Tournament: GHill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Stony Point RJ | Judge: Halli Tripe
Prefer Util

Pragmatics  Side-constraints

 Alinsky, 1971  (Saul D. Alinsky, Activist, Professor, and Social Organizer with International Fame, Founder of the Industrial Areas Foundation, Rules for Radicals, 1971, p. 24-27)
We cannot think first...apply only to angels, not to men

Meta-physics

Donald Williams. “Naturalism and the Nature of Things.” The Philosophical Review, Vol. 53, No. 5 (Sep., 1944), pp. 417-443. Duke UP. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2181355
Casting up our accounts ... to uniform and ordered simplicities.

Policy-Making is Util. 

Woller”, A Forum on the Role of Environmental Ethics, June 1997, pg. 10
Appeals to a priori moral principles, ..., lofty rhetoric, and moral piety are an insufficient.

Policy Making is educational

Keller, Whittaker, and Burke 01 Thomas E., Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago, James K., professor of Social Work, and Tracy K., doctoral student School of Social Work, “Student debates in policy courses: promoting policy practice skills and knowledge through active learning,” Journal of Social Work Education, Spr/Summer
Policy practice encompasses social ... with developing capacities for critical thinking

Thus the plan text: The Pakistani federal government should implement a system of compulsory voting in order to strengthen its democratic institutions and prevent collapse from terrorism. I reserve the right to clarify in CX.

Pakistan collapse

DailyBhaskar, Popular Indian Newspaper, Aug 12, 2013, “Pakistan to become global terror-hub in next 6 months, country on the verge of collapse”
Islamabad: The word terrorism has become ...  directed at Uyghurs region in China. 

Loose nukes = nuke war with china russia and india

Pitt, William, a New York Times and internationally bestselling author of two books: "War on Iraq: What Team Bush Doesn't Want You to Know" and "The Greatest Sedition Is Silence." 5/8/09, “Unstable Pakistan Threatens the World” http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/index.php?mod=articleandcat=commentaryandarticle=2183
Pakistan is now trembling ... addressing the situation. So should we all.

Pre-emptive india strike

Ricks, Thomas, Prized American journalist on defense topics and studied at Yale “At Pentagon: Worries Over War’s Costs, Consequences,” The Washington Post, 10/21/1 http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A27875-2001Oct20?language=printer
The prospect of Pakistan being taken ... an expert on strategic games. 

Indo-pak war = extinction

Global Security Newswire, “Regional Nuclear War Could Devastate World Population, Report Warns,” Produced independently, Global Security Newswire is underwritten by the Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI), as part of its public education mission.
Computer modeling suggests a ...work toward the goal of elimination" 

CV = more turnout

Yamin, Saira, Ph.D. Conflict Analysis and Resolution with 19 years of experience in the area specializing in Pakistan afairs, “The Case for Compulsory Voting”. July 23, 2012,  The Express Tribune
Is there a case for compulsory voting ... image would serve its interests well.

Reforming election process is key to solve terrorism.

The U.S. government says democracy ... institute substantial democratic reform in Pakistan.¶

U/W

Presume Aff
RVI's
Converse theory (reciprocity and predictability)

Tournament: TFA | Round: 2 | Opponent: qwegefw | Judge: gqwerve
Will disclose after broken. If you want to see cites just email me at nesh4646@gmail.com or ask me before the round. 

I advocate that the United States Federal Government remove all political conditions on humanitarian aid to Syria and Pakistan. I reserve the right to clarify in CX. I will accept links to all countries in the Middle East receiving the aid.

Update: See Cywoods XX wiki, It's all there. (Eria Aff)

Pakistan Add-on

Relations discussions with Pakistan are resuming and are expected to strengthen bilateral bonds – conditional aid is the only conflict issue. Saleem ‘14,
Pak-US strategic dialogue should trigger new era of relations: FPCCI BusinessJANUARY 27, 2014 BY SHOAIB SALEEM. Pakistantoday http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/01/27/business/pak-us-strategic-dialogue-should-trigger-new-era-of-relations-fpcci/

The Federation of Pakistan Chambers... US investment, he demanded.

Ending efforts to impose conditional humanitarian aid is the key internal link to solid relations – Pakistan needs to know the US will respect its sovereignty. DNN ‘14,
Pakistan will not accept any conditional aid from US: Ahsan Last Updated On 21 January,2014 About 1 month ago http://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/Pakistan/209191-Pakistan-will-not-accept-any-conditional-aid-from -
Middle Eastern Major news network
ISLAMABAD (Web Desk) - Minister for Planning and D....the interests of the country.

