Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 4 | Opponent: Kempner SO | Judge: Ryan Fink
Plan Text
Plan text: The National Assembly of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan will pass a compulsory voting law for all citizens age 18 or older.
Solvency
Compulsory election laws are key to turnout in Afghanistan
Altman 04
Democratic Challenges in the Contemporary World David Altman Paper Prepared to be presented at the First Coordination Meeting of the Non-Governmental Process for the Community of Democracies Lisbon, January 19-21, 2004.
It can be …, Algeria, and Peru. 

Advantage One: Terrorism
A) The Taliban is gaining control of Afghanistan – election is key
Sheppard 13
Taliban leader dismisses Afghan vote as 'waste of time'
By Ben Sheppard (AFP) – Aug 6, 2013
http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5immKWVLL6GGe4VW1AQ6eS3-9JHSg?docId=CNG.ad67a6d6d4f90a1306df86329ed2c65d.d1
"Participation in such … are going to be satisfactorily met".

Preventing votes is a key part of the Taliban’s strategy
Filkins 09
Dexter Filkins, 8-17-09, nytimes.com/2009/08/17/world/asia/17taliban.html
Polls show that … fears of them, linger.

B) Voters hate the Taliban.
Forced voting would mean more anti-Taliban votes
Constable 09
Many Women Stayed Away From the Polls In Afghanistan By Pamela Constable, August 31, 2009. WashPost.
"I voted for… fed up with them."

Specifically, enfranchising women will stop the Taliban from gaining a majority in government
Cortright and Wall 12
Afghan Women Speak: Enhancing Security and Human Rights in Afghanistan. David Cortright Notre Dame prof, Director of Policy Studies @ Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies Kristen Wall Research Associate @ Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies published by Notre Dame. August 2012 kroc.nd.edu/sites/default/files/Afghan_Women_Speak_Report.pdf
Many women expressed …stipulating gender equality

C) Taliban takeover

Taliban influence in the south could mean a loss of all strategic gains so far and a transition back to Afghanistan as a Taliban sanctuary
Maley 09
States of Conflict A case study on state-building in Afghanistan William Maley November 2009. IPPR, Institute for Public Policy Research, ippr.org/images/media/files/publication/2011/05/states_of_conflict_afghanistan_1742.pdf
There are significant … in August 2008 (see Gall and Rahimi 2008, Coghlan 2009).
Violence and unrest will continue to spread
Cortright and Wall 12
Afghan Women Speak: Enhancing Security and Human Rights in Afghanistan. David Cortright Notre Dame prof, Director of Policy Studies @ Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies Kristen Wall Research Associate @ Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies published by Notre Dame. August 2012 kroc.nd.edu/sites/default/files/Afghan_Women_Speak_Report.pdf
According to the …areas in the north.

The Taliban is critical to Al Qaeda
Joscelyn 13
Taliban Still Backs Al Qaeda Thomas Joscelyn August 6, 2013 3:24 PM
http://www.weeklystandard.com/print/blogs/taliban-still-backs-al-qaeda_745673.html
The Obama administration …separate the two.

Al Qaeda is more dangerous than ever
AP 13
Al Qaeda's growing terror networks a bigger global threat than ever before AP WASHINGTON, AUGUST 7, 2013 | UPDATED 17:50 IST Read more at: http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/al-qaeda-us-embassy-in-yemen-terrorism-us-president-barack-obama/1/298451.html
The bravado, however, …far-flung locales."

