Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lynbrook VV | Judge: Ibrahim Iqbal
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Tournament: VBT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Arcadia GH | Judge: Chris Bentley
My standard is a rejection of genocide - Genocide should be considered first among ethical concerns because it is universal to value life. Harf-Gurr 1

Barbara Harf-Gurr, Professor at Northwestern University, 81 Humanitarian Intervention as a Remedy for Genocide p 40)

One of the ...a universal concern.

Prefer my standard for three reasons:

First - Genocide is the most important utilitarian concern, because it is intentional and potentially universal. Harf-Gurr 2

Barbara Harf-Gurr, Professor at Northwestern University, 81 Humanitarian Intervention as a Remedy for Genocide p 37)

Nobody disagrees that ...deadly to humanity.

Second – Genocide subsumes all consequential and moral concerns – it strips all life of dignity and meaning – no other values are possible. Card:

Card 2003 - Senior-Fellow at the Institute for Research in the Humanities Claudia, prof of philosophy (Ph.D from Harvard), , “Genocide and Social Death,” Hypatia, vol. 18, no. 1, Winter Strong

Genocide is not ... of its termination.

Third – Personal responsibility – genocide creates an environment of chaos and violence that is internalized by all of society – how we react to it determines our identity. Hirsch:

Hirsch 1995, - prof of gov’t at Virginia Commonwealth University Herbert “GENOCIDE and the Politics of Memory,”, p 135

Terrence Des Pres, whose ... identity is formed. 

Contention One – Oil Extraction in Nigeria is a form of genocide

Oil production in Nigeria has devastated the Niger Delta environment – water, soil and air pollution have created an environmental apocalypse for the Ogoni people who live there. Badmus:

Badmus, 2010 – prof of Social Sciences at University of New England Isiaka Alani Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences ( 2010) Vol 2, No 1,323- 363 323 Oiling the Guns and Gunning for Oil: Oil Violence, Arms Proliferation and the Destruction of Nigeria’s Niger-Delta JSTOR

Oil extraction has ... faring in the region).

Environmental destruction of the Delta has caused civil and ethnic conflicts that have engulfed the region – indigenous peoples have been forced to fight against petro-exploitation. Saliu 1:

Saliu, 2007 – prof at University of Ilorin H.A. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa (Volume 9, No.4, 2007) Environmental Degradation, Rising Poverty And Conflict: Towards An Explanation Of The Niger-Delta Crisis JSTOR

It is no ... degradation in the region.

The environmental destruction of the Delta is a genocide of the people living there – it has created health and living conditions that are unbearable. Saliu 2:

Saliu, 2007 – prof at University of Ilorin H.A. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa (Volume 9, No.4, 2007) Environmental Degradation, Rising Poverty And Conflict: Towards An Explanation Of The Niger-Delta Crisis JSTOR

Ironically the region... its inhabitants die (Saro-Wiwa, 1992: 42-48).

Oil companies have contributed to the genocide of the Ogoni people – they have demanded and funded brutal oppression of ethnic groups who oppose extraction, and oil pollution will cause the extinction of the Ogoni people. Donovan:

Donovan, 2012 - the National Union of Ogoni Students John Http://Royaldutchshellplc.Com/2012/02/27/Shell-Oil-Company-Culpable/ Royal Dutch Shell Plc .Com Rotating Header Image Shell Oil Company Culpable Feb 27th, 2012 Statement Issued By National Union Of Ogoni Students, Usa

The corporate human... activities in Ogoni.

Shell has committed neo-liberal genocide in Nigeria – they have sought to eliminate the Ogoni people for the profits of extraction – spreading education about Nigeria is essential to hold Shell Responsible

Report of the Niger Delta Human and Environmental Rescue Organization 2005 SHELL GENOCIDE 01/16/05 . http://www.dawodu.net/shell1.htm

Remember that Shell ...against Shell international.

