Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 6 | Opponent: idk | Judge:
My value is liberty - We should focus on individual rights because they are composed of  our rationality and our ability to choose which defines our freedom.

Beneficial Professor of Law, Harvard University Charles Fried, 2005; Associate Justice, Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts; Solicitor General of the United States The Nature and Importance of Liberty, http://www.law.harvard.edu/students/orgs/jlpp/Vol29_No1_Fried.pdf 

What is liberty...in that campaign.

My criteria is upholding rights through the rule of law

Galston 1999 Expressive Liberty, Moral Pluralism, and Political Pluralism: Three Sources of Liberal Theory William and Mary Law Review 

We  are  familiar ... and associational  practices.

Contention 1: The Affirmative violates the Constitution – Three Reasons

First - The affirmative violates the 6th Amendment – privilege is necessary for effective counsel and a fair trial

Cohn 2003. Professor, Thomas Jefferson School of Law, San Diego Marjorie; executive vice president of National Lawyers Guild. Fordham Law Review Volume 71 | Issue 4 Article 3 The Evisceration of the Attorney-Client Privilege in the Wake of September 11, 2001 

B. Intersection of the ... assistance of counsel. 

Second - Truth Seeking violates the 5th Amendment right against self-incrimination

Dashjian 1982 Michael SOURCE? Law Review People v. Meredith: The Attorney-Client Privilege and the Criminal Defendant's Constitutional Rights URL or LEXIS/JSTOR     

While the attorney-client... to the prosecution.' 

Third - The affirmative violates the Supremacy Clause – binding international law requires attorney client privilege

Cohn 2003 - Professor, Thomas Jefferson School of Law, San Diego Marjorie; executive vice president of National Lawyers Guild. Fordham Law Review Volume 71 | Issue 4 Article 3 The Evisceration of the Attorney-Client Privilege in the Wake of September 11, 2001 

Under the International...Ashcroft's new regulation.99

The protection of constitutional right to counsel trumps truth-seeking – the judge is required to uphold the constitution.

Dashjian 2:
 1982  Michael SOURCE? Law Review People v. Meredith: The Attorney-Client Privilege and the Criminal Defendant's Constitutional Rights URL or LEXIS/JSTOR     

The state’s interest ...rights underlying it

Tournament: VBT | Round: 1 | Opponent: FSHA MC | Judge: Henry Zhang
Part One – Links 

Geography is socially constructed – it is seen as objective and neutral, but it is an exercise of political power. It reinforces foreign policy goals and agendas. 

Tuathail 1998 - Department of Geography, Virginia Polytechnic Institute Gearóid Ó Re-Thinking Geopolitics: Towards a Critical Geopolitics. Introductory chapter co-authored with Simon Dalby to Rethinking Geopolitics, Routledge, 1-15. 

Critical geopolitics bears...of elites possible. 

Their conception of geopolitics artificially divides all interaction into the human and the social—confuses causes and creates the conditions for conflict through oppositional discourse

Tuathail, 1996 Gearoid O(Gerard Toal), Department of Geography, Virginia Tech.1996 (At the End of Geopolitics?Reflections on a Pluralizing Problematic at the Century's End. Alternatives: Social Transformation and Humane Governance 22, 1, 35-55. We think gendered language is silly)

Mackinder's gaze upon ... a socio-political identity.

Part Two – Implications – 

Exclusive geopolitics is a colonialist project – it is complicit with Western imperialism

Tuathail 1996 -Department of Geography, Virginia Tech. Gearóid Ó At the End of Geopolitics?Reflections on a Pluralizing Problematic at the Century's End. Alternatives: Social Transformation and Humane Governance 22, 1, 35-55. 

So specified, modern ... point of view. 

Geo-Power is at the root of war makes global conflicts inevitable because it seeks to exclude

Tuathail 1996 – prof of geography, Virginia Tech Gearoid Critical Geopolitics: the politics of writing global space Page/s 1-2 GooglePrint

Geography is about... contemporary global politics.

