Tournament: Greenhill Round Robin | Round: 4 | Opponent: Danny Debois | Judge:
Democracy is defined by Merriam Websters as,
Liiphart defines “compulsory voting,”
Lijphart, Arend (Research Professor of Political Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA). “Unequal Participation: Democracy’s Unresolved Dilemma.” The American Political Science Review, Vol. 91, No. 1. Pp 1-14. March 1997
Compulsory "voting" is
forthcoming; Fornos 1996; Hirczy 1994; Ochoa 1987, 866-7).4 

Part 1 is the framework.
I value morality.
First: Every image of the self is contestable and constantly in relation to social others; this is the only absolute ontological truth White writes,
Stephen K. White. As the World Turns: Ontology and Politics in Judith Butler. Polity, Vol. 32, No. 2 (Winter, 1999), pp. 155-177
Weak ontologies emerge
of radical choice.
Ethics and ontologies must speak to social interaction in order to be relevant and guide action because otherwise they do not apply to our concept of life and how we function. Hierarchal ontologies are bad since many cannot meet the exclusive criteria and have no being, Butler 1 elucidates,
Judith Butler Maxine Elliot Professor of Rhetori and Comparative Literature at Berkley. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. Routledge publishing: 2009. Print.
This ontological characterization
now repressed) maternal body.
Ontologies thus arise from social interaction because with hierarchal ontologies many cannot have a voice and there is no narrative.
Second: Absolutionist ontological theories are coercive and force individuals to meet certain criteria to come to an identity which rejects the idea of ontology in the first place which means you ought reject them. White 2 clarifies,
Stephen K. White. As the World Turns: Ontology and Politics in Judith Butler. Polity, Vol. 32, No. 2 (Winter, 1999), pp. 155-177
One thing that
counter-ontology emerge (I).
Third: Everything must be constructed from the self. We can never fully understand the Other, thus our ethics must accept them because when we encounter the Other, their existence precludes our rational thought and we are forced to respect them, Crowe explains,

Jonathan Crowe Senior Lecturer and Fellow, Beirne School of Law, University of Queensland “Article: Levinasian Ethics and Animal Rights.” 2008 University of Windsor Windsor Yearbook of Access to Justice SH 8/20/13

Levinas suggets in
with a power exercised.
Thus, the standard is respecting the Other.
A.is the identity.

Voting affirms your identity and ensures you have a voice-it allows you to begin your own narrative, Schriner et al,

 Kay Schriner, Lisa A. Ochs and Todd G. Shields University of Arkansas “  The Last Suffrage Movement: Voting Rights for Persons with Cognitive and Emotional Disabilities”   Publius, Vol. 27, No. 3 (Summer, 1997), pp. 75-96 SH 8/20/13
Such reform would
of our cultural identify.79 

Compulsory voting is a truly reciprocal process and ensures that the “I”  seeks to give an account of itself.  Each person must have a public voice as a way to expressing their own narratives. Tutt 11 explains Butler’s argument, 

Daniel Tutt Daniel Tutt is an activist, writer, and Ph.D. candidate in philosophy and communication at the European Graduate School.?? Sept 26, 2011 “Giving An Account of Oneself: Part 1” http://danieltutt.com/2010/09/26/giving-an-account-of-oneself-part-1/  SH 8/22/13 

Butler believes
 that
tied to a set of norms.  
within our ontologies, we need an unthreatened bearing of the self, this is the only way to ensure a society, White 3 furthers:

Stephen K. White. As the World Turns: Ontology and Politics in Judith Butler. Polity, Vol. 32, No. 2 (Winter, 1999), pp. 155-177
As with all
by novel resignifications.

B. Is the poor and the womyn.
Socio-economic status indicates how you vote, the least well off don’t get a voice  _{Lever 8,
Annabelle Lever “Compulsory voting: a critical perspective” December, 2008 British Journal of Political Science SH8/19/13}

The fact that
or public policies. 13 

Compulsory voting closes the SES gap, empirically verified, Hill 4,

Lisa Hill   Senior Research Fellow, Politics Discipline, School of History and Politics, University of Adelaide.   2004 “ COMPULSORY VOTING IN AUSTRALIA: A BASIS FOR A 'BEST PRACTICE' REGIME “Federal Law Review Volume 32 Page 480-495 SH 8/19/13

Aside from its ability to
Liberal-National Coalition.37 

Democratic values allow for the marginalized actors and groups to be spoken for. The poor, the women, and other social groups as well,   Cornwall and Goetz,

ANDREA CORNWALL and ANNE MARIE GOETZ  Andrea Cornwall and Anne Marie Goetz are Fellows at the Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex, UK  “Democratizing Democracy: Feminist Perspectives” Democratization, Vol.12, No.5, December 2005, pp.783–800   JSTOR SH 7/22/13

As governments have
gain political space. 

C Is the mentally impaired.
States categorize some individuals as idiots and that cannot vote,  Schriner 2

 Kay Schriner, Lisa A. Ochs and Todd G. Shields University of Arkansas “  The Last Suffrage Movement: Voting Rights for Persons with Cognitive and Emotional Disabilities”   Publius, Vol. 27, No. 3 (Summer, 1997), pp. 75-96 SH 8/20/13

Although voting is
and/or conservatorship.6 

Discrimination abounds still until we can recognize their right to vote, compulsory voting does that, Schriner 3,

 Kay Schriner, Lisa A. Ochs and Todd G. Shields University of Arkansas “  The Last Suffrage Movement: Voting Rights for Persons with Cognitive and Emotional Disabilities”   Publius, Vol. 27, No. 3 (Summer, 1997), pp. 75-96 SH 8/20/13

Congressional findings
regarding
ten years old.47 

Those “idiots” the state calls have to break through walls and obstacles to have any type of political participation and that kind of discrimination and prevention to vote is something that has to change.

