Tournament: Harvard | Round: Doubles | Opponent: - | Judge: -

Plan Text: Developing countries should implement the UN Watercourses Convention.

Inherency: UNWC doesn’t yet have enough countries that have become parties to the convention.

SALMAN 07

However, despite this wide recognition of the challenges facing water resources, and the
AND
are based largely on inaccurate interpretations of, and misconceptions about the Convention. 

SOLVENCY

1. Plan key to solving resource conflicts, economic development, and sustainability.

WWF 09

~World Wild Life Fund, With a global network covering more than 100 countries and nearly 50 years of conservation work behind us, WWF is one of the most experienced environmental organisations in the world, actively contributing to delivering freshwater projects and programmes around the world, Title of Article, W, http://www.unwater.org/downloads/wwf_un_watercourses_brochure_for_web_1.pdf, January 2009, DDA~
The inadequacy of existing watercourse agreements and the lack of agreements for numerous international watercourses
AND
there is far greater willingness from governments to cooperate towards addressing those issues.

2. Plan facilitates transboundary cooperation through equitable benefit sharing and environmental protection.

WWF 2

The United Nations General Assembly adopted UN Watercourses Convention in 1997 by an overwhelming majority
AND

social and environmental considerations into the management and development of international watercourses. 

ADVANTAGE ONE: FOOD PRICES

Climate change causes global spikes in food prices. UNWC solves food prices by facilitating climate change adaptation.

WWF 3

~World Wild Life Fund, With a global network covering more than 100 countries and nearly 50 years of conservation work behind us, WWF is one of the most experienced environmental organisations in the world, actively contributing to delivering freshwater projects and programmes around the world, Title of Article, W, http://www.unwater.org/downloads/wwf_un_watercourses_brochure_for_web_1.pdf, January 2009, DDA~
Climate change will have an enormous adverse effect on water resources, with disastrous environmental
AND
of international watercourses, nor disregard the health and livelihoods of dependent communities.

Blips in food prices due to droughts and floods kill billions.

POWER 96 cites the director of the International Food Policy Research Insititute

• • ~Paul Jr. Power, Staff Writer – Tampa Tribune "Grain shortage growing problem," The Tampa Tribune, 1/20/96~
    There are more people in this world than ever, but less grain to feed
    AND
    -income countries already spend more than half of their income on food.

Food shortages lead to World War III

CALVIN 98

William CALVIN, theoretical neurophysiologist at the University of Washington, Atlantic Monthly, January, The Great Climate Flip-Flop, Vol 281, No. 1, 1998, p. 47-64
The population-crash scenario is surely the most appalling. Plummeting crop yields would
AND
longer do so if it lost the extra warming from the North Atlantic. 

Food insecurity causes global instability, war, and billions of deaths.

WINNAIL 96

~Ph.D., M.P.H, FROM THE WORLD AHEAD, September-October 1996, http://www.kurtsaxon.com/foods004.htm~~**
As a result grain prices are the highest on record. Worldwatch Institute’s president,
AND
be in deep trouble. This precarious situation is also without historical precedent21

ADVANTAGE 2: SUSTAINABILITY

UNWC key to the implementation of the UNFCCD which stops drought and desertification.

WWF 4

~World Wild Life Fund, With a global network covering more than 100 countries and nearly 50 years of conservation work behind us, WWF is one of the most experienced environmental organisations in the world, actively contributing to delivering freshwater projects and programmes around the world, Title of Article, W, http://www.unwater.org/downloads/wwf_un_watercourses_brochure_for_web_1.pdf, January 2009, DDA~
The Convention to Combat Desertification (UNFCCD) requires states to promote the restoration,
AND
Requires states to collect, process, and exchange information on meteorological conditions. 

UNCCD uniquely key to global sustainability.

UN 07

 ~United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, "About the Convention, http://www.unccd.int/en/about-the-convention/Pages/About-the-Convention.aspx, 2007, DDA~
Desertification, along with climate change and the loss of biodiversity, were identified as
AND
developing countries, particularly around knowledge and technology transfer for sustainable land management.

Development is unsustainable and will cause extinction by 2032.

KAHN 07

~Richard Kahn, Core Faculty in Education at Antioch University Los Angeles, the specialisist in Ecopedagogy "Paulo Freire and Eco-Justice: Updating Pedagogy of the Oppressed for the Age of Ecological Calamity," 2007~
The present standard of living enjoyed by those across the planet is estimated to utilize
AND
lifestyle now or an irrevocable crisis will descend upon the planet by 2032. 

ADVANTAGE 3: WATER WARS

The UNWC enforces comprehensive measures to ensure cooperation over and environmental protection of international watercourses. Solves water wars.

WWF 5

The ~UNWC~ UN Watercourses Convention governs the utilisation, management, and protection
AND
the Convention’s procedures in the absence of applicable agreements (Article 33). ¶

Water scarcity coming now – it’s a threat multiplier that enflames hotspots globally. Specifically, Egypt and Central Asia – their defense isn’t predictive

DINAR ET AL 12

(SHLOMI DINAR is associate professor in the Department of Politics and International Relations and associate director of the School of International and Public Affairs at Florida International University. LUCIA DE STEFANO is associate professor at Complutense University of Madrid and researcher at the Water Observatory of the Botín Foundation. JAMES DUNCAN is consultant on natural resource governance and geography with the World Bank. KERSTIN STAHL is senior scientist at the Institute of Hydrology in the University of Freiburg. KENNETH M. STRZEPEK is research scientist with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change. AARON T. WOLF is a professor of geography in the College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences at Oregon State University, Foreign Affairs, October 18, 2012, "No Wars for Water", http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138208/shlomi-dinar-lucia-de-stefano-james-duncan-kerstin-stahl-kenneth/no-wars-for-water?page=show-http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138208/shlomi-dinar-lucia-de-stefano-james-duncan-kerstin-stahl-kenneth/no-wars-for-water?page=show)**
In short, predictions of a Water World War are overwrought. However, tensions
AND
, freshwater will only further frustrate stability efforts in the world’s volatile regions. 

Those wars go global

REILLY 2

(Kristie, Editor for In These Times, a nonprofit, independent, national magazine published in Chicago. We’ve been around since 1976, fighting for corporate accountability and progressive government. In other words, a better world, cites environmental thinker and activist Vandana Shiva Maude Barlow and Tony Clarke—probably North America’s foremost water experts, "NOT A DROP TO DRINK," http://www.inthesetimes.com/issue/26/25/culture1.shtml-http://www.inthesetimes.com/issue/26/25/culture1.shtml)**
The two books provide a chilling, in-depth examination of a rapidly emerging
AND
the basin becomes salty, and the water is permanently lost to use.

And they go nuclear

WEINER 90

Prof. Princeton, ’The Next 100 Years p.270, 1990 
If we do not destroy ourselves with the A-bomb and the H-
AND
at the 60.000 nuclear warheads the world has stockpiled since Trinity.

Water scarcity is an issue of women’s rights and child mortality.

GOLDBERG 13

~Elanor Goldberg, Editor for the Huffington Post, "World Water Day 2013: How Shortages Affect Women, Kids, Hunger (And What You Can Do)" March 22, 1013~
The global water crisis isn’t just about simple supply and demand — it’s ~is
AND
issues and continue to increase literacy rates for young females in developing countries.

Same framework as “Good Life AC”

Tournament: Harrison RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: - | Judge: -

My advocacy is that developing countries should ban all uranium mining.

