Tournament: NFL Quals | Round: 1 | Opponent: x | Judge: x
The European Union in coordination with the International Monetary Fund will remove political conditions from their aid to the Ukraine and donate $35 billion with the help of the United States Federal Government for funding.

This is for the West Los Angeles NFL District.

Email me at wareham.jack@gmail.com for cites or questions.

Tournament: VBT  UPS | Round: 1 | Opponent: any | Judge: any
I value morality. The traditional Copenhagen Interpretation of quantum mechanics holds that light waves instantaneously collapse into particles, which is a finite length over zero time, which is impossible. Only the Many-Worlds Interpretation escapes this dilemma and is thus more consistent with the rest of physics. Vaidman 02
Lev Vaidman. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2002. "Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics." http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-manyworlds/

The reason for ... for human observers.

MWI undermines the notion of personal identity. Vaidman 2

"I" am an ... when I divide. 

In the absence of personal identity, only end states can matter. Shoemaker 99
Shoemaker, David (Dept of Philosophy, U Memphis). “Utilitarianism and Personal Identity.” The Journal of Value Inquiry 33: 183–199, 1999. http://www.csun.edu/~ds56723/jvipaper.pdf

Extreme reductionism might ... such a theory.

Thus, the standard is maximizing the expected well-being. Util is the only moral system available to policymakers. Goodin 90
Robert Goodin, fellow in philosophy, Australian National Defense University, THE UTILITARIAN RESPONSE, 1990, p. 141-2
My larger argument ... rules or conduct.

Contention one is East China Sea. East Asia is on the brink of war because of oil deposits in the Senkaku islands. Hudson 13
(Paul, reporter for Elite Daily) January 11th 2013 http://elitedaily.com/news/world/china-japan-brink-war-beginnings-wwiii/
Spokesman Hong Lei ... wars over less.

The solution is environmental protection. Taira 4
(Koji, editor of the Ryukyuanist and Emeritus Professor of Industrial Relations, University of Illinois at Urbana) “The China-Japan Clash Over the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands” The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus http://www.japanfocus.org/-Koji-Taira/2119

Fortunately, despite occasional ... Law of the Sea.

War in Japan will go nuclear. Ogura 97
Toshimura Ogura, Economics Professor at Toyama University, MONTHLY REVIEW, April 1997, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/m..._19693242/pg_8

North Korea, South ... a global conflagration.

Nuclear war leads to human extinction. A slight possibility needs to be treated as a certainty. Kateb 92
George, The Inner Ocean: Individualism and Democratic Culture, “Thinking About Human Extinction (1): Nuclear Weapons and Individual Rights,” p. 111-112
Schell's work attempts ... and natural extinction.

Extinction risk outweighs every other impact by orders of magnitude because of the lost potential for future generations. Bostrom 11
Nick Bostrom, 2001 prof of Philosophy, Oxford University  Journal of Evolution and Technology, Vol. 9, March 2002. First version: 2001 March, JStor

Even if we ... billion human lives.

AND-Moral uncertainty means that extinction comes first under any moral system. Bostrom 2

These reflections on ... lot of value.

Debating specific nuclear scenarios is key to stave off actual nuclear war. Harvard Nuclear Study Group 83  
Harvard Nuclear Study Group, 1983 (“Living With Nuclear Weapons,” p. 47)

The question is ... not been foreseen.

Contention two is Cuban oil. An oil spill from Cuban drills is inevitable. LaGesse 12
(David, reporter for National Geographic) 11-19-12 http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2012/11/121119-cuba-oil-quest/

But an energy-poor ... high-tech gear. 

An oil spill would devastate the marine environment of Cuba. Almeida 12
Rob Almeida Partner/CMO at gCaptain. US Naval Academy with B.S in Naval Architecture May 18th http://gcaptain.com/drilling-cuba-embargo-badly/
In short however, ... for in advance.