Only environmental protection can reverse the destruction of the Niger Delta and its people. Nigeria must embrace protection. Saliu 3:

Saliu, 2007 – prof at University of Ilorin H.A. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa (Volume 9, No.4, 2007) Environmental Degradation, Rising Poverty And Conflict: Towards An Explanation Of The Niger-Delta Crisis JSTOR

Recommendations and Conclusion ... the Niger Delta.

Underview: Affirmative Focus Key

A) Interpretation: The affirmative should defend an example of the resolution

1.Key to education-
a.  Affirmative Focus creates more in depth discussions over a single topic as opposed to a broad, resolution focus
b.  Research- affirmative focus limits the topic to more targeted research – the resolution specifies “when in conflict” – I am required to examine those examples of conflict.

2.Key to fairness
a.  Creative arguments- Affirmative Focus allows the aff to construct innovative cases based on the resolution
b. Ground- There is a Neg Bias in debate with 2 neg blocks- Affirmative Focus allows the aff to gain ground.

Tournament: Palo | Round: 2 | Opponent: IDK | Judge: IDK
My standard is Utilitarianism – the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Prefer my standard:

1. Utility is the most educational framework because it mirrors the decision of policy makers. This allows us to engage in policy-making role-playing, which is the most portable educational skill. 

2. Public policy-makers must look at the utilitarianism first because they act on behalf of a collective body. 

Goodin 1995 Robert E. Goodin. Philosopher of Political Theory, Public Policy, and Applied Ethics. Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy. Cambridge University Press, 1995. p. 26-7

The great adventure of utilitarianism… defensible public philosophy.

3. Utilitarianism is best for education because it focuses on empirical research and comparison – those skills are essential for critical thinking

Shaw 1999 - Chair of the Philosophy Department at San Jose State University William H.,  Contemporary Ethics: Taking Account of Utilitarianism. p. 171-2.

Utilitarianism ties right and wrong.. as a public philosophy.

Contention One – Nigerian oil entrenches Structural Violence

Oil production in Nigeria has devastated the Niger Delta environment – water, soil and air pollution have created an environmental apocalypse for the Ogoni people who live there.

Badmus, 2010 – prof of Social Sciences at University of New England Isiaka Alani Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences ( 2010) Vol 2, No 1,323- 363 323 Oiling the Guns and Gunning for Oil: Oil Violence, Arms Proliferation and the Destruction of Nigeria’s Niger-Delta JSTOR

Oil extraction has adversely… undisrupted oil production

Oil extraction is the root cause of Hopeless poverty for the people of the Niger Delta – destroying the environment ruins their health and poisons their means of making a living. 

Saliu, 2007 – prof at University of Ilorin H.A. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa (Volume 9, No.4, 2007) Environmental Degradation, Rising Poverty And Conflict: Towards An Explanation Of The Niger-Delta Crisis JSTOR

Environmental Degradation, Poverty and Conflict… agencies of the Nigerian State.

Poverty on the Niger Delta can only be seen as a form of structural violence – it is a constant threat to human security. 

Saliu, 2007 – prof at University of Ilorin H.A. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa (Volume 9, No.4, 2007) Environmental Degradation, Rising Poverty And Conflict: Towards An Explanation Of The Niger-Delta Crisis JSTOR

Human Security: Towards a Theoretical Explanation… contradictions in the Niger Delta.

Oil production has Not helped the poor of Nigeria – it has made billions for international companies and corrupt elites, but has destroyed programs for the poor

Saliu, 2007 – prof at University of Ilorin H.A. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa (Volume 9, No.4, 2007) Environmental Degradation, Rising Poverty And Conflict: Towards An Explanation Of The Niger-Delta Crisis JSTOR

The impressive growth in the nation’s GDP…the youth of the Niger Delta.

