Tournament: NSD | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Shivane Sabharwal | Judge: Regan Grishaber, Jack Patton, John Scoggin
CP text: The United States Federal Government should implement a system of Cooperative Economics for disadvantaged Black communities.

The counterplan solves economic problems for Black Americans better than reparations and competes functionally by not doing the aff.
Kane 03 Gregory “Why the Reparations Movement Should Fail” University of Maryland Law Journal of Race, Religion, Gender and Class Volume 3 Issue 1 Article 7
As such, the ... reparationists' lost cause.

The net benefit is agriculture, freedom, and democracy.
Miles 68 Michael “Black Cooperatives” September 21st 1968 New Republic http://www.newrepublic.com/article/politics/91451/black-cooperatives
Now on this ... no radical politics.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 2 | Opponent: idk | Judge: idk
Morality has no philosophically objective foundation, instead evolutionary characteristics determine morality. Ruse 89
Michael Ruse, University of Guelph, Ontario, “Evolutionary Ethics: A Phoenix Arisen,” Joint Publication Board of Zygon, 1986

This is a ... biological adaptive value.

Thus, the standard is deriving ethical obligations from human evolutionary characteristics. Human beings are biologically oriented to prioritize resource extraction. Lazarus 10
Richard J. Lazarus (prof of law at Georgetown University Law Center). “Human Nature, the Laws of Nature, and the Nature of Environmental Law” 24 VA. ENVTL. L.J. 231-261, January 2010

Some environmental pollution ... should be noncontroversial.

Tournament: VBT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Loyola NR | Judge: Josh Helali
Ice age coming now, thanks solar cycles. Watts 13
7/15 meteorologist president of IntelliWeather Inc. (Anthony, “Newsbytes: Sun’s Bizarre Activity May Trigger Another Little Ice Age (Or Not)”, 7/15/13; http://wattsupwiththat.com/2013/07/15/newsbytes-suns-bizarre-activity-may-trigger-another-little-ice-age-or-not
From the GWPF and...12 July 2013.

Warming prevents the ice age. Business Wire 13
Feb 14, “Study: global warming may be beneficial,” Lexis
Global warming may be...reason why it should.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 2 | Opponent: idk | Judge: idk
A. Interpretation. Aff must defend the implementation of an environmental protection policy.

B. Violation: CX

C. Standards.

First is textuality. Textuality always comes first. If the aff isn’t topical, then you can’t affirm. Textuality link turns other theory standards because it’s the basis to claims like predictability and ground. Aff isn’t textual. Two ways.

1. “Environmental protection” means a policy or procedure. Black Law’s Dictionary
   http://thelawdictionary.org/environmental-protection/ Black Law’s Dictionary Free Online Legal Dictionary 2nd Ed.

What is ENVIRONMENTAL … and reversing trends.

2. “Resolved” requires the aff to enact a law. Words and Phrases 64
Words and Phrases Permanent Edition (Multi-volume set of judicial definitions). “Resolved” 1964

Definition of the … establish by law”.

3. “Should” implies policy action. Trapp and Hanson
Robert Trapp (Professor of Rhetoric at Willamette University) and Christine Hanson (Press Assistant for Bill Nelson) “Debating Comparative Propositions of Policy” International Debate Education Association http://idebate.org/magazine/files/Magazine436a366e4843f.pdf

Merely by convention… than in Hawaii.”

Second is policymaking education. 90 of policy making is implementation. Elmore 80
Prof. Public Affairs at University of Washington, PolySci Quarterly 79-80, p. 605, 1980

The emergence of … realm of implementation.

Roleplaying as a policy maker is key to create informed political advocates. Schaap 5
Andrew Schaap, University of Melbourne, Politics, Vol 25 Iss 1, February 2005

Learning political theory … subject: their teacher.

Engagement with the political sphere is key to solve extinction. Boggs 2k
(CAROL BOGGS, PF POLITICAL SCIENCE – SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, 2000, THE END OF POLITICS, 250-1)

But it is … muddling-through theories.  

Philosophy focus is bad. It has no real world impact and trades off with topic-specific education. Lawrence 12
“Affirmative Ethics Choice,” Ryan Lawrence. Victory Briefs. March 12th, 2012.

The most obvious … college and beyond.