Robust US-Pakistan relations are the key to Afghan stability.- Pakistan is the only nation with the army to stabilize the region Mir
Strengthen Pak-US friendship February 01, 2013 NADIR MIR Columnist for The Nation . http://www.nation.com.pk/columns/01-Feb-2013/strengthen-pak-us-friendship
The US should be seen...respects our national interests.

Key to US Heg. Rhinefield,
IMPLICATIONS OF SOCIETAL FRAGMENTATION FOR STATE FORMATION: CAN DEMOCRACY SUCCEED IN  AFGHANISTAN? By Jeffrey D. Rhinefield March 2006 Naval Postgraduate School
This chapter is designed to ...of each  individual state actor.

American primacy is vital to accessing every major impact—the only threat to world peace is if we allow it to collapse. Thayer
Thayer, Bradley, professor of security studies at Missouri State , The National Interest, “In Defense of Primacy”,  

A grand strategy based .. capital and labor markets. Th 

Instability in Afghanistan will spillover and undermine Pakistan sparking nuclear war
Joshua Foust, associate editor for Current Intelligence, The Case for Afghanistan: Strategic Considerations, 2009, http://www.registan.net/index.php/2009/08/27/the-case-for-afghanistan-strategic-considerations/
And lest anyone think ... and treasure to prevent.
?

Tournament: Marks | Round: 6 | Opponent: Travis AS | Judge: Tripe
Pakistan is a hotbed for international terror – Specifically South African terror cells. Corruption is the root cause. Soloman,
Hussein, soloman ; Fellow at The International Centre for the Study of Radicalization; “Terrorist Financing in South Africa” Online; http://icsr.info/2011/03/terrorist-financing-in-south-africa/ NY
John Solomon makes clear why international terrorists find South Africa so attractive, ‘With lawlessness, government corruption and a wide range of preferred terrorists financing methods available – al-Qaeda could indeed partake in illicit and unregulated trade in southern Africa to sustain itself’. The point made by Solomon can be illustrated by numerous examples. The case of Yassin al-Qadi, a US-designated terrorist financier who invested US $3 million for a 12 percent interest in Global Diamond Resources that mined diamonds in South Africa is but one such example. He also controlled New Diamond Corporation, an offshore company that had mining interests in South Africa. The case of Abd al-Muhsin al-Libi, also known as Ibrahim Tantouche, also points to how terrorists secure financing in South Africa. He set up two Al Qaeda financing fronts – the Afghan Support Committee and the Revival of Islamic Society. Both operated as charities that raised money for orphans; however, in reality the orphans were either dead or non-existent.¶ Other funding fronts were also established. Hezbollah established the Karbala Liberation Front in Johannesburg, which sent money to Hezbollah in Lebanon. Other so-called charitable foundations have also been established to fund terror organisations. In 1992, the same year in which Hamas became active in South Africa, the Al Aqsa International Foundation (AIF) was established in the country. According to Dutch security expert Ronald Sandee, Hamas’ political wing is in control of its office in Fordsburg, Johannesburg. By 2010, the Al Aqsa International Foundation found its way on the list of US designated terror organisations and fronts. Whilst AIF’s main mission was to collect funds in South Africa and send it to Hamas in the Palestinian Territories, it is also vital to note that staff of AIF was also actively involved in paramilitary training to South Africans. The first such training took place in July 1997 on a farm in Mpumulanga, South Africa. The dual nature of such structures is by no means confined to AIF. In South Africa, a seafood business called AOXI is alleged to act as an Al Qaeda coordinating unit for jihadis who have been trained in Mozambique and who subsequently illegally enter into South Africa.¶ The issue of terrorist financing in South Africa emerged again in January 2007, when the Sunday Times reported that two South African cousins – Farhad Ahmed Dockrat, the principal of the Darus Salaam Islamic College in Laudium, Pretoria and Dr. Junaid Ismail Dockrat – were proposed for consideration on the UN Security Council’s list of terror suspects, whilst already having been placed on the US Treasury Department’s list of Al Qaeda supporters. According to papers submitted to the UN Security Council, Farhad is alleged to be an Al Qaeda ‘facilitator and terrorist financier’ who gave R400,000 to the Taliban ambassador in Pakistan. Farhad Dockrat, who was previously detained in Gambia for suspected terrorist activities in was also alleged to have provided US $63,000 to the Al Akhtar Trust. This was a ‘charity’ that was designated as having provided support to Al Qaeda. Junaid, it is claimed, is also an Al Qaeda ‘financier, recruiter and facilitator’ who assisted in coordinating the travel of South Africans to Pakistan to train with Al Qaeda. Junaid Dockrat, it is alleged, raised US $120,000 for Hazma Rabia, the former Al Qaeda chief of operations who was killed in 2005 by the US in Pakistan.¶ Partly in response to these issues of terrorist financing, the South African government has tightened legislation through the Financial Intelligence Control Act, or FICA. However, the case of Mohamed Suleman Vaid, who on 25 April 2001 was arrested along with his wife while attempting to smuggle US $130,000 in local currency across the border with Swaziland, points to the weaknesses of FICA which is primarily aimed at formal banking transactions. The ensuing police investigation indicated ties to Al Qaeda via a Lebanese businessman. As Kurt Shillinger noted, it was established that in the 18 months prior to his arrest, Vaid had made this trip 150 times! It is also clear that with the formal banking transactions, there are problems. In 2009, the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) completed a review of South Africa’s compliance with FATF standards for anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism. Here it noted that the country needs to pay closer attention at regulating trusts, monitoring financial institutions’ compliance with anti-money laundering legislation, and enhancing the disclosure of trans-border transfers of cash.¶ However, the FICA legislation cannot be implemented effectively through corrupt officials. In May 2010, for instance, a forensic investigation commissioned by the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) uncovered another terrorist finance vehicle in South Africa, which involved Pakistani criminals taking advantage of the corruption occurring with the Companies and Intellectual Property Registration Office or CIPRO. The case involved tax fraud, money laundering, racketeering, organised crime, fraud and siphoning off millions of rands to fund international terrorism. 

