Tournament: Stanford | Round: 4 | Opponent: Charlotte lawrence | Judge:
same Util fw as september-october

Util is implicit in the very existence of the state, since it exists to protect citizens. Kennan
Kennan, George (Professor Emeritus at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton). “Morality and Foreign Policy”. Foreign Affairs, Vol. 64, No. 2. 1985. P. 205-218.

Second, let us...basis of them

Current Chilean and Argentinean glacier protection policy is insufficient. Noyce 09:
Chris Noyce, reporter for the Santiago Times, (April 24, 2009), the Santiago Times, Expert Condemns Chilean glacier policy as insufficient,

Brenning, an assistant...glaciers in Chile

Resolved: The Republics of Argentina and Chile will end mining in glacial and per glacial areas. Funding is guaranteed and the plan will be implemented through normal means.

Advantage 1: Water Scarcity:

Chile’s glaciers are currently shrinking and mining is a significant contributing factor. Maxwell 13:
Amanda Maxwell, works at the Natural Resources Defense Council, Masters degree in International Politics and Economics with a focus in Renewable Energy policy from Charles University, (October 25, 2013), the Natural Resources Defense Council, South America's glaciers: going the way of the dinosaurs?, 

Sadly, the region's...daily drinking water

Water from glaciers are key to Chile’s water supplies. Jamasmie 13:
Cecilia Jamasmie, news editor at Mining.com, (October 9, 2013), Mining.com, Chile’s proposed glaciers protection law worries miners, investors,

In most places...near the top

Banning mining can solve the loss of glaciers. Using a broad definition of glacier solves. Henao 13:
Luis Andres Henao, reporter for the Associated Press, (October 9, 2013), Chile glacier bill pits mines against water supply,
A broader definition...from 250,000 now

Water Scarcity will lead to water wars, endangering populations. Arsenault 12:
Chris Arsenault, senior online producer with Al Jazeera English specialising in Latin America, natural resources and environmental conflict, has held the Wolfson Press Fellowship at Cambridge University, The Phil Lind Fellowship at the University of British Columbia, (August 26, 2012), Al-Jazeera, Risk of Water Wars rises with scarcity, 

The author Mark...potentially explosive situations

Water wars go global—it's an essential resource. Postel and Wolf 01
(Sandra and Aaron, Global Water Policy @ Amherst and Asst. Prof. Geo. @ OSU, http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/198/40343.html#postel, accessed 7/7/11) 

Others argue, however...and political instability?

Advantage 2: Nuclear Meltdown:

To support energy demands of its copper industry, Chile is turning to nuclear power. Bodzin 11:
Steven Bodzin, Correspondent for the Christian Science Monitor, (March 21, 2011), the Christian Science Monitor, US agrees to help Chile go nuclear, despite Japan disaster, 

Among the urgent...a nuclear course

The plan solves by eliminating mountain mining, which is largely for copper. Henao 2:

If it passes...specifically protecting glaciers

With nuclear power, nuclear accidents are inevitable. Yashwant 11:
Shailendra Yashwant, campaign director for Green Peace South East Asia, (March 18, 2011), the Jakarta Post, Meltdowns inevitable, the sordid side of nuclear power, 

Once again, we...levels of radioactivity

Nuclear accidents risk extinction. Lendman 11
Stephen Lendman. The People’s Voice: News and Viewpoints. “Nuclear meltdown in Japan,” March 13th, 2011. 

for years, helen...until much later

Tournament: Berks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Connor Engel | Judge:
Only a constitutivist account of moral motivation provides agents with non-optional reasons for acting. Katsafanas:
 Katsafanas, Paul. “Deriving Ethics from Action: A Nietzchean Version of Constitutivism.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, LLC.  Boston University: 2011.

Enter a third...is an agent

Rational Agency is inescapable. Ferrero provides two warrants:
Ferrero, Luca. “Constitutivism and the Inescapability of Agency.” Unpublished draft. 2009. Web.

