Tournament: Greenhill | Round: Octas | Opponent: La Jolla RP | Judge: Gravley, Imas, Dharani
Affirmatives understanding of agency as belonging to the conscious human subject displaces the distributed agency of material and nonhuman and separates humanity from nature
McManus 2011
Susan, Lecturer in Political Theory at Queens U, “Hope, Fear, and the Politics of Affective Agency” Theory and Event 14.4 4
2. Affect - Agency - Ambivalence Agency can ... attention to the passionate or emotional inflection of affect.

Being rock,     gas,      mist,     Mind,
Being the mesons traveling the galaxies with the speed of light,
You have come here, my beloved . . . .
You have manifested as trees    grass    butterflies, as single-celled beings and chrysanthemums;
but you tell me you have never died.*

The AC’s focus on only humanity and not other objects ensures their destruction.
Keekok Lee, Visiting Chair in Philosophy at Lancaster University, 1999   The Natural and the Artefactual p. 2-4
To appreciate this dimension one needs ... In this sense, ontology precedes axiology. 

The destruction of non-living existence throughout the universe turns the AC because it has its own trajectory of existence—we are destroying their hopes.
Keekok Lee, Visiting Chair in Philosophy at Lancaster University, 1999
The Natural and the Artefactual p. 226-228
We should not delude ourselves ... whether human¬kind is around or not.

You are not alone in the universe.  We breathe in the sky and chew matter nourished by the soil and rain. Join This Wondrous Dance Of interdependence—Embrace Ethical Connection to Beings Beyond Human Reckoning. This Feeling-Knowing-Valuing is The Starting Point For Respecting Difference
Roger S. Gottlieb, Professor of Philosophy at Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 1994
http://www.crosscurrents.org/feministecology.htm
I speak of the specter of ecocide, the continuing ... but out of love; neither for our selves nor for the other, but for us all.
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Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Isidore Newman MK | Judge: Nikhil Nag
the standard is maximizing life—four reasons.

1. Actor Information—The resolution species a state. And, governments can only make decisions under generalities—this implies util.
   Gooden 95 (Robert Gooden, philsopher at the Research School of the Social Sciences, 1995  Utilitarianism as Public Philosophy. P. 62-63)
   Consider, first, the argument from necessity.  .... adopting each alternative possible general rules.

2. Epistemology—Non-inferential epistemology is the only way to evaluate knowledge. Inferential views attempt to justify every step of the truth, which inevitably regresses into an arbitrary assertion—collapses to intuition anyway.
Macintyre 81(Alasdair MacIntyre, is a Scottish philosopher primarily known for his contribution to moral and political philosophy, After Virtue. Notre Dame University Press: 1981. Pg. 20)
Yet the most influential account ... on the basis of such a choice.

And, under non-inferential views certain principles are evident based on human intuition. These setup the basis for morality—solves regress.
Sinnot-Armstrong 07 (Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, is Chauncey Stillman Professor of Practical Ethics in the Department of Philosophy and the Kenan Institute for Ethics at Duke University Moral Skepticism, 2007)
Moral skeptics conclude that ... noninferential justification is admitted.

Thus, prefer maximizing life because happiness being good and pain being bad is a universal intuition.
Nagel 86(Thomas Nagel, University Professor; Professor of Law; Professor of Philosophy The View From Nowhere, 1986: 156-168)
I shall defend the unsurprising claim .... meaningless to deny that this is so.

Furthermore, even if one contests pain and happiness default to util because death prevents the ability to evaluate experiences and have intuitions.
Uyl and Rasmussen 81(Douglas Den Uyl and Douglas Rasmussen, profs. of philosophy at Bellarmine College and St. John’s University,  “Reading Nozick”, p. 245)
In so far as one chooses, regardless of the choice, ... which makes valuation possible.

3. Act-Omission—No act omission distinction—paradoxical
Persson 4(Ingmar Persson, “Two Act-Omission Paradoxes” Source: Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, New Series, Vol. 104, 2004, p. 149-164 http://www.jstor.org/stable/4545410)
There are two ways in which the act-omission ... which killing is impermissible but letting be killed permissible 

4. Policy-Making—democracy cannot adhere to a priori principles or side constraints because state action entails value tradeoffs for the advantage of society.  
Woller 97(Gary Woller, BYU Professor, “An Overview by Gary Woller”, A Forum on the Role of Environmental Ethics, June 1997, pg. 10)
Moreover, virtually all public policies entail ... basis for public policy in a democracy.

Thus I advocate, the United States ought to adopt a necessary system of compulsory voting to address economic inequalities. 