South Africa is uniquely at risk for nuclear terror. Bunn,
Matthew, Bunn; Professor of Practice at Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government. His research interests include nuclear theft and terrorism; “The Risk of Nuclear Terrorism and Next Steps to Reduce the Danger” Online; http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/bunn-nuclear-terror-risk-test-08.pdf NY
MR. CHAIRMAN AND MEMBERS OF THE COMMITTEE: It is an honor to be here today to talk about what I believe is among the most urgent threats to America’s security – the threat of nuclear terrorism. My message to you today is simple: the danger is real, but there are specific steps we can and must take that would greatly reduce the risk.¶ The Lessons of Pelindaba¶ On the night of November 8, 2007, two teams of armed men attacked the Pelindaba nnuclear facility in South Africa, where hundreds of kilograms of weapon-grade highly enriched uranium (HEU) are stored. While one of the teams was chased off by site security forces, the other team of four armed men disabled the detection systems at the site perimeter, entered without setting off any alarm, and went to the emergency control center and shot a worker there in the chest. He then raised an alarm for the first time. This team spent 45 minutes inside the secured perimeter without ever being engaged by site security forces, and then disappeared through the same hole they had cut in the fence. No one on either team was shot or captured. South African officials later arrested three individuals, but soon released them without charge.1 The South African government has not released important details of its investigation of the attack and refused earlier U.S. offers to remove the HEU at Pelindaba or to help improve security at the facility.¶ While we do not know that these attackers were after the HEU, this incident is nevertheless a potent reminder that inadequately secured nuclear material is a global problem, not one limited to the former Soviet Union. It is also a reminder that political heavy lifting will be needed to overcome the obstacles to sensitive nuclear security cooperation around the world. We urgently need a global campaign to ensure that every nuclear weapon and every cache of potential nuclear bomb material worldwide is secured against the kinds of threats terrorists and criminals have demonstrated they can pose – including two teams of armed attackers, possibly with cooperation from an insider.

Nuclear material in South Africa is loose and easy to obtain and utilize. Bunn 2, 

