Tournament: All | Round: 1 | Opponent: Everyone | Judge: Everyone
2/17/14 - Berkeley

Sorry everyone!!
I've debated at tournaments on 8 out of the past 10 days, so I haven't had enough time to update any of my disclosure. Part of being from a small school means I don't have extra coaches who can disclose my positions after rounds. I gotta catch up with school work in the upcoming days, but I'll make a good attempt to ensure that it's up soon!

9/20/13 - Pre-Greenhill (I think this somehow got deleted earlier, but I'm restoring it)

If you need to talk to me, then send me a message on Facebook. In case we aren't friends, I'll probably be the "Andrew Bower" with mutual friends in the debate community.

Tournament: TOC | Round: 2 | Opponent: Westwood AG | Judge: Bob Overing
VERSE 1 INHERENCY

Last year's TOC champion challenges debaters to break away from current practices and create for themselves a new type of debate. Kuang 13:
Rebecca Kuang, 2013 TOC Champ. http://victorybriefs.com/vbd/2013/12/the-desolation-of-theory
“Here’s a novel… possibilities are endless.”

In his poem “Time to Go,” Mahola describes the intimate relationship he shares with the environment. Mahola 11:
 (Mzi Mahola, South African poet,  2011, “Time to Go,” found in Antonio Cuadrado-Fernandez’s “Mind, Body and Environment in Indigenous Anglophone Writing: Poetic Interventions for a New Modernity,” pp 121-128 of “Multiculturalism Critical and Inter-disciplinary Perspectives”)

"I even miss the fragrance
Of orchards in spring
Cuddled in tender rays of the sun.
How I’d love to sow and observe
New life sprouting from farm fields."

And, Mahola’s poem reveals Indigenous peasants’ relationship with the environment. Cuadrado-Fernandez 11:
Cuadrado-Fernandez 11 (Antonio Cuadrado-Fernandez, University of East Anglia, School of Literature and Creative Writing, 2011, “Mind, Body and Environment in Indigenous Anglophone Writing: Poetic Interventions for a New Modernity,” pp 121-128 of “Multiculturalism Critical and Inter-disciplinary Perspectives”)
“Another interesting example… that provides sustenance.”

And, indigenous people around the world are harmed by toxic products of resource extraction. The demonstrated loss of life is considered an “acceptable risk” because of the purported economic benefits. UN 12:
United Nations 12 (no author provided, January 18, 2012, United Nations, “Indigenous Women and Environmental Violence”)
“Indigenous Peoples live… concern of Indigenous women.”

And, Borja contextualizes the loss of culture in her primary language Spanish. Borja 10:
Borja 10 (Carmen Borja, writer for African Writers Abroad, November 2010, Platform ( NGO that combine arts, activism, education and research to create unique projects driven by the need for social and ecological justice), “No Condition is Permanent, 19 Poets on Climate Justice and Change,” pg 39 “Puedes Perderlo Todo”)
Puedes perderlo todo.
El olor de los prados en invierno,
los cuarenta matices del verde,
el sabor del pan,
el perfil de la piel amada,
el chillido gris de la gaviota.
Puedes perderlo todo.
La casa donde naciste,
la tierra que cobijo tus pasos,
la memoria del mar,
hasta el sonido de la lengua de tu madre.
Puedes perderlo todo.
Lo que sabes, lo que crees
saber, la profecía
Puedes perderlo todo.
Pero si no puedes amar más
llora, porque te has perdido.

Translation (Ana Osan, Dept of Modern Languages at Indiana University Northwest)
You could lose everything.
The smell of the prairies in the wintertime
the forty shades of green
the taste of bread
the profile of the skin of your loved one
the grey screech of the seagull.
You could lose everything.
The land that sheltered your steps,
the memory of the sea
even the sound of your mother’s lounge.
You could lose everything.
What you know, what you think
you know, the prophecy.
You could lose everything.
But if you can no longer love,
cry, for you have lost yourself."

VERSE 2 ADVOCACY
On the evaluative level I advocate for evaluating the debate through the framework of poetic policymaking centered around the actual position of the judge and debaters within the communicative framework of debate, making the affirmative and negative burdens wholly reciprocal by holding both debaters to the presentation of an advocacy that seeks concrete change based on the inspiration and foundation of a poetic framing of speech acts. 

Debate unifies unique people
From different backgrounds
flocking coast to coast,
to Lexington
Celebrating the art of speech

Spreading the literature and gasping between sentences,
opponents open backfiles, sweating in anticipation
We respond, flustered
And judges make choices with ballots.

We are unique, debate is unique.
To be better communicators
No other extracurricular does this.
We are the future leaders
It’s time we are exposed to other worldly viewpoints,
We can be the best possible advocates.

On the substantive level I advocate for a precautionary principle approach, inspired by the words of indigenous peoples and their perspectives, one which places them at the center of issues that concern them. 

TEXT: States will institute an absolute ban on extractive industry in the land of indigenous peoples and ensure that consultation with the individuals and communities uniquely affected by resource extraction takes precedence over externally generated policy.

Indigenous people need to be involved in environmental decisions and countries should adopt the precautionary principle which forces states and companies to prove that resource extraction is safe before it happens. UN 12:
United Nations 12 (no author provided, January 18, 2012, United Nations, “Indigenous Women and Environmental Violence”)
"Indigenous Peoples and...illness and death."

Indigenous people want the precautionary approach. Government transparency and cooperation with Indigenous people is key to protecting their health and culture. Committee on Indigenous Health 02:
Committee on Indigenous Health 02 (Committee on Indigenous Health-“the representatives of indigenous communities, nations, peoples and organizations attending the International Consultation on the Health of Indigenous Peoples,” May 1, 2002, Committee on Indigenous Health, “INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND HEALTH A Briefing Paper For The Permanent Forum On Indigenous Issues”)
"The health of...with Indigenous Peoples."

And, an approach that includes Indigenous input is key to ensuring that their voices are heard. Role-playing as tradtional crap politicians fails to solve the problem. Vowlles 10:
(John Lewis Vowlles, November 2010, Platform ( NGO that combine arts, activism, education and research to create unique projects driven by the need for social and ecological justice), “No Condition is Permanent, 19 Poets on Climate Justice and Change” pg 33 “Politics Gone Mad”)

Politics
It is going mad
All the politicians telling lies
To the world that I live in
To stay in office one more day.

