Tournament: VBT | Round: 6 | Opponent: PVP | Judge:
look at melanie's wiki

Tournament: Blake | Round: 1 | Opponent: Apple Valley SO | Judge: Trevor Martinez
Part I – Links - The resolution uses the Colonialist term “Developing Nations” – a degrading term that implies that the West is more civilized because it embraces neo liberalism. Wang 1

Wang, 2009 - Fulbright Scholar and a National Science Foundation fellow  Tricia May, 2009 Interrogating the “Developing” vs “Developed” Country dichotomy: Assumptions, technologies, and Americanism - VOTE FOR OPTION B! currently conducting ethnographic work with urban migrants in China and a rural migrant sending village in Mexico. http://culturalbyt.es/

When speaking with ...about American exceptionalism. 

Part II – Impacts –Colonialism is ethically unacceptable because it is based on racist assumptions and eradicates other ways of thought – no benefit that comes from colonial actions can justify those assumptions

Shaikh, 2007 - writer at Asia Source Nermeen Development 50, “Interrogating Charity and the Benevolence of Empire,” Palgrave-Journals

It would probably ...generally (Anidjar, 2003, 2007).

Racism is a side-constraint on any ethical theory. 

Memmi, 2000 - prof of sociology @ U of Paris Albert. Racism. Trans. Steve Martinot. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota Press, 2000. 

The struggle against... stakes are irresistible.

Part III – The Alternative –I reject the affirmative and the resolution for the use of the term “Developing” to describe nations. 

I don’t shut down communication – it is still possible to talk about different countries. The term “Transitioning” is a better word than “Developing” – it avoids disempowerment. Wang 2

Wang, 2009 - Fulbright Scholar and a National Science Foundation fellow  Tricia May, 2009 Interrogating the “Developing” vs “Developed” Country dichotomy: Assumptions, technologies, and Americanism - VOTE FOR OPTION B! currently conducting ethnographic work with urban migrants in China and a rural migrant sending village in Mexico. http://culturalbyt.es/

Can we find... of other words!

Part IV – the Role of the ballot it to focus on the epistemology of the wording of the resolution – Ultimately, your ballot will not change the world, it will only comment on you and your belief system. Relying on colonialist assumptions for your decision calculus is morally diseased and deprives your ballot of all meaning –only rejecting colonialism can reject these assumptions

Harzenski 2003 – professor of law at temple law school sharon, post-colonial studies: terrorism, a history, stage two, temple international and comparative law journal, fall, 2003, 17 temp. Int'l and comp. L.j. 351,

*405  Michel Foucault tells...been speaking about.

You should adopt the Coloniality/Modernity lens – you should view the resolution as opening questions into the colonial assumptions of development and the environment – this is essential to find new epistemologies 

Escobar 10 – PhD in Philosophy, Policy, and Planning (Arturo, 7 June 2010, 'WORLD AND KNOWLEDEGES OTHERWISE,” Cultural Studies, 21: 2, 179 — 210, http://www.unc.edu/~aescobar/text/eng/escobar.2007.CulturalStudies.21-2-3.pdf)

In short, the ...that construct it.

Development discourse shapes reality - Use of the term “Developing” entrenches an epistemology that makes solutions impossible. Wang 3 

Wang, 2009 - Fulbright Scholar and a National Science Foundation fellow  Tricia May, 2009 Interrogating the “Developing” vs “Developed” Country dichotomy: Assumptions, technologies, and Americanism - VOTE FOR OPTION B! currently conducting ethnographic work with urban migrants in China and a rural migrant sending village in Mexico. http://culturalbyt.es/

So what is ... of “development” frameworks.

Epistemology comes first – the lens through which we view projects is a prior question to their political effect – only examining discourse can understand the current system

Escobar 10 – PhD in Philosophy, Policy, and Planning (Arturo, 12 January 2010, 'LATIN AMERICA AT A CROSSROADS', Cultural Studies, 24: 1, 1 — 65, http://www.unc.edu/~aescobar/text/eng/escobar.2010.CulturalStudies.24-1.pdf)

Despite the contradictory ...since the Conquest.

