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Cites
Entry
Date
Jan-Feb Afghanistan AC
Tournament: TOC | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Loyola CK | Judge: Shmikler, Tierney, Gorthey I value morality. The standard is maximizing expected well being.
Actor Specificity- Collective action results in tradeoffs and conflicts that only act util can resolve- policies must maximize expected wellbeing. Woller ’97 Gary Woller BYU Prof., “An Overview by Gary Woller”, A Forum on the Role of Environmental Ethics, June 1997, pg. 10 Moreover, virtually all public policies entail some redistribution of economic or political resources, such that one group's gains must come at another group's ex- pense. Consequently, public policies ….actually making it worse.
Reject autonomy freedom and deontological based constraints because they paralyze state action
2. Epistemology- Non-natural theories are epistemically inaccessible. Papineau David Papineau, “Naturalism”. SEP, 2007.( http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/naturalism/) RP 7/3/13 Moore took this argument to …any knowledge of them.
Species must act in a accordance with it’s perpetuation, so we should maximize life.
The Islamic Republics of Afghanistan and Pakistan will significantly limit the extraction of minerals, in line with relevant provisions of the Global Witnesses’s proposed amendment to the 2013 Mining Law. Funding through normal means, I reserve the right to clarify. They write Global Witness, “A Shaky Foundation?: Analyzing Afghanistan’s Draft Mining Law”. November 2013,.Global Witness is a UK-based nongovernmental organisation which investigates the role of natural resources in funding conflict and corruption around the world. http://www.globalwitness.org/sites/default/files/library/SHAKEY_FOUNDATION_GW_0.pdf. RP 2/14/14 In a highly conflict-affected…damaged by mining activity.
Harms Unconstrainted resource extraction causes Afghan instability- supercharges corruption and political conflict, empirically. Behzan ‘13 Frud Bezhan , “Mineral Wealth Could Harm, Not Aid, Afghanistan's Future”. Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty, October 2, 2013. http://www.rferl.org/content/afghanistan-mining-industry-oil-resources-economy/25124104.html. RP 11/6/13 Afghanistan's mineral wealt….resources as a catalyst and not a curse. Also proves uniqueness Inherency Inherency- afghan mining law is stalled in parliament now- political barriers prevent passage. Murtazaie ‘14 Shahla Murtazaie , “Mines Law Impasse Angers Officials”. Tolo News, January 8th, 2014. http://www.tolonews.com/en/afghanistan/13380-mines-law-impasse-angers-officials. RP 2/14/14 A number of Afghan officials ….working under remains in limbo. Solvency Protection of community water and land is key to win allegiance of local populations- the plan provides civil oversight and regulations. Brown and Blankenship ‘13 Oli Brown and Erin Blankenship , “Natural Resource Management and Peacebuilding in Afghanistan”. United Nations Environment Programme, May 2013. http://www.unep.org/disastersandconflicts/portals/155/countries/Afghanistan/pdf/UNEP_Afghanistan_NRM.pdf. RP 11/6/13 Mining is tied to, and can impact, many ….facts about mining and represent their own concerns.
Focusing on local communities is the strongest link to national stability in Central Asia, empirically.Conway ‘12 J. EDWARD CONWAY , “How Afghanistan Can Escape the Resource Curse: Local Is the Only Way to Go”. Foregin Affairs, FEBRUARY 29, 2012. Quals: independent political risk consultant for mining companies in Central, doctoral candidate at the Institute of Middle East, Central Asia, and Caucasus Studies at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. RP 12/21/13 Resource curse theories follow …. socioeconomic gap between Kabul and the rest of the country
Targeting nonstate actor extraction of minerals solves cycles of violence that cripple stability. Lakhani ‘13 Sadaf Lakhani, “Extractive Inudstries and Peacebuilding in Afghanistan: The Role of Social Accountability”. United States Institue for Peace, Special Report 339, November 2013. Quals: social development professional, worked with The World Bank Group, United Nations Development Programme, and the European Commission in policy and program roles. http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/SR339.pdf RP 2/9/14 Mining can contribute to violent …significant obstacles to turning this theory into practice.
Government arbitration of land disputes creates a positive feedback loop for governmental legitimacy. Sexton ‘12 Renard Sexton, “Natural Resources and Conflict atural Resources and Conflict in Afghanistan: Seven Case Studies, Major Trends and Implications for the Transition”. Afghanistan Watch, July 2012. Quals: Professor, NYU, worked for UNEP, field experience across the developing world. http://www.watchafghanistan.org/files/Natural_Resources_and_Conflict_in_Afghanistan/Natural_Resources_and_Conflict_in_Afghanistan_Full_Report_English.pdf. RP 2/9/14 With the above risks in mind, however, ….parties from a resource in dispute. Unilateral appropriation of mining contracts creates legitimacy and solves factional division in Kabul.. Bowley ‘12 GRAHAM BOWLEY , “Potential for a Mining Boom Splits Factions in Afghanistan”. The New York Times September 8, 2012. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/09/world/asia/afghans-wary-as-efforts-pick-up-to-tap-mineral-riches.html?_r=0. RP 2/9/14 KALU VALLEY, Afghanistan — If there ….The New York Times from Khost Province, Afghanistan. Advantage 1: Nuclear Terrorism Afghanistan instability spills over, destabilizes Pakistan, causes nuclear terrorism and Russia US war. Miller ‘12 Paul D. Miller, “It’s Not Just Al-Qaeda: Stability in the Most Dangerous Region”. World Affairs Journal, March/April 2012. Quals: PAUL MILLER served as director for Afghanistan on the National Security Council staff under Presidents Bush and Obama. He is an assistant professor of International Security Affairs at the National Defense University and director for the Afghanistan-Pakistan program at the College of International Security Affairs. http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/it’s-not-just-al-qaeda-stability-most-dangerous-region. RP 12/21/13 It was, of course, al-Qaeda’s attack on the US homeland …fighting alliance and preserves the organization as a pillar of US national security.
Independently, illegal resource extraction fuels cross border terrorism. DuPee ‘12 Matthew DuPee,” Afghanistan’s Conflict Minerals: The Crime-State-Insurgent Nexus”. United States Military Academy, Combating Terrorism Center, Feb 16, 2012. Quals: Afghanistan analyst for the U.S. Defense Department and previously served as a research associate at the Naval Postgraduate School’s Remote Sensing Center and for the Program for Culture and Conflict Studies. He holds an M.A. in Regional Security Studies (South Asia) from the Naval Postgraduate School and continues his research on organized crime, insurgency, illegal mineral extraction, and the narcotics industry in Southwest Asia (http://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/afghanistans-conflict-minerals-the-crime-state-insurgent-nexus). RP 2/9/14 The illegal acquisition and seizure of land…Badakhshan, Nuristan, Baghlan, and Panjshir provinces.
Resource extraction alienates local populations- drives them to the Taliban and extraction happens too late to generate mineral wealth. Abi Habib et al ‘12 MARIA ABI-HABIB, YAROSLAV TROFIMOV and ZIAULHAQ SULTANI, “ Delays at Chinese-Run Afghan Mines Raise Security Fears”. Wall Street Journal, Dec. 14, 2012. http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323330604578143251594500058. RP 2/9/14 BAMIYAN, Afghanistan—Foreign investment …work on this as soon as possible so that the people can get jobs," she said.
Instability is imminent- extraction fractures a fragile peace and sparks wars for protection money. Sheraz ‘14 Umar Sheraz , “Foresight as a tool for sustainable development in natural resources: The case of mineral extraction in Afghanistan”. Resource Policy 39, pp.92-100, January 6, 2014. RP 2/15/14 Many resource rich countries are…resources, where the minerals are located. Extinction. Morgan ‘09 Dennis Morgan, “World on Fire: Two Scenarios for the Destruction of Human Civilzation ahd Possible Extinction of the Human Race”. Science Direct, November2009, Qquals: Professor, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin Campus, South Korea. In a remarkable website on ….signal for permission for anyone to use them.
Advantage 2: Indo-Pak War India an Pakistan are on the brink of war- US withdrawal post 2014 will cause a flood of insurgents in Kashmir. Daniel and Miglani ‘13 FRANK JACK DANIEL AND SANJEEV MIGLANI, “Insight: As Afghanistan endgame looms, India-Pakistan tensions rise”. Reuters, August 13th, 2013. http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/08/13/us-india-pakistan-afghanistan-insight-idUSBRE97C06M20130813. RP 2/9/14 (Reuters) - Pakistan-based militants….fighting Indian forces in Afghanistan as well. Decreased Afghans stability causes Indo-Pak war- forces both nations to protect vital strategic interests. Overdorf ‘13 Jason Overdorf , “Afghanistan’s next conflict: India vs. Pakistan”. Global Post Online, July 31, 2013, http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/asia-pacific/130730/afghanistan-s-next-conflict-india-vs-pakistan. RP 2/9/14 NEW DELHI, India — As 2014 approaches, the …e-Taiba, perpetrators of the 2008 Mumbai attacks.
Afghanistan is the lynchpin in Sino-Indian and Pakistani relations. Sheraz ‘14 Umar Sheraz , “Foresight as a tool for sustainable development in natural resources: The case of mineral extraction in Afghanistan”. Resource Policy 39, pp.92-100, January 6, 2014. RP 2/15/14 Afghanistan’s one hope was that, eventually, foreign ….mix, which renders the future of the region
Afghan iron is the largest threat to Indo-Pak relations- India is committed to developing a new mine and transporting the ore through Pakistan- Pakistan won’t tolerate increased Indian influence in Kabul. Najafizada and Rupert ‘12 Eltaf Najafizada and James Rupert , “India Billions Secure Afghan Mines in Challenge to China Drive”. Business Week Online, April 4, 2012. http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-04-04/india-billions-secure-afghan-mines-in-challenge-to-china-drive. RP 2/15/14 An Indian security guard, cradling a Kalashnikov … construction crews, technicians and plant going in.” Indo-Pak conflict goes nuclear- Indian air superiority forces Pakistan’s hand. Sharma 11 Sharma, Vijay. "Pakistan Likely to Use Nuclear Weapons on India "a Few Days" into War: US Ambassador (Wikileaks) | Real Time News, India RTN Asia, 30 May 2011. Web. 23 July 2012. http://rtn.asia/509_pakistan-likely-use-nuclear-weapons-india-few-days-war-us-ambassador. RP (Cut this in summer of 2012, don’t know the date) The US ambassador to Pakistan…proposed purchase of F-18 or equivalent aircraft," she The best scientific models indicate even a limited nuclear exchange would cause an agricultural disaster killing billions- my evidence is hyper specific to this scenario. Toon et al 08 Owen B. Toon, Alan Robock, and Richard P. Turco, “Environmental consequences of nuclear war”. December 2008, page 37 (http://ptonline.aip.org/journals/doc/PHTOAD-ft/vol_61/iss_12/37_1.shtml?bypassSSO=1#bio). Quals: Brian Toon is chair of the department of atmospheric and oceanic sciences and a member of the laboratory for atmospheric and space physics at the University of Colorado at Boulder. Alan Robock is a professor of atmospheric science at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey. Rich Turco is a professor of atmospheric science at the University of California, Los Angeles. RP (Cut this in summer of 2012, don’t know the date)
Figure 3a indicates changes in….conflict have not yet been conducted.
5/3/14
Jan-Feb Becky Bone AC
Tournament: VBT | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Immac Heart AS | Judge: Legried, Dang, Fink Should is defined as a guideline for action, when the action of the resolution is permissible. Blumenthal Cynthia Blumenthal, “Shall vs. Should”. American Society for Quality Knowledge Center, NO DATE Quals: MA, SFSU. http://asq.org/standards-shall-should. RP 2/1/14 When writing quality… not an appropriate choice.
Prefer: A. Common Usage: English speaks most commonly use should to denote less than an obligation. Words and Phrases ‘06 Words and Phrases, 2006, Permanent Edition, 2006, Vol. 39. RP 2/1/14 C.A.2 (N.Y.) 1999. Common ,..application notes. U.S.S.G. § 1B1.1 et seq., 18 U.S.C.A.—U.S. v. Maria, 186 F.3d 65.— Sent and Pun 661, 665.
B. Textual precision- should functions as a judgment between a range of possibilities and recommends one action without wholly excluding each other- that’s the Blumenthal evidence. IEEE confirms IEEE, “IEEE Standards Style Manual”. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, May 2000, Section 13.1: “Shall, should, may, and can” http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/1057/2000Style.pdf IEEE STANDARDS STYLE MANUAL. RP 2/1/14
The word shall indicates …can equals is able to).
3. I advocate the resolution as a general principle in all countries. SEC defines resource extraction: To determine whether it meets the definition of “resource extraction issuer,” an issuer must consider whether it is engaged in the commercial development of oil, natural gas, or minerals. “Commercial development of oil, natural gas, or minerals” is defined to include the activities of exploration, extraction, processing, and export, or the acquisition of a license for any such activity. The adopting release provides additional guidance regarding the activities. The definition of “commercial development” is intended to capture only activities that are directly related to the commercial development of oil, natural gas, or minerals. It is not intended to capture activities that are ancillary or preparatory to commercial development.
Willing the destruction of finite, natural resources is incompatible with freedom. The institution of property is such that it provides one with the ability to employ usable things fully to achieve one’s purposes, so the destruction of property involves a contradiction in willing. Ataner KANT ON FREEDOM, PROPERTY RIGHTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION. ATTILA ATANER, B.A., J.D. McMaster University MASTER OF ARTS (2012) Hamilton, Ontario (Philosophy). We can also make... maintained in perpetuity.
Resource extraction is sustained and controlled by a web of coercive mechanisms. Downey et al ‘10 Liam Downey, Eric Bonds, and Katherine Clark , “Natural Resource Extraction, Armed Violence, and Environmental Degradation”. NIH Public Access, Author Manuscript, Accepted for publication in Peer Reviewed Journal: Organ Environ. Decemeber, 2010: 23(4): 417-445. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3169238/. RP 12/24/13
In developing our theoretical model... firms may protest poor working conditions, local residents may receive few of the benefits but all of the burdens associated with resource extraction activities, or local residents may be indigenous, colonized, or otherwise marginalized people who resent government and outsider intrusion into their lives (Evans et al., 2002; Gedicks, 2001; Moody, 2007).
Developing countries allow themselves to be controlled by developed nations and international mechanisms of coercion, which is a violation of state’s outer freedom. States allow themselves to be used as a means to the ends of wealthier nations, which doesn’t accord themselves with the respect due as a rational body of collective reasoning. Hill Hill, Thomas E. “Servility and Self-Respect,” from Autonomy and Self-Respect. Cambridge University Press, 1991. First, let us assume... equality under that system.