Do terrorists want nuclear weapons? For a small set of terrorists, the answer is clearly “yes.” Osama bin Laden has called the acquisition of nuclear weapons or other weapons of mass destruction a “religious duty.”2 Al Qaeda operatives have made repeated attempts to buy nuclear material for a nuclear bomb, or to recrecruit nuclear expertise – including the two extremist Pakistani nuclear weapon scientists who met with bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri to discuss nuclear weapons. Before al Qaeda, the Japanese terror cult Aum Shinrikyo also made a concerted effort to get nuclear weapons. With at least two groups going down this path in the last 15 years, we must expect that others will in the future.¶ Is it plausible that a sophisticated terrorist group could make a crude nuclear bomb if they got HEU or separated plutonium? The answer here is also “yes.” Making at least a crude nuclear bomb might well be within the capabilities of a sophisticated group, though a nuclear bomb effort would be the most technically challenging operation any terrorist group has ever accomplished. One study by the congressional Office of Technology Assessment summarized the threat: “A small group of people, none of whom have ever had access to the classified literature, could possibly design and build a crude nuclear explosive device... Only modest machine-shop facilities that could be contracted for without arousing suspicion would be required.”3 Indeed, even before the revelations from Afghanistan, U.S. intelligence concluded that “fabrication of at least a ‘crude’ nuclear device was within al-Qa’ida’s capabilities, if it could obtain fissile material.”4¶ A terrorist cell of relatively modest size, with no large fixed facilities that would draw attention, might well be able to pull off such an effort – and the world might never know until it was too late.5¶ Could a terrorist group plausibly get the material needed for a nuclear bomb?¶ Unfortunately, the answer here is also “yes.” Nuclear weapons or their essential ingredients exist in hundreds of buildings in dozens of countries, with security measures that range from excellent to appalling – in some cases, no more than a night watchman and a chain-link fence. No specific and binding global standards for how these stockpiles should be secured exist.¶ Remarkably, another thing that does not exist is a comprehensive, prioritized list of which nuclear stockpiles around the world pose the highest risks of nuclear theft – though the Nuclear Material Information Program (NMIP), led by one of your earlier witnesses, Rolf Mowatt-Larsen, is working to create one. Based on the information we do have in the public domain, I believe the highest risks of nuclear theft today are in the former Soviet Union, in Pakistan, and at HEU-fueled research reactors around the world.¶ Nuclear security in Russia and the former Soviet Union has improved dramatically in the past 15 years; at many sites, the difference between the security in place today and the security in place in 1994 is like night and day. But Russia has the world’s largest stockpiles of nuclear weapons and materials, scattered in the world’s largest number of buildings and bunkers; some serious security weaknesses still remain, ranging from poorly trained, sometimes suicidal guards to gross under-funding of nuclear security; and the upgraded security systems must face huge threats, from insider theft conspiracies which are cropping up everywhere in Russia to large- scale outsider attacks. Within Russia, terrorist reconnaissance teams have been scoping secret nuclear weapon storage sites; a Russian businessman has been offering $750,000 for stolen weapon-grade plutonium; and the Beslan school massacre reconfirms the terrorists’ ability to strike in force, without warning or mercy. As just one indicator of the insider threat, in 2006 President Putin fired Major General Sergey Shlyapuzhnikov, deputy chairman of the section of the MVD responsible for guarding the closed nuclear cities and other close territories, because (according to the Russian state newspaper), he was helping to organize smuggling in and out of these closed territories – in particular, giving out passes that allowed people to go in and out without being checked.6¶ Pakistan’s nuclear stockpile is small, stored at a small number of sites, and is thought to be heavily guarded, with substantial security upgrades in recent years, in part with U.S. help. The recent unrest in Pakistan does not appear to have substantially increased the risks of theft, as it does not appear to have undermined the cohesion of the military and the security services. But Pakistani security systems face immense threats, from nuclear insiders with a demonstrated willingness to sell practically anything to practically anybody to armed attack potentially by scores or hundreds of jihadis. In at least two cases, serving Pakistani military officers working with al Qaeda came within a hair’s breadth of assassinating Musharraf; if the military officers guarding the President cannot be trusted, how much confidence can we have in the military officers guarding the nuclear weapons?¶ HEU-fueled research reactors typically have comparatively modest stockpiles of material – but they have some of the world’s weakest security measures for those stocks. And it is important to remember that much of the irradiated fuel from research reactors is still HEU, and is not radioactive enough to pose any significant deterrent to theft by suicidal terrorists. Some 130 research reactors around the world still use HEU as their fuel.7¶ While these are the highest-risk categories, virtually every country where these materials exist – including the United States – has more to do to ensure that these stocks are effectively protected against the kinds of threats that terrorists and criminals have shown they can pose.8¶ Theft of HEU and plutonium is not a hypothetical worry, it is an ongoing reality. Most recently, in February 2006, Russian citizen Oleg Khinsagov was arrested in Georgia (along with three Georgian accomplices) with some 100 grams of 89 enriched HEU, claiming that he had kilograms more available for sale.9 What we do not know, of course, is how many thefts may have occurred that were never detected; it is a sobering fact that nearly all of the stolen HEU and plutonium that has been seized over the years had never been missed before it was seized. 10¶ The amounts required for a bomb are small. The Nagasaki bomb included some 6 kilograms of plutonium, which would fit easily in a soda can. A similar HEU bomb would require three times as much.11 For a simpler but less-efficient gun-type design, roughly 50 kilograms of HEU would be needed – roughly the size of a six-pack. The world stockpiles of HEU and separated plutonium are enough to make roughly 200,000 nuclear weapons;12 a tiny fraction of one percent of these stockpiles going missing could cause a global catastrophe.¶ Could a terrorist group likely deliver a bomb to Washington, New York, or other major cities around the world? Here, too, unfortunately, the answer is “yes.” If stolen or built abroad, a nuclear bomb might be delivered to the United States, intact or in ready-to-assemble pieces, by boat or aircraft or truck. The length of the border, the diversity of means of transport, the vast scale of legitimate traffic across national borders, and the ease of shielding the radiation from plutonium or especially from HEU all operate in favor of the terrorists. Building the overall system of legal infrastructure, intelligence, law enforcement, border and customs forces, and radiation detectors needed to find and recover stolen nuclear weapons or materials, or to interdict these as they cross national borders, is an extraordinarily difficult challenge.