Strengthening terrorism risks extinction.
Speice 06
Patrick Speice JD Candidate 47 Wm and Mary L. Rev. 1427, February 2006
Terrorist groups could …use of nuclear weapons

Advantage Two: Stability

A) Tensions high now, and a safe, fair election is key to avoid civil war
Constable 09
In Afghanistan, Karzai vows not to interfere with election of next president
By Pamela Constable,August 24, 2013. Wash Post.  
Many analysts think … be civil war.”
This upcoming election is a key test of Afghan stability
Business Recorder 9-3
Afghan Taliban attack US base, Nato supply vehicles September 03, 2013 http://www.brecorder.com/general-news/172/1227566/
 President Hamid Karzai, …marred by massive fraud.
Poor election outcomes mean more sectarian violence and war
Cortright and Wall 12
Afghan Women Speak: Enhancing Security and Human Rights in Afghanistan. David Cortright Notre Dame prof, Director of Policy Studies @ Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies Kristen Wall Research Associate @ Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies published by Notre Dame. August 2012 kroc.nd.edu/sites/default/files/Afghan_Women_Speak_Report.pdf
Afghan women expressed fears about…causes of war.

B) Afghan instability spills over to the region
Lal 06
Rollie Lal, Rand Corporation, "Central Asia and Its Asian Neighbors. Security and Commerce at the Crossroads," http://stinet.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=A450305andLocation=U2anddoc=GetTRDoc.pdf
The Asian states … own security interests.

Afghan instability spills over into Iran specifically
Rhinefield 06
Jeffrey D., Lieutenant, United States Navy B.S., Jacksonville University; IMPLICATIONS OF SOCIETAL FRAGMENTATION FOR STATE FORMATION: CAN DEMOCRACY SUCCEED IN AFGHANISTAN?; MASTER OF ARTS IN NATIONAL SECURITY AFFAIRS; NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL; http://stinet.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/gettrdoc?AD=A445561andLocation=U2anddoc=gettrdoc.pdf
In addition, Iran’s …instability into Iran.”242

Iranian instability causes nuke war
Eisenstadt 04
Michael, Senior Fellow @ Washington Institute for Near East Policy, Iran Watch # 899, “THE IAEA AND IRAN: THE PERILS OF INACTION”, 9-16, http://www.iranwatch.org/privateviews/WINEP/perspex-winep-eisenstadt-nucleariran-091604.htm
Implications of Instability in Iran? …source of concern.

Advantage Three: Women’s Rights
A) Millions of women are denied the right to vote for cultural and social reasons, only structural change like compulsory voting could enfranchise them
Sudhakar and Worden 10
Real Change for Afghan Women’s Rights: Opportunities and Challenges in the Upcoming Parliamentary Elections August 11, 2010 Sudhakar and Worden United States Institute of Peace http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/resources/pb44.pdf
At the same … continued political participation.
B) Voters and women can push for change to get education, employment and stop violence,
Warsi 13
Giving women a vote and a voice in Afghanistan’s future Posted 30 Jul 2013, 4:17pm By Baroness Sayeeda Warsi http://www2.amnesty.org.uk/blogs/yes-minister-it-human-rights-issue/giving-women-vote-and-voice-afghanistanE28099s-future
Just over a … in the forthcoming elections.
Women voting means more equal rights
Peter 10
Tom A. Peter, Correspondent / October 20, 2010 “Nearly a quarter of Afghanistan election votes disqualified” http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2010/1020/Nearly-a-quarter-of-Afghanistan-election-votes-disqualified
But the second … democratic province now.”

C) If the Taliban or traditionalists win the election, women’s rights might be given up
Koofi 11
Fawzia Koofi The Guardian, Tuesday 4 October 2011 The dreams of Afghan women can't die now, theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/oct/04/dreams-afghan-women-taliban-rights
But Afghanistan remains ..council are women.

D) The impact is cyclical. Inclusion of women is key to security and stability,
Cortright and Wall 12
Afghan Women Speak: Enhancing Security and Human Rights in Afghanistan. David Cortright Notre Dame prof, Director of Policy Studies @ Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies Kristen Wall Research Associate @ Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies published by Notre Dame. August 2012 kroc.nd.edu/sites/default/files/Afghan_Women_Speak_Report.pdf
One of the … —Orzala Ashraf Nemat, activist
Violence and insecurity directly impacts women
Cortright and Wall 12
Afghan Women Speak: ... and vulnerable populations.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 4 | Opponent: La Jolla RP | Judge: Shahbaz Shaik

Chile Aff

1AC

Inherency

2009 law is insufficient—stricter environmental legislation is key to protect Chile’s glaciers.

