Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 4 | Opponent: PV Penninsula AJ | Judge: Tim Alderete

Plan Text

Plan text: The National Assembly of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan will pass a compulsory voting law for all citizens age 18 or older.

Solvency

Compulsory election laws are key to turnout in Afghanistan
Altman 04
Democratic Challenges in the Contemporary World David Altman Paper Prepared to be presented at the First Coordination Meeting of the Non-Governmental Process for the Community of Democracies Lisbon, January 19-21, 2004.
It can be certainly argued that some institutional arrangements foster turnout rates over others.
AND
its geographic scope and was led by Tajikistan, Algeria, and Peru. 

Advantage One: Terrorism

The Taliban is gaining control of Afghanistan – election is key
Sheppard 13
Taliban leader dismisses Afghan vote as 'waste of time'
By Ben Sheppard (AFP) – Aug 6, 2013
http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5immKWVLL6GGe4VW1AQ6eS3-9JHSg?docId=CNG.ad67a6d6d4f90a1306df86329ed2c65d.d1
"Participation in such elections is only a waste of time, nothing more."
AND
accepted "most other of Afghanistan's challenges are going to be satisfactorily met".

Preventing votes is a key part of the Taliban’s strategy
Filkins 09
Dexter Filkins, 8-17-09, nytimes.com/2009/08/17/world/asia/17taliban.html
Polls show that Mr. Karzai is leading the other candidates. But those predictions
AND
area. But the Taliban, and the fears of them, linger.

And, voters hate the Taliban.
Forced voting would mean more anti-Taliban votes
Constable 09
Many Women Stayed Away From the Polls In Afghanistan By Pamela Constable, August 31, 2009. WashPost.
"I voted for Mr. Karzai last time. We were all so excited
AND
fed up with the Taliban, and we are fed up with them."

Specifically, enfranchising women will stop the Taliban from gaining a majority in government
Cortright and Wall 12
Afghan Women Speak: Enhancing Security and Human Rights in Afghanistan. David Cortright Notre Dame prof, Director of Policy Studies @ Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies Kristen Wall Research Associate @ Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies published by Notre Dame. August 2012 kroc.nd.edu/sites/default/files/Afghan_Women_Speak_Report.pdf
Many women expressed serious reservations
AND
scrapping Article 22 stipulating gender equality

Taliban takeover

Taliban influence in the south could mean a loss of all strategic gains so far and a transition back to Afghanistan as a Taliban sanctuary
Maley 09
States of Conflict A case study on state-building in Afghanistan William Maley November 2009. IPPR, Institute for Public Policy Research, ippr.org/images/media/files/publication/2011/05/states_of_conflict_afghanistan_1742.pdf
There are significant blocs of disaffected tribal elements within Afghanistan, and seeking to draw
AND
fire in August 2008 (see Gall and Rahimi 2008, Coghlan 2009).
Violence and unrest will continue to spread
Cortright and Wall 12
Afghan Women Speak: Enhancing Security and Human Rights in Afghanistan. David Cortright Notre Dame prof, Director of Policy Studies @ Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies Kristen Wall Research Associate @ Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies published by Notre Dame. August 2012 kroc.nd.edu/sites/default/files/Afghan_Women_Speak_Report.pdf
According to the UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA), the total number of
AND
, but violence has recently spread to previously peaceful areas in the north.

The Taliban is critical to Al Qaeda
Joscelyn 13
Taliban Still Backs Al Qaeda Thomas Joscelyn August 6, 2013 3:24 PM
http://www.weeklystandard.com/print/blogs/taliban-still-backs-al-qaeda_745673.html
The Obama administration has pursued a deal with the Taliban as part of its plan
AND
continue to support al Qaeda, despite American efforts to separate the two.

Al Qaeda is more dangerous than ever
AP 13
Al Qaeda's growing terror networks a bigger global threat than ever before AP WASHINGTON, AUGUST 7, 2013 | UPDATED 17:50 IST Read more at: http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/al-qaeda-us-embassy-in-yemen-terrorism-us-president-barack-obama/1/298451.html
The bravado, however, didn't match the Obama administration's action this week. It
AND
been expanding and consolidating its control in new and far-flung locales."