Ignore probability indicts, Even a 1 risk justifies action. Bunn 3,
So, taking the good news with the bad, what are the chances of a terrorist nuclear attack? The short answer is that nobody knows. Former Secretary of Defense William Perry and former Assistant Secretary of Defense Graham Allison are among those who have estimated that chance at more than 50 over the next ten years.21 In 2006, I published a mathematical model that provides a structured, step-by-step way of thinking through the problem. A set of plausible illustrative values for the input parameters resulted in a 29 10-year probability estimate – by coincidence, the same as the median estimate of the 10-year probability of a nuclear attack on the United States in a survey of national security experts by Senator Lugar’s office some years ago. Since there are large uncertainties in each of those inputs, however, the real probability could well be either higher or lower. But if these estimates are even within a factor of 3-5 of being correct, and if, as I believe, there is a large chance that such an attack would be directed at Manhattan or Washington D.C., then the danger of nuclear terrorism is high enough to have a significant effect on the life expectancy of everyone who lives and works in downtown Washington or midtown Manhattan. Even a 1 chance over the next ten years would be enough to justify substantial action to reduce the risk, given the scale of the consequences. No one in their right mind would operate a nuclear power plant upwind of a major city that had a 1 chance over ten years of blowing sky- high – the risk would be understood by all to be too great. But that, in effect, is what we are doing – or worse – by managing the world’s nuclear stockpiles as we do today.

No Impact Defense – Even if it fails causes extinction. Sid-Ahmed,
Sid-Ahmed Mohamed; Fellow at the Middle East Research and Information Project; “Extinction!” Online; http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/705/op5.htm NY
A nuclear attack by terrorists will be much more critical than Hiroshima and Nagazaki, even if -- and this is far from certain -- the weapons used are less harmful than those used then, Japan, at the time, with no knowledge of nuclear technology, had no choice but to capitulate. Today, the technology is a secret for nobody.¶ So far, except for the two bombs dropped on Japan, nuclear weapons have been used only to threaten. Now we are at a stage where they can be detonated. This completely changes the rules of the game. We have reached a point where anticipatory measures can determine the course of events. Allegations of a terrorist connection can be used to justify anticipatory measures, including the invasion of a sovereign state like Iraq. As it turned out, these allegations, as well as the allegation that Saddam was harbouring WMD, proved to be unfounded.¶ What would be the consequences of a nuclear attack by terrorists? Even if it fails, it would further exacerbate the negative features of the new and frightening world in which we are now living. Societies would close in on themselves, police measures would be stepped up at the expense of human rights, tensions between civilisations and religions would rise and ethnic conflicts would proliferate. It would also speed up the arms race and develop the awareness that a different type of world order is imperative if humankind is to survive.¶ But the still more critical scenario is if the attack succeeds. This could lead to a third world war, from which no one will emerge victorious. Unlike a conventional war which ends when one side triumphs over another, this war will be without winners and losers. When nuclear pollution infects the whole planet, we will all be losers.

Tournament: Churchill | Round: 1 | Opponent: X | Judge: X
If you want further info email me at nesh4646@gmail.com for standards or anything. I might read soemthing not on this list, so if you want to ask me what I consider are fair interpretations before the round, I'd love to discuss. 