Estrada 09, (Daniela Estrada, degree in journalism from the Universidad de Chile and has worked for several media outlets in the field of technology, CHILE: Scientist Warns of Threats to Rock Glaciers, Apr 24 2009, http://www.ipsnews.net/2009/04/chile-scientist-warns-of-threats-to-rock-glaciers/)

A new government policy on glaciers adopted by Chile "is a step forward,
AND
up to twice as fast in the last 10 years," it says.

Plan

The National Congress of Chile should pass legislation modeled on Argentina’s National Glacier Law that expands the definition of glaciers to include rock glaciers and surrounding ice fields and bans mining operations in glacial and periglacial areas.

Reserve the right to clarify.

Solvency

The law has worked in Argentina.

Baissi 13, (Fernanda Baissi, Center for Human Rights and Environment, Chilean Court Suspends Pascua Lama for Glacier, Wetlands and Water Contamination, April 11, 2013, http://wp.cedha.net/?p=1259026lang=en)

On the Argentine side of the border, Barrick has had to confront new environmental
AND
Court ruling rejected the request. Today, the Glacier Law still stands.

The law would effectively shut down mining operations.

Maxwell 13, (Amanda Maxwell, South America’s glaciers: going the way of the dinosaurs?, October 25, 2013, http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/amaxwell/south_americas_glaciers_are_fa.html)

Chile could be the next country to pass a glacier protection law. Parliament has
AND
certainly be passed and—crucially—implemented to the fullest extent possible.

Expanding the definition of glaciers is key

AP 13, (Associated Press, Legislation to protect Chile’s glaciers and water supplies worries important mining industry, October 09, 2013, http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/10/09/legislation-to-protect-chile-glaciers-and-water-supplies-worries-important/)

Jorge Daniel Taillant, director of the Center for Human Rights and the Environment,
AND
a change — there’s a greater environmental awareness and respect for natural resources."

Advantage 1: Biodiversity

Environmental negligence in copper and gold mining operations in Chile create massive ecological harms.

Baissi 13, (Fernanda Baissi, Center for Human Rights and Environment, Chilean Court Suspends Pascua Lama for Glacier, Wetlands and Water Contamination, April 11, 2013, http://wp.cedha.net/?p=1259026lang=en)

The suspension is a response to criticism from indigenous groups and government agencies in Chile
AND
metals including arsenic, aluminum, copper and sulfates in local waterways. 

This damages the integrity of the high mountain wetlands and kills multiple species.

Baissi 13, (Fernanda Baissi, Center for Human Rights and Environment, Chilean Court Suspends Pascua Lama for Glacier, Wetlands and Water Contamination, April 11, 2013, http://wp.cedha.net/?p=1259026lang=en)

The Argentine National Park Service (ANPS) condemns the Pascua Lama and Veladero projects
AND
laden water. The ANPS calls Veladero, "Argentina’s sacrifice to Barrick."

The Chilean glaciers are a key hub of biodiversity

Carrasquel 12, (Gustavo Carrasquel, The Patagonia Biodiversity in peril, 1/30/2012, http://anca24canada.canalazul24.com/?p=189)

Patagonia is a vast, immensely rich, sparsely populated area of South America,
AND
endemic deer and many other species not found anywhere else in the planet.

Wetlands are uniquely key to biodiversity

EPA 06, EPA, February 22, 2006 (http://www.epa.gov/owow/wetlands/vital/nature.html-http://www.epa.gov/owow/wetlands/vital/nature.html)

Wetlands are among the most productive ecosystems in the world, comparable to rain forests
AND
for food, water, and shelter, especially during migration and breeding.

