Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 5 | Opponent: Harvard-Westlake JE | Judge: Catherine Tarsney
Text: The United States Supreme Court ought to interpret voting as a non-binding duty in the constitution. 

And, a non-binding duty allows for more obligations and education towards elecions.
Birch 09(Sarah Birch, reader in politics at U of Essex,. “Full Participation: A Comparative Study of Compulsory Voting.” Published by United Nations. 26 February 2009. http://i.unu.edu/media/unu.edu/publication/2224/full_participation_web.pdf)
The first alternative to ... (Article 3) but not in the constitution.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 1 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart AS | Judge: Chris Bentley
The US is losing the grip on human rights leadership now and they are trying to take action to strengthen hold on leadership with the IACHR convention.

Kamuf et al 10/23(JoAnn Kamuf Ward, Associate Director, Human Rights in the U.S. Project at Columbia Law School's Human Rights Institute
 Douglas Cantwell, Victoria Gilcrease-Garcia, Ami Shah and Caroline Stover, Human Rights on Hold, 10/23/2013 3:27 pm, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/joann-kamuf/human-rights-on-hold_b_4132288.html)
The federal government is now back to work ... signaling that human rights remain on hold.

Privilege is grounded in international law – affirmative violates
Boghosian, National Lawyers Guild, 2006  Death Knell for the American Right to Counsel: The Lynne Stewart Case and the Impact of Federal Government Spying on Attorneys, Heidi Boghosian, CR: The New Centennial Review, Volume 6, Number 1, Spring 2006, pp. 103-131 (Article), Published by Michigan State University Press, DOI: 10.1353/ncr.2006.0014, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/ncr/summary/v006/6.1boghosian.html
International law also protects ... in confidence with legal counsel (Lawyers Committee 2001).

We must uphold international law to serve as model to prevent human right abuses—our double standards undermine international support and lead to backlash
Ash 5 Kristina Ash, “U.S. Reservations to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: Credibility Maximization and Global Influence.” Northwestern University Journal of International Human Rights. Vol. 3 (Spring 2005)
While the other forms of American exceptionalism ... countries in the future.

Human rights protection requires an international movement, otherwise they will fail
Schulz 8 William F. Schulz is a Senior Fellow at the Center for American Progress and served as Executive Director of Amnesty International USA from 1994–2006, “The Future of Human Rights: Restoring America’s Leadership” Better World Campaign (2008) http://www.betterworldcampaign.org/assets/pdf/humanrights-schulz-final.pdf
The truth is that if human rights ... they lack the support of others.

Lack of US leadership will allow human rights violations to spread
Ash 5 Kristina Ash, “U.S. Reservations to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: Credibility Maximization and Global Influence.” Northwestern University Journal of International Human Rights. Vol. 3 (Spring 2005)
Often, if the United States ... civil and political rights.

Global human rights promotion is key to preventing extinction
HRW 97 Human Rights Web, “An Introduction to the Human Rights Movement” (January 25, 1997) http://www.hrweb.org/intro.html
The United Nations Charter, Universal Declaration ... to preserve the human race.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 2 | Opponent: Stony Point ZZ | Judge: Amyn Kassam

1. Action-guiding—morality is not evaluative, but instead a mechanism to guide our action through rightness and wrongness. Thus, actions need to be feasible to be moral.
   Carlson 02(Erik Carlson Ph.D, Professor of Practical Philiosophy, Uppsala University Deliberation, Foreknowledge, and Morality as a Guide to Action, Erkenntnis 71-89, 2002, http://www.jstor.org/stable/20013140)
   There are several considerations that ... can voluntarily choose to perform.

2. Choice—ought implies that there must be a choice between actions. Choice is the only reason ethics has any meaning in deciding actions—the impossibility of actions destroys that.
Oppenheim 87(Felix E. Oppenheim, Felix Oppenheim is Professor of Political Science and Philosophy, National Interest, Rationality, and Morality, Political Theory, Vol. 15, No. 3 (Aug., 1987), pp. 369-389)
"'Ought' implies 'can.' "That A ought to ... of practical impossibility and necessity. 