Lastly, Resource extraction causes armed conflict Downey 2 However, nations and societies ... and naval shipping lanes (Klare, 2001, 2004).5
Presume aff 2. The negative must accepts the aff’s choice of paradigm 3. LOC defines a developing country: The Library of Congress, “Collections Policy Statement Index: Developing Countries”. http://www.loc.gov/acq/devpol/devcountry.pdf. RP 11/13/13 This Collection Policy … highly-industrialized countries.
I value morality. The standard is maximizing life!!!!
Actor Specificity. The text of the resolution questions government action, for which there is no act-omission distinction Sunstein : Cass Sunstein and Adrian Vermuele, “Is Capital Punishment Morally Required? The Relevance of Life-Life Tradeoffs,” Chicago Public Law and Legal Theory Working Paper No. 85 (March 2005), p. 17.
In our view, any effort to distinguish… violations require aggregation.
Inherency 2009 law is insufficient—stricter environmental legislation is key to protect Chile’s glaciers. Estrada 09, (Daniela Estrada, degree in journalism from the Universidad de Chile and has worked for several media outlets in the field of technology, CHILE: Scientist Warns of Threats to Rock Glaciers, Apr 24 2009, http://www.ipsnews.net/2009/04/chile-scientist-warns-of-threats-to-rock-glaciers/) A new government policy on glaciers adopted by Chile "is a step forward, AND up to twice as fast in the last 10 years," it says.
Advantage 1: Biodiversity Environmental negligence in copper and gold mining operations in Chile create massive ecological harms. Baissi 13, (Fernanda Baissi, Center for Human Rights and Environment, Chilean Court Suspends Pascua Lama for Glacier, Wetlands and Water Contamination, April 11, 2013,http://wp.cedha.net/?p=1259026lang=en) The suspension is a response to criticism from indigenous groups and government agencies in Chile AND metals including arsenic, aluminum, copper and sulfates in local waterways.
This damages the integrity of the high mountain wetlands and kills multiple species. Baissi 13, (Fernanda Baissi, Center for Human Rights and Environment, Chilean Court Suspends Pascua Lama for Glacier, Wetlands and Water Contamination, April 11, 2013,http://wp.cedha.net/?p=1259026lang=en) The Argentine National Park Service (ANPS) condemns the Pascua Lama and Veladero projects ... laden water. The ANPS calls Veladero, "Argentina’s sacrifice to Barrick."
The Chilean glaciers are a key hub of biodiversity Carrasquel 12, (Gustavo Carrasquel, The Patagonia Biodiversity in peril, 1/30/2012,http://anca24canada.canalazul24.com/?p=189) Patagonia is a vast, immensely rich, sparsely populated area of South America, .. endemic deer and many other species not found anywhere else in the planet.
Loss of biodiversity will lead to extinction – global ecosystems are reliant on each other Tonn 7, Bruce E. Tonn, Urban Planning Prof @ Tennessee, November 2007 (Futures v. 39, no. 9, "Futures Sustainability", l/n) The first principle is the most important because earth-life is needed to support ... earth-life into the distant future the earth’s biodiversity must be protected.
Advantage 2: Water Explosions from Chilean mining operations contaminate and destroy glaciers. Baissi 13, (Fernanda Baissi, Center for Human Rights and Environment, Chilean Court Suspends Pascua Lama for Glacier, Wetlands and Water Contamination, April 11, 2013,http://wp.cedha.net/?p=1259026lang=en) Barrick’s operations exploiting Veladero and preparing for exploitation at Pascua Lama have already had extensive ... mining company’s extensive impacts on the region’s ice reserves, later this month.
Glaciers are vanishing quickly—threatens the water supply for all of Chile. Jamasmie 13, (Cecilia Jamasmie, Master of Journalism from the University of British Columbia, Chile’s proposed glaciers protection law worries miners, investors, October 9, 2013,http://www.mining.com/chiles-proposed-glaciers-protection-law-worries-miners-investors-15134/) The revival of legislation to protect glaciers by banning mining activities close to them has ... boulder-strewn slope with a few patches of ice near the top.
Chile is key to the world’s water supply—glacial water is needed to avert conflict. Smith 13, (Michael Smith, Bloomberg Markets Magazine, South Americans Face Upheaval in Deadly Water Battles, Feb 12, 2013, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-13/south-americans-face-upheaval-in-deadly-water-battles.html) South America has more water than any other region on earth, with 29 percent ... , known as a tailings dam, for the Los Pelambres copper mine.
Water shortages escalate to military conflict. Chellaney 13, (Brahma Chellaney, Geostrategist and the author of "Water, Peace, and War," Rowman 26 Littlefield, 2013, CHELLANEY: The coming water wars, Tuesday, October 8, 2013,http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/oct/8/the-coming-water-wars/?page=all) As competition for the precious resource grows, water will be a key to war ... and quality constraints, the risks of overt water wars are now increasing.
Water is one of the prime essentials for life as we know it. The ... ourselves with a nightmare situation for which there will be no obvious answer.
Mining causes crippling instability. Smith 2 People streamed into the … exercised his democratic right to protest.
Chilean stability solves every other impact in South America. Meyer ‘14 Peter J. Meyer, “Chile: Political and Economic Conditions and U.S. Relations”. Congressional Research Service, 7-5700, R40126. January 10, 2014. Quals: Analyst in Latin American Affairs. www.crs.gov. RP 4/14/14 Since its return to …Pacific coasts of Central America.83
Plan The National Congress of Chile should pass legislation modeled on Argentina’s National Glacier Law that expands the definition of glaciers to include rock glaciers and surrounding ice fields and bans mining operations in glacial and periglacial areas. Reserve the right to clarify.
Solvency The law has worked in Argentina. Baissi 13, (Fernanda Baissi, Center for Human Rights and Environment, Chilean Court Suspends Pascua Lama for Glacier, Wetlands and Water Contamination, April 11, 2013,http://wp.cedha.net/?p=1259026lang=en) On the Argentine side of the border, Barrick has had to confront new environmental AND Court ruling rejected the request. Today, the Glacier Law still stands. The law would effectively shut down mining operations. Maxwell 13, (Amanda Maxwell, South America’s glaciers: going the way of the dinosaurs?, October 25, 2013,http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/amaxwell/south_americas_glaciers_are_fa.html) Chile could be the next country to pass a glacier protection law. Parliament has AND certainly be passed and—crucially—implemented to the fullest extent possible. Expanding the definition of glaciers is key AP 13, (Associated Press, Legislation to protect Chile’s glaciers and water supplies worries important mining industry, October 09, 2013,http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/10/09/legislation-to-protect-chile-glaciers-and-water-supplies-worries-important/) Jorge Daniel Taillant, director of the Center for Human Rights and the Environment, AND a change — there’s a greater environmental awareness and respect for natural resources."
Prioritizing environmental protection solves the root causes of resource conflicts. UNEP ‘09 UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAM in 09 United Nations Environment Programme, 2009. “From Con?ict to Peacebuilding: The Role of Natural Resources and the Environment” Since 1990 at least eighteen,… states.Executive summary
Underview: Ethical agnosticism should lead us to default towards preventing extinction as a meta-constraint on all ethical theories. Since we presently lack definitive grounds for believing any particular moral theory, we should maximize our ability to find demonstrable moral truths. Bostrom: Nick Bostrom, 2001 prof of Philosophy, Oxford University Journal of Evolution and Technology, Vol. 9, March 2002. First version: 2001 March, JStor These reflections on moral uncertainty suggests … will contain a lot of value.
2.Adopt a policymaking view of the resolution. Joyner3:, 99 – Professor of International Law in the Government Department at Georgetown University (Christopher C., Spring, 199, 5 ILSA J Int'l and Comp L 377)
Use of the debate … and legal defense
4/14/14
Jan-Feb Chip AC
Tournament: Harvard Round Robin | Round: 7 | Opponent: Loyola CK | Judge: Davis, Melin
Presume aff- 2. Prefer reasonable aff interp and drop the argument on T only. This also means the judge should use reasonability paradigm on theory with a bright line of in round structural abuse or the presence of link and impact turn ground for the negative for evaluating 1NC theory against AC interps and practices- that means all I have to do to answer his theory is prove as long as he can engage in the same practice, that means there’s no abuse because structural access to the ballot is the same or as long as he can turn the AC, it’s fair. A. There are multiple legitimate interpretations of the topic and the aff goes into the round blind B. Increases topical clash by avoiding unnecessary theory; I am open to accepting neg interps provided they are reasonable and solves abuse on spec because I’ll clarify in CX. C. . If the impact of T is to reject all aff offense and not just advocacy, affirm if I win a counter interp, or prove no abuse D. I can’t read T on the neg and the NC is reactive, so he can always pick a strategy that adapts to meet my AC and give him a shot at winning the round.
3.Interps: A. I advocate the resolution as a general principle in all countries. SEC defines resource extraction: US Security and Exchange Commission, 2012, "Disclosure of Payments by Resource Extraction Issuers," http://www.sec.gov/info/smallbus/secg/resource-extraction-small-entity-compliance-guide.htm To determine whether...preparatory to commercial development.
B. I don’t generate offense on specific scenarios but I will clarify solvency mechanisms for the negative. Black’s Law Dictionary clarifies the scope of the aff advocacy: The Law Dictionary Featuring Black's Law Dictionary Free Online Legal Dictionary 2nd Ed. http://thelawdictionary.org/environmental-protection/. RP 1/3/14 Environmental guardianship based ... and reversing trends
The standard is rule consequentialism. Actor Specificity- key to text the resolution questions what developing countries should do, so use rule consequentialism because it determines what maximizes expected wellbeing for society. Collective action results in tradeoffs and conflicts that only rule consequentialism can resolve. Woller ’97:
Moreover, virtually all public policies entail some redistribution of economic or political resources, such …problem or actually making it worse. Impacts: A. No links indicts of the standard B. Preempts is/ought fallacy and empirical constraints C. Deontological standards are false D. I coopt constitutivist appeals to the nature of agency
Underview:
We all believe that we ought morally make the world better when we can—the burden of proof is on them to show otherwise. Thus, winning reasons to reject their standard is sufficient reason to default to the AC even if I do not win proactive reason to prefer mine. Sinott Armstrong Sinott-Armstrong (Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter, "Consequentialism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2011 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2011/entries/consequentialism/.). RP 10/31/13 Even if consequentialists…just as consequentialists claim.
2. Consequentialism has the most explanatory coherence overall- it distinguishes between a criterion of right action and decision procedure for agents every day lives. Sinnott-Armstrong 2 Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter, "Consequentialism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2012 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2012/entries/consequentialism/. RP 2/10/14 Instead, most consequentialists …rightness (but see Chappell 2001). Contention 1: Conflict Resource extraction causes violent intra and international armed conflict. Downey et al ‘10 Liam Downey, Eric Bonds, and Katherine Clark , “Natural Resource Extraction, Armed Violence, and Environmental Degradation”. NIH Public Access, Author Manuscript, Accepted for publication in Peer Reviewed Journal: Organ Environ. Decemeber, 2010: 23(4): 417-445. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3169238/. RP 12/24/13
However, nations and societies …roads, railroads, and naval shipping lanes (Klare, 2001, 2004).5 Prefer this evidence: A. Accounts for institutional mechanisms that underlie violence and nontraditional categories- also employs a theoretical model to uniquely prove causality. Downey et al 2 Gary Woller BYU Prof., “An Overview by Gary Woller”, A Forum on the Role of Environmental Ethics, June 1997, pg. 10 Nevertheless, relatively few …unequal exchange can occur.
B. Neg studies focus on international institutions that contribute to violence, but exclude the necessary means to that violence. Downey et al 3 One set of institutions that facilitate …harming the environment.
C. Combines empirical and case studies- three reasons to prefer. Downey et al 4 Of course, there would be no …with natural resource extraction.
The impact is the death of millions and war. Renner ‘02
Michael Renner, “The Anatomy of Resource Wars”. World Watch Institute, Worldwatch Paper 162, pp.06, 2002. RP 2/12/14
Though a somewhat extreme case, Angola …pillage, taking in billions of dollars. (See Table 1).
Impact calc: A. Prefer systemic, high probability low magnitude impacts B. War destroys the value to life through psychological trauma and mass killings – Bosnia proves. Goldstein et al ‘ Richard D. Goldstein, Department of Social Medicine and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Nina S. Wampler, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center, Paul H. Wise, Boston University School of Medicine, November 1997, “War Experiences and Distress Symptoms of Bosnian Children, Pediatrics Volume 100, No. 5, pp. 873-878, pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/100/5/873 The war in Bosnia lasted approximately …vulnerable groups such as children.
Samset ’10 provides three independent warrants: Ingrid Samset , “Natural Resource Wealth, Conflict, and Peacebuilding”. Ralphe Bunche Institute for International Studies, Program on States and Security, November 15, 2010. http://www.statesandsecurity.org/research/natural-resource-wealth-conflict-and-peacebuilding. RP 2/13/14 The resource curse. This…from beyond the conflict scene (Snyder and Bhavnani, 2005; Humphreys, 2005). Contention 2: Economy Resource rich countries are plagued by economic and politic instability- multiple warrants. Beevers Michael D. Beevers. Dickinson Professor of Environmental Studies "The Perils of Natural Gas Extraction in Mozambique." Living in a World of Limits. March 25, 2013. DD As the Mozambican economy …based economies to maintain high rates of poverty and infant mortality.
Turns economy negs and outweighs Resource extraction kills growth- it quashes other economic sectors. Pegg ‘03 Scott Pegg, “Poverty Reduction or Poverty Exacerbation?”. World Bank Group Support for Extractive Industries in Africa, April 2003, IUPUI, Department of Political Science. Sponsered by Oxfam America. http://commdev.org/files/1867_file_pegg.pdf. RP 2/13/14 Economists have noted a paradox …depends entirely on imported food.53
Prefer this evidence: A. Empirics confirm- a survey of the entire literature and crosscountry empirical work over thirty years flow aff. Robinson et al : James A. Robinson Harvard University Department of Government, Ragnar Torvik Department of Economics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Thierry Verdier DELTA-ENS, "Political Foundations of the Resource Curse", Journal of Development Economics 79, 2006. Scholars of the industrial revolution …to poor development (Gelb, 1988; Karl, 1997; Ross, 1999, 2001).
B. Accounts for her ev and affirms- I solve for political stability that make economic gains valuable. Robinson 2 : The key question is what are the mechanism…state to become overexpanded.
Robinson 3 explains 3 additional causal factors We emphasized several results …can fall— there is a resource curse.
Economic crisis crushes political stability globally, causes poverty and deprivation. Arias 2k Oscar Arias, Nobel Peace Laureate, February 20, 2000, Los Angeles Times,http://www.commondreams.org/views/022000-106.htm
Recent events in Ecuador …American leaders fail to address the needs of their countries. Turns deont: A. Regardless of the intrinsic right making questions of right and wrong action that is relevant to an individual agent, those agents exist in a state and choose to use the state as vehicle to pursue the means to their ends B. No act-omission distinction for governments. Sunstein : Cass Sunstein and Adrian Vermuele, “Is Capital Punishment Morally Required? The Relevance of Life-Life Tradeoffs,” Chicago Public Law and Legal Theory Working Paper No. 85 (March 2005), p. 17. In our view, any effort to …because two violations require aggregation.