Tournament: Big Lex | Round: 4 | Opponent: Any | Judge: Any
A. is the uniqueness. Global econ is looking strong, Weisenthal Nov 1,

JOE WEISENTHAL Nov 1, 2013 “Right Now, The Global Economy Is Looking Surprisingly Strong” http://www.businessinsider.com/october-global-economic-data-2013-11  12/26/13 SH

We're part-way… far so good.

B.  are the links. First, there is a negative relation between growth rates and increase in resource extraction, Sachs and Warner,

Sachs, J. D. and Warner, A. M., 1995. “Natural Resource Abundance and Economic Growth,” NBER Working Papers 5398, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.

In our view… annum growth during 1971

Second, resource extraction harms econ, multiple warrants. Stiglitz,
Joseph E. Stiglitz a Nobel laureate in economics, is University Professor at Columbia University.   Aug 12, 2012 “Resource Rich, Cash Poor” 12/3/13 SH
New discoveries of… and undemocratic governments.

Third, as you increase resource extraction, you decrease growth of nations and when you decrease resource extraction, growth increases.   Paltseva and Roine,

Elena Paltseva and Jesper Roine Elena Paltseva is a Research Fellow at SITE, Stockholm School of Economics and a Visiting Professor in Economics at the New Economic School, Russia. She received her PhD in Economics from Stockholm School of Economics in 2006. Prior to joining SITE, Paltseva has worked as an Assistant Professor at the Department of Economics, University of Copenhagen.  Jesper Roine is Associate Professor at the Stockholm School of Economics and Deputy Director at SITE with responsibility for policy and outreach. He holds a Ph. D. in Economics from Stockholm University and has held visiting positions at Northwestern University (MEDS, Kellogg) and the London School of Economics (STICERD). 11/11/12 “Are Natural Resources Good or Bad for Development?”  FREE http://freepolicybriefs.org/2011/11/21/are-natural-resources-good-or-bad-for-development/ 12/5/13 SH

Looking at some.. run economic performance

C. is the impact. Nuclear war, terrorism, democratic backsliding Harris and Burrows
Harris and Burrows 9 - *PhD in Euro History, member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit
Mathew, PhD European History @ Cambridge, counselor in the National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer is a member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis” http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf
Increased Potential for Global Conflict

Of course, the… dog-eat-dog world

Tournament: Greenhill Classic | Round: 3 | Opponent: Daiya Massac | Judge:
AD 4 Global Warming

Global Warming happening now—greenhouse gases prove. Mulvaney 13,
KIERAN MULVANEY, WRITER FOR DISCOVERY CHANNEL, “10 Signs Climate Change Is Already Happening” 4/22/13

There is no...thus enhancing warming.

If turnout increases, so does the politically left votes. Lijphart 98, 

Arend Lijphart, political science professor at the University of California, “The Problem of Low and Unequal Voter Turnout – and What We Can Do About It” 1998

The strongest evidence...increase in turnout. 

Increased turnout means working class votes—Australia proves. Fowler last month, 

Fowler, Anthony. Department of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. “Electoral and Policy Consequences of Voter Turnout: Evidence from Compulsory Voting in Australia” Quarterly Journal of Political Science, 2013, 8: 159–182. http://conferences.wcfia.harvard.edu/files/westminster_model_democracy/files/fowler_compulsoryvoting.pdf

Democracy’s unresolved dilemma...the political process.

Democrats platform key to solve climate change and global warming—Republicans are vehemently against it. Huffington Post 2012,
The Huffington Post, “Democratic Party Platform: Climate Change Challenges And Other Environmental Issues Addressed” 2012 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/09/04/democratic-party-platform-climate-change-environment_n_1854579.html

In addressing foreign....to foreign aggression."

Gap between Republicans and Democrats is wide on the issue of global warming. Watts 11,
Anthony Watts, citing Aaron M. McCright sociology professor at MSU, “Democrats and Republicans increasingly divided over global warming”2011

EAST LANSING, Mich. — Despite the....problems of our time.”

Warming from fossil fuels causes extinction. Tickell 08,
Tickell 8 (Oliver, Environmental Researcher, The Guardian, August 11, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/aug/11/climatechange, accessed 6-23-11)

We need to get...similar hothouse Earth

Tournament: Greenhill Classic | Round: 3 | Opponent: Daiya Massac | Judge:
AD 4 Global Warming

Global Warming happening now—greenhouse gases prove. Mulvaney 13,
KIERAN MULVANEY, WRITER FOR DISCOVERY CHANNEL, “10 Signs Climate Change Is Already Happening” 4/22/13

There is no...thus enhancing warming.

If turnout increases, so does the politically left votes. Lijphart 98, 

Arend Lijphart, political science professor at the University of California, “The Problem of Low and Unequal Voter Turnout – and What We Can Do About It” 1998

The strongest evidence...increase in turnout. 

Increased turnout means working class votes—Australia proves. Fowler last month, 

Fowler, Anthony. Department of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. “Electoral and Policy Consequences of Voter Turnout: Evidence from Compulsory Voting in Australia” Quarterly Journal of Political Science, 2013, 8: 159–182. http://conferences.wcfia.harvard.edu/files/westminster_model_democracy/files/fowler_compulsoryvoting.pdf

Democracy’s unresolved dilemma...the political process.

Democrats platform key to solve climate change and global warming—Republicans are vehemently against it. Huffington Post 2012,
The Huffington Post, “Democratic Party Platform: Climate Change Challenges And Other Environmental Issues Addressed” 2012 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/09/04/democratic-party-platform-climate-change-environment_n_1854579.html

In addressing foreign....to foreign aggression."

Gap between Republicans and Democrats is wide on the issue of global warming. Watts 11,
Anthony Watts, citing Aaron M. McCright sociology professor at MSU, “Democrats and Republicans increasingly divided over global warming”2011

EAST LANSING, Mich. — Despite the....problems of our time.”