Structural violence and poverty are the worst utilitarian harms for two reasons:

a. Magnitude – structural violence kills more people
b. Probability – it makes all other forms of conflict and violence more probable

Gilligan professor of Psychiatry at the Harvard Medical School 96 James, , Director of the Center for the Study of Violence, and a member of the Academic Advisory Council of the National Campaign Against Youth Violence, Violence: Our Deadly Epidemic and its Causes, p 191-196

The deadliest form of violence is poverty.., as cause to effect.

Minimizing structural violence is essential to preventing conflict – focusing only on international conflicts ignores the root cause of violence

Barash 2000 - Professor of Psychology, University of Washington (David P. “Approaches to Peace: A Reader in Peace Studies”, 2000, http://www.questia.com/read/111756263?title=Approaches20to20Peace3a2020A20Reader20in20Peace20Studies, AD: 7/9/9) 

The pursuit of positive… everyone’s belly full. 

Only environmental protection can reverse the destruction of the Niger Delta and its people. Nigeria must embrace protection

Saliu, 2007 – prof at University of Ilorin H.A. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa (Volume 9, No.4, 2007) Environmental Degradation, Rising Poverty And Conflict: Towards An Explanation Of The Niger-Delta Crisis JSTOR

Recommendations and Conclusion…violence in the Niger Delta.

Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 1 | Opponent: IDK | Judge: IDK
My Criteria is Utilitarianism – promoting the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people. This is the only system of ethics that can effectively compare and contrast different positions. It is particularly relevant to the Resolution, which asks what the United States ought do.

Shaw 1999 - Chair of the Philosophy Department at San Jose State University William H.,  Contemporary Ethics: Taking Account of Utilitarianism. p. 171-2.

Utilitarianism ties right and wrong … when viewed as a public philosophy.

Even if individual persons must prioritize rights and morals, Governments must focus on the greatest good, because governments have taken on the job of collective protection – they must represent the greatest number of people.

Isaac, 2002 - professor of Political Science at the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life at Indiana Univ, Jeffrey C. “Ends, Means and politics,” Dissent, Spring)

As writers such as Niccolo … . And it undermines political effectiveness.

Since policy-makers cannot be obligated to act in a manner that is inadvisable, public policy must look at the consequences first and act as a collective body. 

Goodin 1995 Robert E. Goodin. Philosopher of Political Theory, Public Policy, and Applied Ethics. Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy. Cambridge University Press, 1995. p. 26-7

The great adventure of utilitarianism … argue, a uniquely defensible public philosophy.

Utilitarianism requires us to give priority to ending terrorism – it is the greatest threat to the most people, because of the potential for nuclear terrorism and because it is undeterrable

Freilich 2010 –senior fellow at Harvard's Kennedy School for International Relations Chuck, also an adjunct professor at NYU.  “Armageddon and the Threat of Nuclear Terrorism”, http://www.jewishpolicycenter.org/1745/threat-of-nuclear-terrorism). 

President Obama recently convened a global … in pursuit of their objectives. 

Terrorism subsumes all rights claims – it is necessary to protect the right to life before securing other rights

Institute for Security Studies 2009 (Joleyn Ford, Beyond the ‘War on Terror’ bA study of criminal justice responses to terrorism in the Maghreb http://dspace.cigilibrary.org/jspui/bitstream/123456789/30958/1/M165FULL.pdf?1) 

The criminal justice-preventative approach … assist in preventing terrorist attacks

Contention 1: Terrorism.

1. After 9/11, the Department of Justice began to monitor all attorney/client conversations for suspected terrorists, prioritizing the Facts about impending terror attacks over attorney client privilege.

Rice 2002 -  professor of law at the Washington College of Law at American University. Paul R. Criminal Justice Magazine Summer 2002 Volume 17 Issue 2 Is the War on Terrorism a War on Attorney-Client Privilege? By Paul R. Rice and Benjamin Parlin Saul http://www.americanbar.org/publications/criminal_justice_magazine_home/crimjust_cjmag_17_2_privilege.html

Immediately following the September 11 terrorist … under the attorney-client privilege." 