C. Economic decline violates agents freedom- it puts the poor in inconsistent with the rightful condition. Ripstein Arthur Ripstein, “Force and Freedom”. Harvard University Press, 2009, pp.273-274. RP 2/12/14 Kant argues that provision for the poor …which ones to attach priority to.
2/15/14
Jan-Feb Don Carson Bone AC
Tournament: Stanford | Round: Triples | Opponent: Immaculate Heart AS | Judge: Shimkler, Torson, Hudgens Part 1: Interpretations:
Merriam-Webster defines prioritize as “to list or rate (as projects or goals) in order of priority”
“Prioritize.” Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/prioritize so prioritizing environmental protection over resource extraction means regarding environmental protection as a more important goal than resource extraction. Prioritizing environmental protection over resource extraction describes a state in which an agent—the developing country—regards environmental protection as more important than resource extraction. Nebel Jake Nebel, “Topicality, Implementation, and What We Ought to Prioritize”. Vicotry Briefs Daily, January 29th, 2014. http://victorybriefs.com/vbd/2014/1/topicality-implementation-and-what-we-ought-to-prioritize. RP 1/30/14 I hear that many… only be effects-topical.) Prefer this interpretation: A. Common Usage B. Predictable Limits- there are over 150 developing countries each with multiple extractive industries, ranging from natural gas to rare earth metals, and under a policy implementation only view the aff can defend any one of them. That massively underlimits, the topic, generating an infinite case list. My interp constrains the aff to defending the most significant policies in the lit that require changes in belief. Nebel 2 People might respond … dispute that it is relevant.
I value governmental obligations. The resolution is a question of what developing countries should prioritize, not individual agents. The action of prioritizing is indescribable apart from a reference to the institutional rules of the practice of which the developing country is a part. Schapiro : Schapiro, Tamar (Stanford University). Three Conceptions of Action in Moral Theory, Noûs 35 (1):93–117, 2001.
In his early article, “Two Concepts of Rules,” … intends them to be.
This means for any prioritization to count as resolutional action, it must be done within the practice of international law. Rules of international law define what it means to be a country in the international arena, even if states have different domestic ends. Nardin Terry Nardin?, “International Ethics and International Law”. Review of International Studies, Vol. 18, No. 1 (Jan., 1992), pp. 19-30, published by Cambridge University Press?. JStor, Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20097279 . RP 2/6/13
Any description of the international … morality of coexistence.
Thus the standard is consistency with current international law. Impact analysis 3. Consequentialist impacts are irrelevant- the standard concerns behavior within an institutional practice, not the desirability of states of affair that promote that practice. The purpose of a practice for agents situated within the practice is conformity to the rules of the practice. Nardin 2 . I contend international law affirms. International binding agreements mandate state protect the environment when it conflicts with natural resources, especially in context of developing countries and sustainable growth. UNCSD ‘12
I. Our common vision… and the institutional framework for sustainable development.
2. Should is defined as a guideline for action, when the action of the resolution is permissible. Blumenthal Cynthia Blumenthal, “Shall vs. Should”. American Society for Quality Knowledge Center, NO DATE Quals: MA, SFSU. http://asq.org/standards-shall-should. RP 2/1/14 When writing quality… not an appropriate choice.
Prefer: A. Common Usage: English speaks most commonly use should to denote less than an obligation. Words and Phrases ‘06 Words and Phrases, 2006, Permanent Edition, 2006, Vol. 39. RP 2/1/14 C.A.2 (N.Y.) 1999. Common ,..application notes. U.S.S.G. § 1B1.1 et seq., 18 U.S.C.A.—U.S. v. Maria, 186 F.3d 65.— Sent and Pun 661, 665.
B. Textual precision- should functions as a judgment between a range of possibilities and recommends one action without wholly excluding each other- that’s the Blumenthal evidence. IEEE confirms IEEE, “IEEE Standards Style Manual”. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, May 2000, Section 13.1: “Shall, should, may, and can” http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/1057/2000Style.pdf IEEE STANDARDS STYLE MANUAL. RP 2/1/14
Presume aff 2. The negative must accepts the aff’s choice of paradigm and theoretical paradigm- that refers to the role of the ballot, ability to fiat and implement a plan, and choose paradigm issues on theory provided they are bidirectional.
Oxford Dictionary defines should: http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/should: used to indicate obligation, duty, or correctness, typically when criticizing someone's actions: he should have been careful | I think we should trust our people more | you shouldn't have gone.
so I value morality. The standard is maximizing life!!!!
Actor Specificity. The text of the resolution questions government action, for which there is no act-omission distinction Sunstein : Cass Sunstein and Adrian Vermuele, “Is Capital Punishment Morally Required? The Relevance of Life-Life Tradeoffs,” Chicago Public Law and Legal Theory Working Paper No. 85 (March 2005), p. 17. In our view, any effort to …. collapse because two violations require aggregation. some side constraint will always be violated, so the government should minimize violations
This: A. No links indicts of the standard B. Preempts is/ought fallacy and empirical constraints C. Pure reason fails D. Coopt constitutivist appeals to the nature of agency E. Generic deflationary arguments have no impact, since the government always has to act, so on a substantive level, skepticism, permissibility, or the inability to prioritize are excluded.
2. Epistemology- Non-natural theories are epistemically inaccessible. Papineau David Papineau, “Naturalism”. SEP, 2007.( http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/naturalism/) RP 7/3/13 Moore took this argument …any knowledge of them.
Species must act in a accordance with it’s perpetuation, so we should maximize life.
Inherency China’s on the brink due to water stress - Fracking causes severe water shortages and pushes us over. Franco ‘13 Timothe Feodoroff and Jennifer Franco, “Chinese fracking plans prompt “water-grabbing” fears”. China Dialogue, November 3, 2013. https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/5789-Chinese-fracking-plans-prompt-water-grabbing-fears. RP 4/11/14 China has become one … and liveable future for China's citizens.
Advantage 1: Water Wars This threatens the survival of Chinese citizens – China’s on the brink and shale-gas extraction pushes us over. Economist ‘13 Water in China Desperate measures Rivers are disappearing in China. Building canals is not the solution Oct 12th 2013 | From the print edition http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21587789-desperate-measures CHINA’S emperors regarded ….economists and environmental regulators.
Fracking uses immense water and makes it toxic – requires massive infrastructure disruption. Gustafson ‘13 Fracking for Sovereignty? The Argentine Case Bret Gustafson Extractives in Latin America December 6, 2013https:nacla.org/blog/2013/12/6/fracking-sovereignty-argentine-case So, with fracking, at what cost is … and for what are we producing energy?”
China water scarcity breaks down global stability – multiple warrants. Arvig ‘13. Why the China Water Crisis is The World Water Crisis.” Jamin Arvig. Water Filters Blog. December 2103. http://blog.waterfilters.net/blog/china-water-crisis-world-water-crisis/ As with any massive global issue…future global food crisis
Brink is now – Tensions between India, China, and Pakistan over water access is reaching a critical point now. Memon ’14 Impending Water Wars in South Asia.” Ally Memon. The Express Tribune; International New York Times. February 21, 2014. http://tribune.com.pk/story/674611/impending-water-wars-in-south-asia/ India, as both an upper and … dams remain a source of significant tension.
Water Scarcity in China leads to civil unrest and South-East Asian water wars. Brooks ‘07 Impending Water Crisis in China.” Nina Brooks. Arlington Institute; World’s Biggest Problems. 2007. http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/wbp/global-water-crisis/457 If China continues to overexploit its scarce ….wars in the 21st century.
Water disputes can go nuclear. Zahoor ‘12 (Musharaf, Researcher at Department of Nuclear Politics – National Defense University, Water Crisis can Trigger Nuclear War in South Asia, http://www.siasat.pk The failure of diplomacy….be resolved through political will.
Extinction. Hogan Michael Hogan, The Nuclear Freeze Campaign, 1994, p. 52 In the fall of 1983, a group of scientists led ….by a large number of scientists.”
Advantage 2: Air Pollution Fracking is causing major air pollution and comparatively worse. Coleman ‘13 "A CONTROVERSIAL BERKELEY PROFESSOR TRIES TO FRACK CHINA WITH THE HELP OF A SHELL OIL EXECUTIVE" BY JESSE COLEMAN Jesse Coleman is an Energy Analytics Intern at National Renewable Energy Laboratory Past Research Assistant, Energy and Water Nexus at Duke University 12/16/2013 The Mullers’ article, titled … has ….been a key booster of fracking in the United Kingdom, where drilling has met withmassive protests.
Fracking causes public health concerns – turns the econ neg and outweighs. Barth ‘13 NEW SOLUTIONS, Vol. 23(1) 85-101, 2013 Features THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF SHALE GAS DEVELOPMENT ON STATE AND LOCAL ECONOMIES: BENEFITS, COSTS, AND UNCERTAINTIES JANNETTE M. BARTH Potential public health ….contamination by the various pathways.
Pollution causes mass suffering and death. Sharma 08 PARTHA DAS SHARMA (Graduate (B.Tech – Hons.) in Mining Engineering from IIT, Kharagpur, India (1979), has worked in the mining industry). “Effects of Environmental Degradation.” August 18, 2008. http://saferenvironment.wordpress.com/2008/08/18/effects-of-environmental-degradation/ One of the greatest challenges ….acid rain on forests and water bodies.
These impacts outweigh on duration and scope. Chen et al ‘13 Evidence on the impact of sustained exposure to air pollution on life expectancy from China’s Huai River policy Yuyu Chena,1, Avraham Ebensteinb,1, Michael Greenstonec,d,1,2, and Hongbin Lie,1 Author Affiliations Edited by William C. Clark, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, and approved May 28, 2013 (received for review January 2, 2013)http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/07/03/1300018110 This paper's findings suggest ….birth of about 3.0 y (95 CI: 0.4, 5.6).
Plan text: The People’s Republic of China and the Argentine Republic should enact national bans on hydraulic fracturing.
Solvency Fracking is comparatively worse than conventional methods - environmental protection needed now. UPI ‘12 BUSINESS NEWS HOME / BUSINESS NEWS / ENERGY RESOURCES / SHALE DEVELOPMENT THREATENS CHINA'S WATER Shale development threatens China's water Nov. 28, 2012 at 2:26 PM | 1 comments http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Energy-Resources/2012/11/28/Shale-development-threatens-Chinas-water/UPI-35441354130783/ BEIJING, Nov. 28 (UPI) -- As China ….10 per cubic feet of production through 2015.
Assign disads zero percent risk- the US already is replacing the Middle East as a major exporter of LPG used in petrochemicals, transportation, and heating- that compensates for loss of domestic supply. Reuters ‘14 Reuters, “Riding shale boom, US to become major LPG supplier to China”. CNBC Online, 10 Apr 2014. http://www.cnbc.com/id/101571342. RP 4/23/14 A deal between China's top refiner Sinopec and Phillips ….Partners and Targa Resources Corp.
The AC harms evidence is the tip of the iceberg- more intensive drilling and state secrecy mean each link is more probable and prefer my evidence. Bradsher ‘14 KEITH BRADSHER, “China Takes On Big Risks in Its Push for Shale Gas”. New York Times Online, International Business, April 11, 2014. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/12/business/international/china-takes-on-big-risks-in-its-push-for-shale-gas.html?_r=0. RP 4/23/14 IAOSHIZHEN, China — Residents…., adding: “I’m still drinking the water.”
Underview
Maximizing life comes first in case of moral uncertainty. Since we presently lack definitive grounds for believing any particular moral theory, we should maximize our ability to find demonstrable moral truths. Bostrom: Nick Bostrom, 2001 prof of Philosophy, Oxford University Journal of Evolution and Technology, Vol. 9, March 2002. First version: 2001 March, JStor These reflections on moral …will contain a lot of value.
2.Adopt a policymaking view of the resolution. Joyner3:
Use of the debate can be an ….real world of policy analysis, political critique, and legal defense.
5/3/14
Jan-Feb Hutt Parker AC
Tournament: Blake | Round: 1 | Opponent: Whitefish Bay WT | Judge: Miller Framework and under view are the same as from Nov/Dec.
Contention 1: East China Sea East Asia is on the brink of war. Nicholas and Page ‘13 PETER NICHOLAS and JEREMY PAGE, “Biden's Trip to Beijing Leaves China Air-Zone Rift Open”. Wall Street Journal, Dec. 4, 2013. http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303497804579237681498592514RP 11/4/13 Vice President Joe Biden…eibo microblogging service. Rare earth metals fuel China-Japan conflict. Klabin ‘13 Roy Klabin , “The Coming Resource Wars Between America, China, and Japan”. Policy Mic, March 28, 2013 http://www.policymic.com/articles/31361/the-coming-resource-wars-between-america-china-and-japan. RP 11/3/13 While China’s sociopathic… energy for the country. War likely over access to seaboard resources. Hsiung ‘05 James C. Hsiung, “Sea Power, Law of the Sea, and China-Japan East China Sea "Resource War"”. Forum on China and the Sea Institute of Sustainable Development Macao University of Science and Technology October 9-11, 2005. Quals: Professor, New York University. RP 11/4/13 Fourth, in the age… China Sea area.
Chinese environmental protection solves resource extraction conflict. Weston ‘06 Stephanie A. Weston, ‘Towards a Constructive Sino Japanese Relationship in the New Millennium”. Current Politics and Economics of Asia, 15:3, 2006, pp. 191-211. RP 11/4/13 Another issue… and the United States. War goes nuclear. Goldstein ‘13 Avery Goldstein, “China’s Real and Present Danger: Now Is the Time for Washington to Worry”. Foreign Affairs Magazine, Sept/Oct 2013 Issue. Quals: AVERY GOLDSTEIN is David M. Knott Professor of Global Politics and International Relations and Director of the Center for the Study of Contemporary China at the University of Pennsylvania. RP 11/4/13 Much of the … order to avoid detection.
Contention 2: Afghan Mining Unconstrainted resource extraction causes Afghan instability- supercharges corruption and political conflict, empirically. Behzan ‘13 Frud Bezhan , “Mineral Wealth Could Harm, Not Aid, Afghanistan's Future”. Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty, October 2, 2013. http://www.rferl.org/content/afghanistan-mining-industry-oil-resources-economy/25124104.html. RP 11/6/13 Afghanistan's mineral wealth … catalyst and not a curse
Mining is tied to, … represent their own concerns.