Loss of biodiversity will lead to extinction – global ecosystems are reliant on each other

Tonn 7, Bruce E. Tonn, Urban Planning Prof @ Tennessee, November 2007 (Futures v. 39, no. 9, "Futures Sustainability", l/n)

The first principle is the most important because earth-life is needed to support
AND
earth-life into the distant future the earth’s biodiversity must be protected.

Advantage 2: Water

Explosions from Chilean mining operations contaminate and destroy glaciers.

Baissi 13, (Fernanda Baissi, Center for Human Rights and Environment, Chilean Court Suspends Pascua Lama for Glacier, Wetlands and Water Contamination, April 11, 2013, http://wp.cedha.net/?p=1259026lang=en)

Barrick’s operations exploiting Veladero and preparing for exploitation at Pascua Lama have already had extensive
AND
mining company’s extensive impacts on the region’s ice reserves, later this month.

Glaciers are vanishing quickly—threatens the water supply for all of Chile.

Jamasmie 13, (Cecilia Jamasmie, Master of Journalism from the University of British Columbia, Chile’s proposed glaciers protection law worries miners, investors, October 9, 2013, http://www.mining.com/chiles-proposed-glaciers-protection-law-worries-miners-investors-15134/)

The revival of legislation to protect glaciers by banning mining activities close to them has
AND
boulder-strewn slope with a few patches of ice near the top.

Chile is key to the world’s water supply—glacial water is needed to avert conflict.

Smith 13, (Michael Smith, Bloomberg Markets Magazine, South Americans Face Upheaval in Deadly Water Battles, Feb 12, 2013, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-13/south-americans-face-upheaval-in-deadly-water-battles.html)

South America has more water than any other region on earth, with 29 percent
AND
, known as a tailings dam, for the Los Pelambres copper mine.

Water shortages escalate to military conflict.

Chellaney 13, (Brahma Chellaney, Geostrategist and the author of "Water, Peace, and War," Rowman 26 Littlefield, 2013, CHELLANEY: The coming water wars, Tuesday, October 8, 2013, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/oct/8/the-coming-water-wars/?page=all)

As competition for the precious resource grows, water will be a key to war
AND
and quality constraints, the risks of overt water wars are now increasing.

Goes nuclear—causes extinction.

NASCA 2006, (National Association for Scientific 26 Cultural Appreciation ("Water Shortages – Only A Matter Of Time." http://www.nasca.org.uk/Strange_relics_/water/water.html)

Water is one of the prime essentials for life as we know it. The
AND
ourselves with a nightmare situation for which there will be no obvious answer.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Marcus LH | Judge: Ben Clancy
I value morality since ought is defined as a moral obligation.  The meta-ethic is constitutivism. 

Only an agent’s reasons from means to ends provides the necessary unity of movement in an action.
Rodl 11 Sebastian Roedl.  Prof. Of Philosophy, University of Leipzig.  “Two Forms of Practical Knowledge and Their Unity” in  Ford and Hornsby, Eds. Essays on Anscombe's Intention (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2011) 239.
We can give … of her nexus.

The resolution asks an unqualified question about morality in a specific circumstance. This means both sides need to propose and defend a binding moral rule. 

Further, constitutive standards alone explain the possibility of binding standards.  
Boyle and Lavin 10 Matthew Boyle and Douglas Lavin. Professors of Philosophy: Harvard University. “Goodness and Desire” p. 32-33. http://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/4879173/Boyle_GoodnessDesire.pdf?sequence=2
A certain standard … to be itself.

Acting with the structure of practical deliberation provides us with a mechanism for decision making that is normative.
Engstrom 09 The Form of Practical Knowledge, Stephen Engstrom, Harvard UP, 2009
Since the will, …exercise of the will.

Only a constitutivist account of morality can provide moral norms because it draws them from practical deliberation as opposed to other moral theories that draw moral norms from sources external to the agent.  
Engstrom 09 The Form of Practical Knowledge, Stephen Engstrom, Harvard UP, 2009
The distinctive practical … cognizance of it.