Strengthening terrorism risks extinction.
Speice 06
Patrick Speice JD Candidate 47 Wm and Mary L. Rev. 1427, February 2006
Terrorist groups could get a nuke acquire a nuclear weapon by a number
AND
will draw in the United States and escalate to the use of nuclear weapons

Advantage Two: Women’s Rights

Millions of women are denied the right to vote for cultural and social reasons, only structural change like compulsory voting could enfranchise them
Sudhakar and Worden 10
Real Change for Afghan Women’s Rights: Opportunities and Challenges in the Upcoming Parliamentary Elections August 11, 2010 Sudhakar and Worden United States Institute of Peace http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/resources/pb44.pdf
At the same time that these figures inspire optimism, a number of obstacles still
AND
key issues will foster an increasingly favorable environment for women’s continued political participation.
Voters and women can push for change to get education, employment and stop violence,
Warsi 13
Giving women a vote and a voice in Afghanistan’s future Posted 30 Jul 2013, 4:17pm By Baroness Sayeeda Warsi http://www2.amnesty.org.uk/blogs/yes-minister-it-human-rights-issue/giving-women-vote-and-voice-afghanistanE28099s-future
Just over a decade ago, Afghan women were not seen and not heard in
AND
direct support, training and workshops for female candidates in the forthcoming elections.
Women voting means more equal rights
Peter 10
Tom A. Peter, Correspondent / October 20, 2010 “Nearly a quarter of Afghanistan election votes disqualified” http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2010/1020/Nearly-a-quarter-of-Afghanistan-election-votes-disqualified
But the second seat was taken by a woman as well. Fareshta Amini beat
AND
this is the only place that looks like a real democratic province now.”

The impact is cyclical. Inclusion of women is key to security and stability,
Cortright and Wall 12
Afghan Women Speak: Enhancing Security and Human Rights in Afghanistan. David Cortright Notre Dame prof, Director of Policy Studies @ Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies Kristen Wall Research Associate @ Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies published by Notre Dame. August 2012 kroc.nd.edu/sites/default/files/Afghan_Women_Speak_Report.pdf
One of the means of building a more just peace is guaranteeing the meaningful inclusion
AND
women who can participate in this process.” —Orzala Ashraf Nemat, activist
Violence and insecurity directly impacts women
Cortright and Wall 12
Afghan Women Speak: Enhancing Security and Human Rights in Afghanistan. David Cortright Notre Dame prof, Director of Policy Studies @ Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies Kristen Wall Research Associate @ Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies published by Notre Dame. August 2012 kroc.nd.edu/sites/default/files/Afghan_Women_Speak_Report.pdf
Women interviewed for this report told of being victimized from violence not only between foreign
AND
is more pronounced due to the large numbers of displaced and vulnerable populations.

Plan Framework

Consistent Ground: Plans hold debaters to an advocacy; else the debater can shift their position in the 1AR, reinterpreting terms like compulsory voting to escape neg blocks and disads. This prevents negatives from having consistent ground to attack affs.
Reciprocal Burdens: If I must prove the resolution categorically true, then the neg gets to read counterwarrants, single examples to disprove my universal. They only prove one instance, but I have to prove all. And, they can choose the best neg ground, but I’m stuck with everything.
Topic Lit: Core aff topic lit is grounded in action. Authors defend compulsory voting not in general, but in terms of specific actions like an Australian system with fines and blank ballots. Thus, I need action for my cases and blocks to apply, which is the only way to win.
Policymaking. This frame is best to cultivate the most important skills in debate,
Hingstman 83:
LESSONS LEARNED, THE PHILOSOPHY OF ORDINARY LANGUAGE AND THE THEORY OF DEBATE
David B. Hingstman - Baylor University. Former debate director, argument theorist. Alta Conference.
Lest we believe that such intellectual commitments are limited to the hypothesis-testing paradigm
AND
makes argument as a means of directing inevitable action on social problems.
To fight for gender equality, we must discuss specific gender issues
Chew 07
staff, Chinese Progressive Association
Huibin Amee, June 16 2007, "Left Turn: Notes from the Global Intifada," http://www.leftturn.org/?q=node/699
This shallow vision of gender justice has so permeated even progressive circles, that our
AND
is at best engaged on a single-issue, not systemic basis.