Kritiks must advocate an alt other than rejection. 

The negative alternative must have a written-out text that specifies the actor, action, and mechanism of the neg. 

The kritik must defend an alternative that can be implemented in the real world.

Counterplan must establish functional mutual exclusivity, to clarify, the negative may not read counterplans that only compete through net benefits.

The neg must have an explicit advocacy text defending the converse of the resolution.

Must prove converse. 

The neg must read a counterplan with a specified actor and solvency advocate.

Counterplans and kritik alternatives must advocate an action entirely mutually exclusive from the topical affirmative action. 

The negative must only run a counter plan with the same agent as in the affirmative advoacy.

All kritiks must derive links from discourse or offense openly presented in the AC. 

Kritik alternatives must not fiat the actions of individuals or mindset changes

Debaters’ offense back to their standard must be prescriptive or normative. To clafiry, no descriptive-arguments-based standards.

Neither debaters can claim in any speech that skepticism nor permissibility or presumption affirms or negates.

Debaters must disclose all theory interps and standards they are reading in the round 1 hour before the round.

Tournament: Chrurchill | Round: 1 | Opponent: IDK | Judge: JONATHAN WEI
I affirm,
First are the Normative Justifications:
All moral theories collapse into consequentialism. Harris,

Harris, Sam, “Hos Science can Determine Human Values”, New York Times Bestselling author,
I believe that we will ...the foundation of all values.

The government’s obligation is security. Kennan,

Morality and Foreign Policy George F. Kennan From Foreign Affairs. Winter 1985/86 George F. Kennan is Professor Emeritus at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton.)

Second, let us recognize ...moral reproach for acting on the basis of them.
Second is policy-making:
And, the role of the ballot is to vote for the debater advocating for the best policy option through a policy-making lens. Key to critical thinking skills. Keller,

Keller, Whittaker, and Burke 01 Thomas E., Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago, James K., professor of Social Work, and Tracy K., doctoral student School of Social Work, “Student debates in policy courses: promoting policy practice skills and knowledge through active learning,” Journal of Social Work Education, Spr/Summer

Policy practice encompasses social workers... with developing capacities for critical thinking.
Also key to texuality. Ericson,

Jon M. Ericson 2003 (Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)

The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future ...the future action that you propose.
Policy-making means Util Woller,

Woller”, A Forum on the Role of Environmental Ethics, June 1997, pg. 10

Appeals to a priori moral principles, ... lofty rhetoric, and moral piety are an insufficient.
Thus the standard is maximizing the protection of life.

Thus the plan: The governments of Iran and Niger should ban all uranium mining facilities in recognition of their environmental costs. I reserve the right to clarify in CX. I will accept links to other countries with a similar plan of action, as my advocacy does not deny that other countries should not continue mining.
The plan is topical. Mining harms the environment. Nations must ban Uranium mining. Lohrer ’10,

Lohrer, Helmut. Global call to action for a ban on uranium mining. Aug. 18 2010, INTERNATIONAL PHYSICIANS FOR THE PREVENTION OF NUCLEAR WAR 19th World Congress – Basel, Switzerland. Leading doctor and physician and leader in the IPPNW

Uranium mining contaminates ... pressure globally to force a change?over to renewable energies.
Advantage: Iran
First, Congress is going to pass sanctions. They’re about to reach a veto-proof majority.

National Journal, December 18

(“Senate Dems Defy Obama on Iran” http://www.nationaljournal.com/daily/senate-dems-defy-obama-on-iran-20131218 sjg)
A bipartisan group of senators will .... inroads in delaying legislation.

Second, any new sanctions will destroy negotiations leading to Iranian proliferation. Mostaghim ‘13,

Mostaghim, Ramin. Most Iranian lawmakers back nuclear speedup if U.S. adds sanctions http://www.latimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-iran-parliament-nuclear-sanctions-20131229,0,4436778.story#ixzz2pZUtEEt8. Dec. 29, 2013. Tehran-based special correspondent

More than two-thirds of the Iranian ... according to the Iranian Student News Agency.
Previous sanctions have caused Iran to turn inwards for nuclear materials. Their mining is uniquely fueling current production. BBC ’13,

BBC News Middle East, Iran announces uranium finds and power plant expansion, Feb. 23, 2013, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-21559861

Under an array of sanctions, Iran ... close to using up its supplies of raw uranium.