Warming from fossil fuels causes extinction. Tickell 08,
Tickell 8 (Oliver, Environmental Researcher, The Guardian, August 11, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/aug/11/climatechange, accessed 6-23-11)

We need to get...similar hothouse Earth

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Scarsdale CB | Judge: Ryan Fink
Part 1 is the framework.

The value is morality because ought entails a moral obligations. 

First is naturalism. 

A. Normative statements are constrained by context – our context is facts of the natural world.  Naturalism, therefore is the only standard acceptable to generate ethics. Smith.

Smith, Michael.  Ethics and the A Priori: Selected Essays on Moral Psychology And Meta-Ethics. Cambridge University Press. Michael Smith is Professor of Philosophy at Princeton University. 2004.

Torturing babies is . . . of empirical sciences.

B.  The mental states of pleasure and pain are objective goods that should be respectively maximized and minimized, because any view that rejects their intrinsic worth would be a rejection of our subjective experience. Thomas Nagel writes,

Thomas Nagel, The View From Nowhere, HUP, 1986: 156-168.

I shall defend the . . . in such cases. There can be no reason to reject the appearances here.

Second is agent neutrality. Any system of ethics, whether it be morality or justice, the ethic must be agent neutral in order to ever have a starting point. 

A. Neutrality is the only sufficient guide to action - agent relativity generates prisoner’s dilemma scenarios. Regan ’83,
Regan, Donald H. “Against Evaluator Relativity: A Response to Sen” Philosophy and Public Affairs, 12:2 (Spring, 1983), pp. 93-112: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2265308 Accessed: 12/08/2010

A further problem. . . followed an evaluator-neutral morality.

B. Agent neutrality goes util - intrinsic value has no relation to the actor in a consequentialist framework. Darwall ‘86,
Darwall, Stephen L.  “Agent-Centered Restrictions from the inside out.” Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition, 50:3. Symposium on Rationality and Moral Values (Nov., 1986), pp. 291- 319 http://www.jstor.org/stable/4319864 Accessed: 09/08/2010

Consequentialism holds that 

keeping their promises

Third is extinction is the largest impact overall.
A. Living is a prerequisite for the discourse of his/her framework to be true.  Ethics can’t be morally binding if there is no one to bind obligations to.

B. The future is valuable in and of itself, ensuring a future in humanity increases a chance of the future, which means we have to stop extinction, Bostrom 11, 

Bostrom 11 Nick Bostrom is a Professory of Philosophy and Director of the Future of Humanity Institute and the Pogramme on the Impacts of Future Technology at the University of Oxford, “The Concept of Existential Risk” Future of Humanity Institute (2011) Draft http://www.existential-risk.org/concept.pdf, SH 7/2/13
Our present understanding. . . any existential catastrophe.

Fourth, Brain science establishes the moral fact that we value consequentialism. This means rationality devolves into consequentialism:
Greene et al.:
Greene, J.D., Nystrom, L.E., Engell, A.D., Darley, J.M., Cohen, J.D. (2004)  The neural bases of cognitive conflict and control in moral judgment. Neuron, Vol. 44, 389-400.
In our more recent . . . high-level cognitive function.

Advantage 1 is cartels.
Drug Cartels aren’t slowing down, Mexican drug cartels are smuggling drugs and more into the US teaming with al Qaeda the problem needs to be solved fast. US Border Patrol October 29,  

US Border Patrol http://www.usborderpatrol.com/Border_Patrol87d.htm October 29, 2013
The largest and. . . guarding drug loads
Attorney client privilege lets drug dealers hide secrets while tempting attorneys to become conspirators to multi million dollar deals, Ray Velarde’s case proves Washington Post   

“West Texas attorney found guilty of conspiring to launder $600 million for Mexican drug cartel” 10-28-13   
http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/prosecutor-west-texas-attorney-in-money-laundering-trial-turned-blind-eye-to-crime/2013/10/28/83bb2754-3ff3-11e3-b028-de922d7a3f47_story.html D.L.
EL PASO, Texas — A. . . Caicos to the U.S.

And, attorneys can hide and make bank behind ACP, real life Saul Goodman’s have been existing for years  Forbes, 

“Real Life Saul Goodman Has Rough Day In Tax Court” Forbes Magazine, 01-16-13  http://www.forbes.com/sites/anthonynitti/2013/01/16/real-life-saul-goodman-has-rough-day-in-tax-court/print/  D.L. 

Even drug dealers . . . $28,000 underpayment penalty.

Drug cartels cause wmd terror its easy for terrorist to bring in bioweapons Shingal
Ankur Shingal (Secretary, Mortar Board honor society at UCLA) 2011. “At the Tipping Point: Why the United States Must Assist Mexico in the Mexican Drug War. Agathai Quarterly, Vol 1, Issue 2, Winter 2011 pp 27 http://www.mortarboardatucla.org/uploads/4/7/8/9/4789362/winter_journal.pdf#page=26
The fourth and final . . . its own border. 

Bioterrorism is a severe threat to the US. It is necessary to act now. The Commission the Prevention of WMD Proliferation and Terrorism:  
“W O R L D   A T   R I S K” The Report of the Commission on the Prevention of WMD Proliferation  and Terrorism. First Vintage Books Edition: December 2008

The Commission believes . . . shrinking, not growing.

Bioterrorism causes extinction. Matheny: 

Department of Health Policy and Management, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins “Reducing the Risk of Human Extinction” Risk Analysis, Vol. 27, No. 5, 2007

Of current extinction. . . respond to pandemics (Lam, Franco, and Shuler, 2006).

Advantage 2 is terror.
Nuclear Terrorism is a threat now, UN atomic agency warns the world just how easy moving nuclear material is Sturdee from July of this Year

“UN atomic agency sounds warning on nuclear terrorism By Simon Sturdee  Published July 01, 2013 Foxnews
HTTP://WWW.FOXNEWS.COM/WORLD/2013/07/01/UN-ATOMIC-AGENCY-SOUNDS-WARNING-ON-NUCLEAR-TERRORISM/

VIENNA (AFP) –  The head of the . . . easy to steal.