All moral theories must seek to resolve power disparities because they undermine the equal participation of all relevant parties in the public domain, Butler 04:
Judith -  Professor of Rhetoric and Comparative Literature @ U.C. Berkeley, 2004 Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence, p. xix-xxi

To decide what views will count as reasonable within the public domain, however,
AND
to be central to any democracy, becomes a fugitive and suspect activity. 

F. All moral theories must appeal to a value of truth.  The only way to determine what is true is to determine whether it is true in a specific context.  Brendel and Jager
Elke Brendel and Christoph Jäger.  “Contextualist Approaches to Epistemology: Problems and Prospects.”  2004.  http://www.jstor.org/stable/20013285
One theory of knowledge which has had a major impact on recent contextualist approaches is
AND
zebras, unless you can rule out the possibility that they are cleverly disguised

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake NoSi | Judge: Samir Reddy

Only constitutivism provides a non-optional account of morality.

Boyle and Lavin, (Matthew Boyle and Douglas Lavin.  Professors of Philosophy: Harvard University.  “Goodness and Desire” p. 32-33. http://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/4879173/Boyle_GoodnessDesire.pdf?sequence=2)

A certain standard of goodness for a thing follows inevitably from its belonging to a
AND
can no more renounce these ends than it can cease to be itself.

Agency is the unifying characteristic of moral beings.

Ferrero 9, (Luca Ferrero, “Constitutivism and the Inescapability of Agency”. Oxford Studies in Metaethics, vol. IV, Jan 12, 2009.(https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/ferrero/www/pubs/ferrero-constitutivism.pdf?) Professor of Philosophy, University of Wesconsin at Milwaukee.)

3.2 Agency is special under two respects. First, agency is the
AND
under agency?s own distinctive operation: Agency is closed under itself.

In addition to agency, people in the state of nature have an innate right to independence.

Ripstein 9, (Ripstein, Arthur.  Force and Freedom.  2009.)

Kant conceives of equal freedom differently. It is not a matter of people having
AND
if neither of us gets to tell the other what purposes to pursue.

When an agent engages in rational reflection they must will a system of equal freedom as only a universal law is consistent with the constitute aim of practical reflection

Engstrom, (Stephen Engstrom , “Universal Legislation As the Form of Practical Knowledge”. www.philosophie.uni-hd.de/md/philsemengstrom_vortrag.pdf?)

Given the preceding considerations, it’s a straightforward matter to see how a maxim of
AND
of a person’s outer freedom is incompatible with the limitation of that same freedom

The government is created to remedy this problem.

Ripstein 2, (Ripstein, Arthur.  Force and Freedom.  2009.)

The second problem in the state of nature concerns the enforcement of rights
AND
has an enforceable obligation to refrain from interfering with the property of others.

Thus, the standard is maintaining a system of equal and outer freedom.

I contend that the truth-seeking is the necessary aim of the US CJS.

The state is obligated to punish all those who violate against the state.  In order to do so, the state must know if the person violated the state.  This means that in terms of the obligation of the criminal justice system, seeking the truth of who committed a crime must take precedence over all else.

Ripstein 3, (Ripstein, Arthur.  Force and Freedom.  2009.)

The thief’s specific maxim—the specific way in which she uses prohibited means—
AND
alone. Her hindrance to freedom is thus hindered by sealing it off.

The purpose of the US CJS is to punish criminals and to protect the innocent.

Bryant, (Lee Bryant, Director of Sixth Form, Ingatestone, Essex, How the Criminal Justice System Work)

The purpose of the Criminal Justice System (CJS) is to deliver justice for
AND
a warning, or having an offence taken into consideration (TIC).