Debating about policy issues is key to real world education. Strait and Wallace 7
L. Paul Strait (George Mason University) and Brett Wallace (George Washington University). “The Scope of Negative Fiat and the Logic of Decision Making.” WFU Debater’s Research Guide. 2007. http://groups.wfu.edu/debate/MiscSites/DRGArticles/2007/The20Scope20of20Negative20Fiat20and20the20Logic20of20Decision20Making.pdf

The ability to … all of our lives.

D. Voter for textuality and education.

Drop the debater .

Use competing interps.

Tournament: NSD | Round: 1 | Opponent: idk | Judge: Yael Caplan
A. Interpretation: “Justice requires” means the implementation of just procedures.
Rosenfeld Michael (Associate Professor of Sociology at Stanford) “Affirmative action and Justice: a Philosophical and Constitutional Inquiry” January 1st 1993
In addition to ... the independent criterion.

This means the aff must specify a policy action that they defend in the form of a text in the 1AC.

B.
C.

1. Advocacy shift.
   2. Topic education. Reparation discussion is useless without implementation focus.
   Posner and Vermeule Eric Posner (Professor of Law at the University of Chicago Law School) and Adrian Vermeule (Professor of Law at Harvard University), "Reparations for Slavery and Other Historical Injustices," 103 Columbia Law Review 689 (2003).
   These claims are ... the first place.

D. Voters
Fairness
Education

Drop the debater.

1. Deterrence.
   2. Timeskew

Competing interps

Tournament: NFL Quals | Round: 2 | Opponent: Brentwood JL | Judge: idk
I negate and offer two observations.
First, whether or not an action is just is not determined by specific instances of the action bringing good or bad consequences because this would be an arbitrary way of evaluating justice. The resolution is a question of the general principle behind conditional humanitarian aid, not whether or not conditions are good or bad in specific instances.
Second, saying that an action is unjust implies that there is an obligation to do the opposite. For example, saying that it would be unjust for me to murder someone implies that I have an obligation to respect the lives of others and not kill them. Saying conditions on humanitarian are unjust implies that there is an obligation to provide aid unconditionally. Proving that there is no such obligation is sufficient to negate. 

The value is justice, defined as giving each their due. Democracy is key to achieving justice. Laura Valentini
Laura (Associate Proffesor of Political Science, First Degree in Political science from Pavia University, Masters and PHD in Political Philosophy from University College London) “Justice and Democracy” PDF http://social-justice.politics.ox.ac.uk/materials/SJ012_Valentini_JusticeandDemocracy.pdf Published: November 2010

Since democratic voting rights may well lead to violations of justice, why do liberals place so much value on them? Two answers are available.12 The first suggests that, although democratic outcomes can be unjust, democratic procedures are the all-things-considered best means of implementing or discovering justice. On this account, democracy is instrumental to justice, either as an implementation mechanism or as an epistemic device. Embracing the former view, Ronald Dworkin, for instance, argues that democracy is to be valued ‘because a community in which the vote is widely held and speech is free is more likely to distribute material resources and other opportunities and values in an egalitarian i.e., just way.’13 Those who hold this view can easily explain why democracy may sometimes undermine justice: it is an empirically fallible means of realizing justice which, albeit imperfect, is better than its alternatives.14 Similarly, those who defend democracy because of its epistemic virtues – i.e., as a good heuristic mechanism to arrive at the right answer – have no trouble accounting for some of its failures. For them, democracy is the all-things- considered best truth-tracking procedure, but it may still get things ‘locally’ wrong, for instance, when the issues to be decided are particularly complex, or when voters are unduly biased in favour of (or against) a particular outcome.By contrast, on the intrinsic account of the relationship between justice and democracy, democracy is seen as a demand of justice itself. On this view, a division within society between ‘governors’ (enjoying extensive political rights) and ‘governed’ (lacking political rights) would undermine the very ideal of equal respect on which justice is based. In other words, advocates of this view hold that respect for citizens requires substantive as well as procedural guarantees: the latter correspond to democracy. This view is intuitively appealing. Few would be prepared to say that a society governed by a wise sovereign, or a small enlightened elite, is fully just, no matter how equitable its distribution of resources is. The only form of political organization compatible with justice seems to be democracy. Despite its intuitive appeal, however, the intrinsic account faces significant difficulties when it comes to reconciling the claim that democracy is a requirement of justice with the observation that democracy may undermine justice.15 How can justice demand something that may hinder it?