Truth seeking is necessary in order to prevent terrorism. Empirics prove monitoring privileged conversations has prevented terrorism attacks. The crime fraud exception is not enough, as getting clearance to listen to privileged information is a lengthy process, only by affirming can we truth seeking take precedent and prevent terrorism from the start Ruzenski 2012 

“Balancing Fundamental Civil Liberties and the Need for Increased Homeland Security: The Attorney-Client Privilege After September 11th” Katherine Ruzenski, 4-30-2012, Jounral of Civil Rights and Economic Development, Volume 19, Issue 2 Volume 19, Winter/Spring 2005, Issue 2 D.L. 

The United States . . . make the determination.

And, constitutional violations have never been agreed upon, err aff on that debate because citizens agree we should break it, and no evidence exists that truth seeking would break it, but the threat to of terrorism is high now Ruzenski 2
“Balancing Fundamental Civil Liberties and the Need for Increased Homeland Security: The Attorney-Client Privilege After September 11th” Katherine Ruzenski, 4-30-2012, Jounral of Civil Rights and Economic Development, Volume 19, Issue 2 Volume 19, Winter/Spring 2005, Issue 2 D.L. 

Finally, those opposing. . . the attorney-client privilege.

Also, even if this deters discourse it destroys the ability for terrorists to communicate secretly Rice and Saul 

Rice and Saul 02(Paul R. Rice, Professor @ AUWCL and Benjamin Parlin Saul, Is the War on Terrorism a War on Attorney-Client Privilege?, Summer 2002,http://www.americanbar.org/publications/criminal_justice_magazine_home/crimjust_cjmag_17_2_privilege.html)Two reasons seem to have motivated  . . . following existing procedures

Terrorism leads to Extinction Bunn last year 

THE THREAT OF NUCLEAR TERRORISM:WHAT’S NEW? WHAT’S TRUE? Matthew Bunn, March 2012 D.L, 

Nuclear Terrorism anywhere . . . threat to everyone, everywhere

Underview

1. presume aff
   2. aff rvis
   3. Skep and permissibility flow aff
   4. CX checks
   5. Offense to I meet = vote aff

Tournament: Greenhill Round Robin | Round: 3 | Opponent: Arjun Tambe | Judge:
Runyan.
V spike Peterson and Ann Runyan prof at u Arizona and u of ny 1993Global Gender Issues 65-66 JSTOR
In one sense, . . . much that we can do.

Ann Runyan2
V spike Peterson and Ann Runyan prof at u Arizona and u of ny 1993Global Gender Issues 65-66 JSTOR  
By acting in concert a. . . ungender the world. 

Tickner 1, 

Tickner professor in the School of International Relations at USC-LA 2001 J. Ann Gendering World Politics: Issues and Approaches in the Post-Cold War Era page 105
Nevertheless, since democratization . . . defined political activities. 31

Miller 5,

Erij J Miller Assistant Professor St Louis University School of Law 2005 “Foundering Democracy: Felony Disenfranchisement in the American Tradition of Voter Exclusion”  National Black Law Journal 9/12/13 SH

The story of American . . . predominates in the United States.

hooks explains1,
We live in a world . . . forms of domination.   

Shields 6,

Patricia M. Shielfs 2006 Texas State University “Democracy and the Social Feminist Ethics of Jane Addams: A Vision for public Administration” Administrative Theory and Praxis I Vol. 28, No. 3, Pages 418-443 9/12/13 SH

Traditional and popularly . . . the social claim. (Addams. 1902. p. 77)

Tickner.

Tickner, Ann J feminist IR theorist, professor at School of Int’l Relations USC LA. “Gendering World Politics: Issues and Approaches in the Post-Cold War Era”. Columbia University Press. 2013.

Claiming that discourse . . . embodied in such discourses are
Tickner 3,

Tickner, feminist IR theorist and a distinguished scholar in residence at the School of International Services, American University, 01
J. Ann, Gendering World Politics, p. 108-110,  

Democratic Transitions in Latin . . . the global level.

Scering writes, 

Grace E. Sikes Scering “Themes of a critical/feminist pedagogy: teacher education for democracy” Journal of Teacher Education, Vol. 48, 1997. 

Connected knowing fuels . . . an educational paradigm (Leck , 1987,  353)

Tournament: Greenhill Classic | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Anne Marie Hwang | Judge:
A. Interpretation
Negative substantive burdens must be necessary and sufficient and all substantive offense must link back to a criterion and not the mere truth of the resolution.

B 

C Turn Ground
Reciprocity

Tournament: Greenhill Classic | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Anne Marie Hwang | Judge:
Indo-Pakistan relations are on the brink. Overdorf August 15.

Analysis: Are India and Pakistan headed for war?
Jason OverdorfAugust 15, 2013 09:24 http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/war/conflict-zones/130814/analysis-are-india-and-pakistan-headed-war

NEW DELHI, India — Five Indian  . . . have appealed for calm.

Compulsory voting key to meaningful democratic transition. Yamin writes, 

Saira Yamin, writer for International Herald Tribune, “The case for compulsory voting” 2012

In Pakistan, voter . . . serve its interests well.

Ensuring high voter turnout and a more stable democracy will improve Indo-Pakistani relations, Ahmad and Elbert 13,
Ishtiaq Ahmad and Hannes Ebert June 19, 2013 “Democracy and Foreign Policy Persistence: Why Pakistan’s India strategy under Nawaz Sharif may not see a paradigm shift” http://politicsinspires.org/democracy-and-foreign-policy-persistence-why-pakistans-india-strategy-under-nawaz-sharif-may-not-cause-a-paradigm-shift/ 9/20/13 SH

Pakistan’s current domestic . . . army’s tacit approval.