Agency is special...viability of constituvism

Your Intent and your constitutive aim, not your desire, provides the necessary unity of movement in an action. Rodl 2000 writes
Rödl, Sebastian. Self-Consciousness, Harvard University Press, 2000

Calculation from desire...be doing B

1. Identifying yourself as the cause of your actions is contained in the idea of rational agency. Korsgaard:
   CHRISTINE M. KORSGAARD, “SELF-CONSTITUTION IN THE ETHICS OF PLATO AND KANT”. The Journal of Ethics 1999, Volume 3, Issue 1, pp 1-29. Specifically, “VII. GOOD ACTION AND THE UNITY OF THE KANTIAN WILL”.  Professor of Philosphy, Harvard University.

So particularistic will...or your will

2. Rational agents also cannot act on a maxim that hinders the outer freedom of others’ – that is non-universalizable. Engstrom writes:
Engstrom, Stephen. “Universal Legislation as the Form of Practical Knowledge.” N.d. Available from http://www.philosophie.uni-hd.de/md/philsem/engstrom_vortrag.pdf.  

Now on the...the same freedom

Coercion is justified as a hindrance of a hindrance to freedom. Ripstein 1:
Arthur Ripstein, professor of law and philosophy at the University of Toronto, (2009), the President and the Fellows of Harvard College, On Force and Freedom: Kant’s Legal and Political Philosophy, p. 54-55

Second, Kant's conception...to deter aggression

First, a system of equal freedom requires a system of property. Ripstein 2:

Innate right is...and status relations

Environmental destruction is inimical to property rights so environmental protection is justified. Attaner 12:

Now at this stage...with preservationist duties

2. Environmental protection is required because of our duties to animals. Korsgaard 2:

Even if you...the other animals

Tournament: Any | Round: 1 | Opponent: Any | Judge: Any
We each have our own perspectives and are only able to perceive our own experiences, not the viewpoint of others.
Nagel, Thomas. The View from Nowhere. New York: Oxford UP, 1986. 25. Print.
In the pursuit of this goal...of its own incompleteness

The only way to make ought statements would be to include as many perspectives as possible
Hudgens:Jennifer L. Hudgens “Perspectives on Perspectivism: Nietzsche and His Commentators” Georgia State University Philosophy Theses Department of Philosophy 8-3-2007
Again, the definition I offered...and there are other possibilities also.

Aunts aren't necessarily female. Moore
  A.W. Moore. The Evolution of Modern Metaphysics.

Imagine for instance...few male aunts

First, high aff support in 51 countries Vasi 12:
Ion Bagden Dasi, Assistant Professor in the School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University, (2012), Consilience, the Journal of Sustainable Development, Public Support for Sustainable Development: A Mile Wide, but How Deep?, (http://www.consiliencejournal.org/index.php/consilience/article/viewFile/276/122)

Research on environmental...was over 65

Second, high aff support from students.. Trumper 10:
Ricardo Trumper, professor at Haifer University, (December 2010), Science Education International, How do learners in developed and developing countries relate to environmental issues?, Volume 21, No. 4

Other items describe...somebody's else's job.

Third, high aff support in Brazil. Butler 11:
Rhett Butler, writer for Mongabay.com, (June 11, 2011), Majority of Brazilians reject changes in Amazon Forest Code, (http://news.mongabay.com/2011/0611-amazon_code_poll.html)

the vast majority...need to reforest

Tournament: Meadows, Alta | Round: 1 | Opponent: Many | Judge: Many
Ought is function.
MacIntyre, Alasdair. After Virtue. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame, 1984.
"Yet in fact...a good watch."

Inductive reasoning fails, so frameworks based on the consequences of affirming or negating are non-sensical. Hume :

Hume, David. An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, http://18th.eserver.org/hume-enquiry.html#4

that there are...point in question

Truth seeking comes first because it’s necessary for any other goal.
Wu Shanshan, China University School of Law, The Search for Truth in Criminal Process, (http://www.cesl.edu.cn/upload/201209206168631.pdf)
"The criminal process...in criminal process."