Thus, I tender the criterion of promoting democracy. Christiano  explains
Christiano, Thomas (University of Arizona). Democracy, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Jul 27, 2006. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/democracy/#NonInsVal

To fix ideas, the term “democracy,” as I will use it in this article, refers very generally to a method of group decision making characterized by a kind of equality among the participants at an essential stage of the collective decision making.   Four aspects of this definition should be noted. First, democracy concerns collective decision making, by which I mean decisions that are made for groups and that are binding on all the members of the group. Second, this definition means to cover a lot of different kinds of groups that may be called democratic. So there can be democracy in families, voluntary organizations, economic firms, as well as states and transnational and global organizations. Third, the definition is not intended to carry any normative weight to it. It is quite compatible with this definition of democracy that it is not desirable to have democracy in some particular context. So the definition of democracy does not settle any normative questions. Fourth, the equality required by the definition of democracy may be more or less deep. It may be the mere formal equality of one-person one-vote in an election for representatives to an assembly where there is competition among candidates for the position. Or it may be more robust, including equality in the processes of deliberation and coalition building. “Democracy” may refer to any of these political arrangements. It may involve direct participation of the members of a society in deciding on the laws and policies of the society or it may involve the participation of those members in selecting representatives to make the decisions.?
Additionally, democracy is a precondition necessary for the effective allocation of humanitarian aid, my criterion precedes the affirmative because without democracy humanitarian aid will not be effective. Svennson  writes
Jakob(Professor of Economics at Stockhom university) “Aid Growth and Democracy” http://people.su.se/~jsven/3253413.pdf Published: November 1999

Does aid work? Using the growth impact of aid as a yardstick, our results suggest it does, but only in certain environments. In particular we have found that the long-run growth impact of aid is conditional on the degree of political and civil liberties. Aid has a positive impact on growth in countries with an institutionalized check on governmental power; that is, in more democratic countries. The data suggest, however, if this is not the case, aid will be used to satisfy the government's own non-productive demands. These results suggest that promoting democracy in the developing world may not only have a value in itself, it may also increase the long-run growth impact of foreign assistance.

I contend that placing political conditions on humanitarian aid is key to advancing democratic principles.

My criterion of promoting democracy is means based, i.e. all that matters is that we attempt to promote democracy. I do not need to show a positive ends-based impact of that democracy. Insofar as the United States tries to spread democracy, the benefits in my criterial analysis will follow.

CASE TURNS

Coercing people to give aid violates their right to freedom. Andre and Velasquez Claire (Applied Ethics Associate Director) and Manuel (Dirksen Professor of Business Ethics at Santa Clara University) “World Hunger: A Moral Response” Issues in Ethics 5.1 Spring 1992

Finally, it is argued, all persons have a basic right to freedom, which includes the right to use the resources they have legitimately acquired as they freely choose. To oblige people in wealthy nations to give aid to poor nations violates this right. Aiding poor nations may be praiseworthy, but not obligatory.

2. Conditional aid currently increases human rights legislation. Aronow et al
Peter Aronow, Allison Carnegie, and Nikolay Marinov “The Effects of Aid on Human Rights and Democracy: Evidence from the Rotating Presidency of the Council of the European Union” July 23rd 2013 http://www.nikolaymarinov.com/wp-content/files/AronowMarinovCarnegie.pdf

We address this issue by identifying and employing a natural experiment that yields a shock to aid flows in order to estimate the effect of aid on rights and democracy. Our empirical strategy is unique, as our natural experiment provides well-identified effects of aid over a 20-year time span in 115 countries. We have provided evidence that when a colony’s former colonizer is the EU Council president, a statistically significant increase in aid is committed to the former colony in year t - 2, and a statistically significant increase in aid is disbursed to the former colony in year t - 1. Furthermore, reforms occur in recipient colonies beginning in period t and dissipate completely by year t +5. Human rights reforms begin immediately, while democracy reforms occur after a slight delay. Taken together, these results suggest that conditionality is at work; recipients likely make rapid adjustments in order to receive aid and concomitant benefits, but due to insufficient monitoring and the insincerity of the reforms, the effects do not persist. However, aid could potentially have a more long-lasting effect if it were administered differently. One possibility is that more stringent monitoring of the reform effort may make reforms more permanent, as better monitoring has successfully locked in the gains from reforms in other contexts. For example, the EU has achieved considerable success in encouraging liberalization in Eastern Europe due to consistent enforcement via periodic ‘score cards,’ along with the organization’s clear, historically grounded mandate to foster rights, the delegation of powers to supranational institutions, and the large benefits offered to potential members.” Perhaps scorecards could also be effective in the context of aid-induced reforms. In addition, if the aid increase was sustained over a longer period of time, it could potentially succeed in solidifying otherwise reversible gains.