(Iran, Congo, Niger, South Africa, Gabon, Madagascar, Namibia)

CONTENTION 1 IS BIODIVERSITY

Uranium mining poses large environmental risks through radioactive pollution.

IAEA 04

~International Atomic Energy Agency, "Environmental Contamination from Uranium Production Facilities and their Remediation" Proceedings of an International Workshop Lisbon, 11–13 February 2004~
The special risks associated with uranium mining were implicitly evident as long ago as the
AND
large areas of land and renders potentially valuable land unfit for other uses.

Radioactive pollution deteriorates ecosystems

IAEA 2

Research into the biological impacts of the nuclear fuel cycle is a relatively new science
AND
protection in the context of ionizing radiation is being addressed in many countries.

That kills biodiversity.

CRG 3/13

~Centre for Research on Globalization, independent research and nonprofit media organization based in Montreal. "Chernobyl and Fukushima Radiation Reduces Animal and Plant Numbers, Diversity, Lifespan, Fertility, Brain Size, Increases Deformities and Abnormalities" Washington’s Blog~
To find out, Washington’s Blog spoke with one of the world’s leading experts on
AND
populations that are not exposed (i.e. population bystander effects)

Even minimal radiation harms biodiversity.

U of SC 12

~University of South Carolina, "Even low-level radioactivity is damaging, scientists conclude" November 2012, Science Daily.~
Even the very lowest levels of radiation are harmful to life, scientists have concluded
AND
you do the meta-analysis, you do see significant negative effects."

Biodiversity loss causes extinction.

MMOM 08

~Dr. Prince Chinedu Mmom, University of Port Harcourt in Negira, African Institute of Environmental Policy, 2008, "Rapid decline in biodiversity: a threat to survival of humankind"~
An intelligent question that would arise giving the state of our biodiversity would be:
AND
wise policy of conservation and development can be based for centuries to come. 

CONTENTION 2 IS IRAN PROLIFERATION.

Iran is enriching uranium and has nearly enough to go nuclear.

MATHEWS 1/21

~Jessica Mathews (resident of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, a foreign policy think tank in Washington, D.C). "Iran: A Good Deal Now in Danger." January 21st, 2014. From the February 20th, 2014 issue of The New York Review of Books. http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2014/feb/20/iran-good-deal-now-danger/~~**
Thus, the sanctions drastically raised the cost to Iran of seeking nuclear weapons in
AND
and whether the world can be assured that it will stay that way. 

Negotiations unsuccessful – evidenced by Iran pursuing banned materials.

MACLEAN 3/16

~William Maclean, 3/16/14. Reporter for Reuters, "Iran pursuing banned items for nuclear, missile work - US official" Reuters http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/03/16/uk-iran-nuclear-supplies-idUKBREA2F0KD20140316~~**
Iran has pursued a longstanding effort to buy banned components for its nuclear and missile
AND
succeed then there should therefore be a corresponding decrease in Iranian proliferation activity."

New uranium mines in Iran are uniquely key to their nuclear program.

AUSTRALIA BROADCASTING 13

~Australia Broadcasting Corporation, April 9, 2013. "Iran president hails new uranium mines" http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-04-09/iran-unveils-new-uranium-mines/4619220~~**
Iran has unveiled a new uranium production facility and two extraction mines, only days
AND
. Uranium purified at high levels can be used in a nuclear weapon.

A nuclear Iran is rational, but still dangerous and aggressive.

KAHL 12

~Colin H. Kahl, Associate Professor at Georgetown University’s Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service and former Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for the Middle East, Senior Fellow at the Center for a New American Security, and a co-author of its report Risk and Rivalry: Iran, Israel, and the Bomb, from which this response is adapted. "Iran and the Bomb Would a Nuclear Iran Make the Middle East More Secure?" September/October 2012. Foreign Affairs. http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/137781/colin-h-kahl-and-kenneth-n-waltz/iran-and-the-bomb~~**
Waltz correctly notes that Iran’s leaders, despite their fanatical rhetoric, are fundamentally rational
AND
capitalize on its deterrent to limit the response options available to threatened states.

Escalation leads to nuclear war.

GOLDBERG 12

~Jeffrey Goldberg 12, Bloomberg View columnist and a national correspondent for the Atlantic, January 23, 2012, "How Iran Could Trigger Accidental Armageddon," online: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-01-24/how-iran-may-trigger-accidental-armageddon-commentary-by-jeffrey-goldberg.html~~**
The experts who study this depressing issue seem to agree that a Middle East in
AND
must be stopped before it reaches fruition with a nuclear weapons delivery capability."

That risks extinction

KATEB 92

~George, 1992 The Inner Ocean: Individualism and Democratic Culture, "Thinking About Human Extinction (1): Nuclear Weapons and Individual Rights," p. 111-112~
Schell’s work attempts to force on us an acknowledgment that sounds far-fetched and
AND
the form of escalation, can be counted on to seek expression later.

Tournament: Harrison RR | Round: 5 | Opponent: - | Judge: -

My advocacy is that developing countries should ban all uranium mining.

 (Iran, Congo, Niger, South Africa, Gabon, Madagascar, Namibia)

CONTENTION 1 IS BIODIVERSITY

Uranium mining poses large environmental risks through radioactive pollution.

IAEA 04

~International Atomic Energy Agency, "Environmental Contamination from Uranium Production Facilities and their Remediation" Proceedings of an International Workshop Lisbon, 11–13 February 2004~
The special risks associated with uranium mining were implicitly evident as long ago as the
AND
large areas of land and renders potentially valuable land unfit for other uses.

Radioactive pollution deteriorates ecosystems

IAEA 2

Research into the biological impacts of the nuclear fuel cycle is a relatively new science
AND
protection in the context of ionizing radiation is being addressed in many countries.

That kills biodiversity.

CRG 3/13

~Centre for Research on Globalization, independent research and nonprofit media organization based in Montreal. "Chernobyl and Fukushima Radiation Reduces Animal and Plant Numbers, Diversity, Lifespan, Fertility, Brain Size, Increases Deformities and Abnormalities" Washington’s Blog~
To find out, Washington’s Blog spoke with one of the world’s leading experts on
AND
populations that are not exposed (i.e. population bystander effects)

Even minimal radiation harms biodiversity.

U of SC 12

~University of South Carolina, "Even low-level radioactivity is damaging, scientists conclude" November 2012, Science Daily.~
Even the very lowest levels of radiation are harmful to life, scientists have concluded
AND
you do the meta-analysis, you do see significant negative effects."

Biodiversity loss causes extinction.

MMOM 08

~Dr. Prince Chinedu Mmom, University of Port Harcourt in Negira, African Institute of Environmental Policy, 2008, "Rapid decline in biodiversity: a threat to survival of humankind"~
An intelligent question that would arise giving the state of our biodiversity would be:
AND
wise policy of conservation and development can be based for centuries to come. 

CONTENTION 2 IS COLONIALISM

Our engagement with Africa is marked by colonialism – especially in the context of uranium

HECHT 12

~Gabrielle Hecht, Professor in the Department of History @ University of Michigan. March 2012. "Being Nuclear: Africans and the Global Uranium Trade" MIT Press.~
"Africa" has also been a fetish in Western imaginations, and for far
AND
22 In this fantasy, Africans profited technologically and financially from their resource.

Modern applications of colonialism in Africa are contingent upon uranium extraction.

HECHT 2

~Gabrielle Hecht, Professor in the Department of History @ University of Michigan. March 2012. "Being Nuclear: Africans and the Global Uranium Trade" MIT Press.~
In one form or another, empire has long been central to nuclear geogra-
AND
desperate bid to monopolize the magic new stuff of geopolitical power: uranium.

