Tournament: Harvard-Westlake | Round: 1 | Opponent: Unknown | Judge: Unknown
Random House Dictionary  defines “ought,” as 

“(used to express...ought to help.

Therefore I value Morality. 

The Criterion is Minimizing Undeserved Punishment. Undeserved punishment is inconsistent with many moral and political values.

A. There are five major reasons why punishment of the innocent is inconsistent with our intuitive notions of justice and utility. Steiker and Steiker 2005  explain in the context of wrongful execution.

There are six...harm of irrevocability. 

B. A survey of practices in the criminal justice system shows that avoiding undeserved punishment is one of its core values. Joy 2006 :

From a normative...over and over.”27 

C. Punishing the innocent violates the social contract. Kitai 2003 :

Conviction of a...an ungrateful manner. 4 

D. Deontological considerations bar convicting the innocent. Kitai 2 :

A deontological approach...the common interest.

Therefore, the affirmative advocacy is justified if it best avoids undeserved punishment.

The Affirmative advocates that lawyers should be allowed to disclose information protected by attorney-client privilege when doing so is necessary to prevent another person from being wrongly convicted of the crime.

CONTENTION 1: Allowing disclosure of client confidences to avoid wrongful conviction of third-parties is essential to minimizing undeserved punished.

A. A wrongful conviction exception for attorney-client privilege protects justice. Hasbani 2010 :

Legislatures should adopt...of the innocent.

B. Wrongful conviction subjects individuals to significant physical danger and should therefore be incorporated into the substantial bodily harm exception. Miller 2008 :

Turning to wrongful...in the previous year.

Thus, because it is relatively certain that bodily harm will come to someone who is wrongly convicted, attorney disclosure should be allowed. Miller 2 :

In deciding whether...the proposed acts.

C. Wrongful conviction is rampant in the Criminal Justice System. The time to act is now. Zalman 2012 :

The ultimate question...the justice system.

Tournament: USC | Round: 1 | Opponent: Unknown | Judge: Unknown
A. Reflective equilibrium is the only practical way to justify moral theories. Daniels 2011  describes the model.

Daniels, Norman Prof. of Population Ethics, Harvard University, "Reflective Equilibrium", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2011 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2011/entries/reflective-equilibrium/

The method of reflective ... they are still defeasible (McMahan 2000).

Moral judgments are better justified insofar as they are consistent with the rest of our beliefs on due reflection and after appropriate revisions.

Prefer this method of justification to reasoning from first principles. Rawls ’71 :

John Rawls American Philosopher, formerly Prof. at Harvard University, A Theory of Justice: Revised Edition, Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press (1971). P. 506

Philosophers commonly try ... to be justified.

B. The capabilities approach is most consistent with the pluralistic nature of our moral sensibilities. Nussbaum 2004  describes the Capabilities Approach to justice:

Martha C. Nussbaum Prof. of Law and Ethics, University of Chicago, “Beyond ‘Compassion and Humanity’: Justice For Non-Human Animals” Animal Rights: Current Debates and New Directions. Eds. Cass R. Sunstein and Martha C. Nussbaum. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. 299-320. Print.

The capabilities approach ... obstacles to it.

The Capabilities Approach is most consistent with reflective equilibrium because it acknowledges multi-faceted nature of moral practice. Robeyns 2011 :

Robeyns, Ingrid Prof. of Practical Philosophy, Erasmus University Rotterdam, "The Capability Approach", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2011 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2011/entries/capability-approach/.

According to the ... basic moral duties?

SECTION II IS HARMS AND ADVOCACY

A. Commercial resource extraction is a major driver of deforestation, which prevents developing economies from diversifying exports. Barbier 2013 :

Edward Barbier Prof of Economics, U. of Wyoming, “Environmental Sustainability and Poverty Eradication in Developing Countries,” Getting Development Right: Structural Transformation, Inclusion, and Sustainability in the Post-Crisis Era. Ed. Eva Paus. New York: Palgrave Macmillan (2013), pp. 173-194. AT

Second, marginal land ... unable to diversify. 

B. A large part of the tropical forest will be lost by the end of the 21st century. Davin and Noblet-Ducoudre  2010:

Edouard L. Davin and Nathalie de Noblet-Ducoudre Laboratory of Climate Sciences and the Environment, Institute Pierre-Simon Laplace  (UMR CEA-CNRS-the University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines), Gif-sur Yvette, France, “Climatic Impact of Global-Scale Deforestation: Radiative versus Nonradiative Processes,” Journal of Climate, American Meteorological Society (January 1st, 2010). pp. 97-98

Already 15–30 of ... mitigate climate change. 