Underview I – Word PICs are Good

1. Fairness – Word PICs focus the debate on the exact text of the resolution and the affirmative because it forces them to defend every word. The text is key to stable negative ground – it is the only thing that I know prior to the round and that cannot change with an affirmative interpretation. Stability is key to fairness because it prevents a moving target.

2. Predictability – Word PICs are predictable because the affirmative knows every word that they have to defend. There are only Sixteen words in the resolution – it is predictable that they have to defend each of them. Predictability is key to research, which is a key portable skill from debate. 

3. Education – Word PICs go into depth by examining the assumptions behind words. This epistemological focus crucial for critical thinking – it allows a deeper analysis of the evidence and arguments. That is the Escobar evidence. 

4. Key to Policymaking – The discourse that we use will shape the policies that we adopt, and determine their success or failure. Only Word PICS force the affirmative to think about their rhetoric when examining policies.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 6 | Opponent: Tom Kadie | Judge: Patrick Graham
My standard is Utilitarianism – the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Prefer my standard:
 

1. Utility is the most educational framework because it mirrors the decision of policy makers. This allows us to engage in policy-making role-playing, which is the most portable educational skill.
   
   2. Public policy-makers must look at the utilitarianism first because they act on behalf of a collective body.
   
   Goodin 1995 Robert E. Goodin. Philosopher of Political Theory, Public Policy, and Applied Ethics. Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy. Cambridge University Press, 1995. p. 26-7
   
   The great adventure of utilitarianism.. Government house utilitarianism thus understood is, I would argue, a uniquely defensible public philosophy.
   
   3. Utilitarianism is best for education because it focuses on empirical research and comparison – those skills are essential for critical thinking
   
   Shaw 1999 - Chair of the Philosophy Department at San Jose State University William H.,  Contemporary Ethics: Taking Account of Utilitarianism. p. 171-2.
   
   Utilitarianism ties right and wrong to the promotion of well-being... a personal morality carry little or no weight against it when viewed as a public philosophy.
   
   
   
   Contention 1: The Affirmative undermines rare earth mineral extraction
   
   China Dominates the global supply of rare earth minerals because they have weak environmental protection laws. Mining rare earth minerals would place resource extraction in conflict with environmental protection, so the Affirmative would need to limit rare earth metal extraction
   
   Blakely, 2012 - Ford School for Public Policy Charles Rare Earth Metals and China 9/23 http://www.google.com/url?sa=tandrct=jandq=andesrc=sandsource=webandcd=1andved=0CCkQFjAAandurl=http3A2F2Fsites.fordschool.umich.edu2Fchina-policy2Ffiles2F20122F092FRare-Earth-Metals-China.pdfandei=jZ-yUsvYPNjgoAS314GYCQandusg=AFQjCNElUZTg4htWpf0o7LO4k1pftDteewandbvm=bv.58187178,d.cGU
   
   India and Brazil were the world’s first major exporters of REMs... China’s export quota has decreased steadily since 2007 from 40,000 tons of REMs to 22,512 REMs in 2010.17
   
   Rare earth metal extraction from Developing countries is increasing now – Kenya proves. It is key to meet rising global demand – it prevents China from dominating the supply of minerals.
   
   Kamau and Mungai, 2013 Scola Kamau and Christine Mungai, July 21, 2013, writers for the African Review, http://www.africareview.com/Business~-~--Finance/Kenya-hits-rare-earth-jackpot-/-/979184/1922054/-/pq4bu9z/-/index.html
   
   Kenya’s profile as a potential top rare earth minerals producer rose... Kenya a chance to capture the global market. What makes them valuable and useful in manufacturing is the way they interact with other elements to get results that each could never achieve alone.
   
   Chinese Dominance threatens our supply of rare earth minerals – two reasons –
    
2. Cutoffs - Chinese dominance allows it extort the U.S. and its allies
   
   Krugman, 10 (10/17/10, Paul, NY Times, “Rare and Foolish,” http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/18/opinion/18krugman.html, JMP)
   
   Last month a Chinese trawler operating in Japanese-controlled waters.. China and, above all, that exchange-rate policy — and what you have is a portrait of a rogue economic superpower, unwilling to play by the rules. And the question is what the rest of us are going to do about it.
   