They say we will do this
Will do that
If you vote for me
But then they get into power
They never do it.

Politics
"It is going madder and madder by the day
It’s all about the oil
Not about the people that they see and hear
Telling them what they want
They don’t care about the people
Politicians – they love money and all things that make them rich

So in the future – no more crap politicians
Let’s run this world ourselves and do the thing that we think are right
Let’s run this world the way it should be run
And make this a better place for the future for all humankind

You and me."
  

VERSE 4 FRAMEWORK

My theoretical framework for the ballot and evaluating the debate is poetic policymaking. The most educational and fair way to debate is to pursue social criticism and the description of a better world. I treat debate as poetry and poetry as argument. 

First, debate is a space where the medium is the message – content changes round to round and topic to topic, but the largest enduring value is generated by the practice of debating, which means how we debate matters most, and how we evaluate good debating is the absolute top level of any access to the ballot.

Second, good debating means using the power of poetic speech to envision policy, depict the world, and create new virtual futures that improve upon the status quo. Poetic speech is vital to our method because only poetry produces the best policymaking. 

Third, Debate should be about what WE CAN DO in round not about what WE CAN MAKE BELIEVE ABOUT in round. This centers the role of the ballot in the most realistic and true description of debate as an activity. Our use of fiat is a utopian tool to imagine a better life. McGee 99:
McGee, B. R. (1999). Fiat, practical politics, and utopian possibilities: A response to Korcok. Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, 20, 76-83.
"The alternative that...irritate such decision-makers."

There are several advantages to my method:

A. Best method for solving time-skew: non poetic approaches to debate privilege raw speech over the meaning of that speech. When we value metaphors and words as being themselves important rather than just being the building blocks of something called an argument, we let affirmatives and negatives express something that can actually last beyond the last speech in a round or can include more than 7 minutes of meaning. 

B. Best method for actually learning how to be policy-makers: real policymakers say that policymaking and political influence are dependent on relationships and emotional connections, not just facts. Cook 10:
A Politician's View of Policy Making Posted by Debbie Cook on February 16, 2010
(Editor's note: Below is an essay by new TheOilDrum contributor Debbie Cook. Debbie was formerly Mayor and Councilmember of Huntington Beach, CA from 2000-2008 and a US Congressional Candidate, 46th District in 2008. She is also President of the Board at the Post Carbon Institute. Long active in resource depletion related outreach with TOD, ASPO and PCI, she is also locally involved with energy/water and permaculture issues in southern CA.)
"In my opinion...we synthesize information."

And, the philosophical method of debate fails us just as much as a strict policymaking method. Walker 89:
Margaret Urban Walker (). Moral Understandings: Alternative "Epistemology" for a Feminist Ethics. Hypatia, Vol. 4, No. 2, Feminist Ethics and Medicine (Summer, 1989), pp. 15-28
"Preoccupation (whether in...of social life."

Tournament: GreenhillVoices | Round: 2 | Opponent: Winston Churchill MW, Apple Valley GH, Lake Highland JB Ram Prasad | Judge: Naila Dharani, Matt Delateur, John Scoggin, Michael Harris
The purpose of human knowledge is to break down hierarchies and systems of oppression.  This is rooted in both an ontological and epistemological understanding of humanity, which precedes any standard that doesn't approach the topic ontologically.  Mathews 81:
“Knowledge, Action, and Power.” Michael Matthews. Literacy and Revolution: The pedagogy of Paulo Freire. Edited by Robert Mackie. 1981: Continuum Publishing Co. Print. p. 92
This account of Freire's ...in their nature.

And, social reality is created and changed by humans. In order to break away from oppression, it’s imperative to abandon the oppressive mindsets that exclude critical ideas that are key to reform. Mackie 81:
Robert Mackie 81. Literacy and Revolution, the Pedagogy of Paulo Freire. New York: Continuum, 1981. 72. Print.
Objective social reality ...to transform it.

And, compulsory voting is the guarantee of voter freedom since it removes obstacles that prevent people from voting. Badham 13:
Badham 13 (Van Badham, broadcaster and critic, August 20, 2013, The Guardian, “Of course compulsory voting is a good thing”)
While voting remains...to exercise it.

Income inequalities are rising. Now 50 of national income belong to the top 10. Wolff 10:
Wolff 10 (Richard Wolff, Visiting Professor in the Graduate Program in International Affairs of the New School University, New York City. February 4, 2010, Professor Richard D. Wolff, “Rising Income Inequality in the US: Divisive, Depressing, and Dangerous”)
The gap between...with past patterns.

Low voter turnout and income inequality cause one another and these problems won’t change under voluntary voting. Schafer 11:
Armin Schafer 11, Fellow at the Hanse Institute for Advanced Studies in Delmenhorst, "Republican liberty and compulsory voting, Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies discussion paper, No. 11/17, 2011.
What is more...can be broken.

Enforcing compulsory voting compels bottom-income earners to vote. Chong and Olivera 08:
Chong and Olivera 08, Alberto Chong Research Department, Inter-American Development Bank and Mauricio Olivera, "Does Compulsory Voting Help Equality Incomes?", Economics and Politics, Volume 20, November 2008.
In this paper...distribution of income.

In the status quo in Pakistan, numerous obstacles prevent women from voting, which is equivalent to denying women enfranchisement. Fatima 13
Fatima 13 (Unbreen Fatima, April 28, 2013, Deutsche Welle: Women Talk Online, “The silent voters of Pakistan”)
The polling station...choose their representatives. 

And, recognizing women’s right to vote is not enough in Pakistan. Like other countries where women faced discrimination, voting must be compulsory. Zafar 08:
Zafar 08 (Ali Zafar, The Nation Reporter in Pakistan,  May 8, 2008, The Nation, “Women's rights and compulsory voting”)
It is not enough...in this area.

And, patriarchy stifles dissent and forces individuals under the control of an autocratic, male-dominated society. It lies at the root cause of all forms of violence, totalitarianism, and exclusion, threatening humanity itself. Crane 09:
Crane 09Crane, Samantha JD. “Book Review: The Deepening Darkness: Patriarchy, Resistance, and Democracy’s Future”. Harvard Law School. 2009.
Gilligan and Richards’s...is very humanizing.