Thus the PLAN:  Developing countries will expand Protected Areas like parks and reserves for tropical forests.

Soares-Filho 2009  defines Protected Areas and demonstrates their effectiveness in Brazil:

Britaldo Soares-Filho Associate Prof. of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Meteorology and Agriculture Brazil, et al. “Role of Brazilian Amazon protected areas in climate change mitigation,” PNAS, Vol. 27, No. 104. (July 15, 2010). pp. 10821–10826.

We broadly define ... mitigate climate change. 

While there are variations between different sites, meta-analysis shows that overall Protected Areas reduce deforestation. Nagendra 2008 :

Harini Nagendra Society in Science Branco Weiss Fellow and the Asia Research Coordinator at the Center for the Study of Institutions, Population, and Environmental Change (Cl PEC), Indiana University, “Parks Work? Impact of Protected Areas on Land Cover Clearing,” Ambio, Vol. 37, No. 5 (Jul., 2008), pp. 330-337.

Table 4 summarizes ... land-cover clearing within their boundaries. 

SECTION III IS ADVANTAGES

Contention :  The need for protection of biodiversity makes reducing deforestation necessary. Creating parks and reserves is the best way to solve. Naughton-Treves et al 2005:

Naughton-Treves et al. “The Role of Protected Areas in Conserving Biodiversity and Sustaining Local Livelihoods.” Annual Reviews. 2005. Department of Geography, Gaylord Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin

Undoubtedly, the best ... issues come to the fore.

IMPACT: Forests preserve important ecological services. Sunderlin et al. 2005 :

William D. Sunderlin Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia, et al. “Livelihoods, Forests, and Conservation in Developing Countries: An Overview,” World Development Vol. 33, No. 9, pp. 1383–1402, (2005)

That poverty should ... of medicines and pharmaceuticals (Myers, 1997, p. 271). 

Contention 2: Protected areas preserve important resources for the rural poor. Naughton-Treves 2005 :

Naughton-Treves et al. “The Role of Protected Areas in Conserving Biodiversity and Sustaining Local Livelihoods.” Annual Reviews. 2005. Department of Geography, Gaylord Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin

Even conservation actions ... supporting restoration activities (99).

Barbier 2010  continues:

Edward Barbier Prof of Economics, U. of Wyoming, “A Global Green New Deal: Rethinking the Economic Recovery. New York: Cambridge University Press (201), pp. 1-168. AT

As noted in part I ... less than US$1 a day.5

Extreme poverty is a state of both unsatisfied basic needs and a lack of human dignity. Singer 4 :

Peter Singer Professor of Bioethics, Princeton University, The Life You Can Save, New York: Random House (2009), p. 5-6.

A few years ... beyond bare survival. 3

Such poverty is widespread and often fatal. Singer 3 :

Peter Singer Professor of Bioethics, Princeton University, The Life You Can Save, New York: Random House (2009), p. 8-9.

In wealthy societies ... children and adults. 7

Tournament: Loyola Invitational | Round: 1 | Opponent: Unknown | Judge: Sydney Bubb
I affirm. The standard is upholding democracy as required by the resolution. Democracy is best understood as a norm of decision-making by inclusive deliberation rather than a set of institutions. This conception of democracy is preferable for 4 reasons.

(A) Deliberative democracy is strongly linked to just outcomes because it best accounts for the interests of all those affected by political decisions. Young 2000:
Iris M. Young Prof. of Political Science, University of Chicago, Inclusion and Democracy. New York: Oxford University Press (2000).
We can now...compatible with justice.

(B) Deliberative democracy is most consistent with the norm of self-determination. Young 2000 :
Iris M. Young Prof. of Political Science, University of Chicago, Inclusion and Democracy. New York: Oxford University Press (2000).
Self-determination, the...to democratic participation.

(C) A robust public sphere cultivates social capital that lubricates the vital functioning of day to day governance. Putnam 2000 :
Robert D. Putnam Prof. of Public Policy, Harvard, Bowling Alone, New York: Simon and Schuster Paperbacks (2000).
Social connections are...a complex society.
(D) Deliberative democracy holds elites accountable by forcing them to justify their decisions in public deliberations. Young 2000 :
Iris M. Young Prof. of Political Science, University of Chicago, Inclusion and Democracy. New York: Oxford University Press (2000).
Political practice guided...of their injustices.

Thus the affirmative burden is to show that compulsory voting best upholds deliberative democracy.

Contention 1: Compulsory voting reduces socio-economic inequality.

Multiple cross-national studies show that compulsory voting increases voter turnout. Jackman 2001 :
Simon Jackman 01, Assitant Professor and Victoria Schuck Faculty Scholar, Department of Political Science, Stanford Unviersity, "Compulsory Voting", Internet Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2001. http://jackman.stanford.edu/papers/cv.pdf
Even a casual...ostensibly have CV.