Cuba’s biodiversity is important for global biodiversity. CEPF 10
Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (“Ecosystem Profile: THE CARIBBEAN ISLANDS BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT January 15, 2010, Available Online: http://www.cepf.net/Documents/Final_Caribbean_EP.pdf, Accessed: 08/29/2013)
The Caribbean Islands ... world’s total species.

The collapse of ocean biodiversity causes extinction. Ocean health is vital to survival of the entire biosphere. Craig 03
Robin Kundis Craig, Associate Professor of Law at the Indiana University School of Law, 2003 (“Taking Steps toward Marine Wilderness Protection? Fishing and Coral Reef Marine Reserves in Florida and Hawaii,” McGeorge Law Review (34 McGeorge L. Rev. 155)

Biodiversity and ecosystem ... not necessarily unique.

RVIs
AFC
Err aff
Offense Defense
Condo bad
Gutcheck on dumb theory

Tournament: NFL Quals | Round: 1 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart AS | Judge: idk
Section one is theory.
First, aff gets RVIs on I meets and counter interps.
A. Timeskew. I have 4 minutes to answer theory and case and he can go for either in his 6 minute speech to win. I need to be able to win on theory in order to rectify this.
B. Topic education. Checks dumb theory because now people can lose on it. This means less useless theory and more substantive education.

Second, use a reasonability paradigm to evaluate theory with a bright line of in round structural abuse or the presence of link and impact turn ground for the negative for evaluating 1NC theory against AC interps and practices-that means all I have to do to answer his theory is prove as long as he can engage in the same practice, that means there’s no abuse because structural access to the ballot is the same or as long as he can turn the AC, it’s fair.
A. I speak in the dark. There are multiple legitimate interpretations of the topic and the aff goes into the round blind.
B. Clash. Increases topical clash by avoiding unnecessary theory; I am open to accepting neg interps provided they are reasonable and solves abuse on spec because I’ll clarify in CX.
C. Strategy skew. I can’t read T on the neg and the NC is reactive so he can always pick a strategy that adapts to meet my AC and give him a shot at winning the round.

Third, drop the argument on T only.
A. Theory proliferation. Dropping the debater is an incentive to run more theory because it becomes a voting issue. That kills substance making debate devoid of any education.
B. Deterrence. Dropping the argument is sufficient punishment because I can no longer extend offense.

Fourth, presume aff.
A. Stratskew. Neg gets longer rebuttals and can react to the AC. It’s harder to affirm because of side skew so an equal debate means I did the better debating.
B. Truth. We assume a statement to be true absent any reason to believe the contrary. If I tell you the door is open and you can’t give me any reason why it isn’t open then the door is open as far as your concerned.

Fifth, neg must defend the converse of the resolution, that placing conditions on aid is just.
A. Reciprocity. It gives us equal burdens.
B. Stratskew. Giving them multiple avenues to win whereas I only get one puts me in a 2-1 skew.?
Section two is case. I value justice. The topics questions whether or not an action is unjust, thus any other value doesn’t link back to what the resolution asks us to evaluate.

Justice is defined by West’s Encyclopedia as “The proper administration of the law; and the fair and equitable treatment of all individuals under the law.” Prefer this definition.
A. Common usage. Dictionaries are key to common usage because they define how words are used. Definitions of words are literally reducible to common usage because words have no meaning outside of how they are used in society.
B. Logical entailment. The resolution questions government action. Justice can’t be an abstract concept for them because that would paralyze state action. Rather, it must refer to laws by which we prescribe justice. 

The standard is consistency with current international law.
A. Consistency with function. Since justice is defined by its laws and the resolution questions international actions, the only way to determine justice would be with international laws.
B. Universalizability. International law is the closest thing to a universal moral standard as it has been elevated to a level of global concern. Thus, compliance with international law is the best determiner or whether an action meets justice.
C. Skepticism. Without law in the international arena, no one would be obliged to do anything or constrain their actions to other countries, which would collapse the international arena into nihilism without obligations or responsibilities.