Legal error is must be prohibited in the criminal justice system as if there are errors in legal judgment, people can’t be punished correctly.  Thus, the US CJS must prioritize truth seeking over ACP because truth seeking is the best way to ensure punishment.  Abolishment of ACP decreases legal error.

Fischel 98, (Daniel R. Fischel, "Lawyers and Confidentiality ," 65 University of Chicago Law Review 1 (1998).)

On the other hand, absent confidentiality rules, information that clients would have been
AND
and gamesmanship by attorneys that characterizes current trial practice should decrease legal error.

Currently, the CJS hurts the innocent because of legal errors, so we must prevent legal errors.

Jones 12, (Joshua A. Jones.  “Wrongful Conviction in the American Judicial Process: History, Scope, and Analysis.”  2012, VOL. 4 NO. 08.  http://www.studentpulse.com/articles/682/wrongful-conviction-in-the-american-judicial-process-history-scope-and-analysis)

Most Americans harbor the presumption that their criminal justice system is fair and blind.
AND
to any measurable degree within the past two decades (Huff, 2002).

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Maple Grove KT | Judge: Tom Evnen

Part 1: Plan Text

The USCJS will amend Model Rule 1.6 to clearly acknowledge the power of positive law and of duties that are broader than criminal law, create an exception to attorney-client privilege based on the element of peril, and establish a normative standard of exception, endorsing attorney disclosure in circumstances of grave peril.

Part 2: Inherency

Status quo – lawyers can uphold privilege above potentially lethal chemical effects

Russell 97
Citation: 72 Wash. L. Rev. 409 1997¶ CRIES AND WHISPERS: ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS,¶ MODEL RULE 1.6, AND THE ATTORNEY'S¶ CONFLICTING DUTIES TO CLIENTS AND OTHERS¶ Irma S. Russell' Assistant Professor of Law, University of Memphis
Application of the …of¶ pollution to society.

Scope of ACP in environmental context is unclear now- allows companies to avoid EPA enforcement

Weinberg and Reilly 08
Understanding Environmental Law
 By Philip Weinberg, Kevin Reilly. LexisNexis, 2008
Some courts have …statutes' regulatory requirements.

Part 3: Solvency

Finding a violation allows the EPA to enforce

Price and Danzig 86
19 Loy. L. A. L. Rev. 1189 1986. ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING: DEVELOPING A¶ "PREVENTIVE MEDICINE" APPROACH TO¶ ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE¶ Courtney M. Price Partner, Rivkin, Radler, Dunne and Bayh, Washington, D.C. B.A. 1963, University of¶ Alabama; J.D. 1975, University of Southern California Law Center. Ms. Price was formerly¶ the Assistant Administrator for Enforcement and Compliance Monitoring, United States Environmental¶ Protection Agency. and Allen J. DanzigSpecial Assistant to the Assistant Administrator for Enforcement and Compliance¶ Monitoring, United States Environmental Protection Agency; B.A. 1977, University of Pennsylvania;¶ J.D. 1980, Rutgers Law School.

Where EPA makes …an enforcement case.

Audits have deterrent effect, change behavior

Price and Danzig 86
19 Loy. L. A. L. Rev. 1189 1986. ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING: DEVELOPING A¶ "PREVENTIVE MEDICINE" APPROACH TO¶ ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE¶ Courtney M. Price Partner, Rivkin, Radler, Dunne and Bayh, Washington, D.C. B.A. 1963, University of¶ Alabama; J.D. 1975, University of Southern California Law Center. Ms. Price was formerly¶ the Assistant Administrator for Enforcement and Compliance Monitoring, United States Environmental¶ Protection Agency. and Allen J. DanzigSpecial Assistant to the Assistant Administrator for Enforcement and Compliance¶ Monitoring, United States Environmental Protection Agency; B.A. 1977, University of Pennsylvania;¶ J.D. 1980, Rutgers Law School.

Recognizing the significant … a competitive disadvantage.