Status quo barriers prevent American Indians from voting. ACLU 09:
ACLU 09 (no author, September 2009, American Civil Liberties Union, “Voting Rights in Indian Country,” pg 4)
Indians have long...government at all levels.

And, removing these barriers that inhibit Indian participation through compulsory voting is key to meaningful participation. ACLU 2:
ACLU 09 (no author, September 2009, American Civil Liberties Union, “Voting Rights in Indian Country,” pg 1-59)
To ensure that...Voting ¶ Rights Act.

And, the impacts are essential benefits to American Indian communities. ACLU 3:
ACLU 09 (no author, September 2009, American Civil Liberties Union, “Voting Rights in Indian Country,” pg 1-59)
Numerous studies show...perception of government

And, efforts to break down the Euroamerican violence against American Indians are both post and pre-fiat valuable; a recognition of the oppression of American Indians is a pre-requisite to exposing the background structural oppression that ensures large segments of America’s population continue to live unwell and unfree. Churchill 02:
(Ward Churchill, Former Chair Of the Ethnic Studies Department at the University of Colorado/Boulder, Acts Of Rebellion: The Ward Churchill Reader, p.xv 2002)
This book follows...to American Indians.

The judge has the power to decide what arguments are accepted and which are rejected, which controls discourse within LD and establishes regimes of truth. This controls thought and action outside of the debate community and in the real world. This is my positive picture of debate and the role of the ballot. Giroux 12:
Punishing Youth. Counter Punch. Henry Giroux 2012 http://www.counterpunch.org/2012/08/09/punishing-youth/
Fighting for democracy...critically engaged agents.

Tournament: Alta | Round: 4 | Opponent: Loyola NR, Bingham TP | Judge: Charles Wanless, TomAmestoy MaddieDailey, JesusMunoz
The purpose of human knowledge is to break down hierarchies and systems of oppression.  This is rooted in both an ontological and epistemological understanding of humanity, which precedes any standard that doesn't approach the topic ontologically.  Mathews 81:
“Knowledge, Action, and Power.” Michael Matthews. Literacy and Revolution: The pedagogy of Paulo Freire. Edited by Robert Mackie. 1981: Continuum Publishing Co. Print. p. 92
"This account of...in their nature."

And, social reality is created and changed by humans. In order to break away from oppression, it’s imperative to abandon the oppressive mindsets that exclude critical ideas that are key to reform. Mackie 81:
Robert Mackie 81. Literacy and Revolution, the Pedagogy of Paulo Freire. New York: Continuum, 1981. 72. Print.
"Objective social reality...to transform it."

Further, having a values debate before recognizing the importance of structural violence is moot because structural violence causes us to divide others into categories that are worthy and unworthy of our values, making them meaningless. Winter and Leighton 08:
Winter and Leighton 08 Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter: Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and ustice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice) (Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century. Pg 4-5, 2008)
"Finally, to recognize...to reduce it."

A is the Inherency:
First, due to the nature of child abuse, the only source of evidence in too many abuse cases is the testimony of the abused.  Walsh 08:
Walsh 08 (Wendy A. Walsh, research associate professor of sociology at the Crimes against Children Research Center and a research assistant at the Carsey Institute at the University of New Hampshire, 2008, Crime and Delinquency Volume XX Number X, “Prosecuting Child Abuse: The Importance of Evidence Type”)
"The decision to...of the crime."

And, the lack of corroborating evidence in child abuse cases lets abusers go free.  Warner 08:
Warner 08 (Kate Warner, Lecturer and Faculty of Law at University of Tasmania Hobart, 2008, Australian Institute of Criminology, “Child Witnesses: Evidentiary Reforms”)
"A person accused... technicalities of corroboration."

Second, child testimonies are less likely to be listened to in the current criminal justice system, so abusers go free. Martin 92:
Martin 92 (Michael J. Martin, published by National Council on Family Relations, July 1992, Family Relations. Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 330-333, “Child Sexual Abuse: Preventing Continued Victimization by the Criminal Justice System and Associated Agencies”)
"Berliner and Barbieri... having been molested."

B is the Plan Text: The United States Federal Government will establish federal mandatory reporting statures that force attorneys to breach the attorney client privilege in instances of child abuse. Funding is guaranteed and the plan will be implemented through normal means.  
AAML 04:
AAML 04 (no author, 2004, Journal of the American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers Vol. 19, “Mandatory Reporting Attorneys’ Duty to Report Child Abuse”)
"Attorneys are in...for further abuse."

C is the Solvency:

First, studies show that an increase in such evidence would lead to an increase in convictions of child abuse cases. Giving the attorneys the ability to testify in court will allow for convictions.  Walsh 2:
Walsh 08 (Wendy A. Walsh, research associate professor of sociology at the Crimes against Children Research Center and a research assistant at the Carsey Institute at the University of New Hampshire, 2008, Crime and Delinquency Volume XX Number X, “Prosecuting Child Abuse: The Importance of Evidence Type”)
"Nearly two thirds...evidence and charging."

Second, the attorney client privilege uniquely prevents this evidence from coming to light. Harris 92:
Harris 92 (David A. Harris, Associate Professor of Law at the University of Toledo College of Law, Fall 1992, Northwestern Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, “Constitution and Truth Seeking: A New Theory on Expert Services for Indigent Defendants”)
"Many commentators disagree...other defendant would."

Third, without disclosure on the part of the attorney, prosecutors are less likely to take a case that involves child abuse.  This puts the abused at an inherent disadvantage.  Martin 2:
Martin 92 (Michael J. Martin, published by National Council on Family Relations, July 1992, Family Relations. Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 330-333, “Child Sexual Abuse: Preventing Continued Victimization by the Criminal Justice System and Associated Agencies”)
"A fourth reason...difficult to obtain."

The role of the ballot is to vote for the debater that best performatively and methodologically engages structural violence.
There are a lot of analytic arguments here. Hit me up if you want to talk about them.

Only by recognizing this role of the ballot can we continue to mobilize support and stop the antagonism in debate between winning and the real world. To limit the scope of our resolutional discussion to merely the traditional form of debate can we fight the imbalances of power we talk about. Spanos 1:
http://kdebate.com/spanos.html William V. Spanos is a highly acclaimed author, World War II Veteran, POW at Dresden, distinguished professor of English and Comparative Literature at the SUNY Binghamton and well known in the competitive world of high school and intercollegiate academic debate. We thank Dr. Spanos so much for speaking with us. It is not often that we have such brilliant minds comment on our insular activity and his work gets at the heart of what we do.
"All that I've...system of binaries."