   2. High Prices - If China dominates the market, it will keep prices too high. Rare earth mineral extraction from developing nations is key to keep the price of minerals low
   
   Kamau and Mungi, 2013 – Staff writers for Africa Review Kenya hits $100bn rare earth jackpot By SCOLA KAMAU and CHRISTINE MUNGAI | Sunday, July 21 http://www.africareview.com/Business~-~--Finance/Kenya-hits-rare-earth-jackpot-/-/979184/1922054/-/pq4bu9z/-/index.html
   
   Kenya’s profile as a potential top rare earth minerals producer rose...US. China’s dominance has kept prices high, and has created incentives for miners to flout rules, as global demand surges, with illegal production and smuggling still rampant.
   
   
   Contention Two – Dependence on China is Bad
   
   Dependence on Chinese Rare Earth Elements will wreck U.S. leadership and growth – these minerals are critical components of high tech communication and electronic devices, which are crucial for our military and for our industrial base.
   
   Senator Cantwell, 11 (6/9/11, Sen. Maria Cantwell, D-Wash., Targeted News Service, “Cantwell: 'We Can No Longer Afford to Ignore' Chinese Monopoly on Critical Rare Earth Minerals,” Factiva, JMP)
   
   WASHINGTON, June 9 -- The office of Sen. Maria Cantwell, D-Wash., issued the following news release: "America needs to address the growing dependence on Chinese rare earth minerals and other strategic metals," U.S. Senator Maria Cantwell (D-WA) said Thursday at a hearing of the Senate Energy Subcommittee. Cantwell chaired the hearing to discuss the dependence on Chinese minerals... manufacturing and advancement of Infinia's technology, as well as many other modern essentials."
   
   US global leadership is essential to avoid a global nuclear war
   
   Kagan 7 – senior associate, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (Robert, July, End of Dreams, Return of History, http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2007/07/end_of_dreams_return_of_histor.html, AG/JMP)
   
   Were the United States to diminish its influence... intensified competition among nations and nationalist movements.
   
   Specifically, Rare Earth Metals are key to our nuclear primacy – they are necessary for missile guidance systems
   
   Kennedy, 10 (J. Kennedy, March, President of Wings Enterprises, “Critical and Strategic Failure of Rare Earth Resources,” http://www.smenet.org/rareEarthsProject/TMS-NMAB-paperV-3.pdf, da 11/16, mat)
   
   The national defense issues are equally important...“the principles of free trade.”
   
   I turn the affirmative case – rare earth minerals are key to protecting the environment – many of the technological developments from rare earth minerals will be essential to environmental protection
   
   Pike 11 – Pike research Cleantech Market Intelligence (5/25/2011, “Rare Earth Metals Demand for Cleantech Applications to Reach 12,920 Tons Annually by 2017 but Reliable Supply is a Concern” http://www.pikeresearch.com/newsroom/rare-earth-metals-demand-for-cleantech-applications-to-reach-12920-tons-annually-by-2017-but-reliable-supply-is-a-concern, bs)
   
   China’s monopoly over the global rare earth metals market has come under increased... somewhat smaller, but still significant portions of the overall mix.
   
   Extracting rare earth minerals from Developing countries is key to our national security because it gives us an alternative to China -  (read if I have time)
   
   Kamau and Mungai, 2013 Scola Kamau and Christine Mungai, July 21, 2013, writers for the African Review, http://www.africareview.com/Business~-~--Finance/Kenya-hits-rare-earth-jackpot-/-/979184/1922054/-/pq4bu9z/-/index.html
   
   Japan receives 82 per cent of its rare earth elements from China... exploration well.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 2 | Opponent: Northland Christian DS | Judge:
My standard is Utilitarianism – the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Prefer my standard for 4 reasons:

1. Utility is the most educational framework because it mirrors the decision of policy makers. This allows us to engage in policy-making role-playing, which is the most portable educational skill.