Colonialism generates a permanent state of exception that is the root cause of the death ethics of war and underwrites a hellish existence where death, murder, and war are ordinary.

MALDONADO 8

~Nelson Maldonado-Torres, associate professor of comparative literature at Rutgers, 2008 "Against War: Views from the Underside of Modernity," p. 217-21~
Dussel, Quijano, and Wynter lead us to the understanding that what happened in
AND
such a world, ontology collapses into a Manicheanism, as Fanon suggested."

Tournament: Emory | Round: 1 | Opponent: - | Judge: -
A. INTERPRETATION: Debaters must disclose all broken cases (ACs, NCs, DAs, CPs, and kritiks) on the NDCA wiki under their own name. In this disclosure, they must post cites, tags, and first three and last three words of all cards read. Debaters may begin disclosing at any point during the season, but they must disclose all broken cases at least an hour before this round in order to meet my interp.

Tournament: Scarsdale | Round: Doubles | Opponent: - | Judge: -

My advocacy is that developing countries in Africa should prioritize environmental protection over resource extraction when the two are in conflict.

Prioritizing environmental protection over resource extraction is key to solving African wars.

UNEP in 09

~United Nations Environment Programme, 2009. "From Con?ict to Peacebuilding: The Role of Natural Resources and the Environment"~
Since 1990 at least eighteen violent conflicts have been fuelled by the exploitation of natural
AND
interests and broadening cooperation between divided groups, as well as between states.

Two specific warrants:

Extraction fuels conflicts over control of valuable resources

UNEP 2

~United Nations Environment Programme, 2009. "From Con?ict to Peacebuilding: The Role of Natural Resources and the Environment"~
Many countries currently face development challenges relating to the unsustainable use of natural resources and
AND
highlights the need for more effective investment in environmental and natural resource governance.

Resource extraction provides the funds to finance wars.

UNEP 3

~United Nations Environment Programme, 2009. "From Con?ict to Peacebuilding: The Role of Natural Resources and the Environment"~
Regardless of whether or not natural resources play a causal role in the onset of
AND
purely political activity, with violence resulting less from grievance than from greed.

SUBPOINT A IS TERRORISM

Oil is exacerbating South Sudan conflict now, risking civil war.

DOKI 13

Charlton Doki and Jason Straziuso (staff writers). "South Sudan conflict spreading ’rapidly.’" Associated Press. December 21st, 2013. http://www.stuff.co.nz/world/africa/9543459/South-Sudan-conflict-spreading-rapidly**
Armed rebels are said to be in control of some of South Sudan’s oil fields
AND
country’s No. 2 political position earlier this year had stoked ethnic tensions. 

South Sudan civil war increases terrorism.

ALL AFRICA 13

~AllAfrica.com. "South Sudan Fighting Endangers Many." Press Release from the Office of Rep. Chris Smith, US Congress. December 24th, 2013. http://allafrica.com/stories/201312240126.html~~**
Washington, DC — The expanding fighting in the Republic of South Sudan has killed
AND
African Republic continuing to be adversely affected by their militant and terroristic actions. 

Africa resource extraction independently fuels al Qaeda influence and Africa is key.

DEHEZ 5

~Dustin, spokesmen on Defense of the CDU/CSU in the German parliament, Senior Research Fellow at the Düsseldorf Institute for Foreign and Security Policy and the Institute’s Director for North-East African Studies, research focuses on the Horn of Africa, Military in Africa) "Why Africa matters: Terrorism in Africa - the forgotten continent once more?" World Security Network Foundation Dec 14~
One of the reasons why Africa deserves international attention ~for~ is actually the
AND
yet allocated the necessary financial support nor have they increased their diplomatic activity. 

The likelihood of a nuclear terror attack is extremely high

BUNN 7

~Matthew Bunn, senior research director @ Harvard, Nuclear Threat Initiative, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/24/AR2007092401154.html~~**
Yes. Unfortunately, terrorist use of a nuclear bomb is a very real danger
AND
government studies have repeatedly concluded that this possibility also cannot be ruled out. 

Terrorism is the most likely existential threat.

RHODES 9

~RICHARD RHODES He has been a visiting scholar at Harvard and MIT, and
AND
Reducing the nuclear threat: The argument for public safety 14 DECEMBER 2009~
The response was very different among nuclear and national security experts when Indiana Republican Sen. Richard Lugar surveyed PDF them in 2005.
This group of 85 experts judged that the possibility of a WMD attack against a
AND
nothing to do with those attacks in the name of sending a message. 

SUBPOINT B IS POVERTY

African conflicts result in poverty.

HOEFFLER 08

~Anke Hoeffler, Centre for the Study of African Economies University of Oxford "Dealing with the Consequences of Violent Conflicts in Africa" African Development Bank Report 2008~
Both categories contain very diverse countries. Of the 38 countries in the ’peace’
AND
Angola and Chad recently experienced growth rates well in excess of 10 percent. 

Poverty causes structural violence that kills millions per year.

GILLIGAN 96

~James Gilligan (Professor of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical and Director of the Center for the Study of Violence). "Violence: Our Deadly Epidemic and Its Causes," p191-196~
The 14 to 18 million deaths a year caused by structural violence compare with about
AND
for they are inextricably related to each other, as cause to effect.

Poverty and conflict create state failure.

CILLERS 13

~Jakkie Cilliers and Julia Schünemann Institute for Security Studies, Dr Jakkie Cilliers is the executive director and co-founder of the Institute for Security Studies. Dr Julia Schünemann is a senior researcher at the Institute for Security Studies, where she leads the African Futures Project "The future of intrastate conflict in Africa More violence or greater peace?" May 2013.~
The spillover or bad-neighbourhood effect is a sixth consideration. Being situated in
AND
regime type, infant mortality, bad neighbourhood and state-led discrimination.

Weak and failing states create nuclear proliferation and regional instability.

WYLER 08

~Liana Sun Wyler, August 28, 2008 Analyst in International Crime and Narcotics Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division. "Weak and Failing States: Evolving Security Threats and U.S. Policy" Congressional Research Service~
Weapons Proliferation. Weak and failing states, unable or unwilling to guarantee the security
AND
"enormous cost in resources and time" to the United States.26

That risks extinction.

KATEB 92

~George, 1992 The Inner Ocean: Individualism and Democratic Culture, "Thinking About Human Extinction (1): Nuclear Weapons and Individual Rights," p. 111-112~
Schell’s work attempts to force on us an acknowledgment that sounds far-fetched and
AND
the form of escalation, can be counted on to seek expression later. 

Same framework as “Good Life AC”

Tournament: Sunvite | Round: 1 | Opponent: - | Judge: -

Plan Text: Latin American countries should implement Buen Vivir.

GUDYNAS 11 clarifies the advocacy:

~Eduardo Gudynas, Eduardo Gudynas is a senior researcher at the Latin American Center of Social Ecology (CLAES), based in Uruguay. His expertise is on sustainable development and alternatives to development., "Buen Vivir: Today’s tomorrow", Society for International Development, 2011, DDA~
Buen Vivir or Vivir Bien, are the Spanish words used in Latin America to
AND
there are many different interpretations depending on cultural, historical and ecological setting. 

Resource extraction is destroying the environment and is incompatible with Buen Vivir.

ACOSTA 12

This transformation ~Buen Vivir is~ should, of course, be extended to
AND
the workforce, which, moreover, does not even guarantee adequate jobs.

