Tournament: NSD Camp Tournament 2014 | Round: 1 | Opponent: - | Judge: -
A. INTERPRETATION: Debaters must disclose all broken cases (ACs, NCs, DAs, CPs, and kritiks) on the NDCA wiki under their own name. In this disclosure, they must post cites, tags, and first three and last three words of all cards read. Debaters may begin disclosing at any point during the season, but they must disclose all broken cases at least an hour before this round in order to meet my interp. They must disclose regardless of whether the tournament requires disclosure. 

1. Clash
   2. Strat Skew
   3. Academic Integrity 

D. Fairness/Education

Tournament: NSD Camp Tournament 2014 | Round: 1 | Opponent: - | Judge: -
CP Text: The USFG will pass the ‘Commission to Study Reparation Proposals for African-Americans Act of 2014’, HR 40, and Congress will consult the members of the committee for recommendations before implementing reparations. Funding through normal means. The Bill Text describes it as:
Congress, “Commission to Study Reparation Proposals for African-Americans Act of 2014”. https://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/40/text. AS 7/22/14
To acknowledge the...with such recommendations. 

1. Truth and reconciliation commitees solve the root cause of the aff – they ensure governments acknowledge past wrongs and recognize the need for solutions – comparative analyses of three countries prove. Migyikra '08:
   Erasmus Ndernole Migyikra, European University Center for Peace Studies. “Truth and Reconciliation Comissions: A Comparative Study of South Africa, Ghana, and Sierra Leone”. June 2008. AS 7/21/14
   Truth and reconciliation...dynamics of their work.

2. Acknowledging past wrongs solves – current injustices are based on an incorrect framing of past history, and questioning the assumptions of the system will reform legislation for the future. Brophy  ‘06
Alfred L. Brophy, “Reconsidering Reparations”. Indiana Law Journal, Volume 81, Issue 3, Article 1. 2006. AS 7/21/14
Each of those...justify the decision.

Commitee-premised reconciliations intend to open avenues for discussions and apologies. Williams 11:
Samuel Williams, Doctorate in Philosophy @ Michigan State University. “FROM OPPRESSION TO DEMOCRACY: AN ARGUMENT FOR REPARATIONS FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS FROM A DISCOURSE ETHICS PERSPECTIVE”. 2011. AS 7/21/14
A reparative program...be universally accepted.

Tournament: Columbia Invitational | Round: 3 | Opponent: - | Judge: -

Dividends Counterplan

I value morality. The standard is maximizing expected well-being.

1. The use of "should" in the resolution implies the debate is solely about policies established by governmental means.

ERICSON

~Jon M. Ericson, Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts @ Caltech. "The Debaters Guide". Third Edition, p. 4. AS 12/22/13~
The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose.

Policy-making entails util. 

WOLLER

~Gary Woller, "An Overview by Gary Woller". A Forum on the Role of Environmental Ethics. pp. 10. AS 12/5/13~
Appeals to a priori moral principles, such as environmental preservation, also often fail
AND
though perhaps at times a necessary, basis for public policy in a democracy

2. Obligations of all states are grounded in the interest of the well being of citizens because the existence of the state cedes authority to util.

KENNAN

~George Kennan, Professor Emeritus @ Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies. "Morality and Foreign Policy". Foreign Affairs, Volume 64 No. 2. pp. 205-218. 1985. AS 1/1/14~
Second, let us recognize that the functions, commitments and moral obligations of governments
AND
need it accept any moral reproach for acting on the basis of them.

3. Competing violations of an ethical framework collapses to consequentialism, regardless of whether we can weigh those violations, because conflicting duties prove a conceptual flaw in their moral framework – if it cannot judge an action, then the framework itself is nonfunctional and so we resort to the AC framework.

CP TEXT: Developing countries should develop natural resources and distribute the revenues in the form of direct dividends to citizens.

MOSS 11 is the independent solvency advocate.

~Todd Moss, Center for Global Development. "Oil to Cash: Fighting the Resource Curse through Cash Transfers". Working Paper 237, January 2011. AS 1/3/14~
We propose putting these two trends—a greater understanding of the resource curse and
AND
), this would put the cash directly into the hands of the people.

