Tournament: Emory | Round: 1 | Opponent: - | Judge: -

Interpretation: The United Nations defines which countries are considered not considered developing.

~http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm~~23ftnc~~**
There is no established convention for the designation of "developed" and "developing
AND
Russia, Ukraine~ are not included under either developed or developing regions.

The UN classification is based on longevity, education, and income based on Gross National Income.

NIELSEN 11

~Lynge Nielsen, Senior Economist, IMF Office at the UN. February 2011. "Classifications of Countries Based on Their Level of Development: How it is Done and How it Could be Done" International Monetary Fund~
The UNDP’s country classification system is built around the Human Development Index (HDI)
AND
-indices. The HDI is therefore also bounded between zero and one. 

Precision – Gross National Income is the best indicator of development.

THE WORLD BANK

~The World Bank, "How We Classify Countries: A Short History" http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications/a-short-history~~**
The Bank’s analytical income categories (low, middle, high income) are based
AND
Zone. Thus, the thresholds remain constant in real terms over time.

Ground – They skirt out of common disads under their interp because they are allowed to defend more affluent and better educated nations. Countries with lower capital exhibit resource dependence.

MARTIN 05

~Will Martin, 2005. Research Manager, Agriculture and Rural Development, in the Development Research Group of World Bank. "Outgrowing Resource Dependence: Theory and Some Recent Developments" World Bank~
The first part of the paper identifies policies that can both contribute to economic development
AND
sharing models that have increased developing countries’ ability to participate in manufactures trade.

Tournament: Emory | Round: 1 | Opponent: - | Judge: -
A. INTERPRETATION: Debaters must disclose all broken cases (ACs, NCs, DAs, CPs, and kritiks) on the NDCA wiki under their own name. In this disclosure, they must post cites, tags, and first three and last three words of all cards read. Debaters may begin disclosing at any point during the season, but they must disclose all broken cases at least an hour before this round in order to meet my interp.

Tournament: Sunvite | Round: 1 | Opponent: - | Judge: -

Ishmael CP

Util Module

TEXT: Developing countries should sponsor state-led resource extraction with high level citizen participation in the local and national decision-making process and directly distribute profits from the industry to the involved parties.

COMPETITION: The counterplan engages in resource extraction, so any permutation would A. be severance because it kicks out of the parts of their advocacy that prevent extraction and B. textually negate because they fail to prioritize environmental protection over resource extraction.

NET BENEFITS:

Public participation creates equitable redistribution.

SLACK 1

~Keith Slack, 2004. Senior Policy Advisor for Oxfam America. "Sharing the Riches of the Earth: Democratizing Natural Resource-Led Development" Ethics and International Affairs~
Increased public participation in revenue management can take a variety of forms, includ~
AND
are particularly vulnerable, and which can wipe out the poor’s modest savings.

Equitable distribution solves state failure by making things like secession politically unpalatable.

BILLON

~Philippe Le Billon, 2001. Professor at the University of British Columbia with the Department of Geography and the Liu Institute for Global Issues. "The political ecology of war: natural resources and armed con?icts"~
Resources can also motivate secessions in resource-rich regions. In this case,
AND
in part related to the control of copper revenues (Boge, 1998).

Public participation and civil society strengthens government.

SLACK 2

~Keith Slack, 2004. Senior Policy Advisor for Oxfam America. "Sharing the Riches of the Earth: Democratizing Natural Resource-Led Development" Ethics and International Affairs~
In recent years, development theorists and institutions such as the World Bank have promoted
AND
with monitoring the Chadian government’s use of revenues generated by the pipeline project.

Weak and failing states breed terrorism, international crime, weapons proliferation, and regional instability.

WYLER 08

~Liana Sun Wyler, August 28, 2008 Analyst in International Crime and Narcotics Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division. "Weak and Failing States: Evolving Security Threats and U.S. Policy" Congressional Research Service~
Analysts identify numerous links between weak and failing states and transnational security threats, ranging
AND
"enormous cost in resources and time" to the United States.26

That risks extinction.