CONTENTION 1 IS DEVELOPMENT

Despite the failures of development, our criticisms merely redefine the concept rather than questioning the core concept of progress itself. If we don’t change this mindset, the logic of development will lead to multiple environmental impacts.

ACOSTA 2

~Alberto Acosta, Ecuadorian economist with a degree from the University of Cologne, Germany. He is professor at the Latin American Social Sciences Institute (FLACSO) – Ecuador, and a visiting professor at universities in Ecuador and abroad. He acts as an advisor for social movements and as an international consultant. Acosta was the Minister of Energy and Mines of Ecuador, manager of Oil Commercialization for the state-owned company CEPE and an employee at the Latin American Energy Organization (OLADE). From 2007 to 2008, he was president of the Constituent Assembly of Ecuador, “The Buen Vivir: An Opportunity to Imagine Another World“, Democracy: Inside a Champion, URL, June 7 2012, DDA~
In fact, when the problems began to undermine our faith in development, we
AND
"development," have not been fulfilled. And will not be fulfilled.

Warming causes extinction.

TICKELL 08

~Oliver, Climate Researcher, The Guardian, 8-11, "On a planet 4C hotter, all we can prepare for is extinction", http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/aug/11/climatechange-http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/aug/11/climatechange, DDA~
We need to get prepared for four degrees of global warming, Bob Watson told
AND
warming caused by human emissions could propel us towards a similar hothouse Earth. 

Development is unsustainable and will cause extinction by 2032.

KAHN 07

~Richard Kahn, Core Faculty in Education at Antioch University Los Angeles, the specialisist in Ecopedagogy "Paulo Freire and Eco-Justice: Updating Pedagogy of the Oppressed for the Age of Ecological Calamity,"  2007~
The present standard of living enjoyed by those across the planet is estimated to utilize
AND
lifestyle now or an irrevocable crisis will descend upon the planet by 2032. 

Buen Vivir promotes a solidarity economy focused on promoting a state of sufficiency rather than maximizing efficiency.

ACOSTA 3

The basic value of the economy associated with the Buen Vivir is solidarity. Therefore
AND
the fight to eliminate gender, ethnic, intergenerational, and other inequalities.

CONTENTION 2 IS YASUNI

Buen Vivir stops oil drilling in Yasuni National Park- Ecuador’s government has developed a plan to leave the oil in the ground premised on Buen Vivir.

FATHEUER 11

Thomas Fatheuer, studied social sciences and classical philology in Mu?nster, Germany. From 2002 until 2010 he lived and worked in Brazil, for some of this time as head of the Brazil office of the Heinrich Bo?ll Foundation in Rio de Janeiro. Since 2011 he has worked as a freelance consultant and author in Berlin. , “A brief introduction to Latin America’s new concepts for the good life and the rights of nature”, Heinrich Böll Foundation Green Political Movement, Volume 17 in the Publication Series on Ecology, 2011, DDA
Leaving the oil in the ground – the Yasuni initiatives: Buen Vivir in action
AND
Vivir by rethinking the conservation of nature while simultaneously positing a concrete agenda.

Oil drilling in Yasuni wrecks biodiversity and causes deforestation.

BASS ET AL. 10

~Margot S. Bass,  Matt Finer, Clinton N. Jenkins, Holger Kreft, Diego F. Cisneros-Heredia, Shawn F. McCracken, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Peter H. English, Kelly Swing, Gorky  Oil development destroys biodiversity, ramps up deforestation, and harms the environment.?Villa, Anthony Di Fiore, Christian C. Voigt, Thomas H. Kunz, January 19, 2010, Global Conservation Significance of Ecuador’s Yasuní National Park, http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0008767-http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0008767~~**
Explicit in the messaging of the Yasuní-ITT Initiative was the recognition of the
AND
to one of the most intact portions of the Ecuadorian Amazon ~13~.

That is an additional link to climate change.

WATTS 7/16

~Jonathan Watts, Latin America correspondent for the Guardian, "Ecuador approves Yasuni national park oil drilling in Amazon rainforest" The Guardian August 16, 2013~
The two main causes of global warming are the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation
AND
the Yasuní is to directly address the two main casues of climate change.

Yasuni is uniquely key to long-term Amazonian biodiversity.

BASS 2

~Margot S. Bass,  Matt Finer, Clinton N. Jenkins, Holger Kreft, Diego F. Cisneros-Heredia, Shawn F. McCracken, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Peter H. English, Kelly Swing, Gorky Villa, Anthony Di Fiore, Christian C. Voigt, Thomas H. Kunz, January 19, 2010, Global Conservation Significance of Ecuador’s Yasuní National Park, http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0008767~~**
Yasuní National Park is one of the most biodiverse places on Earth, whether assessed
AND
corridors would be needed between Yasuní and these parks to allow upslope migrations.

Amazonian biodiversity loss causes extinction.

TAKACS 96

~David Takacs teaches environmental humanities (history, ethics, justice, politics) in the Institute for Earth Systems Science and Policy at California State "The Idea of Biodiversity: Philosophies of Paradise," 1996, pg. 200-201~
So biodiversity keeps the world running. It has value and of itself, as
AND
end of the next century - not with a bang but a whimper.

The standard is maximizing expected well-being.

First, epistemology is constrained by the badness of pain.

NAGEL

~Thomas Nagel, University Professor of Philosophy and Law at New York University, The View From Nowhere, Book, http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~~uctytho/dfwVariousNagel.htm, 1989~
I shall defend the unsurprising claim that sensory pleasure is good and pain bad,
AND
such cases. There can be no reason to reject the appearances here.
Only utilitarianism accounts for this and aggregates everyone’s subjective experiences; deontologists don’t regard pain as normatively valuable, only duties and intentions.

Second, analytic.

Third, moral uncertainty means we default to preventing extinction under any ethical framework.

BOSTROM 11

~Nick Bostrom, 2011. Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford Martin School 26 Faculty of Philosophy~
These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest~s~ an alternative, complementary way of
AND
of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.    

Util is the only moral system available to policy-makers.

GOODIN 90

~Robert Goodin, Philosophy Fellow @ The Australian National Defense University. "THE UTILITARIAN RESPONSE", 1990, p. 141-2. AS 11/4/13~
My larger argument turns on the proposition that there is something special about the situation
AND
want to use it at all – to chose general rules or conduct.

Fifth, analytic.

Finally, the resolution is a question of comparing worlds; the resolution is a statement that divides ground between the aff and neg worlds, not the object of evaluation. Truth-testing prescribes an absolute, unmeetable burden to the aff and gives the neg infinite ground.

NELSON

~Nelson, Adam F. 2008. Towards A Comprehensive Theory of Lincoln-Douglas Debate.~
And the truth-statement model of the resolution imposes an absolute burden of proof
AND
much smaller range of options: advocacy of the resolution as a whole.

Tournament: Sunvite | Round: Doubles | Opponent: - | Judge: -

Part 1 is the Framework

The structures of knowledge which we engage as debaters are constituted by this underlying Eurocentric supremacy over Latin America – we as debaters must resist colonialism in order to pluralize knowledge and evaluate alternate perspectives

ALCOFF 7

(Linda, professor of philosophy at Syracuse University, "Mignolo’s Epistemology of Coloniality", The New Centennial Review, Winter 2007, pp. 79-102)
Modernity" was imagined as the house of epistemology. —Walter Mignolo (2006
AND
in philosophy departments, it is not necessary to have a single one.

Discussions of epistemology are a prerequisite to argumentation.