COMPETITION
A. rioritizes resource extraction, textually negates.
B. Perms are severance.
C. Net benefits and disads to the aff.

NET BENEFITS

A. Corruption

Tax collection and administration results in state accountability. The CP solves for root cause of corruption.

MOSS 2

~Todd Moss, Center for Global Development. "Oil to Cash: Fighting the Resource Curse through Cash Transfers". Working Paper 237, January 2011. AS 1/3/14~
The rationale for doing this includes both economic and political benefits: 1.  Incentives
AND
~ greater incentives for citizens to hold their governments accountable (Fasano 2000).

Weak and corrupt states breed terrorism, international crime, weapons proliferation, regional instability. 

WYLER 08

~Liana Sun Wyler, August 28, 2008 Analyst in International Crime and Narcotics Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division. "Weak and Failing States: Evolving Security Threats and U.S. Policy" Congressional Research Service~
Analysts identify numerous links between weak and failing states and transnational security threats, ranging
AND
"enormous cost in resources and time" to the United States.26

That risks extinction

KATEB 92

~George, 1992 The Inner Ocean: Individualism and Democratic Culture, "Thinking About Human Extinction (1): Nuclear Weapons and Individual Rights," p. 111-112~
Schell’s work attempts to force on us an acknowledgment that sounds far-fetched and
AND
the form of escalation, can be counted on to seek expression later. 

B. Income Redistribution

Solves better than the aff for regional disparities. Government spending is distributed equally among all groups. 

MOSS 3

~Todd Moss, Center for Global Development. "Oil to Cash: Fighting the Resource Curse through Cash Transfers". Working Paper 237, January 2011. AS 1/3/14~
3.  Good for national equity. Cash transfers would likely be more equitable and pro-poor compared to current spending patterns in most developing countries.  In most poor countries, government spending is concentrated in relatively richer urban areas, and typically shows significant regional disparities. A uniform and universal cash payment would instead allocate equally to every citizen (ideally, including children).  This would be an immediate benefit for people living in underserved areas, including those from marginal groups. 

Economic inequalities terminate in the marginalization of the lower class.

FLEURBAEY 04

~Marc Fleurbaey, Woodrow Wilson School, University Center for Human Values. Program on Welfare Economics and Social Justice, Institute for Global Studies, FMSH, Paris. "Poverty As a Form Of Oppression". Print. 2004. AS~
There are thus different possible degrees of economic constraint exerted by poverty, which is
AND
thus a source of oppression, at least of the case 2 form.

C. Poverty

Solves poverty – immediate income benefits for the poor.

MOSS 4

~Todd Moss, Center for Global Development. "Oil to Cash: Fighting the Resource Curse through Cash Transfers". Working Paper 237, January 2011. AS 1/3/14~
4.  Good for the poor. Importantly, cash transfers would have immediate and
AND
benefit of, say 10, to the poor other than cash transfers.

3. The impact is systemic global poverty, which outweighs even nuclear war. I control probability.

SPINA 2K

~Stephanie Urso Spina, Ph.D. Candidate in Social/Personality Psychology at the Graduate School of the City University of New York. "Smoke and Mirrors: The Hidden Context of Violence in Schools and Society". pp. 201. AS 1/3/14~
This sad fact is not limited to the United States.  Globally, 18 million
AND
weak and the poor every year of every decade, throughout the world.

Tournament: Columbia Invitational | Round: 2 | Opponent: - | Judge: -
-

Tournament: Harvard Invitational | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake AK | Judge: Samantha Hom
Default to competing interps on matters of topicality.

A. INTERPRETATION: Environmental protection only refers to pollutants.

OECD defines environmental protection.

~Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001. "Glossary of Statistical Terms"~
Environmental protection refers to any activity to maintain or restore the quality of environmental media
AND
, and (f) prevention of degradation of the landscape and ecosystems.
~http://www.pjoes.com/pdf/21.2/Pol.J.Environ.Stud.Vol.21.No.2.241-248.pdf~~
~http://unstats.un.org/unsd/publication/SeriesF/SeriesF_67E.pdf~~

B. VIOLATION: she specs fish as part of the environment – she defends the limitation of the extraction of fish as a resource.