I contend that conditions on aid violates i-law.
Subpoint A. Right to assistance. Conditions to humanitarian aid violates the international legal right to assistance in times of disaster. Chandler
David Chandler (School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Languages, University of Westminster), “The road to military humanitarianism: how the human rights NGOs shaped a new humanitarian agenda,” Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 23, No. 3 (August 2001)

Attaching conditions to humanitarian relief on the basis of human rights objectives has brought into question the universal right of every man, woman and child to relief at times of disaster, which is enshrined in international law. The ‘new humanitarian’ approach of blaming the ‘undeserving victims’ has led to support for sanctions and the refusal of aid. For example, Geoffrey Robertson argues that sanctions on post-war Serbia are justified because ‘most of Serbia’s eight million citizens were guilty of indifference towards atrocities in Kosovo’.72 The redefinition of humanitarianism and the shift away from universalism and neutrality has questioned the internationally accepted framework of international humanitarian assistance. The mitigation of human suffering is no longer the priority for international human rights-based humanitarianism. While withholding development aid until certain conditions are met is common practice, the application of this principle to humanitarian aid is a dramatic departure from traditional policy. The notion of withholding emergency aid from people in dire need is an unprecedented attack on humanitarian values and practices.

Subpoint B. Inhuman treatment. The denial of aid can constitute inhuman treatment, a violation of international law. Rottensteiner
Christa Rottensteiner (Master’s degrees from the University of Vienna) “The Denial of Humanitarian Assistance as a Crime Under International Law” International Committee of the Red Cross 1999

It might be easier to prove that impeding the delivery of relief amounts to inhuman treatment than to establish that it constitutes torture, as the threshold for the former crime is lower. Inhuman treatment, as a grave breach within the meaning of the Geneva Conventions, involves acts or omissions that cause severe physical or mental suffering or injury or constitute a serious attack on human dignity 43  . The threshold is also lower for the crime of “wilfully causing great suffering or serious injury to body or health” 44  . Unlike the case of torture, the purpose of an act is not an element of the offence; the definition can, for example, also be held to cover mental suffering. 45  The ICTY international criminal tribunal established that all acts or omissions found to constitute torture or wilfully causing great suffering or serious injury to body or health would also constitute inhuman treatment, but that the latter is not limited to those acts already incorporated in the former two. Instead, inhuman treatment extends further to acts which “violate the basic principle of humane treatment, particularly the respect for human dignity” 46  . Depriving civilians or prisoners of war of relief will in many cases be contrary to the principle of humanity and therefore constitute inhuman treatment. In the Delalic case the Trial Chamber held that the “creation and maintenance of an atmosphere of terror in the Celebici prison camp, by itself and a fortiori , together with the deprivation of adequate food, water, sleeping and toilet facilities and medical care, constitutes the offence of cruel treatment under Article 3 of the Statute, and wilfully causing great suffering or serious injury to body or health under Article 2 of the Statute”. 47 

Subpoint C. Collective punishment. The Denial of humanitarian aid as punishment for breaking condition constitutes collective punishment which is a violation of international law. Rottensteiner 2
Christa Rottensteiner (Master’s degrees from the University of Vienna) “The Denial of Humanitarian Assistance as a Crime Under International Law” International Committee of the Red Cross 1999

Article 33 of the Fourth Geneva Convention and Article 4, para. 2(b), of Protocol II prohibit collective punishments, which are defined as “ penalites of any kind inflicted on persons or entire groups of persons in defiance of the most elementary principles of humanity, for acts that these persons have not committed” 58 . The Commentary on Protocol II published by the ICRC stresses the fact that the term “collective punishments” should be understood in its widest sense and as including any kind of sanction 59 . Collective punishments were, inter alia, qualified as a war crime by the Statute of the ICTR 60  as well as by the ILC Draft codes of crimes of 1991 and 1996 61 . Since these acts are punishable when committed in non-international armed conflicts, an argument can be made that they should a fortiori be punishable in international armed conflicts. If humanitarian assistance is impeded in order to punish certain persons, this could constitute collective punishment.  Depending on the result, the acts in question could at the same time constitute murder, inhuman treatment or other crimes.?