Afghanistan instability causes nuclear war. Starr ‘01 Starr, 1 (December 13, Chair of Central Asia-Caucasus Institute at John Hopkins University, “The War Against Terrorism and U.S. Bilateral Relations with the Nations of Central Asia,” Testimony before Senate Subcommittee on Central Asia and the Southern Caucasus) There exists a… U.S. cannot ignore.
Contention 3: Kenyan Overfishing
Overfishing in the status quo is unsustainable – collapse causes poverty and fish wars. INIR News ‘12 INIR 12 INIR News, a service of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. "KENYA: Vanishing fish income forces livelihood switch/correction 6/11/12. http://www.irinnews.org/report/95617/kenya-vanishing-fish-income-forces-livelihood-switch-correction~~ Experts say rising population … Nile perch," said Mboya.
Marine protection solves- statistical and empirical proof. Arthur and McClanahan ‘01 Arthur and McClanahan 01 McClanahan, T. R., and R. Arthur. "The effect of marine reserves and habitat on populations of East African coral reef fishes." Ecological Applications 11.2 (2001): 559-569
The single-factor ANOVAs … between both factors is significant (Table 3). Overfishing is a key threat to biodiversity. Science Daily ‘12 Science Daily 12 Science Daily. "Coral Reef Study Traces Indirect Effects of Overfishing." Feb. 27, 2012. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/02/120227132835.htm**~~ The researchers found that … actually be detrimental," he said.
Kenyan biodiversity’s essential to global biodiversity. Lelo et al Lelo et al, 2k (Dr. Francis, Ph.D, is senior lecturer and head of the department of environmental science @ Egerton University, Sustainable Use and Development in Sub-Saharan Africa, IUCN, July, http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/susg/docs/makenzi.PDF) Sub-Saharan Africa comprises … Islands of the Indian Ocean. Extinction. Mmom ‘08 Mmom 8 (Dr. Prince Chinedu, University of Port Harcourt (Nigeria), “Rapid Decline in Biodiversity: A Threat to Survival of Humankind”, Earthwork Times, 12-8, http://www.environmental-expert.com/resultEachArticle.aspx?ci d=0andcodi=51543)
From the foregoing, it becomes … development can be based for centuries to come.
ISTANBUL — The sharp, dry … Kurdish region,” Mr. Jafar said. Shift to environmental protection solves- gives the Iraqi federal government power to regulate quantity of gas produced which fosters stability. Khoudouri ‘13 Walid Khoudouri, “Erbil-Ankara oil agreement threatens Iraq’s unity”. Al-Monitor Online, December 15, 2013. http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/business/2013/12/oil-kurdistan-turkey-threat-baghdad.html. RP 1/3/14 A pipeline for exporting Iraqi oil directly … subject to political bickering between forces
Rise in insurgency will spark an Iraqi Civil War as factions fight for control, impact is Middle East war and econ collapse. Fahim ‘05 Ashraf Fahim, writer on Middle Eastern Affairs for the Asia Times, 8.20.2005, Asia Times Online, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/GH20Ak01.html Given all this grist, how might…. country (where all the oil is).
Extinction. Corsi ‘07 Corsi, Ph.D. in Political Science from Harvard and Staff Reporter for World Net Daily, 1-8-7 (Jerome, "War with Iran is Imminent, http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=53669) If a broader war breaks … World Wars I and II began.
2/8/14
Jan-Feb LaLa AC
Tournament: VBT | Round: Octas | Opponent: Brentwood JL | Judge: Harris, Nadel, Koh FW Same as Nacho Bone AC from Sept/Oct
Presume aff 2. Prefer reasonable aff interp and drop the argument on T only. This also means the judge should use reasonability paradigm on theory with a bright line of in round structural abuse or the presence of link and impact turn ground for the negative for evaluating 1NC theory against AC interps and practices- that means all I have to do to answer his theory is prove as long as he can engage in the same practice, that means there’s no abuse because structural access to the ballot is the same or as long as he can turn the AC, it’s fair. A. There are multiple legitimate interpretations of the topic B. Increases topical clash by avoiding unnecessary theory C. . If the impact of T is to reject all aff offense and not just advocacy, affirm if I win a counter interp, or prove no abuse D. I can’t read T on the neg and the NC is reactive
3. I advocate: The People’s Republic of China and the Argentine Republic should enact national bans on hydraulic fracturing.
I value morality Morality’s directives can only be categorically binding if they are constitutive of agency, i.e., if an agent is subject to normative principles by virtue of being an agent. Only a constitutivist account of moral motivation provides agents with non-optional reasons for acting. . Katsafanas Katsafanas, Paul. “Deriving Ethics from Action: A Nietzchean Version of Constitutivism.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, LLC. Boston University: 2011. Enter a third theory….from the fact that one is an agent.
Impacts: A. Arguments that claim that a principle can be non-normative despite being inescapable presume a weaker form of inescapability, i.e. empirical inescapability B. My framework best accounts for the ontology of agency C. Ethical theories grounded on factors contingent to agents being rational willers, like our desires or states of affairs, fail to generate binding principles
The constitutive principle of agency is that agents see themselves as the cause of their own actions—free, or not subject to the domination of another. Identifying yourself as the cause of your actions is contained in the idea of rational agency. Korsgaard : CHRISTINE M. KORSGAARD, “SELF-CONSTITUTION IN THE ETHICS OF PLATO AND KANT”. The Journal of Ethics 1999, Volume 3, Issue 1, pp 1-29. Specifically, “VII. GOOD ACTION AND THE UNITY OF THE KANTIAN WILL”. Professor of Philosphy, Harvard University. RP 7/21/13 The first step is this: …on which you act If the constitutive principle of agency is merely agency, then any valid practical judgment must be true of every practical agent and for every agent. Rational agents cannot act on a maxim that hinders the outer freedom of others’ – that is non-universalizable. Engstrom : Stephen Engstrom , “Universal Legislation As the Form of Practical Knowledge”. (www.philosophie.uni-hd.de/md/philsemengstrom_vortrag.pdf?), RP 7/23/13 Given the preceding considerations….of that same freedom States are formed to ensure an equal system of outer freedom, by safeguarding the independence of each person. Thus the standard is respecting a system of equal and outer freedom. Counter examples that show certain states don’t maintain a system of outer freedom do not deny the constitutivist argument above
Prefer the standard:
Actor Specificity: countries as collective agents act through reasoning of individual agents. Laurence Ben Laurence. Prof. Of Philosophy, University of Chicago. “An Anscombean Approach to Collective Action” in Ford and Hornsby, Eds. Essays on Anscombe's Intention (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2011) 293-294. It is enough that the same …through their reasoning.
This: Preempts aggregations frameworks that claim every agent has a differing perspective and values
2. The paradox of self-consciousness. Pippin Robert B. Pippin, “Hegel’s Idealism: The Satisfactions of Self-Consciousness”. Department of Philosophy, University of California, San Diego. Cambridge University Press, first published 1989. RP 4/25/14 According to Henrich, any ….interpretation of self-consciousness
Agents thus can only identify themselves by distinguishing themselves from something else. Agents must relate themselves to something else, called a not I. Wood Allen W. Wood, "Fichte's Philosophy of Right and Ethics," forthcoming in Günter Zöller (ed). The Cambridge Companion to Fichte. New York: Cambridge University Press. RP 4/25/14 In reflecting on itself….SK 236-238). Limits on demands? I think?
You need to affirm your identity through me, which commits agents to mutual recognition. Wood 2 To understand another ….the external sphere recognized by others must be its body
Impact calc:
Even if affirming the resolution is non-universalizable for a reason other than its being a violation of outer freedom, a violation of outer freedom comes first 2. Intended harms outweigh foreseen harms Contention
Extractive mechanisms harm the natural environment at the expense of future generations, while privileging current ones. . Rendall : Nuclear Weapons and Intergenerational Exploitation” / Dr. Matthew Rendall/ School of Politics and International Relations Intergenerational justice …for millennia without catastrophic “accidents”?
2. . Any harm to the environment has an effect on someone else’s property interests within the system of outer freedom. It’s impossible to markoff any distinction between portions of the environment, so a harm to the environment violates the outer freedom of an agent by interfering with their property: A. Any division in the environment is arbitrary B. If agents aim to extract resources then contained in that rational will is the commitment that said resources produce value for the agent.
3. Rational agents are committed to valuing nature by virtue of existing physically, and the idea of being a rational actor implies this because it requires taking an action in the world. McDowell : John McDowell, Mind and World, p. 108-109: I have been considering the tendency t….while fully appreciating what makes them gripping. Underview Fracking is causing major air pollution and comparatively worse. Coleman ‘13 "A CONTROVERSIAL BERKELEY PROFESSOR TRIES TO FRACK CHINA WITH THE HELP OF A SHELL OIL EXECUTIVE" BY JESSE COLEMAN Jesse Coleman is an Energy Analytics Intern at National Renewable Energy Laboratory Past Research Assistant, Energy and Water Nexus at Duke University 12/16/2013 The Mullers’ article, titled….drilling has met withmassive protests.
Fracking causes public health concerns – turns the econ neg and outweighs. Barth ‘13 NEW SOLUTIONS, Vol. 23(1) 85-101, 2013 Features THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF SHALE GAS DEVELOPMENT ON STATE AND LOCAL ECONOMIES: BENEFITS, COSTS, AND UNCERTAINTIES JANNETTE M. BARTH Potential public health ….contamination by the various pathways.
Pollution causes mass suffering and death. Sharma 08 PARTHA DAS SHARMA (Graduate (B.Tech – Hons.) in Mining Engineering from IIT, Kharagpur, India (1979), has worked in the mining industry). “Effects of Environmental Degradation.” August 18, 2008. http://saferenvironment.wordpress.com/2008/08/18/effects-of-environmental-degradation/ One of the greatest challenges …..effect of acid rain on forests and water bodies.
These impacts outweigh on duration and scope. Chen et al ‘13 Evidence on the impact of sustained exposure to air pollution on life expectancy from China’s Huai River policy Yuyu Chena,1, Avraham Ebensteinb,1, Michael Greenstonec,d,1,2, and Hongbin Lie,1 Author Affiliations Edited by William C. Clark, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, and approved May 28, 2013 (received for review January 2, 2013)http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/07/03/1300018110 This paper's findings suggest that ….birth of about 3.0 y (95 CI: 0.4, 5.6).
5/3/14
Jan-Feb Reddy to Die AC
Tournament: Stanford | Round: Semis | Opponent: Loyola CK | Judge: Shimkler, Lonam, Delateur I value obligations since the resolution questions what a country should do. The standard is respect for the generic rights to freedom and well-being
Normativity, as a guide to behavior, is obligatory for all agents, so it must prevent agents from being able to rationally reject its principles. The “normative structure of action” provides the basis for constructing such a principle. Gewirth Alan Gewirth, “Reason and Morality”. Unversity of Chicago Press, 1978. Quals: Prof. of Philosophy, UChicago. RP 10/11/13
How do the concepts … of the supreme principle of morality.
Since agents must judge their purposes to be good they must also hold the conditions for those actions to be good, or they must contradict their view that their purposes are valuable. Gewirth 2 Alan Gewirth, “The Ontological Basis of Natural Law: A Critiuque and an Alternative”, p. 29. American Journal of Jursiprudence, 95, 1984. RP 10/11/13
Let me briefly sketch the main … generic features and rights of action
Only this constitutivist account of moral motivation provides agents with non-optional reasons for acting. Katsafanas Katsafanas, Paul. “Deriving Ethics from Action: A Nietzchean Version of Constitutivism.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, LLC. Boston University: 2011. Enter a third theory, which… from the fact that one is an agent.
Next, impact calculus:
The PGC doesn’t confer a positive obligation 2. Intended harms outweigh foreseen harms 3. The PGC is distributive, NOT aggregative
Contention: 1. Extracting resources is a violation of agents rights to feedom and wellbeing- it denies them ability to set ends and pursue the means to those ends. Rendall Nuclear Weapons and Intergenerational Exploitation” / Dr. Matthew Rendall/ School of Politics and International Relations Intergenerational justice deals … without catastrophic “accidents”?
2. To respect freedom and wellbeing, agents must value nature and reject instrumental use for personal ends. Devaluing nature creates a dualism that makes it impossible to explain the value of freedom and wellbeing, which violates the standard. McDowell “The threat is that an … actualizations of our animal nature.” John McDowell, Mind and World, p. 108-109:
Part 3: Theoretical Specifications
Presume aff in the absence of offense. Impacts: A. turns negative fairness arguments B. the neg must codify presumption arguments with empirics 2. Denying a term or assumption in the resolution renders it nonsensical, not false. 3. Paradigm Issue: A. Affirm if I win a counter interp or prove no abuse- proves uniqueness on the RVI for the aff B. Presume the aff meets and drop the neg on unchecked theory interps- C. the Neg reading multiple shells without an RVI for me violates reciprocity 4. View the resolution as a question of truth and falsity, not desirability. Key to text- to negate means “to deny the existence or truth of,”, negate." Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. 2010. Merriam-Webster Online. 18 August 2010. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/negate
5. Paradigm issues are not indictable with theory
Part 4: Interpretations:
Merriam-Webster defines prioritize as “to list or rate (as projects or goals) in order of priority” so prioritizing environmental protection over resource extraction means regarding environmental protection as a more important goal than resource extraction. Prioritizing environmental protection over resource extraction describes a state in which an agent—the developing country—regards environmental protection as more important than resource extraction. Nebel Jake Nebel, “Topicality, Implementation, and What We Ought to Prioritize”. Vicotry Briefs Daily, January 29th, 2014. http://victorybriefs.com/vbd/2014/1/topicality-implementation-and-what-we-ought-to-prioritize. RP 1/30/14 Prioritize.” Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/prioritize I hear that many affirmatives…this advocacy might only be effects-topical.) Prefer this interpretation: A. Common Usage- B. Predictable Limits- there are over 150 developing countries each with multiple extractive industries, ranging from natural gas to rare earth metals, and under a policy implementation only view the aff can defend any one of them. That massively underlimits, the topic, generating an infinite case list. My interp constrains the aff to defending the most significant policies in the lit that require changes in belief. Nebel 2 People might respond … happens, but dispute that it is relevant.
Limits are key to fairness- ensures equal research burdens and division of ground and key to education- incentivizes topical research and depth of education. 2. Should is defined as a guideline for action, when the action of the resolution is permissible. Blumenthal Cynthia Blumenthal, “Shall vs. Should”. American Society for Quality Knowledge Center, NO DATE Quals: MA, SFSU. http://asq.org/standards-shall-should. RP 2/1/14 When writing quality management … not an appropriate choice.
Prefer: A. Common Usage: English speaks most commonly use should to denote less than an obligation. Words and Phrases ‘06 Words and Phrases, 2006, Permanent Edition, 2006, Vol. 39. RP 2/1/14 C.A.2 (N.Y.) 1999. Common meaning … Maria, 186 F.3d 65.— Sent and Pun 661, 665.