C. STANDARDS

1. Field Context – my interpretation is used the most in the … her precision args because context controls the internal link to precision.

ALSO, don’t allow her … leverage to compare her argument.

MOREOVER, it doesn’t matter if her …  not just good lit. 

~http://www.pjoes.com/pdf/21.2/Pol.J.Environ.Stud.Vol.21.No.2.241-248.pdf AND http://unstats.un.org/unsd/publication/SeriesF/SeriesF_67E.pdf~~

2. Limits – Absent my interp the topic is unbounded because there are many different types
AND
ensures that both debaters have access to the ballot going into the round.

Fairness is a voter.

Education is a voter.

Drop the debater.

Tournament: Malcolm A Bump Invitational | Round: 2 | Opponent: - | Judge: -

Chilling Off

The confidentiality requirement of the ACP exists in order to prevent chilling.

LEVIN 94

~Leslie C. Levin, "Testing the Radical Experiment: a Study of Lawyer Response to Clients Who Intend to Harm Others." Rutgers Law Review. 1994. AS~
The argument for strict confidentiality is that a confidentiality requirement will in fact help prevent
AND
then the attorney will not have the opportunity to prevent the wrongful act.
     

The lack of privileged communications results in the chilling effect; people refuse to disclose relevant information making truth-seeking impossible.

COHN 03

~Majorie Cohn, "The Evisceration of the ACP in the Wake of September 11th, 2001." Fordham Law Review. 2003. AS~
In order to have a chilling effect on a client’s communications with his attorney,
AND
they can obtain a search warrant to open and read the mail.’

1. No solvency.

2. Negating solves the aff.

Tournament: Malcolm A Bump Invitational | Round: 4 | Opponent: - | Judge: -

Constitutionality NC

I negate. Ought implies moral obligation.

Actor is CJS. Implied by res. Policies ought/ought not shift. Status quo system. No traditional ethical theories, irrelevant to state.

A. Multiple actors, can’t be held culpable..

B. Consent determines harms.

C. Many subjective obligations.

D. Legal fiction, no traditional ethical theories guide action.

E. No a priori moral reasoning..

Consent matters. Constitution does too.

A. Explicit pos/neg obligations.

B. Enforcement mechanism for state.

C. The Constitution outlines legitimate action.

D. Only body it has ceded authority to..

E. Tacitly consented to.

F.  End state does not mean obligation to end state.

Obligations determined by constitution proper and amendments..

Violation of the ACP is unconstitutional and denies the client the right to effective counsel.

DASHJIAN 82

~Michael B. Dashjian, "People v. Meredith: The Attorney-Client Privilege and the Criminal Defendant’s Constitutional Rights" California Law Review, Vol. 70, No. 4. July 1982. AS~
The denial of the ~ACP~ attorney-client privilege would also violate the
AND
to investigate the case, would deny the client effective assistance of counsel.

Sixth Amendment right to counsel is incoherent without ACP and ACP is key to fair trial protections. Upheld by Supreme Court

COHN 03

Marjorie Cohn, The Evisceration of the Attorney-Client Privilege in the Wake of September 11, 2001, 71 Fordham L. Rev. 1233 (2003).
The accused in a criminal case has the right to the effective assistance of counsel
AND
secure against intrusion by the government, his adversary in the criminal proceeding. 

The Supreme Court is the ultimate authority on the constitution.

AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION

A Primer on Supreme Court Procedures by Thomas E. Baker American Bar Association
The corollary to the political question doctrine, which maintains the constitutional primacy of the
AND
Powell v. McCormack, 395 U.S. 486 (1969).

Tournament: Malcolm A Bump Invitational | Round: 3 | Opponent: - | Judge: -

Freedom NC

The meta-ethic is practical reason.

First, only practical rationality binds all agents to morality.

Second, human consciousness concedes the authority of reasons.

Third, actions must be universizable

Finally, it is impossible to universalize denying someones freedom.