Subpoint D. Torture. The denial of humanitarian aid would constitute torture under international law. Rottensteiner
Christa Rottensteiner (Master’s degrees from the University of Vienna) “The Denial of Humanitarian Assistance as a Crime Under International Law” International Committee of the Red Cross 1999

If the definition of the Torture Convention is applied, the denial of humanitarian assistance can constitute torture only if it causes severe pain or suffering, for example as a result of a serious shortage of goods essential for the survival of the civilian population. Furthermore, the “purpose” requirement must be fulfilled. The withholding of food from prisoners, for example, could be committed for all the enumerated purposes. The list of purposes is, however, not exhaustive, and the prohibited purpose must simply be part of the motivation behind the conduct and need not be the predominating or sole purpose 38  . Importantly, the ICTY stated that the condition that “the suffering be inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity” must be interpreted to include officials of non-State parties to a conflict 39  . It also found that torture extends to officials who “take a passive attitude or turn a blind eye to torture” 40  . As wilful killing, torture can be committed either by act or by omission 41  . The Special Rapporteur on Torture mentioned the prolonged denial of food as constituting torture in one of his reports. 42 

Section three is the underview.
First, the only alternative to international law is genocide and nuclear war. Shaw
Shaw, Martin Professor of International Relations and Politics at the University of Sussex. “The unfinished global revolution: intellectuals and the new politics of international relations.” October 3, 2001. http://www.martinshaw.org/unfinished.pdf

The new politics of international relations require us, therefore, to go beyond the anti-imperialism of the intellectual left as well as of the semi-anarchist traditions of the academic discipline. We need to recognize three fundamental truths. First, in the twenty-first century people struggling for democratic liberties across the non- Western world are likely to make constant demands on our solidarity. Courageous academics, students and other intellectuals will be in the forefront of these movements. They deserve the unstinting support of intellectuals in the West. Second, the old international thinking in which democratic movements are seen as purely internal to states no longer carries conviction—despite the lingering nostalgia for it on both the American right and the anti-American left. The idea that global principles can and should be enforced worldwide is firmly established in the minds of hundreds of millions of people. This consciousness will become a powerful force in the coming decades. Third, global state-formation is a fact. International institutions are being extended, and (like it or not) they have a symbiotic relation with the major centre of state power, the increasingly internationalized Western conglomerate. The success of the global-democratic revolutionary wave depends first on how well it is consolidated in each national context—but second, on how thoroughly it is embedded in international networks of power, at the centre of which, inescapably, is the West.  From these political fundamentals, strategic propositions can be derived. First, democratic movements cannot regard non-governmental organizations and civil society as ends in themselves. They must aim to civilize local states, rendering them open, accountable and pluralistic, and curtail the arbitrary and violent exercise of power. Second, democratizing local states is not a separate task from integrating them into global and often Western-centred networks. Reproducing isolated local centres of power carries with it classic dangers of states as centres of war. Embedding global norms and integrating new state centres with global institutional frameworks are essential to the control of violence. (To put this another way: the proliferation of purely national democracies is not a recipe for peace.)  Third, while the global revolution cannot do without the West and the UN, neither can it rely on them unconditionally. We need these power networks, but we need to tame them too, to make their messy bureaucracies enormously more accountable and sensitive to the needs of society worldwide. This will involve the kind of ‘cosmopolitan democracy’ argued for by David Held. It will also require us to advance a global social-democratic agenda, to address the literally catastrophic scale of world social inequalities. This is not a separate problem: social and economic reform is an essential ingredient of alternatives to warlike and genocidal power; these feed off and reinforce corrupt and criminal political economies. Fourth, if we need the global-Western state, if we want to democratize it and make its institutions friendlier to global peace and justice, we cannot be indifferent to its strategic debates. It matters to develop international political interventions, legal institutions and robust peacekeeping as strategic alternatives to bombing our way through zones of crisis. It matters that international intervention supports pluralist structures, rather than ratifying Bosnia-style apartheid. As political intellectuals in the West, we need to have our eyes on the ball at our feet, but we also need to raise them to the horizon. We need to grasp the historic drama that is transforming worldwide relationships between people and state, as well as between state and state. We need to think about how the turbulence of the global revolution can be consolidated in democratic, pluralist, international networks of both social relations and state authority. We cannot be simply optimistic about this prospect. Sadly, it will require repeated violent political crises to push Western and other governments towards the required restructuring of world institutions. What I have outlined is a huge challenge; but the alternative is to see the global revolution splutter into partial defeat, or degenerate into new genocidal wars—perhaps even nuclear conflicts. The practical challenge for all concerned citizens, and the theoretical and analytical challenges for studvents of international relations and politics, are intertwined.