Truth-seeking is the function of criminal justice because all rules are based on it.
Winfried Hassemer, Professor Emeritus at Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe University, HUMAN DIGNITY IN THE CRIMINAL PROCESS:  THE EXAMPLE OF TRUTH-FINDING (http://law.huji.ac.il/upload/ILR44HassemerFinal.pdf)
"The distinction between...he criminal process."

 ignoring the truth leads to loss of trust in the system, making the achievement of all other goals impossible. Bradley and Hoffmann:
Joseph Hoffman, professor at Indiana University School of Law Craig Bradley, professor at Indiana University School of Law, (January 1, 1996), Southern California Law Review, PUBLIC PERCEPTION, JUSTICE, AND THE "SEARCH FOR TRUTH" IN CRIMINAL CASES, (http://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1509andcontext=facpub)

We must remember...living public opinion

Empirically, the function of the CJS has shifted from being defendant-based to being based on the victim.
John Stickels, Assistant professor at the University of Texas at Arlington, (2008), Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice Research and Education, The Victim Satisfaction Model of the Criminal Justice System, (http://www.scientificjournals.org/journals2008/articles/1370.pdf)
"As demonstrated by...the victim's attorney."

Tournament: Alta, Meadows | Round: 1 | Opponent: Many | Judge: Many
Same Util Framework as November-December Util NC

Advantage 1: Terrorism

In the squo, terrorist attacks are increasing. Bjelopera 13:
Jerome P. Bjelopera, Specialist in Organized Crime and Terrorism at the Congressional Research Service, (January 17, 2013), the Congressional Research Service, The Domestic Terrorist Threat: Background and Issues for Congress, (http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/terror/R42536.pdf)

The emphasis on...last several years.

Terrorists use attorney-client privilege to facilitate acts of terror. The privilege allows Al-Qaeda to use lawyers to communicate.
 Yin:
Tung Yin, Professor at the University of Iowa College of Law, “Boumediene and Lawfare” March 2009

Using an attorney...against the United States

2. Monitoring terrorist increases the amount of information about plots. Even, if it deters discourse it destroys the ability for terrorist to communicate. Rice and Saul:
Paul R. Rice and Benjamin Parlin Saul, “Is the War on Terrorism a War on Attorney-Client Privilege?”. Criminal Justice Magazine?Summer 2002?Volume 17 Issue 2.http://www.americanbar.org/publications/criminal_justice_magazine_home/crimjust_cjmag_17_2_privilege.html. 

Two reasons seem...adjudication of guilt

3. . Empirically, monitoring of attorney-client privilege has stopped terrorist plots. Ruzenski:
(Katherine Ruzenski, J.D. Candidate, St. John's University, June 2005, NOTE: BALANCING FUNDAMENTAL CIVIL LIBERTIES AND THE NEED FOR INCREASED HOMELAND SECURITY: THE ATTORNEY-CLIENT PRIVILEGE AFTER SEPTEMBER 11TH)?

The civil libertarians...yet been caught

Terrorism goes nuclear and causes extinction. Morgan 09
(Dennis Ray Morgan *?Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin Campus - South Korea, Elsevier, Futures 41 (2009) 683–693, “World on fire: two scenarios of the destruction of human civilization and possible extinction of the human race”)

In a remarkable...in a nuclear winter

Advantage 2: Nuclear Power

Limiting attorney client privilege is key to checking the nuclear industry. Lawyers should disclose knowledge of environmental problems. Russell:
Citation: 72 Wash. L. Rev. 409 1997¶ CRIES AND WHISPERS: ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS,¶ MODEL RULE 1.6, AND THE ATTORNEY'S¶ CONFLICTING DUTIES TO CLIENTS AND OTHERS¶ Irma S. Russell' Assistant Professor of Law, University of Memphis