Part 4: Carbon Emissions

Cases key to check companies’ emissions

ELR 02
United States v. Duke Energy Corp.¶ Citation: 32 ELR 20741¶ No. No. 1:00CV1262, 208 F.R.D. 553/(M.D.N.C., 06/07/2002) Environmental Law Reporter
The court holds … reports and depositions.

Runaway warming is beginning now – without greater carbon control, extinction is inevitable

Tickell, 08 – (Oliver, The Guardian, “On a planet 4C hotter, all we can prepare for is extinction”, 8/11,  http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/aug/11/climatechange)

We need to …similar hothouse Earth.

Part 5: Species

Court cases key to uphold the Endangered Species Act

ELR 02
Maine v. Department of the Interior¶ Citation: 32 ELR 20804¶ No. No. 01-1234, 298 F.3d 60/(1st Cir., 07/30/2002) Environmental Law Reporter
elr.info/litigation/5Bfield_article_volume-raw5D/20804/maine-v-department-interior
The court holds …if it existed

Salmon are a keystone species

CRD no date, (Capital Regional District, The Capital Regional District (CRD) is the regional government for the 13 municipalities and three electoral areas that are located on the southern tip of Vancouver Island, Pacific Salmon, http://www.crd.bc.ca/watersheds/protection/wildlife-plants/salmon.htm)

Pacific salmon played … a “keystone species.”

Loss of biodiversity will lead to extinction – global ecosystems are reliant on each other

Tonn 7, Bruce E. Tonn, Urban Planning Prof @ Tennessee, November 2007 (Futures v. 39, no. 9, “Futures Sustainability”, l/n)

The first principle … must be protected.

Part 6: Framework

Subpoint A is Util

I defend a pragmatic conception of truth, that knowledge is said to be “true” when it has practical value, James:

Pragmatism: A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking - William James 1907. Print

The importance to … in this way.

This view of truth is necessary for morality to guide action James 2:

Pragmatism: A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking - William James 1907. Print

Take, for instance, …all that happens.

We view pain as bad and pleasure as good.  Nagel :

Thomas Nagel, The View From Nowhere, HUP, 1986: 156-168.

I shall defend ..any further reasons. 

Further prefer util since the resolution is a question between two policies, so we should use the moral theory that is best for policymaking, which is util. Woller :

(Gary, Economics Professor at BYU, “Policy Currents,” June, http://apsapolicysection.org/vol7_2/72.pdf )

Moreover, virtually all …  advantage of society. 

There is no stable conception of personhood over time, implies we can only base morality on specific contexts and consequences.  Shultz

Persons, Selves, and Utilitarianism. Bart Shultz.

Furthermore, since on … sense, be indeterminate.

Subpoint B is ontology.

Humans are not above and beyond the environment, but a constitutive part of the whole

Nigel 10: “Heidegger and Environmental Philosophy” - Nigel of the Free Soil Rveiew, July 18 2010 - http://thefsreview.wordpress.com/2010/07/18/heidegger-and-environmental-philosophy/

For Heidegger the …ethic could be built.

Ontological assumptions are embedded in all thought,

Dillon ‘99 (Michael Dillon, Prof of Politics, University of Lancaster, Moral Spaces, p. 97-98)

Heirs to all … are rendered problematic. 

Thus, any system of ethics must respect the environment.

Elliot 03, (Elliott, Herschel. “The Revolutionary Import of Garrett Hardin's Work.” July 2003. http://www.garretthardinsociety.org/tributes/tr_elliot_2003jul.html.)

“An ethics capable … simply die out.“

Humans are part of and dependent on the environment, the plants and animals around us. Our system of ethics must include respect beyond the self.

Brennan “Deep Ecology” – Andrew Brennnan, http://latrobe.academia.edu/AndrewBrennan/Papers/714526/Deep_Ecology

“In place of … human existence depends.”

Tournament: VBT | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
Part 1 Framework
I value morality, the standard is maximizing expected well-being.