And, accept my criticism with me as an outsider. Looking to the radical implications of our discourse and functioning outside the post-fiat realm of debate is the only way to formulate us properly for the real world. Spanos 2
http://kdebate.com/spanos.html William V. Spanos is a highly acclaimed author, World War II Veteran, POW at Dresden, distinguished professor of English and Comparative Literature at the SUNY Binghamton and well known in the competitive world of high school and intercollegiate academic debate. We thank Dr. Spanos so much for speaking with us. It is not often that we have such brilliant minds comment on our insular activity and his work gets at the heart of what we do.
"The danger of...to reproduce it."

As high school debaters, childhood – unlike race or sex – is a temporary phase we will all have left; thus we especially tend not to address children’s rights because we don’t worry about those inequalities being permanently applied to any of us - Children's issues come first. Godwin 11:
Godwin 11 (Samantha Godwin, Graduate student in philosophy at University College London, University of London; J.D. candidate at Georgetown University Law Center,  2011, Northwestern Interdisciplinary Law Review Vol IV, No. 1, “Children’s Oppression, Rights, and Liberation’)
"While childhood similarly...acquire those means."

Underview:

1. Only aff gets RVIs
       2. T must be read with an excluded position
       3. Neg must defend the converse

Tournament: Voices | Round: 2 | Opponent: Peninsula NM, Del Mar KB | Judge: Arman Jaffer, Artem Raskin
Frameworks function like definitions since they are derived from the text of the resolution, so they must be held to the same standards of evenly dividing ground. Fairness arguments always come before arguments about the truth of the resolution. Overing 13:
Overing 13 (Bob Overing, 2012-2013 Bid Leader and Runner-Up at 2012 TOC and a mutual fan of “The Mariner’s Revenge Song” with Ben Koh, April 14, 2013, Judge Philosophies, “LD Judge Philosophy – Bob Overing”)
I have yet...of one’s framework.

And, the best way of evaluating arguments is by looking to pragmatism. All moral frameworks have some truth in certain instances, but no moral framework is absolutely perfect. Pragmatism allows us to compare different moral theories and determine which is the most useful in understanding particular situations. James 07:
James 07 (William James, 1907, “PRAGMATISM: A NEW NAME FOR SOME OLD WAYS OF THINKING)
But if you...fruits, consequences, facts.

And, ought means looking to produce the best outcomes. Harris 11.
Harris 10 (Sam Harris, American author, philosopher, and neuroscientist, as well as the co-founder and CEO of Project Reason, Stanford University, B.A., UCLA, Ph.D., 2010, “The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values”)
Many moral skeptics...not making sense.

And, prefer this definition of ought for three reasons:

1. Predictability
   All moral theories presume that need to make the world better, which means they are all based in consequentialist reasoning; they only differ whether there should be constraints. Sinnott-Armstrong 11:
   Sinnott-Armstrong 11 (Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Chauncey Stillman Professor of Practical Ethics in the Department of Philosophy and the Kenan Institute for Ethics at Duke University, 20111, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, “Consequentialism”)
   Even if consequentialists...as consequentialists claim.

2. Ground
3. Clash

And, the round should be evaluated through a policymaking paradigm for three reasons.

1. Predictable
   2. Ground
   3. Critical Thinking Skills

And, due to limited knowledge about individuals, policy makers make utilitarian decisions to benefit the masses. Goodin 90:
Robert Goodin, fellow in philosophy, Australian National Defense University, THE UTILITARIAN RESPONSE,1990, p. 141-2 (PDNSS1636)
Public officials are...possible general rule.

Contention 1-Pakistan Water Wars

Status quo tensions over water scarcity are increasing and could escalate into and Indo-Pak war. Chan 13:
Chan 13 (Leo Chan, graduate of the Environmental Management and Technology at The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, January 1, 2013, Fearful Symmetry: Perspectives about our environmental challenges and opportunities, “South Asia;s Looming Water Crisis”)
According to a...be eliminated forever.

And, water scarcity in Pakistan is caused by corruption and mismanagement. Solving instability requires participation and awareness of the masses. Aslam 13:
Aslam 13 (Malik Shahan Aslam, Senior Member of the CSS Forum, Civil Service of Pakistan, March 25, 2013, Pakistan Observer, “Water scarcity.”)
Water scarcity is...of water audaciously.

And, compulsory voting is key to a democratic transition in Pakistan, which is combats corruption. Yamin 12:
Yamin 12 (Dr.  Saira Yamin, associate professor at the Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies (APCSS) in Honolulu, July 23, 2012, International Herald Tribune, :”The Case for Compulsory Voting)
In Pakistan, voter...its interests well.

And, without compulsory voting and democracy, water wars will go nuclear. Zahoor 11:
Zahoor 11 (Musharaf Zahoor, researcher at Department of Nuclear Politics, National Defence University, Islamabad, Saturday, June 4, 2011, Writer South Asia, “Water crisis can trigger nuclear war in South Asia”)
The water stress...through military means.

And, nuclear war causes extinction. Hellman 08:
Hellman 08 (Dr. Martin E. Hellman, Spring 2008, Stanford University, “Risk Analysis of Nuclear Deterance”)
This OTA report...comet striking Earth.

Contention 2-Global Warming

Lack of compulsory voting skews the vote since most of the voters are very partisan, which increases polarization in the government. Compulsory voting is key to a Congress that solves problems. Galston 11:
Galston 11 (William A. Gallston, November 5, 2011, New York Times, “Telling Americans to Vote, or Else”)
The third argument...issues it ignores.