CRAWFORD 02

~Neta, PhD MA MIT, BA Brown, Prof. of poli sci at Boston University, "Argument and Change in World Politics", p. 19-21~
Coherent arguments are unlikely to take place unless and until actors, at least on
AND
entrepreneurs without serious political wrangling." Hence framing is a meta-argument. 

Knowledge production comes first in your decision-making calculus—we have a responsibility to attack colonial thinking in ourselves and our community of debate practitioners or systemic violence and dehumanization are inevitable

WANZER 12

Darrel, Assistant Professor of Communication Studies at the University of Iowa in Iowa City)  2012 "Delinking Rhetoric, or Revisiting Mcgee’s Fragmentation Thesis Through Decoloniality" Rhetoric and Public Affairs Page 654
In short, I would submit that we all (regardless of whether we are
AND
people of color and maintains the hubris of a totalizing and exclusionary episteme.

Part 2 is the Harms:

For the last century humans have pursued the unachievable goal of development that has subordinated so-called Developing countries at the hands of developing countries.

ACOSTA

~Alberto Acosta, Ecuadorian economist with a degree from the University of Cologne, Germany. He is professor at the Latin American Social Sciences Institute (FLACSO) – Ecuador, and a visiting professor at universities in Ecuador and abroad. He acts as an advisor for social movements and as an international consultant. Acosta was the Minister of Energy and Mines of Ecuador, manager of Oil Commercialization for the state-owned company CEPE and an employee at the Latin American Energy Organization (OLADE). From 2007 to 2008, he was president of the Constituent Assembly of Ecuador, “The Buen Vivir: An Opportunity to Imagine Another World“, Democracy: Inside a Champion, URL, June 7 2012, DDA~
Since the middle of the 20th century, ~the phantom of development~ a
AND
, if we consider what they actually achieved to be real "development." 

Historically, development has been used as a power device that has harmed the environment and devalues the lifestyles of the global South.

LANG 13

~Miriam Lang, Director of the Rosa Luxemburg Foundation’s Andean Region Office. She has a PhD in Sociology from the Free University of Berlin, with a specialization in Gender Studies, and a Masters in Latin American Studies, "The Crisis of Civilisation and challenges for the left", Beyond Development: Alternative visions from Latin America, August 2013, DDA~
Symbolically, development is linked to a promise of well-being, happiness and
AND
category of underdevelopment also forged "underdeveloped" subjectivities in the global South.

Research has proven that developed countries exploit developing countries by taking advantage of their natural resources while forcing them to bear the environmental burden.

DOWNEY ET AL. 10

 ~ Liam Downey, Eric Bonds, and Katherine Clark, Liam Downey is an associate professor of sociology at the University of Colorado at Boulder. He studies environmental inequality in metropolitan America, armed violence and environmental degradation, and the role that organizational, institutional, and network-based inequality play in shaping local, regional, and global environmental problems. Eric Bonds is a doctoral student at the University of Colorado at Boulder. His dissertation investigates how the U.S. military responds to the emergence of global humanitarian norms, either by altering its weapons policies to bring them into conformance with new norms or by attempting to legitimate existing weapons policies that are not in compliance. His previous research has been published in the journals Critical Sociology and Symbolic Interaction, Katherine Clark is a graduate student in environmental studies at the University of Colorado at Boulder. She studies the political economy of extractive industries and food systems, with an emphasis on democratic decision making in such systems. She also studies social movements for food security and food sovereignty., “Natural Resource Extraction, Armed Violence, and Environmental Degradation”, University of Colorado at Boulder, published December 23, 2010, accessed December 26 2013, DDA~
international political economy (Rice, 2009). Based in the world systems theory tradition
AND
, Cunningham, 26 Rau, 1999; Clark 26 Foster, 2009).

Plan Text: Latin American countries should implement Buen Vivir to reshape their approach to public policy.

GUDYNAS 11 clarifies the advocacy:

~Eduardo Gudynas, Eduardo Gudynas is a senior researcher at the Latin American Center of Social Ecology (CLAES), based in Uruguay. His expertise is on sustainable development and alternatives to development., "Buen Vivir: Today’s tomorrow", Society for International Development, 2011, DDA~
Buen Vivir or Vivir Bien, are the Spanish words used in Latin America to
AND
there are many different interpretations depending on cultural, historical and ecological setting. 

Resource extraction is destroying the environment and is incompatible with Buen Vivir.

ACOSTA 2

This transformation ~Buen Vivir is~ should, of course, be extended to
AND
the workforce, which, moreover, does not even guarantee adequate jobs.

Buen Vivir goes beyond alternative development by taking a holistic view of our global community and proposing a means of achieving good life without an endless path to development. It promotes a pluralist ideology contrary to anthropocentric capitalism.

ACOSTA 3

Within the context of post-developmental discussions, the efforts to reconstruct and even
AND
and in social living spaces, in schools and health centers, etc.
Prefer solvency mechanisms that are formulated by local populations because any other alternative will simply entrench the idea of colonialism by forcing upon populations another Western logic.

Buen Vivir has empirically succeeded in multiple countries.

CEPR

~Center for Economic and Policy Research, The Center for Economic and Policy Research (CEPR) was established in 1999 to promote democratic debate on the most important economic and social issues that affect people's lives. CEPR conducts both professional research and public education. The professional research is oriented towards filling important gaps in the understanding of particular economic and social problems, or the impact of specific policies.., “Policies to Match the Rhetoric: Buen Vivir in Ecuador”, Source, URL, November 6, 2012, DDA~
Buen vivir is described theoretically as a synthesis of indigenous cultural wisdom and Western concepts
AND
development strategy to improve living standards and quality of life throughout the country.

Tournament: TOC | Round: 2 | Opponent: - | Judge: -

The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing.

First, epistemology is constrained by the badness of pain.

NAGEL 89

~Thomas Nagel, University Professor of Philosophy and Law at New York University, The View From Nowhere, Book, http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~~uctytho/dfwVariousNagel.htm, 1989~
I shall defend the unsurprising claim that sensory pleasure is good and pain bad,
AND
such cases. There can be no reason to reject the appearances here.

That also means universalizability standards collapse to util.

SAYRE-MCCORD 01

~Sayre-McCord, Geoffrey, "Mill’s "Proof" of the Principle of Utility: A More than Half-Hearted Defense." UNC/Chapel Hill: Social Philosophy and Policy, vol. 18, no. 2; Spring 2001, p. 330-360.~
According to the second argument, the evaluative starting point is again each person thinking
AND
valuable, we are committed to acknowledging the value of all the rest.

Second, analytic.

Third, moral uncertainty means we default to preventing extinction under any ethical framework.

BOSTROM 11

(2011) Nick Bostrom, Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford Martin School 26 Faculty of Philosophy
These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest~s~ an alternative, complementary way of
AND
of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.    

Fourth, Util is the only moral system available to policy-makers.

GOODIN 90

~Robert Goodin, Philosophy Fellow @ The Australian National Defense University. "THE UTILITARIAN RESPONSE", 1990, p. 141-2. AS 11/4/13~
My larger argument turns on the proposition that there is something special about the situation
AND
want to use it at all – to chose general rules or conduct.

The act-omission distinction does not apply to governments because they constantly face trade-offs.

SUNSTEIN and VERMEULE 05

~Cass R. Sunstein and Vermeule Adrian "Is Capital Punishment Morally Required? Acts, Omissions, and Life-Life Tradeoffs.  Copyright (c) 2005 The Board of Trustees of Leland Stanford Junior University.  Stanford Law Review December,2005 58 Stan. L. Rev. 703~
The critics of capital punishment have been led astray by uncritically applying the act/
AND
creating entitlements  ~*722~  and prohibitions, is not inaction at all.