B. Textual precision- should functions as a judgment between a range of possibilities and recommends one action without wholly excluding each other- that’s the Blumenthal evidence. IEEE confirms IEEE, “IEEE Standards Style Manual”. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, May 2000, Section 13.1: “Shall, should, may, and can” http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/1057/2000Style.pdf IEEE STANDARDS STYLE MANUAL. RP 2/1/14
The word shall indicates … can equals is able to).
Precision is key to fairness because it forms the basis of mutual pre round prep- that means permissibility and counterplans affirm. AND Obligation ground flows aff- an action by definition has to be permissible if it’s obligatory,
2/11/14
Jan-Feb Road West AC
Tournament: Kandi King RR | Round: Semis | Opponent: University DB | Judge: Unknown
Presume aff-EP is intrinsically valuable
2. Prefer reasonable aff interp and drop the argument on T only. This also means the judge should use reasonability paradigm on theory with a bright line of in round structural abuse or the presence of link and impact turn ground for the negative for evaluating 1NC theory against AC interps and practices- that means all I have to do to answer his theory is prove as long as he can engage in the same practice, that means there’s no abuse because structural access to the ballot is the same or as long as he can turn the AC, it’s fair. A. There are multiple legitimate interpretations of the topic and the aff goes into the round blind B. Increases topical clash by avoiding unnecessary theory; I am open to accepting neg interps provided they are reasonable and solves abuse on spec because I’ll clarify in CX. C. . If the impact of T is to reject all aff offense and not just advocacy, affirm if I win a counter interp, or prove no abuse D. I can’t read T on the neg and the NC is reactive, so he can always pick a strategy that adapts to meet my AC and give him a shot at winning the round.
3.Interps: A. I advocate the resolution as a general principle in all countries. SEC defines resource extraction: US Security and Exchange Commission, 2012, "Disclosure of Payments by Resource Extraction Issuers," http://www.sec.gov/info/smallbus/secg/resource-extraction-small-entity-compliance-guide.htm To determine whether...preparatory to commercial development.
B. I don’t generate offense on specific scenarios but I will clarify solvency mechanisms for the negative. Black’s Law Dictionary clarifies the scope of the aff advocacy: The Law Dictionary Featuring Black's Law Dictionary Free Online Legal Dictionary 2nd Ed.http://thelawdictionary.org/environmental-protection/. RP 1/3/14 Environmental guardianship based ... and reversing trends
V:Morality Morality by very nature is a guide to action, it has to provide a normative structure that generates prohibitions or obligations on action for individual agents or else it would be meaningless. The standard is rule consequentialism.
Actor Specificity- key to text the resolution questions what developing countries should do, so use rule consequentialism because it determines what maximizes expected wellbeing for society. Collective action results in tradeoffs and conflicts that only rule consequentialism can resolve. Woller ’97: Gary Woller BYU Prof., “An Overview by Gary Woller”, A Forum on the Role of Environmental Ethics, June 1997, pg. 10 Moreover, virtually all public policies entail some redistribution of economic or political resources, such …problem or actually making it worse.
That also means generic deflationary arguments have no impact, since the government always has to act, so on a substantive level, skepticism, permissibility, or the inability to prioritize are excluded.
Impacts: A. No links indicts of the standard B. Preempts is/ought fallacy and empirical constraints C. Deontological standards are false D. I coopt constitutivist appeals to the nature of agency
2. We all believe that we ought morally make the world better when we can—the burden of proof is on them to show otherwise. Thus, winning reasons to reject their standard is sufficient reason to default to the AC even if I do not win proactive reason to prefer mine. Sinott Armstrong Sinott-Armstrong (Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter, "Consequentialism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2011 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL =http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2011/entries/consequentialism/.). RP 10/31/13 Even if consequentialists…just as consequentialists claim.
Contention 1: Conflict Resource extraction causes violent intra and international armed conflict. Downey et al ‘10 Liam Downey, Eric Bonds, and Katherine Clark , “Natural Resource Extraction, Armed Violence, and Environmental Degradation”. NIH Public Access, Author Manuscript, Accepted for publication in Peer Reviewed Journal: Organ Environ. Decemeber, 2010: 23(4): 417-445.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3169238/. RP 12/24/13 However, nations and societies …roads, railroads, and naval shipping lanes (Klare, 2001, 2004).5
Prefer this evidence: A. Accounts for institutional mechanisms that underlie violence and nontraditional categories- also employs a theoretical model to uniquely prove causality. Downey et al 2 Liam Downey, Eric Bonds, and Katherine Clark , “Natural Resource Extraction, Armed Violence, and Environmental Degradation”. NIH Public Access, Author Manuscript, Accepted for publication in Peer Reviewed Journal: Organ Environ. Decemeber, 2010: 23(4): 417-445.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3169238/. RP 12/24/13 Nevertheless, relatively few …unequal exchange can occur.
B. Neg studies focus on international institutions that contribute to violence, but exclude the necessary means to that violence. Downey et al 3 One set of institutions that facilitate …harming the environment. C. Combines empirical and case studies- three reasons to prefer. Downey et al 4 Of course, there would be no …with natural resource extraction. The impact is the death of millions and war. Renner ‘02 Michael Renner, “The Anatomy of Resource Wars”. World Watch Institute, Worldwatch Paper 162, pp.06, 2002. RP 2/12/14 Though a somewhat extreme case, Angola …pillage, taking in billions of dollars. (See Table 1).
Impact calc: A. Prefer systemic, high probability low magnitude impacts B. War destroys the value to life through psychological trauma and mass killings – Bosnia proves. Goldstein et al ‘ Richard D. Goldstein, Department of Social Medicine and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Nina S. Wampler, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center, Paul H. Wise, Boston University School of Medicine, November 1997, “War Experiences and Distress Symptoms of Bosnian Children, Pediatrics Volume 100, No. 5, pp. 873-878, pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/100/5/873 The war in Bosnia lasted approximately …vulnerable groups such as children.
Prioritizing environmental protection solves the root causes of resource conflicts. UNEP ‘09 UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAM in 09 United Nations Environment Programme, 2009. “From Con?ict to Peacebuilding: The Role of Natural Resources and the Environment”
Since 1990 at least eighteen ... states.Executive summary
Samset ’10 provides three independent warrants: Ingrid Samset , “Natural Resource Wealth, Conflict, and Peacebuilding”. Ralphe Bunche Institute for International Studies, Program on States and Security, November 15, 2010.http://www.statesandsecurity.org/research/natural-resource-wealth-conflict-and-peacebuilding. RP 2/13/14 The resource curse. This…from beyond the conflict scene (Snyder and Bhavnani, 2005; Humphreys, 2005).
Contention 2: Economy Resource rich countries are plagued by economic and politic instability- multiple warrants. Beevers Michael D. Beevers. Dickinson Professor of Environmental Studies "The Perils of Natural Gas Extraction in Mozambique." Living in a World of Limits. March 25, 2013. DD As the Mozambican economy …based economies to maintain high rates of poverty and infant mortality.
Turns economy negs and outweighs Resource extraction kills growth- it quashes other economic sectors. Pegg ‘03 Scott Pegg, “Poverty Reduction or Poverty Exacerbation?”. World Bank Group Support for Extractive Industries in Africa, April 2003, IUPUI, Department of Political Science. Sponsered by Oxfam America. http://commdev.org/files/1867_file_pegg.pdf. RP 2/13/14 Economists have noted a paradox …depends entirely on imported food.53
Prefer this evidence: A. Empirics confirm- a survey of the entire literature and crosscountry empirical work over thirty years flow aff. Robinson et al : James A. Robinson Harvard University Department of Government, Ragnar Torvik Department of Economics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Thierry Verdier DELTA-ENS, "Political Foundations of the Resource Curse", Journal of Development Economics 79, 2006. Scholars of the industrial revolution …to poor development (Gelb, 1988; Karl, 1997; Ross, 1999, 2001).
B. Accounts for her ev and affirms- I solve for political stability that make economic gains valuable. Robinson 2 : The key question is what are the mechanism…state to become overexpanded.
Robinson 3 explains 3 additional causal factors We emphasized several results …can fall— there is a resource curse.
Economic crisis crushes political stability globally, causes poverty and deprivation. Arias 2k Oscar Arias, Nobel Peace Laureate, February 20, 2000, Los Angeles Times,http://www.commondreams.org/views/022000-106.htm Recent events in Ecuador …American leaders fail to address the needs of their countries.
Presume aff- 2. Prefer reasonable aff interp and drop the argument on T only. This also means the judge should use reasonability paradigm on theory with a bright line of in round structural abuse or the presence of link and impact turn ground for the negative for evaluating 1NC theory against AC interps and practices- that means all I have to do to answer his theory is prove as long as he can engage in the same practice, that means there’s no abuse because structural access to the ballot is the same or as long as he can turn the AC, it’s fair. A. There are multiple legitimate interpretations of the topic and the aff goes into the round blind B. Increases topical clash by avoiding unnecessary theory; I am open to accepting neg interps provided they are reasonable and solves abuse on spec because I’ll clarify in CX. C. . If the impact of T is to reject all aff offense and not just advocacy, affirm if I win a counter interp, or prove no abuse D. I can’t read T on the neg and the NC is reactive, so he can always pick a strategy that adapts to meet my AC and give him a shot at winning the round.
3.Interps: A. I advocate the resolution as a general principle in all countries. SEC defines resource extraction: US Security and Exchange Commission, 2012, "Disclosure of Payments by Resource Extraction Issuers," http://www.sec.gov/info/smallbus/secg/resource-extraction-small-entity-compliance-guide.htm To determine whether...preparatory to commercial development.
B. I don’t generate offense on specific scenarios but I will clarify solvency mechanisms for the negative. Black’s Law Dictionary clarifies the scope of the aff advocacy: The Law Dictionary Featuring Black's Law Dictionary Free Online Legal Dictionary 2nd Ed. http://thelawdictionary.org/environmental-protection/. RP 1/3/14 Environmental guardianship based ... and reversing trends
The standard is rule consequentialism. Actor Specificity- key to text the resolution questions what developing countries should do, so use rule consequentialism because it determines what maximizes expected wellbeing for society. Collective action results in tradeoffs and conflicts that only rule consequentialism can resolve. Woller ’97:
Moreover, virtually all public policies entail some redistribution of economic or political resources, such …problem or actually making it worse. Impacts: A. No links indicts of the standard B. Preempts is/ought fallacy and empirical constraints C. Deontological standards are false D. I coopt constitutivist appeals to the nature of agency
Underview:
We all believe that we ought morally make the world better when we can—the burden of proof is on them to show otherwise. Thus, winning reasons to reject their standard is sufficient reason to default to the AC even if I do not win proactive reason to prefer mine. Sinott Armstrong Sinott-Armstrong (Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter, "Consequentialism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2011 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2011/entries/consequentialism/.). RP 10/31/13 Even if consequentialists…just as consequentialists claim.
2. Consequentialism has the most explanatory coherence overall- it distinguishes between a criterion of right action and decision procedure for agents every day lives. Sinnott-Armstrong 2 Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter, "Consequentialism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2012 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2012/entries/consequentialism/. RP 2/10/14 Instead, most consequentialists …rightness (but see Chappell 2001). Contention 1: Conflict Resource extraction causes violent intra and international armed conflict. Downey et al ‘10 Liam Downey, Eric Bonds, and Katherine Clark , “Natural Resource Extraction, Armed Violence, and Environmental Degradation”. NIH Public Access, Author Manuscript, Accepted for publication in Peer Reviewed Journal: Organ Environ. Decemeber, 2010: 23(4): 417-445. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3169238/. RP 12/24/13
However, nations and societies …roads, railroads, and naval shipping lanes (Klare, 2001, 2004).5 Prefer this evidence: A. Accounts for institutional mechanisms that underlie violence and nontraditional categories- also employs a theoretical model to uniquely prove causality. Downey et al 2 Gary Woller BYU Prof., “An Overview by Gary Woller”, A Forum on the Role of Environmental Ethics, June 1997, pg. 10 Nevertheless, relatively few …unequal exchange can occur.
B. Neg studies focus on international institutions that contribute to violence, but exclude the necessary means to that violence. Downey et al 3 One set of institutions that facilitate …harming the environment.
C. Combines empirical and case studies- three reasons to prefer. Downey et al 4 Of course, there would be no …with natural resource extraction.
The impact is the death of millions and war. Renner ‘02
Michael Renner, “The Anatomy of Resource Wars”. World Watch Institute, Worldwatch Paper 162, pp.06, 2002. RP 2/12/14
Though a somewhat extreme case, Angola …pillage, taking in billions of dollars. (See Table 1).
Impact calc: A. Prefer systemic, high probability low magnitude impacts B. War destroys the value to life through psychological trauma and mass killings – Bosnia proves. Goldstein et al ‘ Richard D. Goldstein, Department of Social Medicine and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Nina S. Wampler, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center, Paul H. Wise, Boston University School of Medicine, November 1997, “War Experiences and Distress Symptoms of Bosnian Children, Pediatrics Volume 100, No. 5, pp. 873-878, pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/100/5/873 The war in Bosnia lasted approximately …vulnerable groups such as children.
Samset ’10 provides three independent warrants: Ingrid Samset , “Natural Resource Wealth, Conflict, and Peacebuilding”. Ralphe Bunche Institute for International Studies, Program on States and Security, November 15, 2010. http://www.statesandsecurity.org/research/natural-resource-wealth-conflict-and-peacebuilding. RP 2/13/14 The resource curse. This…from beyond the conflict scene (Snyder and Bhavnani, 2005; Humphreys, 2005). Contention 2: Economy Resource rich countries are plagued by economic and politic instability- multiple warrants. Beevers Michael D. Beevers. Dickinson Professor of Environmental Studies "The Perils of Natural Gas Extraction in Mozambique." Living in a World of Limits. March 25, 2013. DD As the Mozambican economy …based economies to maintain high rates of poverty and infant mortality.
Turns economy negs and outweighs Resource extraction kills growth- it quashes other economic sectors. Pegg ‘03 Scott Pegg, “Poverty Reduction or Poverty Exacerbation?”. World Bank Group Support for Extractive Industries in Africa, April 2003, IUPUI, Department of Political Science. Sponsered by Oxfam America. http://commdev.org/files/1867_file_pegg.pdf. RP 2/13/14 Economists have noted a paradox …depends entirely on imported food.53
Prefer this evidence: A. Empirics confirm- a survey of the entire literature and crosscountry empirical work over thirty years flow aff. Robinson et al : James A. Robinson Harvard University Department of Government, Ragnar Torvik Department of Economics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Thierry Verdier DELTA-ENS, "Political Foundations of the Resource Curse", Journal of Development Economics 79, 2006. Scholars of the industrial revolution …to poor development (Gelb, 1988; Karl, 1997; Ross, 1999, 2001).