Contention 1 Inequality 

A. Income inequalities make economic collapse and civil war inevitable—we are on the brink now major reform is needed.
Hume 9/14(Stephen Hume, His writing has since won more than a dozen journalism and literary awards. He’s authored nine books of poetry, essays, history and natural history and his work has been widely anthologized, Income inequality threatens our society, SEPTEMBER 14, 2013, http://www.vancouversun.com/business/Income+inequality+threatens+society/8912806/story.html)
The Great Recession of 2008 erased ... Sounds like it will be an interesting evening.

B. Economic collapse leads to extinction.
Bearden 2k(T. E. Bearden, Director of Association of Distinguished American Scientists, 2000, “The Unnecessary Energy Crisis: How to Solve It Quickly,” Space Energy Access Systems, http://www.seaspower.com/EnergyCrisis-Bearden.htm)
History bears out that desperate ... biosphere, at least for many decades.

Contention 2 Solvency

A. Poorer voters are being unrepresented now. Compulsory voting allows for them to access representation and combat income inequality.  
Carey and Horiuchi 2013(John M. Carey, Professor and Yusaku Horiuchi, Associate Professor, April 17, 2013, Compulsory Voting and Income Inequality, http://sites.dartmouth.edu/jcarey/files/2013/04/HoriuchiCarey201304221.pdf)
The first assumption is that when voting ... the median in the full population. 

B. Compulsory voting would force policymakers to account for poorer people through reducing income inequality—empirically proven.
Park 12(Minjae Park, B.S. Political Science, Would Compulsory Voting Help Occupy Wall Street, August 31, 2012, http://alwaysbuzzed.wordpress.com/2012/08/31/would-compulsory-voting-help-occupy-wall-street-minjae-park/)
Those who stand to benefit ... is an improved distribution of income.”

C. Only compulsory voting solves—other alternatives make voting harder and can’t solve voter turnout.
Birch 09(Sarah Birch (reader in politics at U of Essex). “Full Participation: A Comparative Study of Compulsory Voting.” Published by United Nations. 26 February 2009.http://i.unu.edu/media/unu.edu/publication/2224/full_participation_web.pdf)
Compulsory voting is necessarily embedded in a complex set of regulations governing the conduct of elections, and these regulations shape each other. States where there is ... different types of sanction in different circumstances).

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 2 | Opponent: College Prep SG | Judge: Sean Nadel
the standard is maximizing life—four reasons.
Actor Information—The resolution species a state. And, governments can only make decisions under generalities—this implies util.
Gooden 95 (Robert Gooden, philsopher at the Research School of the Social Sciences, 1995  Utilitarianism as Public Philosophy. P. 62-63)
Consider, first, the argument from necessity.  .... adopting each alternative possible general rules.

2. Epistemology—Non-inferential epistemology is the only way to evaluate knowledge. Inferential views attempt to justify every step of the truth, which inevitably regresses into an arbitrary assertion—collapses to intuition anyway.
Macintyre 81(Alasdair MacIntyre, is a Scottish philosopher primarily known for his contribution to moral and political philosophy, After Virtue. Notre Dame University Press: 1981. Pg. 20)
Yet the most influential account ... on the basis of such a choice.

And, under non-inferential views certain principles are evident based on human intuition. These setup the basis for morality—solves regress.
Sinnot-Armstrong 07 (Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, is Chauncey Stillman Professor of Practical Ethics in the Department of Philosophy and the Kenan Institute for Ethics at Duke University Moral Skepticism, 2007)
Moral skeptics conclude that ... noninferential justification is admitted.

Thus, prefer maximizing life because happiness being good and pain being bad is a universal intuition.
Nagel 86(Thomas Nagel, University Professor; Professor of Law; Professor of Philosophy The View From Nowhere, 1986: 156-168)
I shall defend the unsurprising claim .... meaningless to deny that this is so.

Furthermore, even if one contests pain and happiness default to util because death prevents the ability to evaluate experiences and have intuitions.
Uyl and Rasmussen 81(Douglas Den Uyl and Douglas Rasmussen, profs. of philosophy at Bellarmine College and St. John’s University,  “Reading Nozick”, p. 245)
In so far as one chooses, regardless of the choice, ... which makes valuation possible.