The absence of personal identity commits us to util.

SHOEMAKER 99

~Shoemaker, David. Dept of Philosophy, U Memphis. "Utilitarianism and Personal Identity." The Journal of Value Inquiry 33: 183–199, 1999.~ 
Extreme reductionism might lend support to utilitarianism in the following way. Many people claim
AND
, would be the most plausible. Utilitarianism is just such a theory.
Absent the neg providing a warrant that there framework is consistent with Parfit’s proof of personhood, presume the AC framework is true because the conclusion is correct even if defensive responses deny possible warrants.

Finally, respect for the equality of persons mandates consequentialism.

CUMMISKEY 96

~Cummiskey, David. Kantian Consequentialism. Published by Oxford University Press. 1996. (p.142).~
If I sacrifice some for the sake of others, I do not use them
AND
beings, then equal consideration dictates that one may sacrifice some to save many

Tournament: GBX | Round: 2 | Opponent: - | Judge: -

1AC

Discussions of epistemology are a prerequisite to argumentation.

CRAWFORD 02

~Neta, PhD MA MIT, BA Brown, Prof. of poli sci at Boston University, "Argument and Change in World Politics", p. 19-21~
Coherent arguments are unlikely to take place unless and until actors, at least on
AND
entrepreneurs without serious political wrangling." Hence framing is a meta-argument. 

Ethnocentrism and epistemology are intertwined. We must realize the diversity of perspectives.

STANFIELD 85

~John H. Stanfield, Director, Research Program on Transcultural and Intercultural Philanthropic and Non-profit Studies. 1985 "The Ethnocentric Basis of Social Science Knowledge Production" Review of Research in Education~
How are social knowledge and ethnocentrism related? Quite simply, they are inseparable:
AND
analyze the American social sciences as products of European-descent cognitive styles. 

Additionally, the only way to make objective moral claims is to include as many perspectives as possible in making moral evaluations.

HUDGENS

~Jennifer L. Hudgens "Perspectives on Perspectivism: Nietzsche and His Commentators" Georgia State University Philosophy Theses Department of Philosophy 8-3-2007~
Again, the definition I offered for omniperspectival knowledge was as follows: striving for
AND
the omniperspective is the best goal, and there are other possibilities also.

Thus, the standard is consistency with a multiplicity of interpretations. That means that we evaluate systems based on the number of viewpoints and voices they include in the conversation to reveal truths.

I contend that an adversarial system of justice creates a flawed representation of truth. 

1. The adversarial system oversimplifies the reality of situations.

MENKEL 96

~Carrie Menkel-Meadow, Professor of Law, Georgetown and UCLA Law Schools and Co-Director, UCLA Center for Conflict Resolution. 1996. "The Trouble with the Adversary System in a Postmodern, Multicultural World" William and Mary Law Review~
Despite the longevity and robustness of adversarialism as a mode of human discourse, even
AND
where no order exists, and where we cannot determine relevance rationally."’
The assumption that truth is a binary is flawed because every truth is the product of subjective interests so a legitimate system must reject an oppositional lens that ignores all representations except for that of the attorney.

2. The adversarial system promotes distortion of truth—multiple warrants.

MENKEL 2

~Carrie Menkel-Meadow, Professor of Law, Georgetown and UCLA Law Schools and Co-Director, UCLA Center for Conflict Resolution. 1996. "The Trouble with the Adversary System in a Postmodern, Multicultural World" William and Mary Law Review~
Taken out of its postmodern context, deconstruction is a useful tool for those who
AND
all know, however, that "the ’haves’ come out ahead." 83
The limited perspectives that are presented through the adversarial system are fundamentally flawed and undermine legitimate interpretations.

3. Our adversarial system is not multi-culturally accessible.

MENKEL 3

~Carrie Menkel-Meadow, Professor of Law, Georgetown and UCLA Law Schools and Co-Director, UCLA Center for Conflict Resolution. 1996. "The Trouble with the Adversary System in a Postmodern, Multicultural World" William and Mary Law Review~
Recall that when we speak of the adversary system we say the "Anglo-
AND
, let me turn to some proposals for reform of the adversary system.

I advocate that the United Stated Criminal Justice System ought to replace its adversarial system with an inquisitorial system.

STRIER clarifies the distinction:

~Franklin Strier, 1992-93 Professor of Business Law at CSU "What can the American adversary system learn from an inquisitorial system of justice?"~
The inquisitorial system generally refers to trial practices developed in Europe and adopted in other
AND
who intervene to ensure a solution based on the merits of the case.

The attorney client privilege is an essential part of the adversarial system.

FISCHEL 98

~Daniel R. Fischel, Lee and Brena Freeman Professor of Law and Business, University of Chicago Law School. 1998. "Lawyers and Confidentiality" The University of Chicago Law Review~
Confidentiality frequently is viewed as a necessary corollary of the adversary ideal. No client
AND
examination upon the ~for~ client’s confidential disclosures regarding professional business. 1

The inquisitorial model has a fundamentally distinct approach to finding that truth that eliminates the binary oppositions of the adversarial system.

MOOHR 04

~Geraldine Szott Moohr, Professor of Law, University of Houston Law Center; B.S., University of Illinois; M.S., Bucknell University; J.D., American University. April 2004. "Prosecutorial Power in an Adversarial System: Lessons from Current White Collar Cases and the Inquisitorial Model" Buffalo Criminal Law Review~
The adversarial and inquisitorial models differ in their approaches to ascertaining the truth, largely
AND
official investigation.  The investigation, rather than the trial, is paramount.

There is less bias in an inquisitorial system.

MOOHR 2

~Geraldine Szott Moohr, Professor of Law, University of Houston Law Center; B.S., University of Illinois; M.S., Bucknell University; J.D., American University. April 2004. "Prosecutorial Power in an Adversarial System: Lessons from Current White Collar Cases and the Inquisitorial Model" Buffalo Criminal Law Review~
Although this type of bias is probably inevitable in both systems, it seems less
AND
discretion and has less power than the federal prosecutor investigating white collar crimes.

Tournament: NSD | Round: 1 | Opponent: - | Judge: -
Standard Texts:

Thus, the standard is consistency with absolute principles of self-ownership and property rights. This means that we evaluate the amount of control that an individual has over their body and its products.

The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing. 

Plan Texts:
My advocacy is that black Americans should receive reparations for housing discrimination in order to maintain consistency with property rights.

Black Americans should receive reparations for housing discrimination.

Tournament: NSD | Round: 2 | Opponent: - | Judge: -

I affirm and value justice.

~http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ought-http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ought~~**

First, any truth claim can only be proven by argumentation which contains certain axiomatic assumptions.

KINSELLA 11

~Stephan Kinsella, Friday, May 27, 2011. Attorney in Houston, director of the Center for the Study of Innovative Freedom, and editor of Libertarian Papers "Argumentation Ethics and Liberty: A Concise Guide" Ludwig von Mises Institute~
In setting the stage, Hoppe first observes that the standard natural-rights argument
AND
-discourse-ethics twist on the standard natural-law defense of rights

Argumentation assumes principles of self-ownership and property rights.

KINSELLA 2

In essence, Hoppe’s view is that argumentation, or discourse, is by its
AND
must be assumed to exist. (TSC, p. 161) .

Thus, the standard is consistency with absolute principles of self-ownership and property rights. This means that we evaluate the amount of control that an individual has over their body and its products.