B. Accounts for her ev and affirms- I solve for political stability that make economic gains valuable. Robinson 2 : The key question is what are the mechanism…state to become overexpanded.
Robinson 3 explains 3 additional causal factors We emphasized several results …can fall— there is a resource curse.
Economic crisis crushes political stability globally, causes poverty and deprivation. Arias 2k Oscar Arias, Nobel Peace Laureate, February 20, 2000, Los Angeles Times,http://www.commondreams.org/views/022000-106.htm
Recent events in Ecuador …American leaders fail to address the needs of their countries. Turns deont: A. Regardless of the intrinsic right making questions of right and wrong action that is relevant to an individual agent, those agents exist in a state and choose to use the state as vehicle to pursue the means to their ends B. No act-omission distinction for governments. Sunstein : Cass Sunstein and Adrian Vermuele, “Is Capital Punishment Morally Required? The Relevance of Life-Life Tradeoffs,” Chicago Public Law and Legal Theory Working Paper No. 85 (March 2005), p. 17. In our view, any effort to …because two violations require aggregation.
C. Economic decline violates agents freedom- it puts the poor in inconsistent with the rightful condition. Ripstein Arthur Ripstein, “Force and Freedom”. Harvard University Press, 2009, pp.273-274. RP 2/12/14 Kant argues that provision for the poor …which ones to attach priority to.
2/15/14
Jan-Feb Staggering Collection of Cognitive Ability AC
Tournament: NDCA | Round: 4 | Opponent: Greenhill VA | Judge: Fink Interps: A. I advocate the resolution as a general principle in all countries. SEC defines resource extraction: US Security and Exchange Commission, 2012, "Disclosure of Payments by Resource Extraction Issuers," http://www.sec.gov/info/smallbus/secg/resource-extraction-small-entity-compliance-guide.htm To determine whether … commercial development.
B. I don’t generate offense on specific scenarios but I will clarify solvency mechanisms for the negative. Black’s Law Dictionary clarifies the scope of the aff advocacy: The Law Dictionary Featuring Black's Law Dictionary Free Online Legal Dictionary 2nd Ed. http://thelawdictionary.org/environmental-protection/. RP 1/3/14Environmental guardianship based … and reversing trends
This also means the resolution is a question of comparing policies, not aims or justifications for actions. C. Oxford Dictionary defines should: http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/should:used to indicate obligation, duty, or correctness, typically when criticizing someone's actions: he should have been careful | I think we should trust our people more | you shouldn't have gone.
So I value morality and prove the resolution’s truth. Morality’s directives can only be categorically binding if they are constitutive of agency, i.e., if an agent is subject to normative principles by virtue of being an agent. Only a constitutivist account of moral motivation provides agents with non-optional reasons for acting. Katsafanas Katsafanas, Paul. “Deriving Ethics from Action
from the fact that one is an agent.
Constitutivism establishes that a person falls under the concept of agency, and so is an agent, by submitting to a normative principle. Agency is inescapable—two warrants. Ferrero Luca Ferrero, “Constitutivism and the Inescapability of Agency”. Oxford Studies in Metaethics, vol. IV, Jan 12, 2009.(https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/ferrero/www/pubs/ferrero-constitutivism.pdf?) Professor of Philosophy, University of Wesconsin at Milwaukee. RP 7/21/13 3.1 The initial appeal … This is the kind of nonoptionality that supports the viability of constitutivism.
Impacts: A. Arguments that claim that a principle can be non-normative despite being inescapable presume a weaker form of inescapability, i.e. empirical inescapability B. My framework best accounts for the ontology of agency C. Ethical theories grounded on factors contingent to agents being rational willers, like our desires or states of affairs, fail to generate binding principles The constitutive principle of agency is that agents see themselves as the cause of their own actions—free, or not subject to the domination of another.
First, since agency just is the ability to act on the basis of thinking of yourself as an agent, to bring oneself under the concept of agency is itself an act of agency Second, identifying yourself as the cause of your actions is contained in the idea of rational agency. Korsgaard : CHRISTINE M. KORSGAARD, “SELF-CONSTITUTION IN THE ETHICS OF PLATO AND KANT”. The Journal of Ethics 1999, Volume 3, Issue 1, pp 1-29. Specifically, “VII. GOOD ACTION AND THE UNITY OF THE KANTIAN WILL”. Professor of Philosphy, Harvard University. RP 7/21/13 The first step is this: To conceive yourself as… on which you act.
Rational agents cannot act on a maxim that hinders the outer freedom of others’ – that is non-universalizable. Engstrom : Stephen Engstrom , “Universal Legislation As the Form of Practical Knowledge”. (www.philosophie.uni-hd.de/md/philsemengstrom_vortrag.pdf?), RP 7/23/13 Given the preceding considerations.. limitation of that same freedom Thus the standard is respecting a system of equal and outer freedom States are formed to ensure an equal system of outer freedom Counter examples that show certain states don’t maintain a system of outer freedom do not deny the constitutivist argument Prefer the standard:
Actor Specificity: countries as collective agents act through reasoning of individual agents. Laurence Ben Laurence. Prof. Of Philosophy, University of Chicago. “An Anscombean Approach to Collective Action” in Ford and Hornsby, Eds. Essays on Anscombe's Intention (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2011) 293-294. It is enough that the same order their reasoning…. through This also preempts aggregations frameworks 2. An infinite world contains an infinite amount of value, so consequentialism fails to prescribe action. Bostrom : Bostrom, Nick Professor at University of Oxford, director of Oxford’s Future of Humanity Institute, PhD from London School of Economics. The Infinitarian Challenge to Aggregative Ethics. 2008. http://www.nickbostrom.com/ethics/infinite.pdf The infinite case is fundamentally … reductio ad absurdum, this one 3. The “pre-fiat label” doesn’t make his position immune to philosophical inquiry- my ethical arguments recontextualize his links to the role of the ballot. Massey et al Emily Massey, Grant Reiter, and Geoff Kristof , “Pre-Fiat Arguments”. http://nsdupdate.com/2014/pre-fiat-arguments-by-emily-massey-grant-reiter-and-geoff-kristof/#_ftnref1. RP 3/2/14 This is simplified for the sake of space… an opponent could contest every one of them. Impact calc: 1.,even if affirming the resolution is non-universalizable for a reason other than its being a violation of outer freedom, a violation of outer freedom comes first 2. Intended harms outweigh foreseen harms Contention:.
Willing the destruction of finite, natural resources is incompatible with freedom. The institution of property is such that it provides one with the ability to employ usable things fully to achieve one’s purposes, so the destruction of property involves a contradiction in willing. Ataner KANT ON FREEDOM, PROPERTY RIGHTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION. ATTILA ATANER, B.A., J.D. McMaster University MASTER OF ARTS (2012) Hamilton, Ontario (Philosophy). We can also make our point with a series of questions… , must be maintained in perpetuity. Extractive mechanisms harm the natural environment at the expense of future generations, while privileging current ones. . Rendall : Nuclear Weapons and Intergenerational Exploitation” / Dr. Matthew Rendall/ School of Politics and International Relations Intergenerational justice deals … for millennia without catastrophic “accidents”?
3. Any harm to the environment has an effect on someone else’s property interests within the system of outer freedom 4. Any change to the environment can only be evaluated in context of what is valuable for agents, because otherwise said change could be either good or bad. 5. To respect outer freedom, agents must value nature and reject instrumental use for personal ends. McDowell John McDowell, Mind and World, p. 108-109: “The threat is that an animal endowed… but even so it can permeate actualizations of our animal nature.” Underview:
Resource rich countries are plagued by economic and politic instability- multiple warrants. Beevers Michael D. Beevers. Dickinson Professor of Environmental Studies "The Perils of Natural Gas Extraction in Mozambique." Living in a World of Limits. March 25, 2013 As the Mozambican economy … rates of poverty and infant mortality. Turns economy negs and outweighs 2. Prioritizing environmental protection solves the root causes of resource conflicts. UNEP ‘09 UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAM in 09 United Nations Environment Programme, 2009. “From Con?ict to Peacebuilding: The Role of Natural Resources and the Environment”
Since 1990 at least eighteen v… groups, as well as between states.Executive summary
4/13/14
Jan-Feb T Disclose or Lose
Tournament: Harvard RR Finals | Round: Finals | Opponent: Harrison DD | Judge: Davis, Gorthey, Holguin If the negative defends a parametiricized advocacy, then the negative advocacy must have a solvency advocate that advocates the entirety of his advocacy text and the full advocacy text and citation for the solvency advocate with first three and last three words must be disclosed on the NDCA wiki at least an hour before the round.
2/15/14
Nov-Dec Buddha Bone AC
Tournament: Apple Valley | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Katy Taylor NY | Judge: Tierney, Kramer, Tripathy I value morality Only a constitutivist account of moral motivation provides agents with non-optional reasons for acting. Katsafanas
Katsafanas, Paul. “Deriving Ethics from Action: A Nietzchean Version of Constitutivism.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, LLC. Boston University: 2011. Enter a third theory, which attempts to do just that: constitutivism… fact that one is an agent.
Agency is inescapable—two warrants. Ferrero Luca Ferrero, “Constitutivism and the Inescapability of Agency”. Oxford Studies in Metaethics, vol. IV, Jan 12, 2009.(https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/ferrero/www/pubs/ferrero-constitutivism.pdf?) Professor of Philosophy, University of Wesconsin at Milwaukee. RP 7/21/13 3.1 The initial appeal of the shmagency objection rests on the impression … nonoptionality that supports the viability of constitutivism.
Second, identifying yourself as the cause of your actions is contained in the idea of rational agency. Korsgaard: CHRISTINE M. KORSGAARD, “SELF-CONSTITUTION IN THE ETHICS OF PLATO AND KANT”. The Journal of Ethics 1999, Volume 3, Issue 1, pp 1-29. Specifically, “VII. GOOD ACTION AND THE UNITY OF THE KANTIAN WILL”. Professor of Philosphy, Harvard University. RP 7/21/13 The first step is this: To conceive yourself … which you act.
Rational agents also cannot act on a maxim that hinders the outer freedom of others’ – that is non-universalizable. Engstrom Stephen Engstrom , “Universal Legislation As the Form of Practical Knowledge”. (www.philosophie.uni-hd.de/md/philsemengstrom_vortrag.pdf?), RP 7/23/13 Given the preceding considerations, it’s a … the limitation of that same freedom
Crime violates principles of universality because the criminal asserts a right toward the victim that the victim does not possess toward the criminal. Punishment is the only universalizable maxim because it reasserts the victim’s reciprocal right toward the criminal. Ripstein Ripstein, Arthur. Force and Freedom: Kant’s Legal and Political Philosophy. Harvard University Press. 2009. Pg. 54-55.
Second, Kant’s conception …. restoration of the original right. Thus, the negative burden is to prove there is a morally relevant distinction between agents who have relevant information and agents who have the same information but happen to be criminal defendants or their attorneys. Independent of the framework, the burden structure and duty to expose information is correct:
The CJS cannot be immune to considerations of actual guilty or innocent because it was established to verify the guilt of presumed offenders and protect the innocent. DiIulio et al John J. DiIulio Jr, Geoffrey P. Alpert, Mark H. Moore, George F. Cole, Joan Petersilia Charles H. Logan, James Q. Wilson. “Performance Measures for the Criminal Justice System”. Discussion Papers from the BJS-Princeton Project, Princeton University, October 1993. RP 11/2/13 The history of the American … local public administration (federalism).
I contend no such distinction exists. 1.Agent specific considerations can’t justify a morally relevant distinction because they don’t exist apriori. Landa Dimitri Landa, “On the Possibility of Kantian Retributivism”. (cs.as.nyu.edu/docs/IO/2790/KantianRetributivismUtilitas.pdf), Quals:Assistant Professor of Politics, New York University, e-mail: dimitri.landa@nyu.edu In these accounts, retributivism … something like the following: The consistency of universal judgements is based upon a perspective that is shared by all agents, denying the possibility of distinctions. Velleman David. Velleman Self To Self. 2006. Cambridge University Press. Rational creatures have … judgment of all.
2. A judgment or act of knowledge is to be shared, rather than particular to an individual gent because nothing about the knowledge is relative to the person who has it. Nothing about the information is relative to the person who holds it, so if a duty attaches an agent to it then it cannot be relevant who fulfills the duty of disclosing information. Roedl
Sebastian Roedl, “Testimony and Generality”. University of Chicago, October 14, 2011. RP 11/1/13 Let us begin to articulate … of sharing knowledge 3. Inductive reasoning fails, so reject frameworks and distinctions contingent on future consequences or states of affairs Hume Hume, David. An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, http://18th.eserver.org/hume-enquiry.html#4
That there are no demonstrative arguments … taking that for granted, which is the very point in question.
Underview: The negative must accepts the aff’s choice of paradigm that refers to the role of the ballot
11/15/13
Nov-Dec Buddha Bone AC
Tournament: Apple Valley | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Katy Taylor NY | Judge: Tierney, Kramer, Tripathy I value morality Only a constitutivist account of moral motivation provides agents with non-optional reasons for acting. Katsafanas
Katsafanas, Paul. “Deriving Ethics from Action: A Nietzchean Version of Constitutivism.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, LLC. Boston University: 2011. Enter a third theory, which attempts to do just that: constitutivism… fact that one is an agent.
Agency is inescapable—two warrants. Ferrero Luca Ferrero, “Constitutivism and the Inescapability of Agency”. Oxford Studies in Metaethics, vol. IV, Jan 12, 2009.(https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/ferrero/www/pubs/ferrero-constitutivism.pdf?) Professor of Philosophy, University of Wesconsin at Milwaukee. RP 7/21/13 3.1 The initial appeal of the shmagency objection rests on the impression … nonoptionality that supports the viability of constitutivism.
Second, identifying yourself as the cause of your actions is contained in the idea of rational agency. Korsgaard: CHRISTINE M. KORSGAARD, “SELF-CONSTITUTION IN THE ETHICS OF PLATO AND KANT”. The Journal of Ethics 1999, Volume 3, Issue 1, pp 1-29. Specifically, “VII. GOOD ACTION AND THE UNITY OF THE KANTIAN WILL”. Professor of Philosphy, Harvard University. RP 7/21/13 The first step is this: To conceive yourself … which you act.
Rational agents also cannot act on a maxim that hinders the outer freedom of others’ – that is non-universalizable. Engstrom Stephen Engstrom , “Universal Legislation As the Form of Practical Knowledge”. (www.philosophie.uni-hd.de/md/philsemengstrom_vortrag.pdf?), RP 7/23/13 Given the preceding considerations, it’s a … the limitation of that same freedom
Crime violates principles of universality because the criminal asserts a right toward the victim that the victim does not possess toward the criminal. Punishment is the only universalizable maxim because it reasserts the victim’s reciprocal right toward the criminal. Ripstein Ripstein, Arthur. Force and Freedom: Kant’s Legal and Political Philosophy. Harvard University Press. 2009. Pg. 54-55.