Tournament: NSD | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Shivane Sabharwal | Judge: Regan Grishaber, Jack patton, John Scoggin
Mid-term senate elections are extremely close but the democrats can still win—they need all the popularity they can get.
Bland et al. 6/25 Scott (Editor in chief at National Journal Hotline), Andrea Drusch, and Alex Roarty “CONGRESS The Senate Seats Most Likely to Flip: Hotline’s Race Rankings” National Journal June 25th 2014
The campaign for ... aren't done yet.

The economy is stable but fragile and close to collapse.
Dill 6/23 Kathryn (Forbes Reporter) “Study Reveals U.S. Cities Most And Least Recovered Since The Recession” June 23rd 2014 Forbes.
In a statement ... NBER statement referred.

The aff is unpopular—68 of Americans oppose reparation.
Moore 6/2 Peter (Assistant Editor at YouGov) “OVERWHELMING OPPOSITION TO REPARATIONS FOR SLAVERY AND JIM CROW” YouGov June 2nd 2014 https://today.yougov.com/news/2014/06/02/reparations/
Racial divisions become ... of the Holocaust.

Americans assume reparations are inherently democratic policies.
Coates 5/21 Ta-Nehisi (national correspondent at The Atlantic, where he writes about culture, politics, and social issues) “The Case for Reparations” The Atlantic May 21st 2014 http://www.theatlantic.com/features/archive/2014/05/the-case-for-reparations/361631/
A country curious ... cent to anyone.”

Republicans will intentionally destroy the economy in order to hurt Obama.
Hartmann 5/15 Thom “Republicans' deadly political strategy: Ruining our country hurts the Democratic Party” May 15th 2014 Salon http://www.salon.com/2014/05/15/republicans_insane_political_strategy_ruining_our_country_hurts_the_democratic_party_partner/
The Republicans have ... of the responsibility.

Scholarly consensus is that economic decline causes terrorism, political instability, and increase in conflict.
Royal 10 Jedediah, director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, Economics of War and Peace: Economic,
Legal, and Political Perspectives, pg 213-215
Less intuitive is ... use of force.

Tournament: NSD | Round: 1 | Opponent: idk | Judge: Yael Caplan
The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing.

1. Actor Specificity. The resolution is a question of government action so we should use the moral theory that’s best for the government, which is util.
   Woller Gary (Economics Professor at BYU) “Policy Currents” June 2007
   Moreover, virtually all ... advantage of society.

2. Brain studies prove personal identity doesn’t exist.
Parfit Derek Reasons and Persons (Oxford: Clarendon, 1984)
Some recent medical ... person’s two hands.

Without the individual, util is the only available ethical theory.
Shoemaker Shoemaker, David (Dept of Philosophy, U Memphis). “Utilitarianism and Personal Identity.” The Journal of Value Inquiry 33: 183–199, 1999. http://www.csun.edu/~ds56723/jvipaper.pdf
Extreme reductionism might ... such a theory.

Moral uncertainty means that extinction comes first under any moral system.
Bostrom Nick Bostrom, 2001 prof of Philosophy, Oxford University  Journal of Evolution and Technology, Vol. 9, March 2002. First version: 2001 March, JStor
These reflections on ... lot of value.

The economy is stable but fragile and close to collapse.
Dill 6/23 Kathryn (Forbes Reporter) “Study Reveals U.S. Cities Most And Least Recovered Since The Recession” June 23rd 2014 Forbes.
In a statement ... NBER statement referred.

Reparation payments exacerbate income inequality
Smith 6/19 Kyle (Contributor for Forbes) “Why Reparations Wouldn't Work” Forbes June 19th 2014 http://www.forbes.com/sites/kylesmith/2014/06/19/why-reparations-wouldnt-work/
Reparations probably wouldn’t ... volatile investment opportunities.”

Income inequality is the most important internal link to econ decline and also causes political instability
Harkinson 11 Josh Harkinson (staff reporter). “Study: Income Inequality Kills Economic Growth.” Mother Jones. October 4th, 2011. http://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2011/10/study-income-inequality-kills-economic-growth
Corporate chieftains often ... that the hard way."