KATEB 92

~George, 1992 The Inner Ocean: Individualism and Democratic Culture, "Thinking About Human Extinction (1): Nuclear Weapons and Individual Rights," p. 111-112~
Schell’s work attempts to force on us an acknowledgment that sounds far-fetched and
AND
the form of escalation, can be counted on to seek expression later. 

SOLVENCY:

Increased participation prevents backlash against environmental policies.

IRVIN 04

~Renee A. Irvin, assistant professor in the Department of Planning, Public Policy, and Management at the University of Oregon. John Stansbury, associate professor of civil engineering at the University of Nebraska. Jan/Feb 2004. "Citizen Participation in Decisionmaking: is it Worth the Effort?" Public Administration Review~
Notwithstanding the ambiguous mention of using scarce resources, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA
AND
from the "how to" literature to determine whether to at all.

She continues

~Renee A. Irvin, assistant professor in the Department of Planning, Public Policy, and Management at the University of Oregon. John Stansbury, associate professor of civil engineering at the University of Nebraska. Jan/Feb 2004. "Citizen Participation in Decisionmaking: is it Worth the Effort?" Public Administration Review~
Participatory structures such as citizen advisory boards were adopted in the 1980s and 1990s to
AND
a few influential citizens in places where opposition to environmental regulation is strongest.

The aff is impossible for developing countries because they are dependent on resources. The CP functions as a prerequisite to the aff by reducing dependence.

SLACK 3

~Keith Slack, 2004. Senior Policy Advisor for Oxfam America. "Sharing the Riches of the Earth: Democratizing Natural Resource-Led Development" Ethics and International Affairs~
The improvement of current extraction practice can be seen as a means of furthering the
AND
pressure on governments to use wisely the benefits derived from these natural endowments.

Tournament: Emory | Round: 5 | Opponent: - | Judge: -

UNIQUENESS: Oil prices are stable but dropping.

DIU 12/4

~Nisha Lilia Diu, 12/4. Assistant Editor of The Sunday Telegraph’s Stella magazine. "Why petrol prices could be about to fall - at last" The Telegraph.~
Commodity traders are whispering about a big drop in the price of oil over the
AND
plans to increase oil capacity and the UAE is reportedly doing the same.

The brink is now – supplies are tight so a small increase in prices would cause huge spikes

KOCH 10/19

~Wendy Koch, October 19, 2013. Energy and Environment Reporter for USA Today. "U.S. oil supply looks vulnerable 40 years after embargo" USA Today~
"We remain very vulnerable," Panetta says, adding it wouldn’t take much for
AND
result, even a small disruption rattles the markets and causes price spikes.

LINK: Supply pressures increase the price of oil – empirically verified.

GROEN 3/25

~Jan Groen, Kevin McNeil, and Menno Middeldorp. March 25, 2013. Jan Groen is an officer in the New York Fed’s Research and Statistics Group. Kevin McNeil is a trader/analyst in the New York Fed’s Markets Group. Menno Middeldorp is an economist in the Markets Group. "A New Approach for Identifying Demand and Supply Shocks in the Oil Market" Liberty Street Economics~
We can also consider the effect on oil prices from the risk of future supply
AND
More recently, supply pressures appeared again as major oil-price determinants. 

INTERNAL LINK: Oil shocks cause economic decline – including the ’08 recession.

RUBIN 11

~Jeff Rubin, January 26, 2011. Chief Economist at CIBC World Markets. "How Do Oil Shocks Cause Recessions?"~
There are many ways that oil shocks affect the economy, and none of them
AND
when we do, get ready for another oil-induced global recession.

IMPACT: Economic decline terminates in power wars and terrorism.

ROYAL 10

~Jedediah Royal, 2010, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, "Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises," in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-14~
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
popularity, are statistically linked to an increase in the use of force.

Nuclear war causes extinction

PHILLIPS 2000

====(Dr. Allen, Peace Activist, Nuclear Winter Revisited, October, http://www.peace.ca/nuclearwinterrevisited.htm-http://www.peace.ca/nuclearwinterrevisited.htm)====**
Those of us who were involved in peace activities in the 80’s probably remember a
AND
after a few generations of hunger and disease, in a radioactive environment.