Second, Kant’s conception …. restoration of the original right. Thus, the negative burden is to prove there is a morally relevant distinction between agents who have relevant information and agents who have the same information but happen to be criminal defendants or their attorneys. Independent of the framework, the burden structure and duty to expose information is correct:
The CJS cannot be immune to considerations of actual guilty or innocent because it was established to verify the guilt of presumed offenders and protect the innocent. DiIulio et al
John J. DiIulio Jr, Geoffrey P. Alpert, Mark H. Moore, George F. Cole, Joan Petersilia Charles H. Logan, James Q. Wilson. “Performance Measures for the Criminal Justice System”. Discussion Papers from the BJS-Princeton Project, Princeton University, October 1993. RP 11/2/13 The history of the American … local public administration (federalism).
I contend no such distinction exists. 1.Agent specific considerations can’t justify a morally relevant distinction because they don’t exist apriori. Landa Dimitri Landa, “On the Possibility of Kantian Retributivism”. (cs.as.nyu.edu/docs/IO/2790/KantianRetributivismUtilitas.pdf), Quals:Assistant Professor of Politics, New York University, e-mail: dimitri.landa@nyu.edu In these accounts, retributivism … something like the following: The consistency of universal judgements is based upon a perspective that is shared by all agents, denying the possibility of distinctions. Velleman David. Velleman Self To Self. 2006. Cambridge University Press. Rational creatures have … judgment of all.
2. A judgment or act of knowledge is to be shared, rather than particular to an individual gent because nothing about the knowledge is relative to the person who has it. Nothing about the information is relative to the person who holds it, so if a duty attaches an agent to it then it cannot be relevant who fulfills the duty of disclosing information. Roedl
Sebastian Roedl, “Testimony and Generality”. University of Chicago, October 14, 2011. RP 11/1/13 Let us begin to articulate … of sharing knowledge 3. Inductive reasoning fails, so reject frameworks and distinctions contingent on future consequences or states of affairs Hume Hume, David. An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, http://18th.eserver.org/hume-enquiry.html#4
That there are no demonstrative arguments … taking that for granted, which is the very point in question.
Underview: The negative must accepts the aff’s choice of paradigm that refers to the role of the ballot
11/15/13
Nov-Dec Operation El Dorado Canyon AC
Tournament: Apple Valley | Round: Semis | Opponent: Whitman JL | Judge: Hom, Zhang, Korsakov I advocate the continuantion of status quo national security exceptions to the attorney client privilege. Rice and Saul clarify: Paul R. Rice and Benjamin Parlin Saul, “Is the War on Terrorism a War on Attorney-Client Privilege?”. Criminal Justice Magazine?Summer 2002?Volume 17 Issue 2. http://www.americanbar.org/publications/criminal_justice_magazine_home/crimjust_cjmag_17_2_privilege.html. RP 10/31/13 Although the attorney… of its own actions. I value morality. The standard is maximizing expected well being.
Actor Specificity- Collective action results in tradeoffs and conflicts that only act util can resolve- policies must maximize expected wellbeing. Woller ’97 Gary Woller BYU Prof., “An Overview by Gary Woller”, A Forum on the Role of Environmental Ethics, June 1997, pg. 10
Moreover, virtually all … actually making it worse.
2. Epistemology- Non-natural theories are epistemically inaccessible. Papineau David Papineau, “Naturalism”. SEP, 2007.( http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/naturalism/) RP 7/3/13 Moore took this… knowledge of them
On the Nov/Dec 2013 topic the negative must accept a reasonable or philosophically justified affirmative framework choice as contextualized in the AC
The typical precedence of the attorney client privilege allows information to be passed from terrorists to terrorists ?Yin ’09 Tung Yin, College of Law, University of Iowa, March 2009, “BOUMEDIENE AND LAWFARE,” University of Iowa Legal Studies Research Paper Number 09-11, accessed 8/19/13, JTF?“Using an attorney to …the most accurate legal advice.”? Using an attorney … legal advice.117
2. Government prioritization of truth seeking over ACP IS KEY TO PREVENTING THE SPREAD OF INFORMATION TO TERRORISTS AND THUS STOPPING FUTURE ATTACKS. ?Because terrorists are trained to exploit the US CJS, removing the safeguards against the privilege will trigger this. DOJ DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE OVERSIGHT: PRESERVING OUR FREEDOMS WHILE DEFENDING AGAINST TERRORISM HEARINGS BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED SEVENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION NOVEMBER 28, DECEMBER 4, AND DECEMBER 6, 2001?STATEMENT OF HON. JOHN ASHCROFT, ATTORNEY GENERAL?OF THE UNITED STATES
The terrorist enemy … and overriding priority.
3. Monitoring terrorist increases the amount of information about plots. Even, if it deters discourse it destroys the ability for terrorist to communicate. ?Rice and Saul 2 Two reasons seem … adjudication of guilt. 4. Terrorist monitoring is necessary to prevent terrorist attacks—other alternatives not as good—it’s empirically proven.?Ruzenski ‘05 (Katherine Ruzenski, J.D. Candidate, St. John's University, June 2005, NOTE: BALANCING FUNDAMENTAL CIVIL LIBERTIES AND THE NEED FOR INCREASED HOMELAND SECURITY: THE ATTORNEY-CLIENT PRIVILEGE AFTER SEPTEMBER 11TH)?
The USA Patriot Act… government agents involved.i1
C. Impac: Extinction. Morgan ‘09 Dennis Morgan, “World on Fire: Two Scenarios for the Destruction of Human Civilzation ahd Possible Extinction of the Human Race”. Science Direct, November 2009, Qquals: Professor, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin Campus, South Korea. In a remarkable … for anyone to use them. Contention 2: US-EU Relations
A. UQ: US-EU relations are on the brink after spying disclosures, stops terrorism cooperation. Smale 10/25 ALISON SMALE, Amid New Storm in U.S.-Europe Relationship, a Call for Talks on Spying”. New York Times Online, October 25, 2013 http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/26/world/europe/fallout-over-american-spying-revelations.html. RP 11/1/13 While President Obama… Ms. Merkel’s cellphone
The critical protection… by non-US offices. C. Internal links-
Legal consistency is the strongest internal link to relations. Fahey ‘13 Elaine Fahey , “On the Use of Law in Transatlantic Relations: Legal Dialogues between the EU and US”. European Law JournalQuals: Postdoctoral Researcher, 22 MAY 2013. RP 11/1/13
The interactions between …. bilateral transatlantic relations.
2. Strong US EU Relations solve bioterror and cyberterror. Hamilton Daniel Hamilton, Director of the Center for Transatlantic Relations at Johns Hopkins University, June 11, 2003, Future of Transatlantic Relations, FDCH Congressional Testimony, p. lexis
It is unlikely that a successful … risk of attack.
D. Impact- Extinction. Steinbruner John D. Steinbruner, Brookings senior fellow and chair in international security, vice chair of the committee on international security and arms control of the National Academy of Sciences, Winter 1997, Foreign Policy, “Biological weapons: a plague upon all houses,” n109 p85(12), infotrac Although human pathogens … necessarily its outer limit. Underview Ethical agnosticism should lead us to default towards preventing extinction as a meta-constraint on all ethical theories. Since we presently lack definitive grounds for believing any particular moral theory, we should maximize our ability to find demonstrable moral truths. Bostrom: Nick Bostrom, 2001 prof of Philosophy, Oxford University Journal of Evolution and Technology, Vol. 9, March 2002. First version: 2001 March, JStor These reflections on … a lot of value. B. Normative uncertainty demands that we take existential risks seriously even under non-consequentialist ethical frameworks provided only that we assign some form of consequentialism non-zero credence. Bostrom 2 There will be some …to decision making.
11/15/13
Nov-Dec Operation El Dorado Canyon AC Advocacy
Tournament: Apple Valley | Round: Octas | Opponent: Woodlands AC | Judge: Harris, Tierney, Yi I advocate the continuantion of status quo national security exceptions to the attorney client privilege. Rice and Saul clarify:
Although the attorney… judgment of its own actions.
Normative framework is the same as Sept/Oct util fw
On the Nov/Dec 2013 topic the negative must accept a reasonable or philosophically justified affirmative framework choice as contextualized in the 1AC.
11/15/13
Sept-Oct 1AR Theory- Must Read CP
Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 4 | Opponent: Clements RT | Judge: Erik Legried A. Interpretation: The negative must read a CP
Australian sources occasionally suggest ... compulsory voting arrangements.
2. Stable Advocacy
D. Voter Fairness, education Drop the debater
11/15/13
Sept-Oct Iraq AC
Tournament: Voices | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Any | Judge: Any Plan Text: The Republic of Iraq will implement and enforce a system of national compulsory voting. I reserve the right to clarify.
11/15/13
Sept-Oct Nacho Bone AC
Tournament: Voices | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Loyola CK | Judge: Alderete, Torson, Case I defend the rights-based defense of mandatory electoral participation. Birch ’09 Sarah Birch, “Full Participation: A Comparitive Study of Compulsory Voting”, p.42. Unversity of Essex, 2009. RP 9/7/13
The rights-based defense … ought to be made legally binding.
I value morality The “normative structure of action” provides the basis for constructing such a principle. Gewirth Alan Gewirth, “Reason and Morality”. Unversity of Chicago Press, 1978. Quals: Prof. of Philosophy, UChicago. RP 10/11/13
How do the concepts of … supreme principle of morality.
Since agents must judge their purposes to be good they must also hold the conditions for those actions to be good, or they must contradict their view that their purposes are valuable. Gewirth 2 Alan Gewirth, “The Ontological Basis of Natural Law: A Critiuque and an Alternative”, p. 29. American Journal of Jursiprudence, 95, 1984. RP 10/11/13
Let me briefly sketch… and rights of action
Gewirth indicates to be an agent is just to regard one’s own rights to freedom and well being as good and hold he and all others have the same rights. Only this constitutivist account of moral motivation provides agents with non-optional reasons for acting. Katsafanas Katsafanas, Paul. “Deriving Ethics from Action: A Nietzchean Version of Constitutivism.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, LLC. Boston University: 2011. Enter a third theory,… that one is an agent.
Thus, the standard is respect for the generic rights to freedom and well-being. Prefer the standard:
Agency is inescapable—two warrants. Ferrero Luca Ferrero, “Constitutivism and the Inescapability of Agency”. Oxford Studies in Metaethics, vol. IV, Jan 12, 2009.(https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/ferrero/www/pubs/ferrero-constitutivism.pdf?) Professor of Philosophy, University of Wesconsin at Milwaukee. RP 7/21/13 3.1 The initial appeal … viability of constitutivism.
2. Actor Specificity- Any democracy must thus protect agents’ rights to freedom and well-being since the rights justify and exist before the state. Gewirth 3 The persons addressed … conditions of his engaging in purposive action.
Next, impact calculus:
Arguments about violations of autonomy don’t link to the standard- government coercion is justified as a hindrance to a hindrance. Walters Gregory Walters, “Privacy and Security: An Ethical Analysis”. From Chapter 5 of Human Rights in an Information Age: A Philosophical Analysis, London and Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2001. Quals: Associate Professor St. Paul University. RP 10/11/13
No human rights are absolute … social rules or institutions,.
I contend compulsory voting respects the generic rights to freedom and wellbeing. People who free ride on a collective good and choose not to vote violate the right to freedom and well being of those who do. Ripstein Arthur Risptein, “Force and Freedom”. Harvard University Press, 2009. RP 9/21/13 So mandatory cooperation … even if the free rider’s
A just state cannot be indifferent about whether it exercises its power morally or immorally. The requirement to maintain a system of equal and outer freedom precedes any other violation of freedom since all freedoms are provisional until they are brought into alignment Weinrib Weinrib 08: Weinrib, Jacob, Kant on Citizenship and Universal Independence (December 1, 2008). Australian Journal of Legal Philosophy, Vol. 33, 2008. Although passive citizens… become active citizens.
11/15/13
Sept-Oct Operation Uphold Democracy AC
Tournament: Greenhill RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: ALL AFF and NEG Rounds | Judge: Many 3. I defend the continuance of compulsory voting systems as on balance principle. Jackman ’01 summarizes common features of existing systems: Compulsory voting (CV) is a system … aspects of election administration. Simon Jackman, “Compulsory Voting”. International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2001. Quals: Professor and Victoria Schuck Faculty Scholar, Department of Political Science, Stanford University. RP 8/15/13
I value morality. Coherentism is the only sound justification for morality Kvanvig Kvanvig, Jonathan. "Coherentist Theories of Epistemic Justification", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2011 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2011/entries/justep-coherence/. The best-known example of a theory that employs the language of degrees of belief is also a useful example of a subjective account of the coherence relation. Such a subjective account can be developed by identifying a subjective theory of evidence that determines whether and when a person's … theory of evidence that defines the relation of coherence on the system of beliefs in question: coherence obtains when a belief conforms to the subjective theory of evidence in question, given the other items in the set of things over which coherence is defined.
Rule consequentialism meets the epistemological constraint because it accords with our moral intuitions while also being fundamentally impartial. Hooker Brad Hooker, “Ideal Code, Real World”. Oxford University Press, 2000, pp.29. RP 8/19/13 Does rule-consequentialism accord with the convictions we share about moral permissibility and requirement? Rule-…. prohibitions and special duties are plausible.)
Thus the standard is rule consequentialism
If neither of two codes has greater expected value then we ought default to the one already know. Hooker 2 What if, as far as we can tell, no one …. than sticking with the status quo.
Governments ought use rule consequentialism Woller ’97 Gary Woller BYU Prof., “An Overview by Gary Woller”, A Forum on the Role of Environmental Ethics, June 1997, pg. 10 Moreover, virtually all public policies entail some redistribution of economic or political resources, such that one group's gains must come at another group's ex- pense. Consequently, public policies in a democracy must be justified to the public, and especially to those who pay the costs of those policies. Such but justification cannot simply be assumed a priori by invoking some higher-order moral principle. Appeals to a priori moral principles, such as environmental preservation, also often fail to acknowledge that public…. public policies, and at worst, they create a regimen of regulatory unreasonableness while failing to adequately address the problem or actually making it worse.
2. Respect for the rationality and the unconditional worth of persons mandates consequentialism. Cummiskey Cummiskey, David. Kantian Consequentialism. Published by Oxford University Press. 1996. (p.142). If I sacrifice some for the sake of others, I do not use them arbitrarily, and I do not deny the unconditional value of rational beings… Persons may sacrifice some to save many.