Indo-Pakistan war goes nuclear.
Weitz 10 Richard, writes a weekly column on Asia-Pacific strategic and security issues. He is director of the Center for Political-Military Analysis and a Senior Fellow at the Hudson Institute, The Diplomat, South Asia’s Nuclear War Risk
July 12, 2010, http://the-diplomat.com/2010/07/12/south-asiae28099s-nuclear-war-risk/4/?print=yes

Yet even setting a. . . .perhaps nuclear war.

Tournament: Greenhill Round Robin | Round: 1 | Opponent: Pranav Reddy | Judge:
The value is morality because ought in the resolution implies moral obligation.

First, any system of ethics, whether it be morality or justice, the ethic must be agent neutral in order to ever have a starting point. 

Neutrality is the only sufficient guide to action - agent relativity generates prisoner’s dilemma scenarios. Regan ’83,
Regan, Donald H. “Against Evaluator Relativity: A Response to Sen” Philosophy and Public Affairs, 12:2 (Spring, 1983), pp. 93-112: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2265308 Accessed: 12/08/2010

A further problem … an evaluator-neutral morality.

Agent neutrality goes util - intrinsic value has no relation to the actor in a consequentialist framework. Darwall ‘86,
Darwall, Stephen L.  “Agent-Centered Restrictions from the inside out.” Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition, 50:3. Symposium on Rationality and Moral Values (Nov., 1986), pp. 291- 319 http://www.jstor.org/stable/4319864 Accessed: 09/08/2010

Consequentialism holds that …  people keeping their promises

Second, Compulsory voting and the question of resolution resonates on the idea of what promotes most utility, Hill 2,

Lisa Hill Australian National University “On the Reasonableness of Compelling Citizens to ‘Vote’: the Australian Case” POLITICAL STUDIES: 2002 VOL 50, 80–101 SH 8/19/13

An important effect . . . securely in place.

Third is extinction first. ‘

1. Living is a prerequisite for the discourse of his/her framework to be true.  Ethics can’t be morally binding if there is no one to bind obligations to.
   2. The future is valuable in and of itself, ensuring a future in humanity increases a chance of the future, which means we have to stop extinction, Bostrom 11,
   Bostrom 11 Nick Bostrom is a Professory of Philosophy and Director of the Future of Humanity Institute and the Pogramme on the Impacts of Future Technology at the University of Oxford, “The Concept of Existential Risk” Future of Humanity Institute (2011) Draft http://www.existential-risk.org/concept.pdf, SH 7/2/13
   Our present understanding of axiology might w. . .any existential catastrophe.
   Advantage 1 is voter turnout.

A. Compulsory voting increases voter turnout about 10, Brookie 8,
James Harrison Brookie August 2008 “THE EFFECT OF COMPULSORY VOTING LAWS ON GOVERNMENT SPENDING” Pages 1-30 8/17/13 SH
Lijphart goes into . . . introduction of the compulsory law.
B. Comparatively, compulsion violating personal freedom is outweighed by the increase of other important ideals increase with Compulsory Voting, which are central to a democracy, Hill 2,
Lisa Hill Australian National University “On the Reasonableness of Compelling Citizens to ‘Vote’: the Australian Case” POLITICAL STUDIES: 2002 VOL 50, 80–101 SH 8/19/13
It must be acknowledged . . .whether or not to participate.
C. Only if we ensure that we are a true democracy will we be able to stop mass human rights abuses.  The promotion of democracy through compulsory voting will increase legitimacy in governments. Diamond :
Nuclear, chemical and biological . . . of their environments. 

Advantage 2 is Soft power
A. US soft power is on the decline, and the way to solve it is to get our house in order and solving inequality by increasing voter turnout, the best way to ensure equality of all and a legitimate house, this functions as both uniqueness and a link, Neu 2/8,
Richard Neu  Richard Neu is a senior economist at RAND. He served for three years as the founding director of the RAND-Qatar Policy Institute, in Doha, Qatar B.S. in economics, California Institute of Technology; Ph.D. in economics, Harvard University; M.A. in economics, Harvard University February 8, 2013“U.S. 'Soft Power' Abroad Is Losing Its Punch” US News 9/4/13 SH
The way America flexes . . . decline yet further.

B. Low voter turnout is seen poorly in the eyes of the international arena whereas high voter turnout and a vibrant democracy has the highest global status and integrity, Ernst and Young 12,

Ernst and Young Ernst and Young is a global leader in assurance, tax, transaction and advisory services “Rapid –growth  Markets  Soft Power Index” Spring 2012 http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/Rapid-growth_markets_soft_power_index:_Spring_2012/$FILE/softpowerindex.pdf Page 8 SH 9/4/13

Voter turnout is measure. . . soft power areas.

AND, the brink is now.  Our voter turnout has been on a slow decline, but if other nations saw our off-year turnout, those kind of low numbers are what are shamed and rejected on the international arena like through Egypt, Brookie,
James Harrison Brookie August 2008 “THE EFFECT OF COMPULSORY VOTING LAWS ON GOVERNMENT SPENDING” Pages 1-30 8/17/13 SH
The second problem . . . percent in the 1990’s (Lijphart, 1997
Also, since to have compulsory voting definitionally is to solve inequality 100 by everyone voting, affirming is the way to “get our house in order” and to reverse the downward trend.
C. Soft Power is key to manage global crises Harme 7,
CSIS COMMISSION ON SMART POWER:A smarter, more secure America, 2007. Forward: restoring America’s Inspirational Leadership, by John J. Hamre. http://www.csis.org/component/option,com_csis_pubs/task,view/id,4156/type,1/

Of course, we all . . . and grievance almost certain to arise. 

D. The lack of a strong US presence will cause power conflicts that escalate into nuclear wars. Kagan 7, Kagan, 7 (Robert, senior fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Policy Review, August/Sept, “End of Dreams, Return of History”)
If the world is marked by . . . provide an easier path.
E.  Any use of nuclear weapons will escalate and cause extinction.
Founder of NZ Nuclear-Free Peacemaking Association  Larry, “RACING TOWARD EXTINCTION,” Dec 10, http://nuclearfree.lynx.co.nz/racing.htm  
We have greatly . . . escalation would follow. 