The duty is...in extreme cases

Nuclear accidents risk extinction. Lendman 11
Stephen Lendman. The People’s Voice: News and Viewpoints. “Nuclear meltdown in Japan,” March 13th, 2011. http://www.thepeoplesvoice.org/TPV3/Voices.php/2011/03/13/nuclear-meltdown-in-japan

For years, Helen...until much later

Advantage 3: EU-US Relations

US surveillance has put US-EU relations on the brink. WSJ 12/2:
PR NewsWire, (December 2, 2013), the Wall Street Journal, Extensive Covert Surveillance Programme Harms EU Perceptions of U.S. And Could Put TTIP Negotiations at Risk, (http://online.wsj.com/article/PR-CO-20131202-900578.html?dsk=y)

The recent revelations...practice in London

Attorney-client privilege law varies between the US and the EU. Brumbaugh 12:
Kay Lynn Brumbaugh, recognized as one of the top lawyers in Anti-trust law, (May 2012), Four Practical Tips for Protecting the Attorney-Client Privilege, (http://www.andrewskurth.com/pressroom-publications-903.html)

Although most countries...in the EU.

Legal consistency is the biggest internal link to EU-US relations. Fahey 13:
Elaine Fahey , “On the Use of Law in Transatlantic Relations: Legal Dialogues between the EU and US”. European Law JournalQuals: Postdoctoral Researcher, 22 MAY 2013.

The interactions between...bilateral transatlantic relations

US-EU Relations solve bioterror and cyberterror. Hamilton 03:
Daniel Hamilton, Director of the Center for Transatlantic Relations at Johns Hopkins University, June 11, 2003, Future of Transatlantic Relations, FDCH Congressional Testimony, p. lexis

It is unlikely...risk of attack

Bioweapon use spreads globally and causes extinction – outweighs nuclear weapons. Steinbruner 98:
John Steinbruner, Brookings Senior Fellow, 1997, “Biological weapons: a plague upon all houses,”

More than 70...its outer limit

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 1 | Opponent: Charlotte Lawrence | Judge:
Resolved: The governments of Argentina and Chile will end mining in glacial and per glacial areas. Funding is guaranteed and the plan will be implemented through normal means.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Many | Judge: Many
Pragmatism.
Pragmatism: A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking - William James 1907. Print
If I am...in this way.

Moral uncertainty means that extinction comes first even under non-consequentalist ethical frameworks.
Nick Bostrom, 2001 prof of Philosophy, Oxford University  Journal of Evolution and Technology, Vol. 9, March 2002. First version: 2001 March, JStor
These reflections on...lot of value.

Independently of moral obligations, util is most specific to the government’s obligations.
Gary Woller, June 1997 (BYU Prof.), “An Overview by Gary Woller”, A Forum on the Role of Environmental Ethics, pg. 10/
Appeals to a...in a democracy

S=Maximizing Expected Well-Being

Currently, democracy is on the decline around the world.
Joshua Kurlantzick, fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, (January 16, 2013), the Council on Foreign Relations, Report Shows Democracy’s Decline for Seventh Straight Year, (http://blogs.cfr.org/asia/2013/01/16/report-shows-democracys-decline-for-seventh-straight-year/)
Today at an...in their neighborhoods

Compulsory voting increases voter turnout. Fowler 13:
Anthony Fowler, Department of Government at Harvard University, (2013), Quarterly Journal of Political Science, Electoral and Policy Consequences of Voter Turnout: Evidence from Compulsory Voting in Australia, (http://conferences.wcfia.harvard.edu/files/westminster_model_democracy/files/fowler_compulsoryvoting.pdf)
Table 2 presents...many legislative assemblies.

High voter turnout is key to democracy promotion by the European Union.
Anthoula Malkopoulou, Visiting fellow at the Center for European Policy Studies, (July 2009), Center for European Policy Studies, Lost Voters: Participation in EU elections and the case for compulsory voting, (http://www.ceps.eu/files/book/1886.pdf)
AS far as...these values itself.