This outweighs other impacts to util.
A. Magnitude. Nuclear war has the potential to kill millions and turns most impacts.
B. Probability. The international arena is very public. Every violation of i-law matters.

Second, placing conditions on aid does nothing. Nations will just reverse reform once the aid ends. Koeberle
Stefan G., “Should Policy-Based Lending Still Involve Conditionality” The World Bank Research Observer Autumn 2003 Vol. 18 Issue 2 pg. 249 proquest

Another critique of conditionality questions the sustainability of externally induced reforms. Many analysts argue that once financing for a donor supported adjustment program ends, reforms are often reversed or abandoned.

Third is AFC.
A. Interpretation: The affirmative can choose the standard by which we evaluate the round so long as the standard is theoretically fair to offset the neg's advantage in the round. 

B. Violation: There is no violation. This theory is pre-emptive. My opponent violates if they advocate an interpretation of debate that doesn't let the affirmative choose the standard by which we evaluate the round.

C. Standards:

1. Time skew. Because of the 7 to 4 and 6 to 3 minute rebuttal time skew the negative enjoys, they win the majority of rounds, regardless of the seeding of debaters. Allowing me to choose the standard helps combat the significant time skew affirmatives face because instead of having to win both a framework and offense back to that framework in the impossibly short 1ar, the aff only has to win offense back to a standard, which is more practical.
   A bad division of time violates fairness because arguments don’t matter if you don’t have time to make them. Time skew is the most important impact to fairness because if you don’t have time to make arguments, you can’t debate, making it a prerequisite to all other standards. 

2. Strategy skew. Given that the NC can adapt to the AC but the AC cannot adapt to the NC, the negative has an easier chance at winning the round structurally because it can maximize the use of its speaking time by forcing the 1ar to respond to multiple layers of the debate. The variability in negative strategy while the affirmative has to commit to a strategy since they talk first is the definition of a strategy skew.

Preventing strategy skews is key to fairness because without being able to form a strategy, you can never win. If the negative can form strategy better than the affirmative can, it has an easier shot at winning the round structurally.

This also links into time skew because the adaptability of the NC allows it to maximize the value of their 13 minutes of speaking time while the affirmative must commit 6 minutes to the AC, leaving only 7 minutes of speech time where the strategy is not pre-decided.

D. Voters: Fairness is a voter because debate is a competitive activity. The ballot asks you who did the better debating if the round is skewed towards one debater you can no longer test debate skill.

And, if the negative shows that AFC is not the solution to side bias, it must offer some other way to rectify the inherent advantage to negating, otherwise you prefer AFC since it has a risk of solving the side-bias. This means criticizing AFC is not enough. Either the negative must show there is not a side-bias or it must offer some concrete alternative.

And, even though the aff gets to specify the framework, every debater on the circuit will still need to read and understand a variety of different philosophies to do well because that is the only way to find new frameworks to affirm with and to understand the other frameworks debaters on the circuit read. It's impossible to debate underneath your opponent's framework if you don't first understand what that framework advocates. This means that I also capture the benefit of education about ethics and philosophy.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 1 | Opponent: all | Judge: all
v:m
c:maximizing expected well being
generic util FW
Thus, the plan. Developing countries will mandate the use of fixed cut-off shielding combined with a hard limit of 20 candle-feet on all outdoor lighting.