Tournament: Scarsdale | Round: Quarters | Opponent: - | Judge: -

The aff’s speech act rooted in a Western ideology that ontologically erases the subaltern and distances the aff from the other that they claim to support.

SPIVAK 88

(Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Indian literary theorist, philosopher and University Professor at Columbia University, Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, 1988 "Can the Subaltern Speak?," Online,)**

SOME OF THE most radical criticism coming out of the West today is the result
AND
law and education supplementing an earlier economic text, can the subaltern speak? 

They commodify the ballot – voting aff does absolutely nothing for Samar and creates a façade of resistance that ultimately fails.

RASKIN 99

(Marcus Raskin, Professor of Public Policy at George Washington University, 1999, Transnational Law 26 Contemporary Problems, Fall)** 

As I have noted, world social categories and knowledge systems have changed so that
AND
where knowledge is an instrument of domination for the few, demands recognition. 

Reject the aff’s "political mobilization" and vote negative– in the face of the ethical presses of the AC, you should just respond with "I would prefer not to"

BAUDRILLARD 8

(Jean, ex-Prof of Sociology at Paris X, January 2008, International Journal of Baudrillard Studies, Vol. 5, No. 1, "Present Considerations: The Uncertainty of All Value Systems", http://www.ubishops.ca/baudrillardstudies/vol5_1/pf/v5-1-article2-petit_pf.html-http://www.ubishops.ca/baudrillardstudies/vol5_1/pf/v5-1-article2-petit_pf.html)~**

The paradox of liberation is that the people liberated are never the ones
AND
Marcuse. Decidedly, freedom isn’t simple, and liberation even less so. 

Even if the position is genuine – true endorsement is impossible from the social location of a debater – the aff robs the resistors of their agency

CHOW 93

(Rey, Andrew W. Mellon, Professor of the Humanities at Brown University, Writing Diaspora: Contemporary Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, Indiana University Press, pg. 12-13.)**

In the "cultural studies" of the American academy in the 1990s. The
AND
is no longer distinguishable from those who have had our consciousnesses "raised."

Tournament: Harvard | Round: Octas | Opponent: - | Judge: -

Only naturalism is epistemically accessible. It would be impossible to have moral knowledge under any other meta-ethic.

PAPINEAU 1

~David Papineau, "Naturalism," Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2007~
Moore took this argument to show that moral facts comprise a distinct species of non
AND
it is hard to see how we can have any knowledge of them.

Thus, the basis for morality is evolutionary instinct because we use them to perceive the natural moral values of the world. These instincts motivate us to act and generate moral obligations.

COLLIER

~John Collier, History and Philosophy of Science, University of Melbourne, Michael Stingl, Department of Philosophy, University of Lethbridge, Biology and Philosophy (1993), Evolutionary Naturalism and the Objectivity of Morality~
A key problem with Richards’ position is that if it does provide objective justification,
AND
that this objectified view of morality still gives us reason to act morally. 

Thus, the standard is consistency with optimal moral instincts.

Human beings are biologically oriented to prioritize resource extraction.

LAZARUS 10

~Richard J. Lazarus, professor of law at Georgetown University Law Center). "Human Nature, the Laws of Nature, and the Nature of Environmental Law" pp. 231-261, January 2010~
Some environmental pollution is, of course, unavoidable. Basic human life requires the
AND
resource destruction and environmental pollution. That central threshold proposition should be noncontroversial.

Tournament: Harrison RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: - | Judge: -

A. Huge amounts of resources exist in Africa, and more countries are going to extract oil and gas in the near future. These resources maintain stability and prevent war now.

BODEA 12

~Cristina Bodea, Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing This research was supported by the Economic Policy and Debt Department, the World Bank, through a grant from the Governance Partnership Facility (GPF). I have received helpful comments from Sona Varma, Philip Keefer, Michael Colaresi, Corwin Smidt and the Junior Faculty group at MSU’s Political Science Department. I thank James Fearon for sharing his data. Chunho Park contributed with research assistance., “Natural resources, weak states and civil war: Can rents stabilize coup prone regimes?”, Source- World Bank,May 2012, DDA~
The last decade has seen significant discoveries of oil and gas in Sub-Saharan
AND
, potentially, mitigates the risk that weak leaders are challenged by insurgents. 

