German parliament, Senior Research Fellow at the Düsseldorf Institute for Foreign and Security Policy and the Institute's Director for North-East African Studies, research focuses on the Horn of Africa, Military in Africa) “Why Africa matters: Terrorism in Africa - the forgotten continent once more?” World Security Network Foundation Dec 14 AT One of the reasons why Africa deserves international attention is actually the war on terror AND yet allocated the necessary financial support nor have they increased their diplomatic activity.
The impact is extinction Barrett et al 13—PhD in Engineering and Public Policy from Carnegie Mellon University, Fellow in the RAND Stanton Nuclear Security Fellows Program, and Director of Research at Global Catastrophic Risk Institute—AND Seth Baum, PhD in Geography from Pennsylvania State University, Research Scientist at the Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, and Executive Director of Global Catastrophic Risk Institute—AND Kelly Hostetler, BS in Political Science from Columbia and Research Assistant at Global Catastrophic Risk Institute (Anthony, 24 June 2013, “Analyzing and Reducing the Risks of Inadvertent Nuclear War Between the United States and Russia,” Science and Global Security: The Technical Basis for Arms Control, Disarmament, and Nonproliferation Initiatives, Volume 21, Issue 2, Taylor and Francis) War involving significant fractions of the U.S. and Russian nuclear arsenals, AND making one or both nations more likely to misinterpret events as attacks. 16
African conflicts independently cause great power war Glick 7 (Caroline – senior Middle East fellow at the Center for Security Policy, Condi’s African holiday, p. http://www.centerforsecuritypolicy.org/home.aspx?sid=56andcategoryid=56andsubcategoryid=90andnewsid=11568) The Horn of Africa is a dangerous and strategically vital place. Small wars, AND waters of the Nile River which flows through all countries of the region.
Contention 2 is Coral Status quo is a key threat to biodiversity Science Daily 12 Science Daily. “Coral Reef Study Traces Indirect Effects of Overfishing.” Feb. 27, 2012. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/02/120227132835.htm AJ A study of the tropical coral reef system along the coastline of Kenya has found AND to enhance the health of reefs may actually be detrimental," he said.
AND, loss of reefs causes extinction Craig 3 Robin Craig, Indiana University, Robin Kundis, Winter, 34 McGeorge L. Rev. 155, p. 264-266 Biodiversity and ecosystem function arguments for conserving marine ecosystems also exist, just as they AND even if a few fishers go out of business as a result.
East African aquatic ecosystems are a biodiversity hotspot – collapse also water shortages UNEP 2000 (United Nations Environment Programme) “The environment of Eastern Africa” AT The Eastern African region covers four coastal countries along the East African coast (Kenya AND the countries of the region for a variety of political and environmental reasons.
Water shortage causes massive wars Rahman 11/1 (Majeed, B.A. in Political Science from the University of Ghana, Professor of African Studies at the University of Wisconsin-Milawaukee) “The Geopolitics of Water in the Nile River Basin” Global Research, November 01, 2013 AT Farming along the Nile is one of the major sources of livelihood for communities living AND water resources, especially those on the upstream who only benefit rainfall.23
Biodiversity decline causes extinction Chen 2k Professor of Law and Vance K. Opperman Research Scholar, University of Minnesota Law School (Jim, Globalization and Its Losers, Winter 2000, 9 Minn. J. Global Trade 157, Lexis) Conscious decisions to allow the extinction of a species or the destruction of an entire AND Homo sapiens -- in ten million years, perhaps a hundred million. 348
Contention 3 is solvency The Republic of Kenya and the United Republic of Tanzania should establish a Marine Protected Zone forbidding resource extraction on all sovereign marine areas, including Lake Victoria and oceans within their EEZ.
Solves Arthur and McClanahan 01 McClanahan, T. R., and R. Arthur. "The effect of marine reserves and habitat on populations of East African coral reef fishes." Ecological Applications 11.2 (2001): 559-569 AJ The single-factor ANOVAs comparing differences among substratum and sea urchin measures for the AND for reef type, although the interactionterm between both factorsis significant(Table3).
Same util framework as before
1/5/14
platinum warming toc adv
Tournament: TOC | Round: 2 | Opponent: | Judge: Platinum mining is unsustainable in the status quo – already, it causes millions of tons of greenhouse gas emissions. Mudd 12 By Gavin M. Mudd. (Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia). “Sustainability Reporting and the Platinum Group Metals: A Global Mining Industry Leader?” •Platinum Metals Rev., 2012, 56, (1), 2–19• AJ A moderate relationship is suggested ... as pgm production grows.
We have consensus Johnson 12 (Brad Johnson is the Editor for ThinkProgress Green at the Center for American Progress Action Fund. Brad holds a bachelor’s degree in math and physics from Amherst College and master’s degree in geosciences from the Massachusetts Institute for Technology. He is the co-author of Technomanifestos and the founder of HillHeat.com. Prior to joining the Center, he worked as a developer for Saatchi and Saatchi, Lextranet, and the Democratic National Committee., 2/27/2012, ‚ÄúLegal Case Against EPA Greenhouse Endangerment Finding: ‚ÄòMan-Made Climate Change Is Not Certain’‚Äù, http://thinkprogress.org/tag/global-warming/page/2/) Tomorrow, the D.C. Court ... the warming is manmade).
Warming is real, anthropogenic, and threatens extinction---prefer new evidence that represents consensus Richard Schiffman 9/27/13, environmental writer @ The Atlantic citing the Fifth Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, “What Leading Scientists Want You to Know About Today's Frightening Climate Report,” The Atlantic, http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/09/leading-scientists-weigh-in-on-the-mother-of-all-climate-reports/280045/ The polar icecaps are melting ... five minutes before midnight."