Part Three - The alternative is critical geo-politics – to reject the affirmative and the resolution in favor of critical examinations of geographic assumptions.

We must examine the assumptions of maps for the ways in which they essentializes and otherize. Uncritical acceptance of maps is the problem, not the existence of maps themselves. My Problematization allows us to look for Junctures and examine new limits to the possible. 

Tuathail 1994 Department of Geography, Virginia Polytechnic Institute in revised form 21 February 1994 Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 1994, volume 12, pages 525 -546 (Dis)placing geopolitics: writing on the maps of global politics http://www.google.com/url?sa=tandrct=jandq=andesrc=sandsource=webandcd=1andved=0CCkQFjAAandurl=http3A2F2Fgerardtoal.files.wordpress.com2F20112F012Ftoal_displacinggeopolitics1994.pdfandei=80jGUvLNEse9oQSzioDoDQandusg=AFQjCNGIfIvj78ZI4kHa1PcW_43EYqtCWwandsig2=R3glnXEZKB9iMe0YMR_A6gandbvm=bv.58187178,d.cGU

Radicalizing geopolitics "˜Critical ... radical (trans)political politics (Clarke and Doel, forthcoming).

My alternative challenges the dominance created by maps – constant questioning opens geography up to cultural examinations.

Jones and Woods, 2004 (Martin Jones* - PhD in Human Geography from the University of Manchester, Rhys Jones; Professor of Human Geography at the University of Wales Aberystwyth - Professor in Human Geography @ the University¶ of Wales Aberystwyth, Michael Woods* - PhD in Human Geography from Bristol University; Professor of Human Geography and Director of the Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences @ the University of Wales Aberystwyth, 2004, “AN INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY Space, place and politics”, http://118.97.161.124/perpus-fkip/Perpustakaan/Geography/Geografi20manusia/Pengantar20Geografi20Politik.pdf) MD

The third element...took place on 11 September 2001 (see Box 3.5).

Part Four – the Role of the Ballot is to act as a Critical geographer

The way that debate teaches students geography is NOT neutral—as a critical geographer, you should attempt to create the debate space as an educationally free zone, where hegemonic interpretations of maps can be rejected as students are free to question them.

Bauder and Engel-DiMauro, 2008 *Associate Professor, Graduate Program in Immigration and Settlement Studies, Dept. of Geography AND Associate Professor of Geography, SUNY New Paltz (Harald Bauder and Salvatore Engel-DiMauro, 2008, Critical Scholarship Practice and Education, “Critical Geographies: Introduction,” http://digitalcommons.ryerson.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002andcontext=geography)//CC

A particular issue,... the Earth?s surface.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 2 | Opponent: LAMP RR | Judge:
Part I – Links - The resolution uses the Colonialist term “Developing Nations” – a degrading term that implies that the West is more civilized because it embraces neo liberalism. Wang 1

Wang, 2009 - Fulbright Scholar and a National Science Foundation fellow  Tricia May, 2009 Interrogating the “Developing” vs “Developed” Country dichotomy: Assumptions, technologies, and Americanism - VOTE FOR OPTION B! currently conducting ethnographic work with urban migrants in China and a rural migrant sending village in Mexico. http://culturalbyt.es/

When speaking with ...about American exceptionalism. 

Part II – Impacts –Colonialism is ethically unacceptable because it is based on racist assumptions and eradicates other ways of thought – no benefit that comes from colonial actions can justify those assumptions

Shaikh, 2007 - writer at Asia Source Nermeen Development 50, “Interrogating Charity and the Benevolence of Empire,” Palgrave-Journals

It would probably ...generally (Anidjar, 2003, 2007).

Racism is a side-constraint on any ethical theory. 

Memmi, 2000 - prof of sociology @ U of Paris Albert. Racism. Trans. Steve Martinot. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota Press, 2000. 