3. Act-Omission—No act omission distinction—paradoxical
Persson 4(Ingmar Persson, “Two Act-Omission Paradoxes” Source: Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, New Series, Vol. 104, 2004, p. 149-164 http://www.jstor.org/stable/4545410)
There are two ways in which the act-omission ... which killing is impermissible but letting be killed permissible 

4. Policy-Making—democracy cannot adhere to a priori principles or side constraints because state action entails value tradeoffs for the advantage of society.  
Woller 97(Gary Woller, BYU Professor, “An Overview by Gary Woller”, A Forum on the Role of Environmental Ethics, June 1997, pg. 10)
Moreover, virtually all public policies entail ... basis for public policy in a democracy.

Thus I advocate, the United States Federal Government ought to allow truth-seeking to take precedence over attorney-client privilege to prevent terrorism.

Contention 1 Terrorism

A. The risk of nuclear terrorism by Al Qaeda is increasing; it is only a matter of time—we need the capability to stop attacks.
Freilich 10 Chuck, The author was a Deputy National Security Adviser in Israel and is now a Senior Fellow at the Harvard Kennedy School, where he has just completed a book on national security decision making processes in Israel. He is also an Adjunct Professor at New York University, Peer Reviewed Lit, the Research Staff Includes: BESA Center Director: Prof. Efraim Inbar Research Associates: Dr. Yaeli Bloch-Elkon, Dr. Zeev Bonen, Prof. Stuart A. Cohen, Dr. Gil Feiler, Prof. Hillel Frisch, Prof. Eytan Gilboa, Eng. Aby Har-Even, Dr. Tsilla Hershco, Prof. Arye L. Hillman, Dr. Mordechai Kedar, Dr. Avi Kober, Mr. Yaakov Lifshitz, Dr. Ze'ev Maghen, Prof. Amikam Nachmani, Dr. Jonathan Rynhold, Maj. Gen. (res.) Emanuel Sakal, Prof. Shmuel Sandler, Dr. Max Singer, Prof. Gerald Steinberg Director of Public Affairs: David Weinberg Program Coordinator: Hava Waxman Koen Publication Editor (English): Rebecca Goldberg Publication Editor (Hebrew): Alona Briner Rozenman, “The Armageddon Scenario: Israel and the Threat of Nuclear Terrorism”, The Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies AND the International Advisory Board, April 2010.
According to reports since 2003... can not longer be ignored.

B. Nuclear terrorist attack is the most probable impact—leads to planetary extinction
Hellman 8 Martin E. Hellman, emeritus prof of engineering @ Stanford, “Risk Analysis of Nuclear Deterrence” SPRING 2008 THE BENT OF TAU BETA PI, http://www.nuclearrisk.org/paper.pdf
The threat of nuclear terrorism looms ... is a necessity—not an option. 

Contention 2 Solvency 

Monitoring terrorist increases the amount of information about plots. Even, if it deters discourse it destroys the ability for terrorist to communicate.
Rice and Saul 02(Paul R. Rice, Professor @ AUWCL and Benjamin Parlin Saul, Is the War on Terrorism a War on Attorney-Client Privilege?, Summer 2002, http://www.americanbar.org/publications/criminal_justice_magazine_home/crimjust_cjmag_17_2_privilege.html)
Two reasons seem to have motivated Attorney General Ashcroft’s ... preclude fair adjudication of guilt.

B. Terrorist monitoring is necessary to prevent terrorist attacks—other alternatives not as good—it’s empirically proven.
Ruzenski 05(Katherine Ruzenski, J.D. Candidate, St. John's University, June 2005, NOTE: BALANCING FUNDAMENTAL CIVIL LIBERTIES AND THE NEED FOR INCREASED HOMELAND SECURITY: THE ATTORNEY-CLIENT PRIVILEGE AFTER SEPTEMBER 11TH)
The USA Patriot Act and Ashcroft's ... and other government agents involved. n181

Contention 3 Impact Framing

A. Humanity has a minimal understanding of ethics—there is a high likelihood that we can advance in our moral understanding
Parfit 86 (Derek Parfit, MA, FBA, is an Emeritus Fellow at All Souls College, Oxford University and a Visiting Professor of Philosophy at NYU, Harvard and Rutgers University, “Reasons and Persons” Oxford University Press, 1986, ISBN-13: 9780198249085 154. How Both Human History, and the History of Ethics, May Be Just Beginning)
Some people believe that ... irrational to have high hopes. 

B. This means extinction is a side constraint on any ethical theory
Bostrom 11 (Nick Bostrom is a Professory of Philosophy and Director of the Future of Humanity Institute and the Pogramme on the Impacts of Future Technology at the University of Oxford, “The Concept of Existential Risk” Future of Humanity Institute, 2011, Draft http://www.existential-risk.org/concept.pdf)
Our present understanding of axiology might ... we must prevent any existential catastrophe.