Advantage one is air pollution. Light pollution inhibits chemical reactions that recycle the air at night. Cutoff light shielding preserves the natural safety valve against air pollution. IDSA 10
International Dark Sky Association, City Light pollution affects air pollution December 5 2010
Excess light at ... environment,” adds Parks.

Recent studies prove raised carbon dioxide levels cause dangerous warming. Platt 14
Platt, John. "Global Warming Could Drive World Temperatures up 7 Degrees by 2100." MNN. N.p., 2 Jan. 2014. Web.

Another piece of ... on this planet.

By mid-century, air pollution will be killing 6 million people per year. Plumer 12
Brad Plumer, Reporter focusing on energy and environmental issues for the Washington Post 2012 “What’s going to kill us in 2050? Air pollution — and lots of it,” WONKblog—a Washington Post blog, March 15th

Air pollution tends ... $9.6 billion per year.
?
Warming makes the earth go boom. Chalko 4
Dr. Tom J. Chalko “No Second Chance? Can Earth explode as a result of Global Warming?” April 8th 2001

The heat generated ... 13 degrees Celsius.

Extinction risk outweighs every other impact by orders of magnitude because of the lost potential for future generations. Bostrom 11
Nick Bostrom, 2001 prof of Philosophy, Oxford University  Journal of Evolution and Technology, Vol. 9, March 2002. First version: 2001 March, JStor

Even if we ... billion human lives.

Moral uncertainty means that extinction comes first under any moral system. Bostrom 2

These reflections on ... lot of value.
?
Adopt a parliamentary model to account for moral uncertainty. This entails minimizing existential risks. Bostrom 9 

It seems people ... deem centrally important.

Nuclear war is impermissible under any moral code. Seeley 86
Robert A., Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors, The Handbook of Non-Violence, p. 269-70

In moral reasoning ... the nighttime lighting.?

Advantage two is biodiversity. Light Pollution disrupts the fragile ecosystem of coral reefs. Many organism’s survival is dependent on photosensitivity. Aubrecht et al 8
Aubrecht et al, 2008 (Eakin, K. E. Baugh, B. T. Tuttle, A. T. Howard and E. H. Erwin (2008) Austria  National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC), Boulder, CO, USA,  The Urban Wildlands Group, Los Angeles, CA, USA,  University of Southern California Center for Sustainable Cities, Los Angeles, CA, US, ESRI, Redlands, CA, USA, NOAA, Coral Reef Watch, Silver Spring, MD, US A global inventory of coral reef stressors based on satellite observed nighttime lights, Geocarto International, 23:6, 467-47)

E?ects of arti?cial ... coral reef ecosystems.

Biodiversity loss causes thermonuclear war that collapses civilization. Takacs 96
Takacs, Environmental Humanities Prof @ CSU Monteray Bay, 1996 (David, “The Idea of Biodiversity: Philosophies of Paradise” pg. 200-201)

So biodiversity keeps ... to the abyss.

Shielding solves light pollution. Kornreich 99
Assistant Professor in the Department of Physics and Physical Sciences @ Cornell- 1999 Dave, “How does light pollution affect astronomers?” April http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/question.php?number=194

There are two ... energy as well! ?

Tournament: NSD | Round: 4 | Opponent: Lexington AS | Judge: Chris Kymn
On the NSD 2014 camp topic, the negative must concede to the standard of “consistency with choices made by impartial agents behind the veil of ignorance” if the standard text, tags, cites, and first and last three words of each card are disclosed on the NDCA LD wiki at lesat 12 hours before the round and the AFC spike is disclosed at least 2 hours before the round.
A. Timeskew.
B. Topic education.
C. Real world decision making.

First, presumption and permissibility flow aff.