The struggle against... stakes are irresistible.

Part III – The Alternative –I reject the affirmative and the resolution for the use of the term “Developing” to describe nations. 

I don’t shut down communication – it is still possible to talk about different countries. The term “Transitioning” is a better word than “Developing” – it avoids disempowerment. Wang 2

Wang, 2009 - Fulbright Scholar and a National Science Foundation fellow  Tricia May, 2009 Interrogating the “Developing” vs “Developed” Country dichotomy: Assumptions, technologies, and Americanism - VOTE FOR OPTION B! currently conducting ethnographic work with urban migrants in China and a rural migrant sending village in Mexico. http://culturalbyt.es/

Can we find... of other words!

Part IV – the Role of the ballot it to focus on the epistemology of the wording of the resolution – Ultimately, your ballot will not change the world, it will only comment on you and your belief system. Relying on colonialist assumptions for your decision calculus is morally diseased and deprives your ballot of all meaning –only rejecting colonialism can reject these assumptions

Harzenski 2003 – professor of law at temple law school sharon, post-colonial studies: terrorism, a history, stage two, temple international and comparative law journal, fall, 2003, 17 temp. Int'l and comp. L.j. 351,

*405  Michel Foucault tells...been speaking about.

You should adopt the Coloniality/Modernity lens – you should view the resolution as opening questions into the colonial assumptions of development and the environment – this is essential to find new epistemologies 

Escobar 10 – PhD in Philosophy, Policy, and Planning (Arturo, 7 June 2010, 'WORLD AND KNOWLEDEGES OTHERWISE,” Cultural Studies, 21: 2, 179 — 210, http://www.unc.edu/~aescobar/text/eng/escobar.2007.CulturalStudies.21-2-3.pdf)

In short, the ...that construct it.

Development discourse shapes reality - Use of the term “Developing” entrenches an epistemology that makes solutions impossible. Wang 3 

Wang, 2009 - Fulbright Scholar and a National Science Foundation fellow  Tricia May, 2009 Interrogating the “Developing” vs “Developed” Country dichotomy: Assumptions, technologies, and Americanism - VOTE FOR OPTION B! currently conducting ethnographic work with urban migrants in China and a rural migrant sending village in Mexico. http://culturalbyt.es/

So what is ... of “development” frameworks.

Epistemology comes first – the lens through which we view projects is a prior question to their political effect – only examining discourse can understand the current system

Escobar 10 – PhD in Philosophy, Policy, and Planning (Arturo, 12 January 2010, 'LATIN AMERICA AT A CROSSROADS', Cultural Studies, 24: 1, 1 — 65, http://www.unc.edu/~aescobar/text/eng/escobar.2010.CulturalStudies.24-1.pdf)

Despite the contradictory ...since the Conquest.

Underview I – Word PICs are Good

Fairness – Word PICs focus the debate on the exact text of the resolution and the affirmative because it forces them to defend every word. The text is key to stable negative ground – it is the only thing that I know prior to the round and that cannot change with an affirmative interpretation. Stability is key to fairness because it prevents a moving target.
2. Predictability – Word PICs are predictable because the affirmative knows every word that they have to defend. There are only Sixteen words in the resolution – it is predictable that they have to defend each of them. Predictability is key to research, which is a key portable skill from debate. 

3. Education – Word PICs go into depth by examining the assumptions behind words. This epistemological focus crucial for critical thinking – it allows a deeper analysis of the evidence and arguments. That is the Escobar evidence. 

4. Key to Policymaking – The discourse that we use will shape the policies that we adopt, and determine their success or failure. Only Word PICS force the affirmative to think about their rhetoric when examining policies.