3. Culpability

Thus I contend, it is impossible for a democracy to having voting be compulsory because of secret balloting.
Birch 09(Sarah Birch, reader in politics at U of Essex,. “Full Participation: A Comparative Study of Compulsory Voting.” Published by United Nations. 26 February 2009. http://i.unu.edu/media/unu.edu/publication/2224/full_participation_web.pdf)
Compulsory voting can be defined very simply ... Polish term g?osowanie obowia ?zkowe.6

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 1 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart AS | Judge: Chris Bentley
the standard is maximizing life—four reasons.

1. Actor Information—The resolution species a state. And, governments can only make decisions under generalities—this implies util.
   Gooden 95 (Robert Gooden, philsopher at the Research School of the Social Sciences, 1995  Utilitarianism as Public Philosophy. P. 62-63)
   Consider, first, the argument from necessity.  .... adopting each alternative possible general rules.

2. Epistemology—Non-inferential epistemology is the only way to evaluate knowledge. Inferential views attempt to justify every step of the truth, which inevitably regresses into an arbitrary assertion—collapses to intuition anyway.
Macintyre 81(Alasdair MacIntyre, is a Scottish philosopher primarily known for his contribution to moral and political philosophy, After Virtue. Notre Dame University Press: 1981. Pg. 20)
Yet the most influential account ... on the basis of such a choice.

And, under non-inferential views certain principles are evident based on human intuition. These setup the basis for morality—solves regress.
Sinnot-Armstrong 07 (Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, is Chauncey Stillman Professor of Practical Ethics in the Department of Philosophy and the Kenan Institute for Ethics at Duke University Moral Skepticism, 2007)
Moral skeptics conclude that ... noninferential justification is admitted.

Thus, prefer maximizing life because happiness being good and pain being bad is a universal intuition.
Nagel 86(Thomas Nagel, University Professor; Professor of Law; Professor of Philosophy The View From Nowhere, 1986: 156-168)
I shall defend the unsurprising claim .... meaningless to deny that this is so.

Furthermore, even if one contests pain and happiness default to util because death prevents the ability to evaluate experiences and have intuitions.
Uyl and Rasmussen 81(Douglas Den Uyl and Douglas Rasmussen, profs. of philosophy at Bellarmine College and St. John’s University,  “Reading Nozick”, p. 245)
In so far as one chooses, regardless of the choice, ... which makes valuation possible.

3. Act-Omission—No act omission distinction—paradoxical
Persson 4(Ingmar Persson, “Two Act-Omission Paradoxes” Source: Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, New Series, Vol. 104, 2004, p. 149-164 http://www.jstor.org/stable/4545410)
There are two ways in which the act-omission ... which killing is impermissible but letting be killed permissible 

4. Policy-Making—democracy cannot adhere to a priori principles or side constraints because state action entails value tradeoffs for the advantage of society.  
Woller 97(Gary Woller, BYU Professor, “An Overview by Gary Woller”, A Forum on the Role of Environmental Ethics, June 1997, pg. 10)
Moreover, virtually all public policies entail ... basis for public policy in a democracy.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 4 | Opponent: McNeil BP | Judge: Bob Overing
Interpretation: Compulsory voting is defined as forcing people to vote.
Birch 09 (Sarah Birch, reader in politics at U of Essex,. “Full Participation: A Comparative Study of Compulsory Voting.” Published by United Nations. 26 February 2009. http://i.unu.edu/media/unu.edu/publication/2224/full_participation_web.pdf)
Compulsory voting can be defined ... Slavic languages use variations on the Polish term g?osowanie obowia ?zkowe.6

They make arguments for compulsory balloting.
Tucker 11(JOSHUA TUCKER, is a professor of Politics at New York University, More on Mandatory Voting, Which Does *Not* Necessarily Make Electorate Less Informed, NOVEMBER 28, 2011, http://prospect.org/article/more-mandatory-voting-which-does-not-necessarily-make-electorate-less-informed)
The names “mandatory voting ... ballot and abstain without penalty

Standards 

Ground

Limits

Voter 

Fairness