Second, aff gets RVIs on counter-interps for theory.
Third, I defend the whole resolution and all of its consequences, but will specify a policy in CX.

v=justice
Justice requires equality.
A. Only way to avoid social collapse from contradictory views.
Rawls John (Professor of Philosophy at Harvard) A Theory of Justice: Revised Edition 1971 The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press Cambridge, Massachusetts
One should not ... by their prejudices.

B. Inequality and thus subjugation exclude moral voices from moral deliberation, thus destroying the epistemic validity of any judgment rendered.

C. Moral systems that don’t presume equality are false.
Gosepath Stefan, "Equality", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2011 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2011/entries/equality/
This fundamental idea ... contemporary political theories (Kymlicka 1990, p.5).

Placing oneself behind the veil of ignorance best preserves equality.
Rawls 2 John (Professor of Philosophy at Harvard) A Theory of Justice: Revised Edition 1971 The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press Cambridge, Massachusetts
In justice as ... recognize self-imposed

Prefer procedural justifications

The standard is consistency with choices made by impartial agents behind the veil of ignorance.
Also, prefer actor specific standards

And, prefer my framework.

1. Only the original position makes consensus possible

2. My framework is a constraint on social contract and rational agent theory.
Rawls 3 John (Professor of Philosophy at Harvard) A Theory of Justice: Revised Edition 1971 The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press Cambridge, Massachusetts
My aim is ... justice as fairness.

From behind the veil of ignorance individuals would legislate moral rules that benefit primarily the worst off in society.

1. Individuals are either egoistic, or altruistic.
   2. All ethical theories presume equality

Black Americans are severely disadvantaged in the status quo due to the effects of slavery, Jim Crow laws, and segregation.
Pierik Roland (Professor of legal theory at the University of Amsterdam) “Reparations for Luck Egalitarians” Published: 2006
The tragedy of ... As Hylton argues:

Prefer my evidence
A. Based on analysis of the how the necessary preconditions of slavery have affected Black Americans through time.

B. Empirically confirmed—Black-Americans are disadvantaged in most areas.
Forde-Mazrui Kim Forde-Mazrui (Professor of Law at the University of Virginia) “Taking Conservatives Seriously: a Moral Justification for Affirmative Action and Reparations” California Law Review Volume 92 Issue 3 Article 2 May 31st 2004
In almost every ... the national government.

Rawlsian legislators would enact reparative policies to compensate for the fact that Black Americans are least advantaged in society.
Carcieri Martin D. (Associate Professor of Political Science, San Francisco State University) “Rawls and Reparations” Spring, 2010 Michigan Journal of Race and Law 15 Mich. J. Race and L. 267
Against this backdrop... provide for themselves.

Rawlsian justice requires assisting burdened societies—that includes reparation.
Platz and Reidy Jeppe von and David A. (University of Tennessee) “Rawls and Reparations” The Journal of Social Philosophy February 25th 2006
Our approach is ... society of peoples.

A just Rawlsian society would attempt to level out the playing field for disadvantaged races.
Nagel Thomas (University Professor of Philosophy and Law at New York University) “John Rawls and Affirmative Action” The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, No. 39 (Spring, 2003), pp. 82-84 http://www.jstor.org/stable/3134387
A just society ... have left us.

Reparations solve poverty—encourages investment and eliminates consumer debt.
Maiello 6/4 Michael (Columnist at Forbes, weekly op-ed column for The Daily, op-ed contributor to Reuters and Esquire) “Why reparations for slavery could help boost the economy” Reuters: The Great Debate http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2014/06/04/why-reparations-for-slavery-could-help-boost-the-economy/
Vaughan’s vision is ... and medical programs.

A. Prefer econ impacts
B. Turns deont—economic decline violates agents freedom-it puts the poor in inconsistency with the rightful condition.
Ripstein Arthur Ripstein, “Force and Freedom”. Harvard University Press, 2009, pp.273-274
The most obvious ... attach priority to.

Debaters may not have access to both pre-fiat and post-fiat substance.

Neg advocacies must use the actor “The United States Federal Government."