1. The resolution is a question between two policies, so we should use the moral theory that is best for policymaking, which is util. Woller :
   (Gary, Economics Professor at BYU, “Policy Currents,” June, http://apsapolicysection.org/vol7_2/72.pdf )
   Moreover, virtually all …advantage of society. 

2. There is no stable conception of personhood over time, implies we can only base morality on specific contexts and consequences.  Shultz

Persons, Selves, and Utilitarianism. Bart Shultz.

Furthermore, since on … sense, be indeterminate.

3. In case of moral uncertainty, i.e. defense on either framework, prevent extinction to preserve our ability to recognize value, Bostrum

Bostrum, Nick. University of Oxford Professor. 2011. http://www.existential-risk.org/concept.html

These reflections on … lot of value.

Part 2 Plan Text

The People’s Republic of China will impose a tax of $150 per ton of CO2 released in the process of importing goods to China, the process of production of goods, and the extraction of resources.  I reserve the right to clarify.

Part 3 Solvency

1. Imposing this specific tax will drastically reduce carbon emissions and prevent a 4C rise in global temperature, and China affects other countries.  Morris et al 12
   Sergey Paltsev, Jennifer Morris, Yongxia Cai, Valerie Karplus and Henry Jacoby. “The Role of China in Mitigating Climate Change.” April 2012.
   Figure 8a shows … of temperature increase.

2. This tax reduces oil usage.  Morris et al 2
Sergey Paltsev, Jennifer Morris, Yongxia Cai, Valerie Karplus and Henry Jacoby. “The Role of China in Mitigating Climate Change.” April 2012.
Calvin et al. (2012) provide an … the Reference scenario.

Part 4 Environment

Clear scientific consensus about the relationship between oil and climate change—the more oil used, the more GHG emissions.
Koppelaar 9, (Rembrandt Koppelaar, Netherlands Foundation for Peak Oil, Kevin Bisdom, PhD on the geology, Peter Polder, Less Oil, More CO2 ? The interplay between Climate Change and Peak Oil, April 2009, http://www.peakoil.nl/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/april_2009_less_oil_more_co2_aspo_netherlands.pdf)

The current scientific … already exceed 380 ppm

Two internal links from oil to environmental destruction.

One is transportation and spillage.
O’Rourke and Connolly 03, (Dara O’Rourke, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, UC Berkeley, and Sarah Connolly, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, JUST OIL? THE DISTRIBUTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF OIL PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION, Annual Review of Environmental Resources, 2003, Vol. 28, pp. 587–617, Published August 14, 2003, http://escholarship.org/uc/item/32t2x692)

Transportation of oil …in lost revenues (50).

Two is consumption.
O’Rourke and Connolly 03, (Dara O’Rourke, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, UC Berkeley, and Sarah Connolly, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, JUST OIL? THE DISTRIBUTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF OIL PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION, Annual Review of Environmental Resources, 2003, Vol. 28, pp. 587–617, Published August 14, 2003, http://escholarship.org/uc/item/32t2x692)

The combustion of …in the world.
Two impacts

1. Scientists agree—climate change decimates multiple levels of biodiversity culminating in extinction.
   Bellard et al. 12, (Céline Bellard, pHD of Ecology at the University of Paris , Cleo Bertelsmeier, Prof of Ecology at the University of Paris, Paul Leadley, Prof of Ecology at the University of Paris, Wilfried Thuiller, Director at the Laboratoire d’Ecologie Alpine, Franck Courchamp, Prof of Ecology at the University of Paris , Impacts of climate change on the future of biodiversity, Ecology Letters Volume 15, Issue 4, pages 365–377, April 2012)

Many studies in … types of mechanisms.
Loss of biodiversity will independently lead to extinction – global ecosystems are reliant on each other
Tonn 7, Bruce E. Tonn, Urban Planning Prof @ Tennessee, November 2007 (Futures v. 39, no. 9, “Futures Sustainability”, l/n)

The first principle …must be protected.