And, high rates of voter turnout are associated with stronger measures of socioeconomic equality. Birch 2009 :
Sarah Birch Reader in Politics at the University of Essex, “The case for compulsory voting,” Public Policy Research, March-May (2009), pp. 21-27.
One of the...the wealth gap. 

Moreover, compulsory voting has been shown to increase expenditure on social welfare. Chong and Olivera ‘08:
Alberto Chong and Mauricio Olivera. “Does Compulsory Voting Help Equalize Incomes?” Economics and Politics. Volume 20. The Authors Journal compilation r 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
For all the...eliminated in 1993.

Impact: Structural inequalities undermine democracy by giving privileged groups disproportionate influence. Young 2000 :
Iris M. Young Prof. of Political Science, University of Chicago, Inclusion and Democracy. New York: Oxford University Press (2000).
No existing democracy...influence of others.

And, social inequality undermines democratic citizenship. Sandel 2009 :
Michael Sandel Prof. of Government, Harvard University, “Justice: What’s the right thing to do?” New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux (2009).
But there is...democratic citizenship depends.

Cultivating an active public sphere is the best way to deepen democracy. Young 2000 :
Iris M. Young Prof. of Political Science, University of Chicago, Inclusion and Democracy. New York: Oxford University Press (2000).
This chapter has...by their members.

Tournament: Loyola Invitational | Round: 1 | Opponent: Unknown | Judge: Sydney Bubb
I affirm. The standard is upholding democracy as required by the resolution. Democracy is best understood as a norm of decision-making by inclusive deliberation rather than a set of institutions. This conception of democracy is preferable for 4 reasons.

(A) Deliberative democracy is strongly linked to just outcomes because it best accounts for the interests of all those affected by political decisions. Young 2000:
Iris M. Young Prof. of Political Science, University of Chicago, Inclusion and Democracy. New York: Oxford University Press (2000).
We can now...compatible with justice.

(B) Deliberative democracy is most consistent with the norm of self-determination. Young 2000 :
Iris M. Young Prof. of Political Science, University of Chicago, Inclusion and Democracy. New York: Oxford University Press (2000).
Self-determination, the...to democratic participation.

(C) A robust public sphere cultivates social capital that lubricates the vital functioning of day to day governance. Putnam 2000 :
Robert D. Putnam Prof. of Public Policy, Harvard, Bowling Alone, New York: Simon and Schuster Paperbacks (2000).
Social connections are...a complex society.
(D) Deliberative democracy holds elites accountable by forcing them to justify their decisions in public deliberations. Young 2000 :
Iris M. Young Prof. of Political Science, University of Chicago, Inclusion and Democracy. New York: Oxford University Press (2000).
Political practice guided...of their injustices.

Thus the affirmative burden is to show that compulsory voting best upholds deliberative democracy.

Contention 1: Compulsory voting reduces socio-economic inequality.

Multiple cross-national studies show that compulsory voting increases voter turnout. Jackman 2001 :
Simon Jackman 01, Assitant Professor and Victoria Schuck Faculty Scholar, Department of Political Science, Stanford Unviersity, "Compulsory Voting", Internet Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2001. http://jackman.stanford.edu/papers/cv.pdf
Even a casual...ostensibly have CV.

And, high rates of voter turnout are associated with stronger measures of socioeconomic equality. Birch 2009 :
Sarah Birch Reader in Politics at the University of Essex, “The case for compulsory voting,” Public Policy Research, March-May (2009), pp. 21-27.
One of the...the wealth gap. 

Moreover, compulsory voting has been shown to increase expenditure on social welfare. Chong and Olivera ‘08:
Alberto Chong and Mauricio Olivera. “Does Compulsory Voting Help Equalize Incomes?” Economics and Politics. Volume 20. The Authors Journal compilation r 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
For all the...eliminated in 1993.

Impact: Structural inequalities undermine democracy by giving privileged groups disproportionate influence. Young 2000 :
Iris M. Young Prof. of Political Science, University of Chicago, Inclusion and Democracy. New York: Oxford University Press (2000).
No existing democracy...influence of others.

And, social inequality undermines democratic citizenship. Sandel 2009 :
Michael Sandel Prof. of Government, Harvard University, “Justice: What’s the right thing to do?” New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux (2009).
But there is...democratic citizenship depends.

Cultivating an active public sphere is the best way to deepen democracy. Young 2000 :
Iris M. Young Prof. of Political Science, University of Chicago, Inclusion and Democracy. New York: Oxford University Press (2000).
This chapter has...by their members.