2. Monitoring attorney client interactions is essential to fight terrorism. Three warrants:

a. It is essential to discover funding sources for terrorism

Rijock, 2013 -  Financial Crime Consultant Kenneth Rijock's Financial Crime Blog June 25, 2013 TERRORIST EXCEPTION TO ATTORNEY-CLIENT PRIVILEGEhttp://rijock.blogspot.com/2013/06/terrorist-exception-to-attorney-client.html

Here's a nasty little surprise for … is suspected of terrorist acts. 

b. Terror suspects may use attorneys to supply information to other terrorists. 

American Bar 2002 (John Elwood, staff writer,  summer, Prosecuting the War on Terrorism: The government’s position on attorney-client monitoring, detainees, and military tribunals, http://www.americanbar.org/publications/criminal_justice_magazine_home/crimjust_cjmag_17_2_prosecuting.html)

Perhaps no other aspect of … being captured. It instructs operatives:

c. The Bureau of Prisons must monitor suspected terrorists meetings with attorneys to deter terror

Federal Register, 2001 National Security; Prevention of Acts of Violence and Terrorism http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/terrorism/terrorismregoct31.htm October 31,

Monitoring of Communications With Attorneys … are determined to be imminent.

3. Empirically, violating the attorney client privilege for terror suspects has led to successful counter terror operations

NewsMax, 2002 4 Charged With Helping 'Blind Sheik' Commit Terrorism http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/667291/posts NEWSMAX ^ | 4/10/02

Four associates of Sheik Omar … attorneys under the new regulations." 

4. The Criminal Justice system is the key tool to fight terrorism - in 2009, more than 300 cases were tried in the Federal Courts. 

The Department of Justice 2010 (January 26, Fact Check: Terrorism and Terrorism Related Prosecutions by the Bush Administration More than 300 after 9/11, http://blogs.justice.gov/main/archives/541)

The Bush Administration regularly touted … -related and anti-terrorism cases.”

Criminal Justice System approach is best one for counter terrorism- prevention mechanisms- This is a key qualifier in the round- Information between an attorney and a client that could prevent future attacks ought to be released to prevent future deaths - the right to live outweighs other rights.

Institute for Security Studies 2009 (Joleyn Ford, Beyond the ‘War on Terror’ bA study of criminal justice responses to terrorism in the Maghreb http://dspace.cigilibrary.org/jspui/bitstream/123456789/30958/1/M165FULL.pdf?1) 

First, and very importantly, a criminal … entire global counter-terrorism strategy. 

Contention 2 – Prevention of terrorism is key to survival. 

Terrorism is becoming increasingly deadly and the end goal of terrorists is nuclear apocalypse and extinction. 

Matthew Lippman 2003 - Professor, Department of Criminal Justice, University of Illinois at Chicago. THE NEW TERRORISM AND INTERNATIONAL LAW. Tulsa Journal of Comparative and International Law, Spring, 2003. 10 Tulsa J. Comp. and Int'l L. 297. 

The contemporary era has ushered … -terrorist" thus belies the conventional

Terrorist attacks heighten to nuclear terrorism- this leads to nuclear war. 

Ayson 2010 - Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington  (Robert, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 33.7, InformaWorld)BB

But these two nuclear worlds—a … still meet with a devastating response.

My argument is not that persons accused of terrorism don’t deserve Any rights, just that they should be given a fair trial under a different set of rules. Military tribunals can protect defendants without giving the same rights

Schaffer, 2002 – J.D. candidate, Fordham University School of Law Amanda, Fordham Urban Law Journal Volume 30, Issue 4 “Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Terrorists: An In-Depth Analysis of the Government’s Right to Classify United States Citizens Suspected of Terrorism as Enemy Combatants and Try those Enemy Combatants by Military Commission” JSTOR

The process for determining enemy … while it is under attack.