B. Natural resource wealth is key to strengthening weak governments and preventing civil war, confirmed by over 10 independent studies. The aff stops oil and gas extraction, which leads to widespread civil wars.

BODEA 2

~Cristina Bodea, Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing This research was supported by the Economic Policy and Debt Department, the World Bank, through a grant from the Governance Partnership Facility (GPF). I have received helpful comments from Sona Varma, Philip Keefer, Michael Colaresi, Corwin Smidt and the Junior Faculty group at MSU’s Political Science Department. I thank James Fearon for sharing his data. Chunho Park contributed with research assistance., “Natural resources, weak states and civil war: Can rents stabilize coup prone regimes?”, Source- World Bank,May 2012, DDA~
On the other hand, however, natural resources do bring in more cash to
AND
to the potential followers of entrepreneurs of political violence (see also LeBillon 2003

C. Africa war goes global.

GLICK 7

~Caroline Glick 2007, deputy managing editor of The Jerusalem Post, Senior Fellow for Middle East Affairs of the Center for Security Policy, "Condi’s African holiday", December 11~
The Horn of Africa is a dangerous and strategically vital place. Small wars, which rage continuously, can easily escalate into big wars. Local conflicts have regional and global aspects. All of the conflicts in this tinderbox, which controls shipping lanes from the Indian Ocean into the Red Sea, can potentially give rise to regional, and indeed global conflagrations between competing regional actors and global powers. 

Africa war causes extinction.

DUETSCH 02

~Dr. Jeffrey Duetsch, BA Government from Cornell, MA 26 PhD Economics from George Mason, Nov 18 2002, "The Nuclear Family Has Become Over-Extended"~
The Rabid Tiger Project believes that a nuclear war is most likely to start in
AND
an ocean of troubled waters, and some people love to go fishing.

Failed states are used to justify imperialist intervention – turns their case

LIU 5

(Henry C K Liu is chairman of the New York-based Liu Investment Group. , "PART 1: The failed-state cancer" available online @ http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Global_Economy/GB03Dj01.html)
The United States is the leading advocate of the efficacy of free markets and the
AND
of collateral conceptual damage in the second global war to end all wars.

Tournament: GBX | Round: 4 | Opponent: - | Judge: -

1NC

I negate and value morality because Merriam-Webster defines ought as "moral obligation."

~http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ought-http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ought~~

Any truth claim can only be proven by argumentation which axiomatically assumes principles of self-ownership.

KINSELLA 11

~Stephan Kinsella, Friday, May 27, 2011. Attorney in Houston, director of the Center for the Study of Innovative Freedom, and editor of Libertarian Papers "Argumentation Ethics and Liberty: A Concise Guide" Ludwig von Mises Institute~
In setting the stage, Hoppe first observes that the standard natural-rights argument
AND
implicitly having to admit its truth). (TSC, p. 158)

Thus, the standard is respecting principles of self-ownership. This means that we evaluate the amount autonomy and control a person has over themselves.

Additionally, prefer the standard

1. Equality

2. Voices.

I contend ACP is key to respecting self-ownership of the accused.

The attorney client privilege is an essential part of the adversarial system.

FISCHEL 98

~Daniel R. Fischel, Lee and Brena Freeman Professor of Law and Business, University of Chicago Law School. 1998. "Lawyers and Confidentiality" The University of Chicago Law Review~
Confidentiality frequently is viewed as a necessary corollary of the adversary ideal. No client
AND
examination upon the ~for~ client’s confidential disclosures regarding professional business. 1

The adversarial system best preserves self-ownership.

1. It maintains the institutions that protect individual rights and quality of evidence.

FREEDMAN 10

~Monroe H. Freedman Professor of Law Hofstra University School of Law, Abbe Smith Professor of Law Georgetown University. Nov 5, 2010. "Understanding Lawyers’ Ethics"~
There is another systemic reason for the zealous representation that characterizes the adversary system.
AND
components of the adversary system as it has evolved in American constitutional law.