And, environmental polarization is happening right now and bipartisan cooperation is key to solving climate change. Bohannan et al 12:
Bohannan et al 13 (Brendan Bohannan, Professor, Environmental Studies and Biology, University of Oregon¶ Julia Cole, Professor, Geosciences and Atmospheric Sciences, The University of Arizona¶ Eugene Cordero, Professor, Department of Meteorology and Climate Science, San Jose State University¶ Frank Davis, Professor, Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara¶ Andrew Dessler, Professor of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas AandM University¶ Simon Donner, Associate Professor, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia¶ Nicole Heller, Visiting Assistant Professor, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University¶ Brian Helmuth, Professor, Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences and School of Public Policy and Urban Affairs, Northeastern University¶ Jonathan Koomey, Research Fellow, Steyer-Taylor Center for Energy Policy and Finance, Stanford University¶ David Lea, Professor, Dept. of Earth Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA¶ Kelly Levin, Senior Associate, World Resources Institute¶ David Lobell, Associate Professor of Environmental Earth System Science, Stanford University¶ Ed Maurer, Associate Professor and Robert W. Peters Professor, Civil Engineering Dept., Santa Clara University¶ Suzanne C. Moser, Director, Susanne Moser Research and Consulting and Social Science Research Fellow, Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University¶ Matthew C. Nisbet, Associate Professor, School of Communication, American University, Washington D.C.¶ Whendee L. Silver, Professor of Ecosystem Ecology, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley¶ Alan Townsend, Professor, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, August 1, 2013, Climate Science Watch, “Open letter to the Executive Chairman and CEO of Google Inc. from Google Science Communication Fellows”)
Among his most...and consensus building.

And, US leadership is key to the global effort against climate change. Ki-Moon 09:
Ki-Moon 09 (Ban Ki-Moon, Secretary-General of the United Nations, October 25, 2009, New York Times, “We Can Do It “)
Every day, the...this looming challenge.

And, climate change causes extinction. There are two warrants
First is loss of biodiversity. Brundtland 12:
Gro Harlem Brundtland, et. al, is a Norwegian Social democratic politician, diplomat, and physician, and an international leader in sustainable development and public health. She served three terms as Prime Minister of Norway, in partnership with the Conservation International, International institute for Environment and Development, and International Union for the Conservation of Nature. February 20th 2012 “Environment and Development Challenges: The Imperative to Act” http://www.af-info.or.jp/bpplaureates/doc/2012jp_fp_en.pdf. Page 9.
Biodiversity – the variety...of ecosystem services. 

Second is the release of carbon stocks raise global temperatures tens of degrees. Henderson 06:
Henderson 06 (Bill Henderson, August 19, 2006, Counter Culture, “Runaway Global Warming Denail”)
Global warming isn't...extinction of humanity.

Tournament: Cal RRBerkeley | Round: 5 | Opponent: College Prep CL, Brentwood MR | Judge: Vishnu Majumdar, Jordan Lamothe, Bryan Chiou, Michael Harris
The state is made of individuals. State officials and agents do not cease to be human once they become employed by a government. Individual normative concerns still apply to them. Nagel 79:
Thomas Nagel. Mortal Questions “Ruthlessness in Public Life.” 1979 Cambridge U Press.
"Let me return...than take bribes."

And, we need a decision mechanism that can decide between ANY policy set, not just one that can level a decision in one circumstance or one type of circumstances.  Mikulak 08:
Michael Mikulak 2008. “The Rhizomatics of Domination.” An Unlikely Alliance – Thinking Environments with Deleuze and Guattari. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Ed. Bernd Herzogenrath. p. 66-67
"In a time...to be related."

And, all things that are uniquely human are built on top of the ecological environment we inhabit and our own natural abilities. Donnelly 07:
Strachan Donnelly.  Ethical Boundaries of Animal Biotechnology: Descartes, Spinoza, and Darwin.  2007.  Published in: Nature's Edge: Boundary Explorations in Ecological Theory and Practice.
“It is within...and meaningful existence."

My metaethical foundation is therefore the primacy of natural life, and the prerequisite that all ethical systems enhance life rather than detract from it. Skolimowski 81:
Henryk Skolimowski. Eco-Philosophy: Designing New Tactics for Living. Marion Boyars. Print. 1981
"We do not...a hermetic cul-de-sac."

I contend that preservation of the environment comes first in the hierarchy of ethical concerns when in conflict. Eliott 03:
Elliot in 2003Herschel. “Tributes to Garrett Hardin: The Revolutionary Import of Garrett Hardin’s Work.” The Garrett Hardin Society. Professor of Biological and Agricultural Engineering @ Penn State
“The fact that...of its denial.”

I advocate developing countries should adopt a principle of natural capital, reconceptualizing the human relation with nature as one in which nature is not something that merely supports us but is instead the sum total of what our life encompasses. Hawken 99:
Paul Hawken, business leader, environmentalist, and author, Amory Lovins, and Hunter Lovins, Co-founders of Rocky Mountain Institute a nonprofit natural-resource think tank, 1999, Natural Capitalism, http://www.natcap.org/images/other/NCchapter1.pdf, accessed 7/28/03
"Societies need to...disputes about policy."

And, attempting to quantify life in a purely material sense is fundamentally anti-life. It commits 3 kinds of violence, and denies the ongoing foundation of value on life. Shiva 13:
(Vandana Shiva. How economic growth has become anti-life. Friday November 1st, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/nov/01/how-economic-growth-has-become-anti-life)
"Meanwhile, the demands...is life itself."

And, seeing life as simple input and output is idiotic. The earth is a zero sum game. We need to act like it. Hawken 2:
Paul Hawken, business leader, environmentalist, and author, Amory Lovins, and Hunter Lovins, Co-founders of Rocky Mountain Institute a nonprofit natural-resource think tank, 1999, http://www.natcap.org/images/other/NCchapter1.pdf, accessed 7/28/03
"Following Einstein’s dictum...of natural capital."

And, resource focus is exactly the problem – it destroys sustainable ways of living, ignores our connectedness to natural capital and inclusion within it, and makes the planet ultimately less habitable. Shiva 05:
SHIVA IN 2K5 (VANDANA, ZNET DAILY COMMENTARIES, MAKING POVERTY HISTORY AND THE HISTORY OF POVERTY, MAY 11, http://www.zmag.org/sustainers/content/2005- 05/11shiva.cfm)
"The second myth...increasingly eroded nature."

And, human life is best enhanced by a perspective in which we are part of nature and it is part of us rather than one in which it is a set of resources for us to nourish ourselves wish. Skolimowski 2:
Henryk Skolimowski. Eco-Philosophy: Designing New Tactics for Living. Marion Boyars. Print. 1981
"Human life cannot...Life follows naturally."