And, worth of agents dictates that they have property rights.

LEWIN 07

~Peter Lewin, Clinical Professor of Economics at the University of Texas at Dallas, School of Management. April 2007, "Creativity or Coercion: Alternative Perspectives on Rights to Intellectual Property" Journal of Business Ethics~
Many scholars have objected in principle to the whole approach. According to them one
AND
deduces from them other rights and wrongs (for example Nozick, 1977).

And, rectification is necessary if property is acquired illegitimately.

NARVESON 09

~Jan Narveson, 2009. University of Waterloo. "Present Payments, Past Wrongs: Correcting Impressions from Nozick on Restitution." Mises Journals~
According to Nozick (and Locke and innumerable others), what has come to be
AND
position of whatever group ends up least well-off in society."1 

My advocacy is that black Americans should receive reparations for housing discrimination in order to maintain consistency with property rights.

Housing discrimination has systematically discriminated black Americans since the twentieth century.

KAPLAN 07

~Jonathan Kaplan, Assistant Professor of Philosophy at the University of Tennessee in Knoxville, Lecturer in Philosophy at Stanford University, post-doctoral fellow with the Stanford University Biomedical Ethics Center’s Program in Genomics, Ethics and Society and currently directs the OSU undergraduate program in Applied Ethics; Associate Professor of Political Science at Oregon State University. 2007. "Housing Discrimination as a Basis for Black Reparations" Public Affairs Quarterly~
When considering the history of housing discrimination against African Americans, we should distinguish among
AND
racial equality that had been done over the course of the twentieth century. 

Housing discrimination is the best focus for black reparations.

KAPLAN 2

~Jonathan Kaplan, Assistant Professor of Philosophy at the University of Tennessee in Knoxville, Lecturer in Philosophy at Stanford University, post-doctoral fellow with the Stanford University Biomedical Ethics Center’s Program in Genomics, Ethics and Society and currently directs the OSU undergraduate program in Applied Ethics; Associate Professor of Political Science at Oregon State University. 2007. "Housing Discrimination as a Basis for Black Reparations" Public Affairs Quarterly~
The argument in this paper is focused on the effects of housing discrimination in the
AND
and Kaufman 2004; Charles and Hurst 2002; Collins and Margo 1999). 

Housing discrimination is the root cause of the wealth disparity and discrepancies in education and healthcare.

KAPLAN 3

~Jonathan Kaplan, Assistant Professor of Philosophy at the University of Tennessee in Knoxville, Lecturer in Philosophy at Stanford University, post-doctoral fellow with the Stanford University Biomedical Ethics Center’s Program in Genomics, Ethics and Society and currently directs the OSU undergraduate program in Applied Ethics; Associate Professor of Political Science at Oregon State University. 2007. "Housing Discrimination as a Basis for Black Reparations" Public Affairs Quarterly~
There are several distinct types of costs associated with past and ongoing housing discrimination.
AND
, and governmental programs to address these inequalities may be well-justified. 

And, segregation and poverty continue in the U.S.

COATES 5/21

~Ta-Nehisi Coates, National correspondent at The Atlantic. May 21, 2014. "The Case for Reparations" The Atlantic~
Even seeming evidence of progress withers under harsh light. In 2012, the Manhattan
AND
in the wake of the grim numbers, we see the grim inheritance. 

Reparations through access to favorable mortgages and means beyond the housing market solve the inequities of housing discrimination.

KAPLAN 4

~Jonathan Kaplan, Assistant Professor of Philosophy at the University of Tennessee in Knoxville, Lecturer in Philosophy at Stanford University, post-doctoral fellow with the Stanford University Biomedical Ethics Center’s Program in Genomics, Ethics and Society and currently directs the OSU undergraduate program in Applied Ethics; Associate Professor of Political Science at Oregon State University. 2007. "Housing Discrimination as a Basis for Black Reparations" Public Affairs Quarterly~
All of this suggests that it may be a mistake to think of black reparations
AND
close the wealth gap that housing discrimination has done so much to create. 

Reparations transform racial discourse away from prejudice.

MARABLE 04

~Manning Marable, Professor of Public Affairs, Political Science, and History at Columbia University. Summer 2004. "In Defense of Black Reparations" The Freedom and Justice Crier~
First, and perhaps foremost, is the fact that white racism is structural in
AND
grassroots level-will the specific reforms and measures for implementation take shape.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: Octas | Opponent: - | Judge: -

1. Objective moral claims are impossible because they all rest on subjective assumptions that make impartial views impossible.

YOUNG 1

~Iris Marion Young. "Justice and the Politics of Difference." Princeton University Press. 1990.~
Impartial reason, as we have seen, also generates a dichotomy between reason and
AND
as Nagel expresses it, the impartial view is a view from nowhere.

To avoid this regress into subjectivism we adopt a moral theory that is based on the consent of each individual actor.

YOUNG 2

The alternative to a moral theory founded on the assumption of impartial reason, then
AND
impartial starting point in order to get universality out of the moral dialogue. 

2. Merely justifying an ethical theory as valid means nothing if the agent wouldn’t be included in the ethical conversation. Ethics are created through social interaction and form the basis for identity- only through discourse can we understand the value of life itself.

HABERMAS

Jurgen Habermas, Remarks on Discourse Ethics, pg 109-110, 1994, MIT Press
Social interactions mediated by the use of language oriented to mutual understanding are constitutive for
AND
seated than the tangible vulnerability of bodily integrity, though connected with it.

3. Discourse is the starting point for all ethics. (Analytic)

4. The state only derives its power to deliberate and make decisions from the communicative processes of its constituents.

FLYNN

Jeffery Flynn, Communicative Power in Habermas’s Theory of Democracy, Middlebury College, Vermont, European Journal of Political Theory
Habermas argues that the attempt to interpret popular sovereignty in procedural terms must be ’carefully
AND
administrative power is only legitimate if bound to this discursively generated communicative power.

5. Democratic communication promotes individual autonomy and rationality.

CHRISTIANO

Christiano, Thomas (University of Arizona). Democracy, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Jul 27, 2006. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/democracy/~~23NonInsVal
Furthermore,~First,~ the broad based discussion typical of democracy enhances the critical assessment
AND
they do or not. Finally, some have argued that democracy tends to
enhance~s~ the moral qualities of citizens. When they participate in making
AND
group of persons who rule~s~ over slavish and unreflective subjects.

Thus, the standard is protecting discourse.

Tournament: Collegiate Round Robin | Round: 3 | Opponent: - | Judge: -

Collegiate AC

Objective moral claims are impossible because they all rest on subjective assumptions that make impartial views impossible.

YOUNG 1

Iris Marion Young. and#34;Justice and the Politics of Difference.and#34; Princeton University Press. 1990.
Impartial reason, as we have seen, also generates a dichotomy between reason and
AND
as Nagel expresses it, the impartial view is a view from nowhere.

To avoid this regress into subjectivism we adopt a moral theory that is based on the consent of each individual actor.

YOUNG 2

The alternative to a moral theory founded on the assumption of impartial reason, then
AND
impartial starting point in order to get universality out of the moral dialogue. 

Thus the standard is consistency with the Rawlsian veil of ignorance.

The original position would ensure that individuals would want to guarantee basic goods for themselves, thus impacts to making decisions with the intent to benefit the least well off link to the standard.

FREEMAN 1

Freeman, Samuel. and#34;Original Position.and#34; Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/original-position/23ArgForDifPri-http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/original-position/.
It is often claimed that Rawls’s parties are and#34;risk-averse;and#34; otherwise they
AND
may be available in a society governed entirely by the principle of utility.