2. Public policy-makers must look at the utilitarianism first because they act on behalf of a collective body.

Goodin 1995 Robert E. Goodin. Philosopher of Political Theory, Public Policy, and Applied Ethics. Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy. Cambridge University Press, 1995. p. 26-7

The great adventure of utilitarianism as a guide to public conduct… public philosophy.

3. Utilitarianism is best for education because it focuses on empirical research and comparison – those skills are essential for critical thinking

Shaw 1999 - Chair of the Philosophy Department at San Jose State University William H.,  Contemporary Ethics: Taking Account of Utilitarianism. p. 171-2.

Utilitarianism ties right and wrong to the promotion… personal morality carry little or no weight against it when viewed as a public philosophy.

4. Utilitarianism is best because if consequences are predictable and foreseeable, then allowing them to happen makes one complicit with them

Isaac, 2002 - director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life at Indiana University, (Jeffrey C., James H. Rudy Bloomington, “Ends, Means and politics,” Dissent, Spring)

As writers such as Niccolo Machiavelli, Max Weber…And it undermines political effectiveness. 

Contention 1: Developing nations face water shortages.

1. There is a crisis in water supply.

Harrabin, 2012 - Environment Analyst “Shortages: Water supplies in crisis”, Roger Harrabin, June, 19, 2012, BBC News Science and Environment, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-18353963

Less than 1 of the water on the planet blue is for humans to drink…, if we can find the cash and particularly the resolve to do it.
2. A direct example of this can be seen in Haiti

Sentlinger 2012 – Researcher and Writer for Water Health Educator “Water in Crisis - Haiti”, Katherine Sentlinger, 2012, The Water Project, http://thewaterproject.org/water-in-crisis-haiti.php

As the poorest nation in the western hemisphere… The Water Project and Living Water International have provided thousands of people have access to reliable, clean water.

Contention 2: Water shortages leads to illnesses, death, and war. Three warrants:

1. Drinking enough water is necessary for a healthy life. 

Axe, 2011 - “4 Reasons You Should Drink Enough Water”, Josh Axe, October 27, 2011, DrAxe.com, http://www.draxe.com/4-reasons-you-should-drink-enough-water/

You can go without food for days, weeks and even months… toxins from your water.

2. Sanitary water is key to preventing epidemics.
Eliasson, 2011 - former foreign minister of Sweden “Sanitary Water: The Key To Preventing Epidemics”, Jan Eliasson, February 25, 2011, The Huffington Post, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jan-eliasson/in-water-crisis-thinking-_b_827252.html
We have recently been reminded of two of the biggest natural disasters of 2010…everyday life.

3. Suffering from water scarcity may lead to water wars.

Arsenault, 2012 - Reporter with the Inter Press Service news agency “Risk of water wars rises with scarcity”, Chris Arsenault, August 26, 2012, Al Jazeera, http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2011/06/2011622193147231653.html

Governments and military planners…And Syria and Iraq have fought minor skirmishes over the Euphrates River.

Contention 3: Drilling wells is key to solving water shortages.

1. Countries in Africa are sitting on thousands of underground wells waiting to be extracted
   MaCdonald 2012 - principle hydro geologist at the British Geological Survey “Africa’s Hidden Water Wealth”, Alan MacDonald, June 17, 2012, NY TIMES, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/18/opinion/africas-hidden-water-wealth.html?_r=0
   FOR a continent where more than 300 million people… water crisis.
   Boumedjout, 2012 - Writer for SciDev.net “Africa may struggle to extract groundwater, experts say”, Hichem Boumedjout, May 15, 2012, SciDev.net, http://www.scidev.net/global/capacity-building/news/africa-may-struggle-to-extract-groundwater-experts-say.html
   ALGIERS Vast groundwater resources… groundwater.
   3. Creating more accessible water will allow women and children to have time to do more productive things.
   Vallely, 2006 – Former analyst for FoxNews “From Dawn to dusk, the daily struggle of Africa’s women”, Paul Vallely, September 21, 2006, The Independent, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/from-dawn-to-dusk-the-daily-struggle-of-africas-women-416877.html
   It was still dark, not yet 4am…under-investment.