2. The adversarial system best preserves autonomy.

SWARD 89

~Ellen E. Sward, Associate Professor of Law, University of Kansas School of Law. 1989 "Values, Ideology, and the Evolution of the Adversary System" Indiana Law Journal~
Perhaps for all of these reasons, some of the most passionate defenders of the
AND
The argument seems to be about which is the more valid statement.79

3. An adversarial system allows for citizens for protection of rights against state power.

FREEDMAN 2

~Monroe H. Freedman Professor of Law Hofstra University School of Law, Abbe Smith Professor of Law Georgetown University. Nov 5, 2010. "Understanding Lawyers’ Ethics"~
The adversary system has also been instrumental, principally in civil litigation, in mitigating
AND
our system of justice in which we ought to take pride."5§

Tournament: GBX | Round: 1 | Opponent: - | Judge: -

DA

Farm bill will pass now, but PC is still key to negotiate a compromise

Dale Hildebrant, 11-17-2013, "Farm Bill Conference Committee wants to finish by Thanksgiving," Minnesota Farm Guide, http://www.minnesotafarmguide.com/news/regional/farm-bill-conference-committee-wants-to-finish-by-thanksgiving/article_2e07f0b2-4d4a-11e3-9894-001a4bcf887a.html
Little has been heard from the Farm Bill Conference Committee since its opening session on
AND
believes that President Obama’s intervention will prove useful in getting the issue resolved.

Attorney client privilege has broad-based support in Congress and from the corporate lobby—ACPPA proves.

RICHTER 8

~Liesa L. Richter, Associate Professor of Law, University of Oklahoma College of Law, THE POWER OF PRIVILEGE AND THE ATTORNEY- CLIENT PRIVILEGE PROTECTION ACT: HOW CORPORATE AMERICA HAS EVERYONE EXCITED ABOUT THE EMPEROR’S NEW CLOTHES, Wake Forest Law Review, Vol. 43, 2008, http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004andcontext=liesa_richter ~
Corporate America has come under increased attack in the last decade, weathering high-
AND
this broad base of support, the ACPPA appears poised for success.13

Key to rural economies, secure food supply and healthy forest —- disagreement over food assistance will make or break the bill

Denver Post, 11/10

(The Post Editorials, 11/10/2013, "Here’s why the farm bill matters," Factiva))
The farm bill has the rap of being a public policy snooze, a broad measure that gets boiled down to a debate over subsidies to wealthy farmers and food stamp handouts to the poor.
Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack reminded the Denver Post editorial board last week that it’s important
AND
Federal lawmakers need to move off their entrenched positions and pass the legislation.

Rural economy key to the overall economy—studies prove

Rocha 13—February 18

Electric Coop Today. (Victoria, Strong Rural Economy, Strong America, February, http://www.ect.coop/industry/trends-reports-analyses/usda-rural-america-growth-report/52264-http://www.ect.coop/industry/trends-reports-analyses/usda-rural-america-growth-report/52264**, chm)
Investments in rural communities are vital to the nation’s overall economic health and, if
AND
revenue opportunities for governments facing budgetary shortfalls and rising deficits," O’Brien added.

Global nuclear war

Harris and Burrows 9

Mathew, PhD European History @ Cambridge, counselor of the U.S. National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer, member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit "Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis" http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf
Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and indeed believes the future is
AND
within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world.

Tournament: NSD | Round: 1 | Opponent: - | Judge: -

I negate and value justice.

Justice must operate within a social context of domination – abstraction can’t evaluate actual institutions and practices.

YOUNG 90

~Iris Marion Young. Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago. "Justice and the Politics of Difference." Princeton University Press. 1990.~
I argue that instead of focusing on distribution, a conception of justice should begin
AND
which escape the appearance of contingency usually by recasting the given as necessary. 

Social groups cannot function as entities apart from individuals, so ethical theories must evaluate questions of identity.