2. Runaway warming is beginning now – if we hit a 4 degrees Celsius rise, extinction is inevitable, and my solvency ev says the plan is key to stopping this.
Tickell 08, (Oliver, The Guardian, “On a planet 4C hotter, all we can prepare for is extinction”, 8/11, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/aug/11/climatechange)

We need to …similar hothouse Earth.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Hockaday AG | Judge: Paige Mackenzie
I value morality since ought is defined as a moral obligation.  The meta-ethic is constitutivism. 

Only an agent’s reasons from means to ends provides the necessary unity of movement in an action.
Rodl 11 Sebastian Roedl.  Prof. Of Philosophy, University of Leipzig.  “Two Forms of Practical Knowledge and Their Unity” in  Ford and Hornsby, Eds. Essays on Anscombe's Intention (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2011) 239.
We can give … of her nexus.

The resolution asks an unqualified question about morality in a specific circumstance. This means both sides need to propose and defend a binding moral rule. 

Further, constitutive standards alone explain the possibility of binding standards.  
Boyle and Lavin 10 Matthew Boyle and Douglas Lavin. Professors of Philosophy: Harvard University. “Goodness and Desire” p. 32-33. http://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/4879173/Boyle_GoodnessDesire.pdf?sequence=2
A certain standard … to be itself.

Acting with the structure of practical deliberation provides us with a mechanism for decision making that is normative.
Engstrom 09 The Form of Practical Knowledge, Stephen Engstrom, Harvard UP, 2009
Since the will, …exercise of the will.

Only a constitutivist account of morality can provide moral norms because it draws them from practical deliberation as opposed to other moral theories that draw moral norms from sources external to the agent.  
Engstrom 09 The Form of Practical Knowledge, Stephen Engstrom, Harvard UP, 2009
The distinctive practical … cognizance of it.

Thus, the standard is maintaining a system of equal freedom because when an agent engages in rational reflection they must will a system of equal freedom as only a universal law is consistent with the constitute aim of practical reflection for two reasons. 

All knowledge must be applicable to all reasoners.
Engstrom 09 The Form of Practical Knowledge, Stephen Engstrom, Harvard UP, 2009
As I mentioned, …judgment is based.

2. A system of knowledge must be universal since the system must be coherent.
Engstrom 09 The Form of Practical Knowledge, Stephen Engstrom, Harvard UP, 2009
The second form … we simultaneously endorse. 

Contention 1
Non-voting isn’t universizable within democracy.
Mayo 59 H. B. Mayo.  “A Note on the Alleged Duty to Vote.” May, 1959. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2127168.
The usual argument … attached to citizenship.

Only a system that requires everyone to vote has the possibility of representing equal freedom. One’s own choice is the only one that can’t self-wrong.
Kant 1793: Immanuel Kant, On the Common Saying: ‘This May Be True in Theory but it Does Not Apply in Practice.” 1793. In Democracy: A Reader, eds. Ricardo Blaug and John  at Schwarzmantel.
3. The independence (sibisufficientia) … the original contract. 

Thus, the state still has the obligation to require them to vote- as part of the rightful condition, they cannot allow violations to occur.
Weinrib 08: Weinrib, Jacob, Kant on Citizenship and Universal Independence (December 1, 2008). Australian Journal of Legal Philosophy, Vol. 33, 2008.
Although passive citizens … enable universal independence:3 

Contention 2
Free-riding or lack of contributing is not consistent with the rightful condition.
Ripstein 09: Arthur Ripstein, Force and Freedom. Harvard University Press, 2009.
So mandatory cooperation … costs them nothing.

Not voting is free-riding behavior, and not universizable.
Engelen 07 (Bart Engelen Research Assistant
AND
2007, 42, (23–39))
Abstention is a …and its values.

Underviews

Neg must defend converse

No RVIs

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Hockaday AG | Judge: Paige Mackenzie
Interpretation: The neg must defend voluntary voting as a counterplan in the form of a text in the NC speech.

Violation: They don't

Standards
1- 2NR Shift
2- Reciprocal Weighing

Voter: Fairness

Competing Interpretations