Advantage 3 is homicides.
A. Socio-economic status indicates how you vote, the least well off don’t get a voice,  Lever 8,
Annabelle Lever “Compulsory voting: a critical perspective” December, 2008 British Journal of Political Science SH8/19/13
The fact that lower . . . legislation or public policies. 13 

Thus, there will be a continuous vicious cycle of poorer individuals not being able to vote and having no representatives in the government to help them get into a better economic situation. 

B. Compulsory voting closes the SES gap, it is empirically verified, Hill 4,

Lisa Hill   Senior Research Fellow, Politics Discipline, School of History and Politics, University of Adelaide.   2004 “ COMPULSORY VOTING IN AUSTRALIA: A BASIS FOR A 'BEST PRACTICE' REGIME “Federal Law Review Volume 32 Page 480-495 SH 8/19/13

Aside from its ability . . . conservative Liberal-National Coalition.37 

C. A large income gap has empirically been shown to correlate with an increase in homicide. Kawachi ‘99
The present analysis fail. . . for example, cities or counties.

D. As unequal distribution becomes worse, homicide rate increase worldwide Johnson ‘12
The results were … are inextricably tied.

Tournament: J | Round: 2 | Opponent: X | Judge: Y
Part 1 – fw

St – rej of patriarchy. 

Ann Runyan explains the link to how we should act,
V spike Peterson and Ann Runyan prof at u Arizona and u of ny 1993Global Gender Issues 65-66 JSTOR
In one sense. . . hat we can do.

Need a feminist epistemology, Jaggar,

ALISON M. JAGGAR (Department of Philosophy at Colorado Boulder). ETHICS NATURALIZED:?FEMINISM’S CONTRIBUTION TO MORAL EPISTEMOLOGY. METAPHILOSOPHY?Vol. 31, No. 5, October 2000
In assuming that. . . feminist moral thinking.

Need this for a guide to action, Ann Runyan 2
V spike Peterson and Ann Runyan prof at u Arizona and u of ny 1993Global Gender Issues 65-66 JSTOR  
By acting in. . . will ungender the world.

Other starting points are flawed, Held.
Virginia Held “Feminist Transformations of Moral Theory” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol. 50, Supplement (Autumn, 1990), pp. 321-344 http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/2108046.pdf?acceptTC=true, JSTOR SH 7/22/13
The history of. . . gender biased enterprise.

Gender blind policy making fails, Chow,

(Esther Ngan-ling, “Gender Matters : Studying Globalization and Social Change in the 21st Century”, International Sociology 18, Sep 1, 2003, 443-45)AS
Heralding the dawn of the new millennium, the powerful forces of globalization in recent decades have established economic restructuring and the New World Order marked by democratization, cultural diffusion, regional armed conflicts, militarization, terrorism and widening economic disparities between people and nations. Globalization refers to the complex and multifaceted processes of worldwide economic, social, cultural and political expansion and integration which have enabled capital, production, finance, trade, ideas, images, people and organizations to flow transnationally across the boundaries of regions, nationstates and cultures. The term encompasses the ever-changing and intensifying networks of global consciousness, system interdependence, human interaction and societal transformation with far-reaching consequences (Appadurai, 1990; Chow, 2002; Hoogvelt, 1997; Moghadam, 1999; Robertson, 1992; Sassen, 1998; Stiglitz, 2002). Most mainstream theories. . . women and men.

Pt 2 = reality

1 – res conflict

Women are disproportionately harmed, Steady 1,

Filomina Chioma Steady  “Gender Equality and Ecosystem Balance: Women and Sustainable Development in Developing Countries”  Race, Gender and Class, Vol. 6, No. 1, (Part II): Environmentalism and Race, Gender,Class Issues (1998), pp. 13-32  http://www.jstor.org/stable/41658846  12/1/13 SH

During the process. . . cause environmental damage (UNEP 1991).

RE is worst, Steady 2,

Filomina Chioma Steady  “Gender Equality and Ecosystem Balance: Women and Sustainable Development in Developing Countries”  Race, Gender and Class, Vol. 6, No. 1, (Part II): Environmentalism and Race, Gender,Class Issues (1998), pp. 13-32  http://www.jstor.org/stable/41658846  12/1/13 SH

Despite advances in. . . s still limited.

Second is poverty.

Link between women and poverty Steady 3,

Filomina Chioma Steady  “Gender Equality and Ecosystem Balance: Women and Sustainable Development in Developing Countries”  Race, Gender and Class, Vol. 6, No. 1, (Part II): Environmentalism and Race, Gender,Class Issues (1998), pp. 13-32  http://www.jstor.org/stable/41658846  12/1/13 SH

The link between. . . official development policies (Leonard 1989, George 1992).

Aff dec poverty, CRS,
CRS  “Natural Resources Extraction in the Developing World” http://crs.org/public-policy/extractives.cfm 12/3/13 SH
Paradoxically, some countries

Third is democracies. 

A. Uniqueness – not many democracies in DC now, Humphreys et al,
Macartan Humphreys, Jeffrey D. Sachs, and Joseph E. Stiglitz  “Introduction  What Is the Problem with Natural Resource Wealth?” http://www.columbia.edu/~mh2245/papers1/erc01.pdf 12/5/13 SH
The adverse politica. . . for democratization elsewhere.

B. I solve in two ways. 1 – repression effect Ross,
MICHAEL L. ROSS*  “DOES OIL HINDER DEMOCRACY? “ Project Muse http://www.maxwell.syr.edu/uploadedFiles/exed/sites/ldf/Academic/Ross20-20Does20Oil20Hinder20Democracy.pdf 12/5/13 SH
A close reading of. . . civil war more likely.37

2 – environment and democracies  tied, Walker,
P.A. Walker Department of Geography, University of Oregon,  Political Geography 18 (1999) 257–284 http://geography.uoregon.edu/walker/Democracy20and20Environment.pdf 12/29/13 SH
frequently identified. First. . . of affected communities.