Conditional aid increases democratization.
Erasmus Kersting, assistant professor of economics and statistics at Villanova University, Christopher Kilby, professor of economics at Villannova University, (June 8, 2013), Aid and Democracy Redux, (http://dial2013.dauphine.fr/fileadmin/mediatheque/dial2013/documents/Papers/300_US_Kilby.pdf)
This paper reexamines...as a general input.

Continued democratization is essential to avert nuclear war.
Joshua, “Democracy and nuclear peace,” Jul 11, http://www.npec-web.org/syllabi/muravchik.htm
The greatest impetus...still more remote.

Currently, Japan is transitioning back to nuclear power.
Justin McCurry, correspondent for the Christian Science Monitor, (July 10, 2013), the Christian Science Monitor, Japan to give nuclear power another chance, (http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2013/0710/Japan-to-give-nuclear-power-another-chance)
Japan appears poised...within a year.

The Japanese people oppose nuclear power.
Chico Harlan, reporter for the Washington Post, (March 11, 2013), the Washington Post, Four reasons Japan still hasn’t broken its nuclear addiction, (http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/03/11/why-japans-anti-nuke-group-punches-below-weight/)
Two years after...nation's atomic reliance

Compulsory voting makes governments more accountable to their populations.
William Galston, senior fellow at the Brookings Institution, (November 5, 2011), the New York Times, Telling Americans to vote, or else, (http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/06/opinion/sunday/telling-americans-to-vote-or-else.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0)
The second argument...a traffic ticket.

With nuclear power, nuclear accidents are inevitable.
Shailendra Yashwant, campaign director for Green Peace South East Asia, (March 18, 2011), the Jakarta Post, Meltdowns inevitable, the sordid side of nuclear power, (http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/03/18/meltdowns-inevitable-sordid-side-nuclear-power.html)
Once again, we...levels of radioactivity.

Nuclear accidents risk extinction.
Stephen Lendman. The People’s Voice: News and Viewpoints. “Nuclear meltdown in Japan,” March 13th, 2011. http://www.thepeoplesvoice.org/TPV3/Voices.php/2011/03/13/nuclear-meltdown-in-japan
For years, Helen...until much later.

Increased voter turnout means more representation for minorities and policies in their favor.
Jessica Trounstine, professor at UC Merced, Zoltan Hajnal, professor of political science at the University of Chicago, (2008), Uneven Democracy: Turnout, Minority Interests, and Local Government Spending, (http://www.sas.upenn.edu/dcc/documents/HajnalUnevenDemocracy.pdf)
Does turnout affect...in Table 1

Redistributive policies can reduce poverty, which threatens African-American communities.
Alan Jenkins, executive director of The Opportunity Agenda, a communications, research, and advocacy organization with the mission of building the national will to expand opportunity in America, (April 22, 2007), the American Prospect, Inequality, Race, and Remedy, (http://prospect.org/article/inequality-race-and-remedy)
We cannot hope...their insurance status.

Tournament: Alta | Round: 3 | Opponent: Many | Judge: Many
I advocate the continuation of status quo national security exceptions to attorney-client privilege. Ruzenski clarifies:

Katherine Ruzenski, J.D. Candidate, St. John's University, June 2005, NOTE: BALANCING FUNDAMENTAL CIVIL LIBERTIES AND THE NEED FOR INCREASED HOMELAND SECURITY: THE ATTORNEY-CLIENT PRIVILEGE AFTER SEPTEMBER 11TH)?

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 4 | Opponent: salim | Judge:
Debaters must disclose all broken cases (ACs, NCs, DAs, CPs, and kritiks) on the NDCA wiki under their own name. In this disclosure, they must post cites, tags, and first three and last three words of all cards read. Debaters may begin disclosing at any point during the season, but they must disclose all broken cases at least an hour before this round in order to meet my interp. They must disclose regardless of whether the tournament requires disclosure.