Thus, the standard is maintaining a system of equal freedom because when an agent engages in rational reflection they must will a system of equal freedom as only a universal law is consistent with the constitute aim of practical reflection for two reasons. 

All knowledge must be applicable to all reasoners.
Engstrom 09 The Form of Practical Knowledge, Stephen Engstrom, Harvard UP, 2009
As I mentioned, …judgment is based.

2. A system of knowledge must be universal since the system must be coherent.
Engstrom 09 The Form of Practical Knowledge, Stephen Engstrom, Harvard UP, 2009
The second form … we simultaneously endorse. 

Contention 1
Non-voting isn’t universizable within democracy.
Mayo 59 H. B. Mayo.  “A Note on the Alleged Duty to Vote.” May, 1959. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2127168.
The usual argument … attached to citizenship.

Only a system that requires everyone to vote has the possibility of representing equal freedom. One’s own choice is the only one that can’t self-wrong.
Kant 1793: Immanuel Kant, On the Common Saying: ‘This May Be True in Theory but it Does Not Apply in Practice.” 1793. In Democracy: A Reader, eds. Ricardo Blaug and John  at Schwarzmantel.
3. The independence (sibisufficientia) … the original contract. 

Thus, the state still has the obligation to require them to vote- as part of the rightful condition, they cannot allow violations to occur.
Weinrib 08: Weinrib, Jacob, Kant on Citizenship and Universal Independence (December 1, 2008). Australian Journal of Legal Philosophy, Vol. 33, 2008.
Although passive citizens … enable universal independence:3 

Contention 2
Free-riding or lack of contributing is not consistent with the rightful condition.
Ripstein 09: Arthur Ripstein, Force and Freedom. Harvard University Press, 2009.
So mandatory cooperation … costs them nothing.

Not voting is free-riding behavior, and not universizable.
Engelen 07 (Bart Engelen Research Assistant
AND
2007, 42, (23–39))
Abstention is a …and its values.

Underviews

1. Presume aff
   2. No neg RVIs
   3. Only limiting my own actions amongst others allows a conception of oneself.
   Wood n.d. ("Fichte's Philosophy of Right and Ethics," forthcoming in Günter Zöller (ed). The Cambridge Companion to Fichte. New York: Cambridge University Press.)
   The condition for … in certain ways (GA I/3:342-347).
   4. The negative must defend a system of voluntary voting in a democracy. Topic lit.

Tournament: Apple Valley | Round: 1 | Opponent:  | Judge:
The framework was util but I read different justifications in different rounds, so if you'd like to know what they were for a certain round then just ask.

Status quo lawyers can uphold privilege above potentially lethal chemical effects
Russell 97
Citation: 72 Wash. L. Rev. 409 1997¶ CRIES AND WHISPERS: ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS,¶ MODEL RULE 1.6, AND THE ATTORNEY'S¶ CONFLICTING DUTIES TO CLIENTS AND OTHERS¶ Irma S. Russell' Assistant Professor of Law, University of Memphis
Application of the ... pollution to society.

Scope of ACP in environmental context is unclear now- allows companies to avoid EPA enforcement
Weinberg and Reilly 08
Understanding Environmental Law
 By Philip Weinberg, Kevin Reilly. LexisNexis, 2008
Some courts have ... statutes' regulatory requirements.