C. Democratic values allow for the marginalized groups to have a voice. Cornwall and Goetz,

ANDREA CORNWALL and ANNE MARIE GOETZ  Andrea Cornwall and Anne Marie Goetz are Fellows at the Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex, UK  “Democratizing Democracy: Feminist Perspectives” Democratization, Vol.12, No.5, December 2005, pp.783–800   JSTOR SH 7/22/13

As governments have. . . gain political space.

solvency, Steady 4,

Filomina Chioma Steady  “Gender Equality and Ecosystem Balance: Women and Sustainable Development in Developing Countries”  Race, Gender and Class, Vol. 6, No. 1, (Part II): Environmentalism and Race, Gender,Class Issues (1998), pp. 13-32  http://www.jstor.org/stable/41658846  12/1/13 SH

Policyies and planning. . . and vulnerable groups

solvency advocate,  Steady 5,

Filomina Chioma Steady  “Gender Equality and Ecosystem Balance: Women and Sustainable Development in Developing Countries”  Race, Gender and Class, Vol. 6, No. 1, (Part II): Environmentalism and Race, Gender,Class Issues (1998), pp. 13-32  http://www.jstor.org/stable/41658846  12/1/13 SH

A model is. . . and technological fields.

And patriarchal domination is the root cause of oppression. hooks explains1,
We live in. . . forms of domination.   

Judge is an educator -- the role of the ballot should be to reject patriarchy—it’s the judge’s role as an educator to do so.  Scering writes, 

Grace E. Sikes Scering “Themes of a critical/feminist pedagogy: teacher education for democracy” Journal of Teacher Education, Vol. 48, 1997. 

Connected knowing fuels. . . an educational paradigm (Leck , 1987,  353)

Fairness and any arbitrary standards you read are only used to silence voices.  Delgado.

Delgado, Law Prof at U. of Colorado, 1992 Richard, “Shadowboxing: An Essay On Power,” In Cornell Law Review, May

We have cleverly. . . way of judging action

Tournament: VBT | Round: 5 | Opponent: Any | Judge: Any
Naturalism.
A. Normative statements are constrained by context – our context is facts of the natural world.  Naturalism, therefore is the only standard acceptable to generate ethics. Smith.
Smith, Michael.  Ethics and the A Priori: Selected Essays on Moral Psychology And Meta-Ethics. Cambridge University Press. Michael Smith is Professor of Philosophy at Princeton University. 2004.
“Torturing babies is… of empirical science”

B.  The mental states of pleasure and pain are objective goods that should be respectively maximized and minimized, because any view that rejects their intrinsic worth would be a rejection of our subjective experience. Thomas Nagel writes,
Thomas Nagel, The View From Nowhere, HUP, 1986: 156-168.
“I shall defend… the appearances here.”

2. Agent-neutrality.

A. Neutrality is the only sufficient guide to action - agent relativity generates prisoner’s dilemma scenarios. Regan,
Regan, Donald H. “Against Evaluator Relativity: A Response to Sen” Philosophy and Public Affairs, 12:2 (Spring, 1983), pp. 93-112: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2265308 Accessed: 12/08/2010
“A further problem… evaluator-neutral morality”

B. Agent neutrality goes util - intrinsic value has no relation to the actor in a consequentialist framework. Darwall,
Darwall, Stephen L.  “Agent-Centered Restrictions from the inside out.” Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition, 50:3. Symposium on Rationality and Moral Values (Nov., 1986), pp. 291- 319 http://www.jstor.org/stable/4319864 Accessed: 09/08/2010
“Consequentialism holds that… keeping their promises”

6. Function
a. policy making causes trade offs
b. no act omission
c. Morality and Foreign PolicyGeorge F. Kennan From Foreign Affairs, Winter 1985/86 George F. Kennan is Professor Emeritus at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton. Copyright © 1985 by George F. Kennan.
“the functions, commitments… sovereignty it enjoys.”

Diamonds
A.  Diamond extraction fuels civil wars and gross human rights abuses, this functions as both uniqueness as well as a link, Gerstein and Grossberg 1,
Beth Gerstein and Eric Grossberg “Violence” http://www.brilliantearth.com/confict-diamond-trade/ 12/6/13 SH
Diamonds are supposed… officially at war.

And, it’s not just limited to diamonds, rebels use “conflict minerals” to fuel more wars.  
Paul Armstrong, May 16, 2012 “How diamonds fuel Africa's conflicts” http://www.cnn.com/2012/04/26/world/africa/blood-diamonds/ 12/6/13 SH
No. According to… this rogue trade.”

And, environmental concerns and diamond mining are in conflict. Environmental policies would shut down mining,  Gerstein and Grossberg 2,
Beth Gerstein and Eric Grossberg “Violence” http://www.brilliantearth.com/confict-diamond-trade/ 12/6/13 SH
Due to inadequate… water-borne diseases.”

B. Even a small number of wars ended or prevented outweighs the AC because of the magnitude of deaths from civil war. Thyne,
“Cheap Signals with Costly Consequences: THE EFFECT OF INTERSTATE RELATIONS ON CIVILWAR.” Clayton Thyne Department of Political Science, University of Iowa. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 50, No. 6 (Dec., 2006), pp. 937-961. JSTOR. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27638532.

The terrible consequences…, if any, matter?

And, civil war causes long term humanitarian impacts. Russett et al write
“Civil Wars Kill and Maim People—Long after the Shooting Stops.” Hazem Ghobarah, Harvard University; Paul Huth, University of Michigan; Bruce Russett, Yale University. American Political Science Review, 2003. Google Scholar. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=onlineandaid=152166.