ENGSTROM

~Engstrom, Stephen.  Universal Law as the Form of Practical Knowledge.  Harvard University Press. 2009. Pg.18.~
Now on the interpretation we have been entertaining, applying the formula of universal law
AND
of a persons’s outer freedom is incompatible with the limitation of the same.

Thus the standard protecting individual outer freedom.

Negative obligations outweigh positive obligations because

1. The privilege exists to protect privacy rights of individuals.

PARTLETT 83

~D.F. Partlett, "Attorney Client Privilege, Professions, and the Common Law Tradition." Australia National University. 1983. AS~
The instrumental justification is the court’s primary focus; the rights based protection of individual
AND
who may show special concern to his friends above the interests of others.

2. Violation of the attorney-client privilege violates the right to privacy by forcing disclosure.

NORTHROP 09

~Daniel Northrop, "The Attorney-Client Privilege". Fordham Law Review. 2009. AS~
The privacy rationale is a second theory frequently used to justify evidentiary privilege. The
AND
on why evidentiary privilege is respected and supported in the American justice system.

Tournament: Malcolm A Bump Invitational | Round: 1 | Opponent: - | Judge: -

Tax DA

Fwk

1. Respect for the equality of persons mandates consequentialism.

CUMMISKEY 96

~David Cummiskey. "Kantian Consequentialism". P. 142. Oxford University Press. 1996.~
If I sacrifice some for the sake of others, I do not use them
AND
, then equal consideration dictates that one may sacrifice some to save many.

Only util respects equality because it gives precedence to the considerations of the many over the few. Other theories prioritize the few, treating people unequally. Equality is an axiomatic assumption of morality. If util cannot assign value to actions, morality obligates us to equality.

2. We must adopt a parliamentary model to account for moral uncertainty. This entails minimize existential risks.

BOSTROM 09

~Nick Bostrom, "Moral Uncertainty – Toward a Solution?" January 1, 2009 http://www.overcomingbias.com/2009/01/moral-uncertainty-towards-a-solution.html-http://www.overcomingbias.com/2009/01/moral-uncertainty-towards-a-solution.html. AS~
It seems people are overconfident about their moral beliefs. But how should one reason
AND
don’t infringe too much on what other major moral theories deem centrally important.

Even if they win justifications for why their ethical theory is more correct or probable, even a 0.001 risk of util means we ought to prioritize existential threats, i.e. extinction.

DA

A. UNIQUENESS

Recent budget and debt crises have slowed economic growth; the US economy is vulnerable to shocks.

SULLIVAN 10/17

~Andy Sullivan @ Reuters.com. "Analysis: Washington Becomes The Biggest Risk To The U.S. Economy". 10/17/13. AS~
Consensus may be hard to find in Washington these days, but many corporate executives
AND
on the economy," said Paul Ashworth, an economist with Capital Economics.¶ 

B. LINK

Attorney-client privilege is key to tax code compliance and credibility, and increases the accuracy of information.

VOLZ ET AL. 09

~William H. Volz 26 Theresa Ellis, "An Attorney-Client Privilege For Embattled Tax Practitioners: A Legislative Response To Uncertain Legal Counsel". Hofstra Law Review. 2009. AS~
The complexity of the tax system makes the premise that the attorney-client privilege
AND
privilege that tax shelter planning was specifically excluded from the new privilege.228

The status quo tax policies are inhibitive to small businesses due to lack of accurate information.

KERRIGAN 11/7

~Karen Kerrigan, "Bad GAO Data and Tax Reform". The Small Business 26 Entrepreneurship Council (SBE Council). November 7, 2013. AS~
Congress and our government certainly have their hands full. The partial government shutdown followed
AND
the effective corporate tax rate was a mere 12.6 percent in 2010

Small business growth is the only way out of the brink of economic downturn. Reform closes gaps.

BROUGH 12

~Rob Brough, Contributor at KSL Broadcasting. http://www.ksl.com/?nid=15126sid=20528622-http://www.ksl.com/?nid=15126sid=20528622. May 2012.~
As the U.S. economy starts down the road to recovery, small
AND
314 positions, totaling 5,532 jobs, according to SBA data.

Small businesses are uniquely key to the recovery of the US economy.