Tournament: CPSVBTStanfordCal RRBerkeley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Los Altos SN, Harker SP, San Marino NL, Lynbrook DW, Harker PR, Peninsula KK, Claremont AB, Brentwood TH, Greenhill VA, Mountain View Idaho BW | Judge: Viveka Jagadeesan, Kuhuk Goyal, Rory Jacobson, Joseph Millman, Michael Harris, Monica Amestoy, Ben Fagen, Ben Clancy, Bilak Malik, Ashan Perris
The purpose of knowledge is to break down systems of oppression.  This is rooted in both an ontological and epistemological understanding of humanity, which precedes any standard that doesn't approach the topic ontologically.  Mathews 81:
“Knowledge, Action, and Power.” Michael Matthews. Literacy and Revolution: The pedagogy of Paulo Freire. Edited by Robert Mackie. 1981: Continuum Publishing Co. Print. p. 92
"This account of...in their nature."

And, social reality is changed by humans. To break away from oppression, we must abandon oppressive mindsets that exclude critical ideas that are key to reform. Mackie 81:
Robert Mackie 81. Literacy and Revolution, the Pedagogy of Paulo Freire. New York: Continuum, 1981. 72. Print.
"Objective social reality...to transform it."

Thus the standard is rejecting oppression. 

The concept of resource extraction’s harmfulness is rooted as far as the slave trade. Even before official “colonialism,” resource extraction fell root to colonial tendencies. Nunn 03:
The Legacy of Colonialism: A Model of Africa’s Underdevelopment Nathan Nunn?†?First Version: March 1, 2002, Current Version: June 20, 2003
"Prior to the...Atlantic slave trade."

And this colonizing was not based out of some fiction of kindness or care- it was purely based on the capitalist drive of resource extraction. Silver 1:
Three Worlds, Three Views: Culture and Environmental Change in the Colonial South,Timothy Silver, Appalachian State University
"This is sharp....flag followed trade.”

Additionallly, colonists sparked environmental discourse to scare the colonized into abiding by their will in order to grasp further control. Beinart 1
African History and Environmental History*, William Beinart, St Antony's College, University of Oxford, Introduction: Approaches to Environmental History
"Some Africanist writing...names were water-related."

And, the idea of other countries regulating the environment for them is what caused colonists to be able to grasp such a strong hold on transitioning countries. Any external involvement will only bite back into colonialism. Beinart 2
African History and Environmental History*, William Beinart, St Antony's College, University of Oxford, Introduction: Approaches to Environmental History
"Secondly, while colonial...era and beyond."

Additionally, aff does not defend an external definition of environmental protection, rather what implementative process of protection is decided by the individual cultures in their own context. Beinart 3.  
African History and Environmental History*, William Beinart, St Antony's College, University of Oxford, Introduction: Approaches to Environmental History
"A further striking...been socially neutral."

And, ignoring the problem allows for more colonialism and corruption, which thrive off of resource extraction. Beevers 13:
Michael D. Beevers. "The Perils of Natural Gas Extraction in Mozambique." Living in a World of Limits. March 25, 2013. http://blogs.dickinson.edu/livinginaworldoflimits/2013/03/25/the-perils-of-natural-gas-extraction-in-mozambique/
"As the Mozambican...and infant mortality."

The role of the ballot is to endorse colonial education and reject colonialism. 

Especially with debate as a system of evidence-based education, to expose the nature of debate’s colonialism, you must affirm to rethink the pedagogy. Shahjahan 11
Riyad Ahmed, Assistant Professor of Higher, Adult, and Lifelong Education (HALE) at Michigan State University. Ph.D. at the OISE/University of Toronto in Higher Education. “Decolonizing the evidence-based education and policy movement:¶ revealing the colonial vestiges in educational policy, research, and¶ neoliberal reform” Online publication date: 22 March 201, Journal of Education Policy, 26: 2,¶ 181 — 206 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2010.508176
"This is evident...and material¶ agency."

The academic who sits in an ivory tower and thinks about what if X, what if Y has no impact upon the world. Only by recognizing this role of the ballot can we continue to mobilize support and stop the antagonism in debate betwee

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 1 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart KH, Harvard Westlake NS, CTY JL Jae Ahn, Brentwood JL | Judge: Tim McHugh, Liz Letak, Rory Jacobson, TomPlacidoFritzPielstickMarcOKrent
The purpose of human knowledge is to break down hierarchies and systems of oppression.  This is rooted in both an ontological and epistemological understanding of humanity, which precedes any standard that doesn't approach the topic ontologically.  Mathews 81:
“Knowledge, Action, and Power.” Michael Matthews. Literacy and Revolution: The pedagogy of Paulo Freire. Edited by Robert Mackie. 1981: Continuum Publishing Co. Print. p. 92
This account of...in their nature.

And, social reality is created and changed by humans. In order to break away from oppression, it’s imperative to abandon the oppressive mindsets that exclude critical ideas that are key to reform. Mackie 81:
Robert Mackie 81. Literacy and Revolution, the Pedagogy of Paulo Freire. New York: Continuum, 1981. 72. Print.
Objective social reality...to transform it.

Further, having a debate before recognizing the importance of structural violence is moot because structural violence causes us to divide others into categories that are worthy and unworthy of our values, making them meaningless. Winter and Leighton 08:
Winter and Leighton 08 Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter: Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and ustice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice) (Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century. Pg 4-5, 2008)
Finally, to recognize...to reduce it.

Historic discrimination and violence towards American Indian women have paved the way for egregious human rights abuses, including sexual violence. Amnesty 07:
Amnesty 07 (no author provided, 2007, Amnesty International, “Maze of Injustice The failure to protect Indigenous women from sexual violence in the USA”)
Indigenous peoples in...to sexual violence.

And, male bias throughout society fails to address sexual violence through the criminal justice system, as it considers it a “family matter,” spreading patriarchy. Mazurana and McKay 07:
Mazurana and McKay 07 (Dyan Mazurana, Associate Research Professor at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University and Susan McKay, Professor of Gender and Women's at the University of Wyoming., 2007, Ohio State University at Marion, “Women, Girls, and Structural Violence: A Global Analysis”)
The male bias inherent...of legal repercussions (Mertus, 1995).