Civil wars kill… impact on economic growth”

Finally, war invigorates the very foundation of violence in society, threatening the end of civilization. Also the root cause to all of your impacts, Levy and Sidel

Levy, Barry (Adjunct Prof. Community Health at Tufts U School of Medicine, former medical epidemiologist for the Centers for Disease Control) and Victor Sidel (Prof. of Social Medicine at the Albert Einstein Medical College, epidemiology and biostatistics at Harvard Medical School). “War and Public Health.” 2007. p. ix.  

War accounts for… fabric of our civilization

Democracy
Currently, developing countries that are either dependent on resources or are rich in resources are empirically proven to be less democractic, multiple warrants
“Macartan Humphreys, Jeffrey D. Sachs, and Joseph E. Stiglitz  “Introduction  What Is the Problem with Natural Resource Wealth?” http://www.columbia.edu/~mh2245/papers1/erc01.pdf 12/5/13 SH

The adverse political… for democratization elsewhere. 

The repression effect leads states to be authoritarian.
MICHAEL L. ROSS*  “DOES OIL HINDER DEMOCRACY? “ Project Muse http://www.maxwell.syr.edu/uploadedFiles/exed/sites/ldf/Academic/Ross20-20Does20Oil20Hinder20Democracy.pdf 12/5/13 SH
A close reading… war more likely.

Environment and democracies are inextricably tied, multiple warrants. Walker, 

P.A. Walker Department of Geography, University of Oregon,  Political Geography 18 (1999) 257–284 http://geography.uoregon.edu/walker/Democracy20and20Environment.pdf 12/29/13 SH

frequently identified. First… of affected communities. 

because transitions are coming now
Suto ‘11, Research Associate at Tahrir Institute and J.D.   

07/15/11, Ryan Suto… should not be wasted.”

Democracy is key to prevent extinction, Diamond.

(Larry Diamond, Hoover Institution senior fellow, co-editor of the Journal of Democracy, December 1995, A Report to the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, “Promoting Democracy in the 1990s: Actors and Instruments, Issues and Imperatives,” http://wwics.si.edu/subsites/ccpdc/pubs/di/1.htm)

OTHER THREATS This hardly… can be built.

Authoritarian regimes have killed over a hundred million this century.  Rummel:
Rummel, RJ. “Power Kills: Genocide and Mass Murder.”  "Power, Genocide and Mass Murder," Journal of Peace Research 31 (no.1, 1994): 1-10. http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/POWER.ART.HTM#.
This is a report… power kills absolutely”

East China
East Asia is on the brink of war. Nakamura 12/4,
David Nakamura David Nakamura , was part of a team that uncovered high levels of lead contamination in D.C. tap water, a series that won the 2005 Selden Ring Award for investigative reporting. He has reported from Afghanistan, Pakistan and Japan. Dec 4, 2013  “Biden opens visit to China aimed at easing tensions in Northeast Asia” WashPost http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/biden-opens-visit-to-china-aimed-at-easing-tensions-in-northeast-asia/2013/12/04/b9466ec2-5cbf-11e3-bc56-c6ca94801fac_story.html 12/28/13 SH
BEIJING — Vice President… region,” Biden said.”

China/Japan conflicts are fueled by rare earth metals, Klabin.
?Roy Klabin, “The Coming Resource Wars Between America, China, and Japan”. Policy Mic, March 28, 2013 http://www.policymic.com/articles/31361/the-coming-resource-wars-between-america-china-and-japan. ?

While China’s sociopathic… energy for the country

War is extremely likely over which country has access to seaboard resources. Hsiung.
James C. Hsiung, Professor, New York University.  “Sea Power, Law of the Sea, and China-Japan East China Sea "Resource War"”. Forum on China and the Sea Institute of Sustainable Development? Macao University of Science and Technology October 9-11, 2005.
Fourth, in the… relations since traditional times

The push for environmental protection alleviates the winner-loser scenario between China/Japan
Stephanie A. Weston Professor, Faculty of Law, Fukuoka University “Sino-Japanese Environmental Cooperation towards a New Constructive Partnership” 12/28/13 SH

Finally, China and… to the next level.

War goes nuclear and the brink is now, Goldstein.
Avery Goldstein, David M. Knott Professor of Global Politics and International Relations and Director of the Center for the Study of Contemporary China at the University of Pennsylvania.  “China’s Real and Present Danger: Now Is the Time for Washington to Worry”. High Beam Business http://business.highbeam.com/409744/article-1G1-348568634/china-real-and-present-danger-now-time-washington-worry  12/28/13 SH
Much of the debate… the Obama administration's "pivot,"

And, I outweigh on probability, more brink evidence, Moss.
1Trefor Moss 17 January, 2013 “High-stakes stand-off between Japan and China won't come to war” http://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1129510/high-stakes-stand-between-japan-and-china-wont-come-war?page=all 12/28/13 SH
Let's spare a moment… have just melted down.

Resource extraction exacerbates Afghan instability; it causes conflict and corruption. Empirically proven, Behzan.
Frud Bezhan , “Mineral Wealth Could Harm, Not Aid, Afghanistan's Future”. Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty, October 2, 2013. http://www.rferl.org/content/afghanistan-mining-industry-oil-resources-economy/25124104.html. 

But the country's… space for corruption.

Prioritizing environmental protection solves- pacifies local conflicts and minimizes corruption. Brown and Blankenship,?
Oli Brown and Erin Blankenship , “Natural Resource Management and Peacebuilding in Afghanistan”. United Nations Environment Programme, May 2013. http://www.unep.org/disastersandconflicts/portals/155/countries/Afghanistan/pdf/UNEP_Afghanistan_NRM.pdf.
Mining is tied… their own concerns

Afghanistan instability creates nuclear war. Starr.

?Starr, 1 (December 13, Chair of Central Asia-Caucasus Institute at John Hopkins University, “The War Against Terrorism and U.S. Bilateral Relations with the Nations of Central Asia,” Testimony before Senate Subcommittee on Central Asia and the Southern Caucasus)?

All of the Central…. U.S. cannot ignore.