3. the negative must accept a reasonable or philosophically justified affirmative framework choice Contention 1: Solvency A survey of multivariate analyses over the past 30 years indicates compulsory voting can increase voter turnout up to 16. Lijphart ‘97 Arend Lijphart, “Unequal Participation: Democracy’s Unresolved Dilemma”. The American Political Science Review, Vol. 91, No.1, March 1997, pp.1-14, originally Presidential Address, American Political Science Association, 1996. Quals: Professor, University of California, San Diego. RP 8/16/13 The strongest of all the institutional factors is compul¬sory voting 16.5 percentage points in congressional elections.15\ Intra-national analysis of compulsory voting’s aggregate effect on voting turnout indicate the link is reversal causal- historically, removing CV programs lowers voter turnout and implementing CV programs vastly increases voter turnout. Jackman 2 Hirczy (1994, 65) makes a compelling ….models to make the effects of CV conditional on other variables.
Compulsory voting creates a positive feedback loop for voter turnout- the implication is that the aff has the strongest link to long term solvency. HLR ‘07 Harvard Law Review, “The Case for Compulsory Voting in the United States”. The Harvard Law Review Association, Vol. 121, No. 2 (Dec., 2007), pp. 591-612, (http://www.harvardlawreview.org/issues/121/december07/Note_1037.php). RP 8/15/13 Compulsory voting thus has the potential … This may increase the utility people get from fulfilling their civic duty to vote, which would in turn lead more people to see their rational choice as voting, rather than staying at home on Election Day.44 Increased turnout has three impacts. Lijphart 2 The most important argument in favor ….When almost everybody votes, attack tactics lose most of their lure.19
Contention 2: Income Inequality Compulsory voting solves inequal income distribution- two warrants. Carey and Horiuchi ’13 John M. Carey and Yusaku Horiuchi, “Compulsory Voting and Income Inequality”. Prepared for presentation in a seminar on Latin American Politics in the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs at Harvard University on April 23, 2013, and a seminar in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College on April 30, 2013, Updated: April 22, 2013. Quals: Professor in the Social Sciences, Department of Government, Dartmouth College, Associate Professor and Mitsui Chair in the Study of Japan, Department of Government, Dartmouth College, respectively. (http://sites.dartmouth.edu/jcarey/files/2013/04/HoriuchiCarey201304221.pdf). RP 8/16/13 The first assumption is that when voting is … expected to flatten the after-tax distribution of income in society. Prefer this evidence- it uniquely determines causality by comparing the treated case to counterfactual synthetic control case. Carey and Horiuchi 2
If we want to examine the causal … impact of the terrorist attacks of March 11, 2004, in Madrid.
Carey and Horiuchi applied the synthetic control method using Venezuela before the 1993 abolition of compulsory voting and surrounding countries as the control and the factual Venezuela as the treated case and concluded lack of compulsory voting increased income inequality in the mid 1990s. They explain: The left panel shows the trajectory of net Gini coefficient for Venezuela (the black SMDs)… while the other half were allocated to achieve overall proportionality.
An empirical cross-country analysis of 91 countries during from 1960-2000 shows compulsory voting significantly improves income distribution. Chong and Olivera ’05 Alberto Chong and Mauricio Olivera, “On Compulsory Voting and Income Inequality in a Cross-Section of Countries”. Inter-American Development Bank and George Mason University, May 2005. RP 8/16/13 Table 3 presents the main results when using the benchmark specification described above. Cross-country robust ordinary least squares regressions are run for the period between 1960 and 2000. In order to isolate idiosyncratic effects from … enforcement are quite robust. In fact, strongly enforced compulsory voting is statistically significant, with the expected sign in all the
Income inequality is inversely related to political stability and democracy- mulitiple studies confirm. Thorbecke and Charumilind ‘02 ERIK THORBECKE and CHUTATONG CHARUMILIND , “Economic Inequality and Its Socioeconomic Impact”. World Development Vol. 30, No. 9, pp. 1477–1495, 2002. Cornell University, Ithaca NY. RP 8/18/13
sA body of empirical evidence has emerged to examine the causal linkage between income inequality, democracy, and political violence. Nagel (1974), drawing on the psychological theory of social comparison, 1 postulates an inverted-U shaped tension of the franchise (i.e. voting rights). For instance, taking an example of Britain (where the franchise was gradually extended to various parts of the population in 1832, 1867, and 1884––and finally for woman in 1928), the years preceding the electoral reforms were characterized by unprecedented political unrest and social disorder.
11/15/13
Sept-Oct Pakistan AC
Tournament: Bronx | Round: Semis | Opponent: Harrison DD | Judge: Tyger, Holguin, Block I value morality. The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing. Collective action results in tradeoffs and conflicts that only consequentialism can resolve. Woller ’97
Gary Woller BYU Prof., “An Overview by Gary Woller”, A Forum on the Role of Environmental Ethics, June 1997, pg. 10 Moreover, virtually all public … actually making it worse.
Underview: On the Sept/Oct 2013 topic the negative must accept a reasonable or philosophically justified affirmative ethical framework choice as contextualized in the AC. Observation 1: Harms Economic and political instability has generated a public disdain for voting and democracy, Hussain ‘13 Tom Hussain, “Pakistan voters show new faith in democracy”. Seattle Times, May 7, 2013. http://seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/2020941393_pakistanvotingxml.html. RP 8/20/13
Pakistanis head to… Kurram tribal area.
Institutionalizes biases prevent effective government and democracy and on the brink- Pakistanis will turn to authoritarian leadership to address mounting crises. Armytage ‘13 Rosita Armytage , “Pakistan’s transition to substantive democracy”. East Asia Forum, April 13th, 2013. Quals: PhD candidate at the Australian National University and a development consultant, most recently with AusAID and The Asia Foundation. http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2013/04/13/pakistans-democracy-is-yet-to-be-substantive/. RP 8/20/13 When Pakistan holds… some way off.
Observation 2: Solvency Increased turnout is key to boost perceived government legitimacy. Humayun ‘13
Public institutions implementing compulsory voting bolsters state legitimacy and democratic transitions. Yamin ‘12 Is there a case … its interests well Plan Text Thus the plan: The Electoral Comission of the Islamic Repbulic of Pakistan will implement a national system of compulsory voting, based on the Australian model. Yamin 2 Is there a case… and it works. Dr Saira Yamin, “The case for compulsory voting”. The Express Tribune, July 23, 2012. Quals: Associate professor at the Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies (http://tribune.com.pk/story/412078/the-case-for-compulsory-voting/). RP 8/20/13
Evidence clarifies intent and I reserve the right to clarify.
Advantage 1: Terrorism Democracy and legitimacy in Pakistan solves Pakistani terrorism. Eteraz ‘13 Eteraz, Ali. and#34;Pakistanand#39;s Police Problems.and#34; The Guardian. N.p., 22 Feb. 2008.18 Aug. 2013., http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/feb/22/pakistanspoliceproblems. Yet, when it … make sure of that. Plan is uniquely key to solve- it bolsters civic instituions such as the police and lessens military involvement in domestic affairs. Collapse causes nuclear terrorism Kerr and Nikitin ’12 Paul K. Kerr, Analyst in Nonproliferation, Mary Beth Nikitin, Specialist in Nonproliferation June 26, 2012. Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapons: Proliferation and Security Issues. Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL34248 The collapse or near-collapse… any terrorist hands.” Extinction. Morgan ‘09 Dennis Morgan, “World on Fire: Two Scenarios for the Destruction of Human Civilzation ahd Possible Extinction of the Human Race”. Science Direct, November 2009, Qquals: Professor, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin Campus, South Korea. In a remarkable website on…anyone to use them. Advantage 2: Indo-Pak War Pakistan faces massive water scarcity now, and this risks war with India. Corruption is the root cause. Aslam 13 Malik Shahan Aslam (Senior Member of the CSS Forum, Civil Service of Pakistan). “Water scarcity.” Pakistan Observer. March 25th, 2013. http://pakobserver.net/201303/25/detailnews.asp?id=201494
Monday, March 25, 2013 - Pakistan is dangerously exposed … major issue of the country.
Indo-Pak conflict goes nuclear- Indian air superiority forces Pakistan’s hand. Sharma 11 Sharma, Vijay. "Pakistan Likely to Use Nuclear Weapons on India "a Few Days" into War: US Ambassador (Wikileaks) | Real Time News, India RTN Asia, 30 May 2011. Web. 23 July 2012. http://rtn.asia/509_pakistan-likely-use-nuclear-weapons-india-few-days-war-us-ambassador. The US ambassador to Pakistan, … purchase of F-18 or equivalent aircraft," she Extinction. Hogan Michael Hogan, The Nuclear Freeze Campaign, 1994, p. 52 In the fall of 1983, … large number of scientists.”
Ethical agnosticism should lead us to default towards preventing extinction as a meta-constraint on all ethical theories. Since we presently lack definitive grounds for believing any particular moral theory, we should maximize our ability to find demonstrable moral truths. Bostrom
Nick Bostrom, 2001 prof of Philosophy, Oxford University. Journal of Evolution and Technology, Vol. 9, March 2002. First version: 2001 March, JStor These reflections on … will contain a lot of value.
Normative uncertainty demands that we take existential risks seriously even under non-consequentialist ethical frameworks provided only that we assign some form of consequentialism non-zero credence. Bostrom 2 There will be … to decision making.
Thus, any argument for discounting the moral value of future lives or the badness of extinction would have to achieve an impossibly high-justified credence level to overwhelm the magnitude of ethical risk of extinction.
Lastly, the negative must accepts the aff’s choice of paradigm-this refers to the role of the ballot and aff’s ability to pass and implement a plan -
11/15/13
Sept-Oct Pakistan Plan
Tournament: Bronx | Round: Octas | Opponent: Walt Whitman JL | Judge: Tyger, Yi, Lonam The Electoral Comission of the Islamic Repbulic of Pakistan will implement a national system of compulsory voting, based on the Australian model. Yamin Clarifies;
Is there a case for compulsory voting in Pakistan? As the next general elections draw nearer, the Election Commission of Pakistan (ECP) should consider measures for strengthening the electoral process such that it contributes to more effective functioning of the state. Introducing a compulsory voting law provides one such opportunity; the timing for such an effort could not be better. Public participation in policy formulation is implicit in the concept of democracy and voting is one of its most — if not the most — important aspect. A look at voting trends in south Asia reveals that Pakistan lags behind all other countries in this area. Consider, for instance, voter turnout rates in the region in the most recent parliamentary elections in each country: Bangladesh 85 per cent (2008), Maldives 79 per cent (2009), Bhutan 79 per cent (2008), Nepal 63 per cent (2008), Sri Lanka 61 per cent (2010) and India 58 per cent (2009). Even Afghanistan with a voter turnout of 46 per cent (2010) has fared better than Pakistan, which had a 45 per cent rate (2008). While it is the fundamental right of the people to elect the right leadership, it is also an obligation to public welfare that they must uphold. And it must be taken more seriously by both the governed and those who govern. The experience of advanced democratic societies suggests that greater public participation in political processes encourages them to effectively create the demands and pressures on the state to provide necessary goods and services; and to hold it accountable to the social contract. The system is tried and
11/15/13
Sept-Oct Rex Bone AC
Tournament: Greenhill | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Loyola MG | Judge: Nag, Fink, Legried Because Jarvious Cotton is an American citizen, I affirm.
I defend the rights-based defense of mandatory electoral participation. Birch ’09 Sarah Birch, “Full Participation: A Comparitive Study of Compulsory Voting”, p.42. Unversity of Essex, 2009. RP 9/7/13 The rights-based defense widespread social norm ought to be made legally binding.
I value morality Only a constitutivist account of moral motivation provides agents with non-optional reasons for acting. Katsafanas
Katsafanas, Paul. “Deriving Ethics from Action: A Nietzchean Version of Constitutivism.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, LLC. Boston University: 2011. Enter a third theory, which attempts to do just that: constitutivism fact that one is an agent.
Agency is inescapable—two warrants. Ferrero Luca Ferrero, “Constitutivism and the Inescapability of Agency”. Oxford Studies in Metaethics, vol. IV, Jan 12, 2009.(https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/ferrero/www/pubs/ferrero-constitutivism.pdf?) Professor of Philosophy, University of Wesconsin at Milwaukee. RP 7/21/13 3.1 The initial appeal of the shmagency objection rests on the impression nonoptionality that supports the viability of constitutivism.
Second, identifying yourself as the cause of your actions is contained in the idea of rational agency. Korsgaard: CHRISTINE M. KORSGAARD, “SELF-CONSTITUTION IN THE ETHICS OF PLATO AND KANT”. The Journal of Ethics 1999, Volume 3, Issue 1, pp 1-29. Specifically, “VII. GOOD ACTION AND THE UNITY OF THE KANTIAN WILL”. Professor of Philosphy, Harvard University. RP 7/21/13 The first step is this: To conceive yourself … which you act.
rational agents also cannot act on a maxim that hinders the outer freedom of others’ – that is non-universalizable. Engstrom
Stephen Engstrom , “Universal Legislation As the Form of Practical Knowledge”. (www.philosophie.uni-hd.de/md/philsemengstrom_vortrag.pdf?), RP 7/23/13 Given the preceding considerations, it’s a the limitation of that same freedom
Thus the standard is respecting a system of equal and outer freedom
democracies as collective agents act through reasoning of individual agents. Laurence Ben Laurence. Prof. Of Philosophy, University of Chicago. “An Anscombean Approach to Collective Action” in Ford and Hornsby, Eds. Essays on Anscombe's Intention (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2011) 293-294. It is enough that the same order displayed through their reasoning.
Aggregation is nonsensical because good and bad are agent relative- there is no one for who the aggregate is. Thompson Michael Thompson. Prof. Of Philosophy: University of Pittsburgh. “Notes on Taurek.” http://www.pitt.edu/~mthompso/readings/taurekargs.pdf
That is, when I am moved … for the five to die
Inductive reasoning fails, so reject frameworks contingent on future consequences or states of affairs Hume Hume, David. An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, http://18th.eserver.org/hume-enquiry.html#4
That there are no demonstrative arguments … taking that for granted, which is the very point in question.
I contend that a system of equal and outer freedom requires compulsory voting. This requires actual participation because only actual participation would mean that the state is in fact a reflection of our collective rational end. Kant 1793
Kant 1793: Immanuel Kant, On the Common Saying: ‘This May Be True in Theory but it Does Not Apply in Practice.” 1793. In Democracy: A Reader, eds. Ricardo Blaug and John at Schwarzmantel.
The independence (sibisufficientia) of a member of the commonwealth as a citizen, i.e. as a co-legislator…the general, united will of the people, is called the original contract.
The requirements of maintain a system of equal and outer freedom precedes any other violation of freedom since all freedoms are provisional until they are brought into alignment with a system of equal and outer freedom. Weinrib Weinrib 08: Weinrib, Jacob, Kant on Citizenship and Universal Independence (December 1, 2008). Australian Journal of Legal Philosophy, Vol. 33, 2008. Although passive citizens are … dependency and become active citizens.