If Iran’s enrichment levels grow, Israel will strike regardless of whether nuclear weapons are produced. Hibbs ’13,

Hibbs 13 Mark. senior associate in Carnegie’s Nuclear Policy Program.¶ "In Heavy Water-Iran's Potential Plutonium Production - Carnegie Endowment for International Peace." Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. N.p., 12 Sept. 2013. Web. 02 Oct. 2013. http://carnegieendowment.org/2013/09/12/in-heavy-water-iran-s-potential-plutonium-production/gnf3?reloadFlag=1.

Despite undergoing some delays, Iran's ... proliferation risks posed by the reactor itself.¶
This will trigger global nuclear war. Also rolls back civil liberties. Turns back rights based NC’s. Hunter ’12,

Hunter, Greg. Consequences of Iran-Israel War, Feb. 21, 2012. http://usawatchdog.com/consequences-of-iran-israel-war/, investigative correspondent for CNN, ABC News

The latest headline proves, once again, Iran and Israel ... it pleases in wartime. In the end, everyone is fair game.
This is the most probable scenario for nuke war. Nuclear deterrence theory doesn’t apply for the Middle East. Ward ’12,

Ward 12 Alex. studying for a Masters in International Relations from Durham University¶ "Iran's Nuclear Programme and the Stability of the Middle East."EInternational Relations RSS. N.p., 02 Mar. 2012. Web. 02 Oct. 2013. http://www.e-ir.info/2012/03/02/irans-nuclear-programme-and-the-stability-of-the-middle-east/.

All in all, Iran’s nuclear programme has ...plagued by the spectre of all-out nuclear apocalypse.¶

Nuclear war forecloses the possibility of ethics. McGrath,

McGrath, Mary Eileen, “Nuclear Weapons: The Crisis of Conscience”, Military Law Review, 1985

Cities were rebuilt from rubble; t... of the cost to others.

Advantage: Niger
Uranium mining has displaced native Tuareg populations leaving them to suffer. TA,

Tchinagen Association, “The Uranium Curse: Northern Niger’s suffering from its wealth.” News File published to expose the harms of uranium mining

Nowadays a large part of the Tuareg ... ratified on last September 10th.
The Tuareg struggle to get their land back has resulted in the worst human rights violations and atrocities. TA,

Tchinagen Association, “The Uranium Curse: Northern Niger’s suffering from its wealth.” News File published to expose the harms of uranium mining

Extrajudicial executions, rape, destruction of vital ... hostility or violence is and should be prohibited by law.

Tournament: Chrurchill | Round: 1 | Opponent: IDK | Judge: JONATHAN WEI
I affirm,
First are the Normative Justifications:
All moral theories collapse into consequentialism. Harris,

Harris, Sam, “Hos Science can Determine Human Values”, New York Times Bestselling author,
I believe that we will ...the foundation of all values.

The government’s obligation is security. Kennan,

Morality and Foreign Policy George F. Kennan From Foreign Affairs. Winter 1985/86 George F. Kennan is Professor Emeritus at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton.)

Second, let us recognize ...moral reproach for acting on the basis of them.
Second is policy-making:
And, the role of the ballot is to vote for the debater advocating for the best policy option through a policy-making lens. Key to critical thinking skills. Keller,

Keller, Whittaker, and Burke 01 Thomas E., Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago, James K., professor of Social Work, and Tracy K., doctoral student School of Social Work, “Student debates in policy courses: promoting policy practice skills and knowledge through active learning,” Journal of Social Work Education, Spr/Summer

Policy practice encompasses social workers... with developing capacities for critical thinking.
Also key to texuality. Ericson,

Jon M. Ericson 2003 (Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)

The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future ...the future action that you propose.
Policy-making means Util Woller,

Woller”, A Forum on the Role of Environmental Ethics, June 1997, pg. 10

Appeals to a priori moral principles, ... lofty rhetoric, and moral piety are an insufficient.
Thus the standard is maximizing the protection of life.

Thus the plan: The governments of Iran and Niger should ban all uranium mining facilities in recognition of their environmental costs. I reserve the right to clarify in CX. I will accept links to other countries with a similar plan of action, as my advocacy does not deny that other countries should not continue mining.
The plan is topical. Mining harms the environment. Nations must ban Uranium mining. Lohrer ’10,

Lohrer, Helmut. Global call to action for a ban on uranium mining. Aug. 18 2010, INTERNATIONAL PHYSICIANS FOR THE PREVENTION OF NUCLEAR WAR 19th World Congress – Basel, Switzerland. Leading doctor and physician and leader in the IPPNW

Uranium mining contaminates ... pressure globally to force a change?over to renewable energies.
Advantage: Iran
First, Congress is going to pass sanctions. They’re about to reach a veto-proof majority.