YOUNG 2

~Iris Marion Young. Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago. "Justice and the Politics of Difference." Princeton University Press. 1990.~
A social group is a collective of persons differentiated from at least one other group
AND
relations (of. May, 1987, pp. 22-23).

Therefore, groups and individuals must be viewed as fluid within society.

YOUNG 3

~Iris Marion Young. Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago. "Justice and the Politics of Difference." Princeton University Press. 1990.~
The view that groups are fictions does carry an important antideterminist or antiessentialist intuition.
AND
relations, cannot be unified, themselves are heterogeneous and not necessarily coherent.

Thus, the standard is preventing static conceptions of identity.

First, Reparations reproduce conceptions of worthy and unworthy

BALFOUR 05

~Lawrie Balfour, Associate Professor of Politics at the University of Virginia, 2005. "Reparations After Identity Politics." Political Theory~
Related to the prospect that an effective reparations campaign would both trade on and reproduce
AND
exclusively empowering "reputable citizens" to oversee the distribution of resources.4

Second, reparations forces black Americans to share the identity of the oppressed and whites the identity of oppressors.

BUCK 04

~"Sartre, Fanon, and the Case for Slavery Reparations" Sartre Studies International, Volume 10, Number 2, Winter 2004, pp. 123-138(16).~
Fanon’s renunciation of slavery reparations parallels his critique of the essentialist aspects of the Négritude
AND
to lock myself into a world of retroactive reparations" (BS 231).

Tournament: Greenhill RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: - | Judge: -

Contractarianism NC

I value morality as defined by the resolution.

~www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ought~

Motivational internalism analytics

Only a contractarian system that derives principles of mutual restraint from individuals’ self-interest account for this fact because contractarian principles are necessarily in the interest of all parties involved because they wouldn’t constrain their action against their will.

GAUTHIER

~Gauthier, David P. Morals by Agreement. Oxford: Clarendon, 1986. Print.~
Moral principles are introduced as the objects of full voluntary ex ante agreement among rational
AND
for mutual constraint, and so for a moral dimension in their affairs.

Thus, the standard is consistency with contractarian principles of mutual restraint.

Additionally, prefer the standard:

1. Consent

2. Infinite Regress

Affirming represents an impermissible contractarian principle for two reasons:

1. CV forces people to vote even when it isn’t in an individual’s best interest.

LEVER 09

~Annabelle Lever, 2009. Department of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method London School of Economics and Political Science and#34;Compulsory voting: a critical perspectiveand#34; LSE Research Online~
Voting is not always in people’s interest. So even if people have a duty
AND
is an open question if and when its exercise will promote our interests. 

2. CV violates freedom by forcing people turn out.

ROVENSKY

~Jan Rovensky, 2008. LUISS School of Government, Voting: A Citizen’s Right, or Duty? The Case against Compulsory Voting LUISS ONLINE~
A common reservation made by CV opponents is the fact that compulsion seriously limits personal
AND
in a CV regime ’the act of voting means that they are forced

Tournament: Collegiate RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: - | Judge: -

Freedom NC

The meta-ethic is practical reason.

First, only practical rationality binds all agents to morality.

Second, human consciousness concedes the authority of reasons.

Third, actions must be universizable

Finally, it is impossible to universalize denying someones freedom.

ENGSTROM

~Engstrom, Stephen.  Universal Law as the Form of Practical Knowledge.  Harvard University Press. 2009. Pg.18.~
Now on the interpretation we have been entertaining, applying the formula of universal law
AND
of a persons’s outer freedom is incompatible with the limitation of the same.

Thus the standard protecting individual outer freedom.

?

Negative obligations outweigh positive obligations because

CV violates individuals outer freedom by forcing them to choose.

AMÂRÂSCU 12

~Andreea Daniela Amârâscu, 2012. MA in Political Science at the Central European University. and#34;Splitting a Larger Pie: A Simulation of the Effects of Compulsory Voting on the 2009 Romanian Presidential Election Outcome.and#34; Central European University Department of Political Science~
Nevertheless, even if abstention is not to be considered a form of expressing one’s
AND
~or her~ into participating to the electoral process (Lijphart 1997).