The USCJS needs to protect American Indian women through programs that protect survivors from future abuse and develop more effective protocols. Amnesty 2:
Amnesty 07 (no author provided, 2007, Amnesty International, “Maze of Injustice The failure to protect Indigenous women from sexual violence in the USA”)
All law enforcement...law enforcement official.

I advocate for a system of truth-seeking commissions that focus on reconciling the damage done individual community in the past. Woody 09:
Woody 09 (Katherine Woody, Juris Doctor, Law, Certificate in International and Comparative Law from Chicago Kent School of Law, Spring 2009, Kent Law, “Truth and Justice: The Role of Truth Commissions in Post-Conflict Societies”)
A third common...by past wrongs.

Truth commissions are preferable to the status quo as it seeks to benefit survivors and society as a whole. Woody 2:
Woody 09 (Katherine Woody, Juris Doctor, Law, Certificate in International and Comparative Law from Chicago Kent School of Law, Spring 2009, Kent Law, “Truth and Justice: The Role of Truth Commissions in Post-Conflict Societies”)
Restorative justice is...as the victim.

And, such a justice program would promote enculturation of American Indians in traditional practices, which empirically has acted as a mediator against trauma and discrimination. Goodkind 11:
Goodkind 11 (Jessica Goodkind, April 4, 2011, Journal of Community Psychology, “Rebuilding trust: a community, multiagency, state, and university partnership to improve behavioral health care for American Indian Youth, their families, and communities”)
Research suggests that...Chen, Johnson, and Olson, 2006). 

And, the Aff’s method of calling into question current criminal justice policy as it regards American Indians is both post and pre-fiat valuable; a recognition of the oppression of American Indians is a pre-requisite to exposing the background structural oppression that ensures large segments of America’s population continue to live unwell and unfree. Churchill 02:
(Ward Churchill, Former Chair Of the Ethnic Studies Department at the University of Colorado/Boulder, Acts Of Rebellion: The Ward Churchill Reader, p.xv 2002)
This book follows...to American Indians.

THEORY IS DISCURSIVELY VIOLENT!!

The role of the ballot is to vote for the debater that best performatively and methodologically engages structural violence.
There are a lot of analytic arguments here. Hit me up if you want to talk about them.

Only by recognizing this role of the ballot can we continue to mobilize support and stop the antagonism in debate between winning and the real world. To limit the scope of our resolutional discussion to merely the traditional form of debate can we fight the imbalances of power we talk about. Spanos 1:
http://kdebate.com/spanos.html William V. Spanos is a highly acclaimed author, World War II Veteran, POW at Dresden, distinguished professor of English and Comparative Literature at the SUNY Binghamton and well known in the competitive world of high school and intercollegiate academic debate. We thank Dr. Spanos so much for speaking with us. It is not often that we have such brilliant minds comment on our insular activity and his work gets at the heart of what we do.
All that I've...system of binaries.

And, accept my criticism with me as an outsider. Looking to the radical implications of our discourse and functioning outside the post-fiat realm of debate is the only way to formulate us properly for the real world. Spanos 2
http://kdebate.com/spanos.html William V. Spanos is a highly acclaimed author, World War II Veteran, POW at Dresden, distinguished professor of English and Comparative Literature at the SUNY Binghamton and well known in the competitive world of high school and intercollegiate academic debate. We thank Dr. Spanos so much for speaking with us. It is not often that we have such brilliant minds comment on our insular activity and his work gets at the heart of what we do.
The danger of...to reproduce it.

Theory underview

1. Only aff gets RVIs
   2. T must be read with an excluded position
   3. Neg must defend the converse

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 6 | Opponent: Peninsula AT, Harker RX | Judge: Mackiel Benson, Tim Alderete, Ben Soper, Ryan Hang
The purpose of human knowledge is to break down hierarchies and systems of oppression.  This is rooted in both an ontological and epistemological understanding of humanity, which precedes any standard that doesn't approach the topic ontologically.  Mathews 81:
“Knowledge, Action, and Power.” Michael Matthews. Literacy and Revolution: The pedagogy of Paulo Freire. Edited by Robert Mackie. 1981: Continuum Publishing Co. Print. p. 92
"This account of...in their nature."

And, social reality is created and changed by humans. In order to break away from oppression, it’s imperative to abandon the oppressive mindsets that exclude critical ideas that are key to reform. Mackie 81:
Robert Mackie 81. Literacy and Revolution, the Pedagogy of Paulo Freire. New York: Continuum, 1981. 72. Print.
"Objective social reality...to transform it."

Further, having a debate before recognizing the importance of structural violence is moot because structural violence causes us to divide others into categories that are worthy and unworthy of our values, making them meaningless. Winter and Leighton 08:
Winter and Leighton 08 Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter: Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and ustice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice) (Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century. Pg 4-5, 2008)
"Finally, to recognize...to reduce it."

As an introduction, the Tuva are a nomadic group that live scattered across China, Mongolia, and Russia. Hou 13:

Hou 13 (Yuxin Hou, postdoctoral research fellow at NGO Research Center, School of Public Policy and Management, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, December 2013, Cultural Survival Quarterly Issue: 37-4 The Future We Want: Indigenous Women of the World Unite (December 2013), “Saving our Identity: An Uphill Battle for the Tuva of China”)
"The Tuva are...of around 2,500."

And, the Tuva must choose to prioritize either environmental protection or resource extraction. Donahoe 97:
Donahoe 97 (Brian Robert Donahoe, Research Associate at Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology and Ph.D in Anthropology from Indiana University, Friends of Tuva, "Whatever happened to Tannu Tuva?")
"Those simple words...rest throughout Tuva."

And, economic endeavors threaten Tuvan culture by forcing them to abandon a historical reverence for the environment. Hou 2:
Hou 13 (Yuxin Hou, postdoctoral research fellow at NGO Research Center, School of Public Policy and Management, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, December 2013, Cultural Survival Quarterly Issue: 37-4 The Future We Want: Indigenous Women of the World Unite (December 2013), “Saving our Identity: An Uphill Battle for the Tuva of China”)
"As the Chinese...all but vanished."

The best way for Tuva to develop is by embracing their traditional respect for the land and by not exploiting it for resources. Robson 09:
Robson 09 (Angela Robson, writer and BBC broadcaster and winner of the Natali Lorenzo Prize for Journalism 2008, December 2009, Le Monde diplomatique “Copenhagen special: Tuva and Indonesia Shamans don’t want to be rich”)
"Tuvans are faced...would cut through."