Finding a violation allows the EPA to enforce
Price and Danzig 86
19 Loy. L. A. L. Rev. 1189 1986. ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING: DEVELOPING A¶ "PREVENTIVE MEDICINE" APPROACH TO¶ ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE¶ Courtney M. Price Partner, Rivkin, Radler, Dunne and Bayh, Washington, D.C. B.A. 1963, University of¶ Alabama; J.D. 1975, University of Southern California Law Center. Ms. Price was formerly¶ the Assistant Administrator for Enforcement and Compliance Monitoring, United States Environmental¶ Protection Agency. and Allen J. DanzigSpecial Assistant to the Assistant Administrator for Enforcement and Compliance¶ Monitoring, United States Environmental Protection Agency; B.A. 1977, University of Pennsylvania;¶ J.D. 1980, Rutgers Law School.
Where EPA makes ... an enforcement case.8 0

Audits have deterrent effect, change behavior
Price and Danzig 86
19 Loy. L. A. L. Rev. 1189 1986. ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING: DEVELOPING A¶ "PREVENTIVE MEDICINE" APPROACH TO¶ ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE¶ Courtney M. Price Partner, Rivkin, Radler, Dunne and Bayh, Washington, D.C. B.A. 1963, University of¶ Alabama; J.D. 1975, University of Southern California Law Center. Ms. Price was formerly¶ the Assistant Administrator for Enforcement and Compliance Monitoring, United States Environmental¶ Protection Agency. and Allen J. DanzigSpecial Assistant to the Assistant Administrator for Enforcement and Compliance¶ Monitoring, United States Environmental Protection Agency; B.A. 1977, University of Pennsylvania;¶ J.D. 1980, Rutgers Law School.
Recognizing the significant ... a competitive¶ disadvantage.

Cases key to check companies’ emissions
ELR 02
United States v. Duke Energy Corp.¶ Citation: 32 ELR 20741¶ No. No. 1:00CV1262, 208 F.R.D. 553/(M.D.N.C., 06/07/2002) Environmental Law Reporter
The court holds ... reports and depositions.

Runaway warming is beginning now – without greater carbon control, extinction is inevitable
Tickell, 08 – (Oliver, The Guardian, “On a planet 4C hotter, all we can prepare for is extinction”, 8/11,  http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/aug/11/climatechange)

We need to ... similar hothouse Earth.

(51 secs) Part 5: Species

Court cases key to uphold the Endangered Species Act
ELR 02
Maine v. Department of the Interior¶ Citation: 32 ELR 20804¶ No. No. 01-1234, 298 F.3d 60/(1st Cir., 07/30/2002) Environmental Law Reporter
elr.info/litigation/5Bfield_article_volume-raw5D/20804/maine-v-department-interior
The court holds ... if it existed.

Salmon are a keystone species
CRD no date, (Capital Regional District, The Capital Regional District (CRD) is the regional government for the 13 municipalities and three electoral areas that are located on the southern tip of Vancouver Island, Pacific Salmon, http://www.crd.bc.ca/watersheds/protection/wildlife-plants/salmon.htm)

Pacific salmon played ... a “keystone species.”

Loss of biodiversity will lead to extinction – global ecosystems are reliant on each other
Tonn 7, Bruce E. Tonn, Urban Planning Prof @ Tennessee, November 2007 (Futures v. 39, no. 9, “Futures Sustainability”, l/n)

The first principle ... must be protected.

Revoking attorney-client privilege is key to checking the nuclear industry—solves nuclear meltdowns.
Russell 97
Citation: 72 Wash. L. Rev. 409 1997¶ CRIES AND WHISPERS: ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS,¶ MODEL RULE 1.6, AND THE ATTORNEY'S¶ CONFLICTING DUTIES TO CLIENTS AND OTHERS¶ Irma S. Russell' Assistant Professor of Law, University of Memphis
Whether the creation ... clarity as¶ possible.

A single meltdown destroys species, spreads massive radiation, and causes extinction.
Lendman, 2011
(Stephen, Research Associate of the Centre for Research on Globalization, 03/ 13, “Nuclear Meltdown in Japan,”, The People’s Voice http://www.thepeoplesvoice.org/TPV3/Voices.php/2011/03/13/nuclear-meltdown-in-japan, accessed 8-2-12, RSR)
Reuters said the ... an apocalyptic event.