Additionally, prefer the framework - 

First, personhood

Second, equality

Consistency with the veil of ignorance is most consistent with equality since you know nothing about your social position,

FREEMAN 2

The remedy for such biased judgments is to redefine the initial situation. Rather than
AND
of equality as equal respect for moral persons (cf. CP 255).

Text: The United States will adopt Australia’s Compulsory Voting system.

Ornstein clarifies:

Norman Ornstein, Ph.D political scientist and resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute- a Washington DC think tank, also has been published by Washington Post and several other magazine, also named one of the top 100 Global thinkers by Foreign Policy for and#34;diagnosing America’s political dysfunctionand#34; and has written several books on America’s political dysfunction, and#34;Vote—or Elseand#34;, Source- The New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/10/opinion/10ornstein.html?_r=126, August 10, 2006,
So what can be done? Here’s a possible solution to the nation’s partisan
AND
the system has also instilled the idea that voting is a societal obligation. 

I will defend CV in all democracies if they ask in CX.

-

Subpoint A: CV reintegrates disenfranchised voters. Two warrants.

1. Turnout.

U.S. turnout is low and CV solves. Empirically verified by Australia.

WHITE 03

Alex White, national marketing advisor working in the labour movement with a decade of policy, campaigns and public relations experience. His background is complemented by professional and leadership roles in the trade union movement, chariies, environmental and political organisations, and#34;In Defense of Compulsory Voting, source- NewMatilda, https://newmatilda.com/2013/01/14/defence-compulsory-voting, January 14, 2003
The experience in other countries like the UK and USA, and in Australia before
AND
24 elections since 1946, voter participation has averaged above 94 per cent.

Analysis of introducing and abolishing CV confirms solvency is causation not correlation.

ENGELEN 07

Bart Engelen, 2007. Research Assistant of the Fund for Scientific Research. and#34;Why Compulsory Voting Can Enhance Democracyand#34; Palgrave Macmillan Ltd,
This method, however, encounters the problem that the potential impact of compulsory voting
AND
reinforce each other (Keaney and Rogers, 2006, 18–20). 

Institutional remedies solve better than raising education and political interest.

LIJPHART 97

Arend Lijphart, March 1997. Research Professor of Political Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA. and#34;Unequal Participation: Democracy’s Unresolved Dilemmaand#34; The American Political Science Review
Voting participation depends on many factors, including the salience of the issues-note
AND
W. Jackman (1987), and Mark N. Franklin (1996). 

2. Alienation

CV makes nonvoters interested in politics

HILL 1

Lisa Hill, 2004. Senior Research Fellow, Politics Discipline, School of History and Politics, University of Adelaide. and#34;COMPULSORY VOTING IN AUSTRALIA: A BASIS FOR A ’BEST PRACTICE’ REGIMEand#34; Federal Law Review
It is not necessarily the case that non-voters are less interested in
AND
laws are an extremely effective way of by changing entrenched behaviour. 

That creates a rippling effect, resulting in even more political engagement.

SHINEMAN

Victoria Anne, and#34;Isolating the Effect of Compulsory Voting Laws on Political Sophistication: Exploiting Intra-National Variation in Mandatory Voting Laws Between the Austrian Provincesand#34;, Visiting Scholar @ Center for the Study of Democratic Politics at Princeton University, 2009.
Lastly, all of these mechanisms likely create a rippling effect, as
AND
the probability that politically unengaged people will encounter political conversations. 

Blank ballots solve for alienation of abstainers.

HILL 2

Professor Lisa Hill, 2010. ARC Fellow in Politics at the University of Adelaide. and#34;On the Justifiability of Compulsory Voting: Reply to Lever.and#34;
Even if people only turn up to vote for ’none of the above’ this
AND
, this would have to change and democracy would be enriched and deepened.

Two impacts:

1. Socioeconomic Inequality

Reintigration results in better representation of the lower class.

CHONG AND OLIVERA 05

Alberto Chong, Inter-American Development Bank AND Mauricio Olivera, George Mason University May 2005. and#34;On Compulsory Voting and Income Inequality in a Cross-Section of Countriesand#34; Inter- American Development Bank Research Department,
As explained above, the case for compulsory voting is not so much based on
AND
lowest and highest of five education levels is typical (Powell, 1986).

CV is consistent with the maximin solution because it protects the weakest in a democracy.

LACROIX 07

Justine Lacroix, Université libre de Bruxelles, 2007. and#34;A Liberal Defence of Compulsory Votingand#34; Political Studies Association
One obviously does not need to adhere to neo-republican theories to consider that
AND
the powers that be than intermediary bodies or associations bent on particular interests.

2. Racism

The Voting Rights Act decision suppresses voter rights.

WASHINGTON POST 7/15

Washington Post Editorial Board 7/15/13 and#34;North Carolina law takes war on voting rights to a new lowand#34; http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-08-15/opinions/41412504_1_voting-rights-act-new-law-voter-suppression
IN THE wake of the Supreme Court’s Shelby v. Holder decision, which gutted
AND
-olds, who could previously register to vote before they turned 18.

Voter suppression deters black voters but is solved by participation.

WINBURN 5/25

Jonathan Winburn, May 23-25,2013Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science at the University of Mississippi. and#34;Growing Up with Jim Crow: The Lingering Effect of Racism on African-American Voter Turnout in the Statesand#34;
As blacks became more widely involved in American politics following the Voting Rights Act of
AND
habitual involvement or denied the experiences that lead to the persistence of participation.

Voting is the only check against state power.

HILL 3

Professor Lisa Hill, 2010. ARC Fellow in Politics at the University of Adelaide. and#34;On the Justifiability of Compulsory Voting: Reply to Lever.and#34;
Voting not only protects our material interests; it also protects our rights. J
AND
practice, things may be different, particularly where this right is concerned.
-

Subpoint B: Accessibility

High-income and white precincts are more accessible.

BARRETO ET. AL. 09

Matt A. Barreto University of Washington, Seattle Mara Cohen-Marks Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, California Nathan D. Woods Welch Consulting, Inc., Washington, D.C. September 2009.  and#34;Are All Precincts Created Equal?and#34;
While previous scholarship on minority turnout has examined many facets related to black, Latino
AND
-income and white precincts were about twice as likely to do so.

Compulsory voting promotes a more voter-friendly system.

ENGELEN 2

Bart Engelen, 2007. Research Assistant of the Fund for Scientific Research. and#34;Why Compulsory Voting Can Enhance Democracyand#34; Palgrave Macmillan Ltd, PC/AS
Opponents of compulsory voting refer to the increased tendency of politicians, being assured of
AND
encourages incumbent governments to protect everybody’s interests’ (Hill, 2002b, 88).
-

Subpoint C: CV protects citizens’ ability to protest.

Voting is a uniquely important protest because it guarantees privacy.

HILL 4

Professor Lisa Hill, 2010. ARC Fellow in Politics at the University of Adelaide. and#34;On the Justifiability of Compulsory Voting: Reply to Lever.and#34;
The right to abstain’, says Lever, enables ’the weak, timid and
AND
especially where the disconnection involves such a relatively safe form of political engagement. 

Blank votes provide for a clearer expression of dissatisfaction.

LARDY 04

Heather Lardy, Summer 2004.  University of Aberdeen. and#34;Is there a Right not to Vote?and#34; Oxford Journal of Legal Studies
Brief answers are possible to these claims. Taking the last first, it is
AND
reason to conclude that that freedom should protect a right not to vote.