Additionally, the Aff does not defend an external definition of environmental protection, rather what implementative process of protection is decided the Tuva according to their culture in their own context. Beinart 1:
African History and Environmental History*, William Beinart, St Antony's College, University of Oxford, Introduction: Approaches to Environmental History
"A further striking example...been socially neutral."

And, development and interference by neighboring nations has led to cycles of depression and alcoholism, which is devastating Tuvan populations. The brink is now and a return to traditional practices, including environmentalism, is key to solving the problem. Hou 3:
Hou 13 (Yuxin

Tournament: StanfordCal RRBerkeley | Round: Triples | Opponent: Peninsula JZ, Brentwood SS, Presentation SK, Torrey Pines KK, Bellarmine PZ | Judge: Monica Amestoy, Tim McHugh, Tom Placido, Terrance Lonam, Jordan Lamothe, Julius Pak, Aaron Timmons, Jessica Xu, Liz Letak
Social reality is created and changed by humans. In order to break away from oppression, it’s imperative to abandon the oppressive mindsets that exclude critical ideas that are key to reform. Mackie 81:
Robert Mackie 81. Literacy and Revolution, the Pedagogy of Paulo Freire. New York: Continuum, 1981. 72. Print.
"Objective social reality...to transform it."

Morality requires the existence of culture since our languages and traditions provide the context for our actions, which necessitates that minority cultures are always proteced from outside destruction. Kymlicka 92:
Kymlicka 92 (Will Kymlicka, Professor of Philosophy and Canada Research Chair in Political Philosophy at Queen's University at Kingston, February 1992, Political Theory Vol. 20, No. 1 pg 140-146, “The Rights of Minority Cultures: Reply to Kukathas”)
"Chandaran Kukathas sets...standardly worry about."

As an introduction the U’wa are an indigenous group in Colombia and Venezuela whose culture is premised off of protecting the environment, which means not extracting oil. Amazon Watch 14:
Amazon Watch 14 (no author, 2014, Amazon Watch (nonprofit organization founded in 1996 to protect the rainforest and advance the rights of indigenous peoples in the Amazon Basin), “The U'wa People of Colombia's Cloud Forests”)
"The U'wa are...one will live."

The oil industry is the new conquistador, stealing from the indigenous people. and the U’wa are willing to die to protect their land. Amazon Watch 14:
Amazon Watch 14 (no author, 2014, Amazon Watch (nonprofit organization founded in 1996 to protect the rainforest and advance the rights of indigenous peoples in the Amazon Basin), “The U'wa People of Colombia's Cloud Forests”)
"Having survived their...Export Import Bank."

Oil extraction is Western colonialism and attempts of easy modernization create radical opposition and culturally shocks the local people. Karl 07:
Karl 07 (Terry L. Karl, Gildred Professor of Latin American Studies and Professor of Political Science at Stanford University; Professor Karl has published widely on comparative politics and international relations, with special emphasis on the politics of oil-exporting countries, transitions to democracy, problems of inequality, January 2007, Center on Democracy, Development, and The Rule of Law - Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies at Stanford University, " Oil-Led Development: ¶ Social, Political, and ¶ Economic ¶ Consequences” Working Papers Number 80)
"Embedded in this...potent political mix."

Resolved: The Republic of Colombia and the Bolivian Republic of Venezuela will permanently cancel all oil projects on previously recognized U’wan lands. Funding is guaranteed and the plan will be passed and implemented through normal means.

Oil extraction is in conflict with environmental protection and banning it is necessary to stop severe damage to ecosystems that harms indigenous peoples’ traditions. Karl 07:
Karl 07 (Terry L. Karl, Gildred Professor of Latin American Studies and Professor of Political Science at Stanford University; Professor Karl has published widely on comparative politics and international relations, with special emphasis on the politics of oil-exporting countries, transitions to democracy, problems of inequality, January 2007, Center on Democracy, Development, and The Rule of Law - Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies at Stanford University, " Oil-Led Development: ¶ Social, Political, and ¶ Economic ¶ Consequences” Working Papers Number 80)
"The environmental dimension...to surface waters."

Banning drilling is key to preventing the end of U’wan culture. Soltani and Koenig 04:
Soltani and Koenig 04 (Atossa Soltani is the executive director and Kevin Koenig is the campaign coordinator for Amazon Watch, a non-profit organization working to defend the rights and the environment of the indigenous peoples of the Amazon basin, Multi-National Monitor Jan/Feb 2004 - VOLUME 25 - NUMBERS 1 and 2, “U’wa Overcome Oxy¶ How a Small Colombian Indigenous Group¶ and Global Solidarity Movement Defeated ¶ An Oil Giant, and the Struggles Ahead”)
"The U"wa have... civilians each year."

The role of the judge is to endorse critical pedagogy and play an active role in teaching students to civicly engage solving social problems through a critical lens, rather than thinking objectively. Giroux 13:
Giroux 13 (Henry A. Giroux, Global TV Network Chair Professorship at McMaster University in the English and Cultural Studies Department and a Distinguished Visiting Professorship at Ryerson University, October 29, 2013, Truthout, “Public Intellectuals Against the Neoliberal University”)
"Reclaiming higher education...politics of possibility."

And, arguments about fairness preceding discourse bite into the criticism because they are part of American culture that ignores and even promotes more violence, which allows it to become “familiar” to us, so that we soon fail to recognize it. Rejecting violence must always be a top priority to ensure that we remain aware of it. Giroux 12:
Giroux 12: (Henry A. Giroux, Global TV Network Chair Professorship at McMaster University in the English and Cultural Studies Department and a Distinguished Visiting Professorship at Ryerson University, August 8, 2012, Counterpunch, “Punishing Youth”)
"The grave reality...is constantly rising.”

And. the only way to solve for society’s addiction for violence is to encourage debate. which involves a critical response to current issues. Giroux 13:
Giroux 13 (Henry A. Giroux, Global TV Network Chair Professorship at McMaster University in the English and Cultural Studies Department and a Distinguished Visiting Professorship at Ryerson University, December 17, 2013, Truthout, “Radical Democracy Against Cultures of Violence”)
"The mainstream media...of constant struggle."