Tournament: Alta | Round: 4 | Opponent: Presentation SK | Judge:
Part 1 is the links. The Resolution relies on normative truths; truth seeking within the criminal justice system asserts a neutral, objective fact finding process, but “Truth” is a Discourse, an exercise of power that prevents marginalized voices from escaping oppression. The Justice System itself is indeterminate, and the affirmative rhetoric and framework are excuses to freeze existing social relations and systems of oppression. Normative legal thought – henceforth NLT – is a vicious cycle in which we assume the law is neutral and objective. Debate as an activity masks this by replicating the normative legal thought cycle. Schlag 1:
Schlag, Pierre. 1999. Normativity and the Politics of Form. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Vol 139 No. 4. pp 801-932.
Because we are... of their own texts.
Truth Seeking in the Adversarial system is dangerous – it relies on outdated assumptions behind “Truth,” and it doesn’t account for complexity or different perspectives. Criticizing the criminal justice system and its epistemology of Truth is key to recognizing alternatives. Menkel-Meadow:
Menkel-Meadow 1996 – Professor of Law, Georgetown Carrie William and Mary Law Review Volume 38 | Issue 1 Article 3 The Trouble with the Adversary System in a Postmodern, Multicultural World http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmlr/vol38/iss1/3
I. INTRODUCTION In this Essay I suggest ...misunderstandings, and wrongdoings.

Part 2 is Impacts. NLT actively contributes to authoritarianism and fails to secure “Truth” or justice.  The law and legal interpretation are unquestionably violent, ensuring the dominance of existing powerful interests and killing off alternative visions of justice. Henderson writes,
Lynne Henderson, Professor of Law at the Indiana University School of Law at Bloomington, 1991“Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law,” Indiana Law Journal (66 Ind. L.J. 379), Spring, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via Lexis-Nexis
The lack of ...meaning and "law." n178

And, this turns the aff- Truth is a construction employed by lawyers under the mask of sincerity. They construct their own truths for their own client’s interests. This makes all other values impossible because those other values require truth. Lawyers use truth as a means to mask and manipulate the system in order to achieve their own desired ends. Schlag 2:
Schlag, Pierre. 1999. Normativity and the Politics of Form. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Vol 139 No. 4. pp 801-932.
When a lawyer...that for himself.165

Part 3 is the Alt. Our constant reliance on NLT makes us ignore and thereby perpetuate the injustice within the legal system. Thus the alternative: We expose and criticize the use of normative legal thought by examining how it masks social oppression within the legal system.. Schlag 3:
Schlag, Pierre. “NORMATIVE AND NOWHERE TO GO” Stanford Law Review. November, 1990. Essay. Pierre Schlag FNa1 Copyright © 1990 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University; Pierre Schlag
All of this ...meta-insurance adjustment business.

Normative legal thought currently dominates our internalized though processes. The only way to escape the cycle is to radically alter our discourse and evaluate the power relations dominating contemporary legal thought. Schlag 4:
Schlag, Pierre. 1999. Normativity and the Politics of Form. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Vol 139 No. 4. pp 801-932.
The orientation of... to be done.

Vote negative to shake the rug out from under the legal system by engaging in constant, active criticism.  Even if we cannot articulate an alternative vision for the future, this form of reactive and destructive criticism is a necessary prerequisite to any successful move toward liberation.  Freeing us from the shackles of legal tradition is the only way for each of us to assume individual responsibility for the way we live our lives. Singer writes,
Joseph William Singer, Associate Professor of Law at Boston University, 1984 “The Player and the Cards: Nihilism and Legal Theory,” Yale Law Journal (94 Yale L.J. 1), November, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via Lexis-Nexis
What shall we ... that question ourselves.

Thus, the role of the ballot is engaging in constant, active criticism. Debate should be a process through which young people learn the value of social criticism, not a game of fiat where our assumptions never go unquestioned. We ought to critically discuss these issues to examine and understand the underlying power relations within the law. Toh:
Glenn Toh. (2012). Critical Analysis of Discourse in Educational Settings. The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics.

Critical analyses of ...have these exposed.