Tournament: Greenhill RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: - | Judge: -

Incentives CP

Text: Democracies should provide lottery tickets as an incentive for voting instead of compulsory voting.

Solves turnout better than fines.

GERARDI ET. AL. 09

~Dino Gerardi, Department of Economics, Yale University. Margaret A. McConnell, Julian Romero, Leeat Yariv, Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology. June 22, 2009. and#34;Get Out the (Costly) Vote: Institutional Design for Greater Participationand#34;~
We test our benchmark model using an array of laboratory experiments. Our results generate
AND
provide significant improvements over fines, despite the latter being more commonly utilized.

Solves socioeconomic disparity.

LA RAJA AND SCHAFFNER 12

~Raymond J. La Raja and Brian Schaffner, August 30-September 2, 2012, Associate Professors Department of Political Science University of Massachusetts. and#34;Buying Voters: The Effect of Financial Incentives on Intentions to Voteand#34; American Political Science Association~
The larger point, however, is that introducing a lottery appears to change~
AND
to be the least represented in politics (Bartels 2008; Gilens 2012). 

Solves polarization.

LA RAJA AND SCHAFFNER 12

~Raymond J. La Raja and Brian Schaffner, August 30-September 2, 2012, Associate Professors Department of Political Science University of Massachusetts. and#34;Buying Voters: The Effect of Financial Incentives on Intentions to Voteand#34; American Political Science Association~
The shift in voter composition induced by a lottery also has the potential to make
AND
attenuate contemporary dynamics of ideological polarization between the major parties (Ornstein 2012).

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 2 | Opponent: - | Judge: -

Tax DA

A. UNIQUENESS:

The US economy is recovering steadily, but is still vulnerable.

ECONOMIC TIMES 8/2

~Economic Times, "US economy recovering from worst downturn: White House." Aug 2, 2013, 09.40PM IST. Source- Economic Times. http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-08-02/news/41008276_1_unemployment-rate-lowest-level-alan-b-krueger-http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-08-02/news/41008276_1_unemployment-rate-lowest-level-alan-b-krueger , 8/2, DDA~?
The US economy is recovering from the worst downturn, the White House said today
AND
work, such as by rebuilding our roads and bridges," he said.

B. LINK:

Compulsory voting leads to progressive taxes and redistribution, which increase income distribution

CAREY AND HORIUCHI 13

~John M. Carey- Wentworth Professor in the Social Sciences, Department of Government, Dartmouth College. and Usaku Horiuchi- Associate Professor and Mitsui Chair in the Study of Japan, Department of Government, Dartmouth College., "Compulsory Voting and Income Inequality", Source- Department of Government at Dartmouth College Prepared for presentation in a seminar on Latin American Politics in the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs at Harvard University on April 23, 2013, and a seminar in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College on April 30, 2013, DDA~
The third assumption is that the poor prefer more redistribution than the rich do,
AND
preferences of the median voter back toward the median in the full population.

Progressive taxes and redistribution kill American small business

KEATING 10

~Raymond J. Keating, serves as chief economist with the Small Business 26 Entrepreneurship Council (SBE Council), a nonpartisan, nonprofit advocacy group dedicated to protecting small business and promoting entrepreneurship, "Small Business Survival Index 2010: Ranking the Policy Environment for Entrepreneurship Across the Nation." 15th Annual Edition, December 2010. Small Business and Entrepreneurship Council, DDA~?
• A March 2005 study, commissioned by the SBA’s Office of Advocacy, was
AND
period, personal income would have been 30 percent higher in the end.

Small business growth is the only way out of the economic downturn

BROUGH 12

~Rob Brough, 2012 KSL.Com contributor, http://www.ksl.com/?nid=15126sid=20528622~~
As the U.S. economy starts down the road to recovery, small
AND
314 positions, totaling 5,532 jobs, according to SBA data.

IMPACT:

Economic crisis causes wars.

ROYAL

~Jedediah Royal, 2010, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, "Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises," in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-14~
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
popularity, are statistically linked to an increase in the use of force.