US is key to global economy.
Helbing et al. 07 Thomas (advisor in the IMF's Research Department,) Peter Berezin, (Ph. D in Economics from the University of Toronto,) Ayhan Kose (Ph.D. in Economics, H. B. Tippie College of Business, University of Iowa,) Michael Kumhof (PhD at Stanford in Econ,) Doug Laxton (Head of the Economic Modeling Unit of the IMF's Research Department) Nikola Spatafora (Senior Economist in the Research Department, Development Macroeconomics Division, of the IMF) “Decoupling the Train? Spillovers and Cycles in the Global Economy” http://www.contexto.org/pdfs/FMIecdecouplingUS.pdf
As a starting ... with U.S. markets.

Economic decline results in global nuclear war and extinction.
Bearden 2k Lt Col. Beardon, PhD, 2000 http://www.cheniere.org/correspondence/04250020-20modified.htm Lt. Col Thomas E. Bearden (retd.) PhD, MS (nuclear engineering), BS (mathematics - minor electronic engineering) Co-inventor - the 2002 Motionless Electromagnetic Generator - a replicated overunity EM generator Listed in Marquis' Who'sWho in America, 2004  The Tom Bearden Website From: Tom Bearden To:  (Correspondent) Subj: Zero-Point Energy Date: Original Tue, 25 Apr 2000 12:36:29 -0500  Modified and somewhat updated Dec. 29, 2000
History bears out ... for many decades.

Tournament: NSD | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Shivane Sabharwal | Judge: Regan Grishaber, Jack Patton, John Scoggin
I hijacked the AC coherentism framework.

Democratic decision-making is best way to test coherence of belief.
Christiano, Tom (Philosopher at the University of Arizona) “Democracy” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy July 27th 2006 http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/democracy/
Epistemologically, democracy is ... that guide decision-makers.

Empirically confirmed—polls are even more epistemically valuable than democratic decision making—they avoid groupthink.
Solomon Miriam (Professor of Philosophy and Chair of the Philosophy Department as well as Affiliated Professor of Women’s Studies at Temple University) “Groupthink versus The ... realizing epistemic goals.

The standard is consistency with popular opinion, defined as looking towards what the majority of people desire on a certain issue.

68 of Americans oppose reparation.
Moore 6/2 Peter (Assistant Editor at YouGov) “OVERWHELMING OPPOSITION TO REPARATIONS FOR SLAVERY AND JIM CROW” YouGov June 2nd 2014 https://today.yougov.com/news/2014/06/02/reparations/
Racial divisions become ... of the Holocaust.

Tournament: VBT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Loyola NR | Judge: Josh Helali
Warming is key to Russia's economy. Mahoney 11
Honor Mahony,  is editor of the EUobserver in Brussels and has also written for The Irish Times, Sunday Business Post and Spiegel Online, 6/7/11, Ocnus.net, http://www.ocnus.net/artman2/publish/Business_1/Arctic-Shipping-Routes-Unlikely-to-be-Suez-of-the-North.shtml
Late last year a cargo ship...The US disagrees.

Russian econ decline causes global nuclear wars. David 99
Steven David, Jan/Feb 1999. Prof. of political science at Johns Hopkins. Foreign Affairs, lexis.
If internal war does...a Russian civil war.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 2 | Opponent: idk | Judge: idk
The affirmatives blame of resource extraction takes focus away from the real cause of environmental harm, the social and economic structures that create the demand for natural resources. This pattern of scapegoating turns the case. Bobertz 95
Bobertz, 1995 (Bradley, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Nebraska College of Law, “legitimizing Pollution”, Texas Law Review, 1995,URL, http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/lnacademic

A routine pattern ... cause for concern.

Scapegoating legitimizes harming the environment and makes harmful structures more deeply ingrained. Bobertz 2

Ultimately, the legacy ... enjoys no immunity.

The Alternative is to shift consumption patterns to a more sustainable structure. Environmental protection efforts will fail without changing individual consumption patterns. Perring et al 95
C. A. Perrings, et al, University of York, 1995, Biodiversity Conservation, eds. Perrings et al, p. 16-7 

The concern of ... of their resilience.

Tournament: NSD | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Shivane Sabharwal | Judge: Regan Grishaber, Jack Patton, John Scoggin
Consequentialism means you negate.

1. Infinite consequences
   2. None-such problem
   3. There is no objective social organism that determines what we should maximize.
   4. The universe has a flat topology which undermines util calculation. All actions would have equal and infinite value.
   Bostrom Nick “Are Cosmological Theories Compatible with All Possible Evidence: A Missing Methodological Link” 2002
   In the standard ... what we do.