CLARKE AND SAADE 10

~Clark III and Radwan Saade, "The Role of Small Business in Economic Development of the United States" SBA Office of Advocacy. 2010.~
Small businesses currently represent 98 percent of all businesses in the United States and they
AND
businesses account for three quarters of net new jobs in the United States.

C. IMPACT

Economic decline terminates in great power wars —multiple studies.

ROYAL 10

~Jedediah Royal, 2010, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, "Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises," in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-14~
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
popularity, are statistically linked to an increase in the use of force.

AND, economic growth is key to solving economic disparities.

ACEMOGLU 12

~Daron Acemoglu, Professor of Economics @ MIT. "Introduction to Economic Growth", Journal of Economic Theory. January 7th, 2012. AS~ 
Economic growth continues to be one of the most relevant and exciting sub-areas
AND
-being and living standards of its citizens in one or two generations.

Tournament: Yale Invitational | Round: 2 | Opponent: - | Judge: 

Biopower K

PART ONE IS THE FRAMEWORK.

Two analytic justifications.

Thus, the standard is avoiding marginalization of dissenting views.

AND, prefer the standard because government power is derived from the communication of its constituents. This makes it impermissible to limit the discourse of its citizens.

FLYNN

~Jeffrey Flynn, Middlebury College. "Communicative Power in Habermas’s Theory of Democracy," European Journal of Political Theory.~
Habermas argues that the attempt to interpret popular sovereignty in procedural terms must be ’
AND
administrative power is only legitimate if bound to this discursively generated communicative power.

PART TWO IS BIOPOWER.

Biopower is power over bodies and by bodies. It is the form of state power that attempts to optimize human potential by exercising the sovereign right to kill. This right to kill is transformed into the right to let die. Any amount of violence, no matter how potentially life annihilating, becomes justified.

A is the link.

The mindset behind compulsory voting is that it is a method of increasing turnout and legitimizing government authority. The citizenry are no longer rational beings but rather commodities manipulated to obtain factitious authority through coercion and intimidation. This form of fascism oppresses individuals and limits their ability to rationalize, think independently, and criticize the state.

LARDY

~Heather Lardy, University of Aberdeen. "Is There a Right Not to Vote?" Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 24, No. 2. pp. 303-321. Oxford University Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3600594-http://www.jstor.org/stable/3600594. 2004. AS~
Viewed as an argument about the absence of sanctions for non-voting, the
AND
right from the imposition of sanctions; compulsory voting would violate that right.

AND, compulsory voting stops citizens from voicing dissent with the system, furthering the paternalistic violations of their free wills.

SWENSON

~Katherine M., "Sticks, Carrots, Donkey Votes, and True Choice: A Rationale for Abolishing Compulsory Voting in Australia". U of Minnesota Law School, BA. 2007. AS~
Third, the political expression of not voting should be allowed because political expression through
AND
people are forced to choose democracy, it is no longer a choice.

B is the impact.

The biopolitical drive to optimize the state and disregard the  paradoxically devalues it and renders populations discardable. It is what makes war, genocide and extinction possible.

KOUROS

~George Kouros, Yale Law Graduate, And Holds a B.A. in Philosophy from Emory. "Become What You Are"~
Although the consequences are grave, the administrative practices of biopower go largely unchallenged precisely
AND
a "happier human being," maintains the conditions for a eugenic nightmare.
And, turns case. I control the root-cause of AC impacts because abstain from voting to escape the system of social control.

And, biopower is the biggest impact in the round.

1. Magnitude.

2. Probability.

C is the alternative.

Vote negative to escape the individualization and totalization of biopower and the state’s control over the right to live or die. The alternative rejects the affirmative and all instances of biopower.

FOUCAULT

~Godiwala, Dimple quotes Michel Foucault in "The Western patriarchal impulse (1)/Batininataerkil guc birligi." Interactions 15.1 (2006): 77+. Student. Web. 8 Aug. 2010. ~
Maybe the target nowadays is not to discover what we are, but to refuse
AND
this kind of individuality which has been imposed upon us for several centuries.

Tournament: Yale Invitational | Round: 1 | Opponent: - | Judge: -
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