National Journal, December 18

(“Senate Dems Defy Obama on Iran” http://www.nationaljournal.com/daily/senate-dems-defy-obama-on-iran-20131218 sjg)
A bipartisan group of senators will .... inroads in delaying legislation.

Second, any new sanctions will destroy negotiations leading to Iranian proliferation. Mostaghim ‘13,

Mostaghim, Ramin. Most Iranian lawmakers back nuclear speedup if U.S. adds sanctions http://www.latimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-iran-parliament-nuclear-sanctions-20131229,0,4436778.story#ixzz2pZUtEEt8. Dec. 29, 2013. Tehran-based special correspondent

More than two-thirds of the Iranian ... according to the Iranian Student News Agency.
Previous sanctions have caused Iran to turn inwards for nuclear materials. Their mining is uniquely fueling current production. BBC ’13,

BBC News Middle East, Iran announces uranium finds and power plant expansion, Feb. 23, 2013, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-21559861

Under an array of sanctions, Iran ... close to using up its supplies of raw uranium.

If Iran’s enrichment levels grow, Israel will strike regardless of whether nuclear weapons are produced. Hibbs ’13,

Hibbs 13 Mark. senior associate in Carnegie’s Nuclear Policy Program.¶ "In Heavy Water-Iran's Potential Plutonium Production - Carnegie Endowment for International Peace." Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. N.p., 12 Sept. 2013. Web. 02 Oct. 2013. http://carnegieendowment.org/2013/09/12/in-heavy-water-iran-s-potential-plutonium-production/gnf3?reloadFlag=1.

Despite undergoing some delays, Iran's ... proliferation risks posed by the reactor itself.¶
This will trigger global nuclear war. Also rolls back civil liberties. Turns back rights based NC’s. Hunter ’12,

Hunter, Greg. Consequences of Iran-Israel War, Feb. 21, 2012. http://usawatchdog.com/consequences-of-iran-israel-war/, investigative correspondent for CNN, ABC News

The latest headline proves, once again, Iran and Israel ... it pleases in wartime. In the end, everyone is fair game.
This is the most probable scenario for nuke war. Nuclear deterrence theory doesn’t apply for the Middle East. Ward ’12,

Ward 12 Alex. studying for a Masters in International Relations from Durham University¶ "Iran's Nuclear Programme and the Stability of the Middle East."EInternational Relations RSS. N.p., 02 Mar. 2012. Web. 02 Oct. 2013. http://www.e-ir.info/2012/03/02/irans-nuclear-programme-and-the-stability-of-the-middle-east/.

All in all, Iran’s nuclear programme has ...plagued by the spectre of all-out nuclear apocalypse.¶

Nuclear war forecloses the possibility of ethics. McGrath,

McGrath, Mary Eileen, “Nuclear Weapons: The Crisis of Conscience”, Military Law Review, 1985

Cities were rebuilt from rubble; t... of the cost to others.

Advantage: Niger
Uranium mining has displaced native Tuareg populations leaving them to suffer. TA,

Tchinagen Association, “The Uranium Curse: Northern Niger’s suffering from its wealth.” News File published to expose the harms of uranium mining

Nowadays a large part of the Tuareg ... ratified on last September 10th.
The Tuareg struggle to get their land back has resulted in the worst human rights violations and atrocities. TA,

Tchinagen Association, “The Uranium Curse: Northern Niger’s suffering from its wealth.” News File published to expose the harms of uranium mining

Extrajudicial executions, rape, destruction of vital ... hostility or violence is and should be prohibited by law.

Tournament: Colleyville | Round: 1 | Opponent: Shawn XIong | Judge: Shawn XIong
Ill be changing the uniqueness for the Iran Scenario as well as adding a new Terrorism and COlonialism Advantage. If you have any questions or want cites let me know. THey will be disclosed though after they're broken

Resource Wars Adv.
French mining for uranium will trigger resource wars. Ismi ’13,
Ismi, Asad “Invasion of Mali is a resource grab, not a war on terrorists”, CCPA Monitor; Mar 2013, Vol. 19 Issue 9, p12. Asad Ismi is the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives Monitor’s international affairs correspondent. He is author of the highly acclaimed radio documentary “The Ravaging of Africa,” which has been aired on 28 radio stations in Canada, the U.S. and Europe to an audience of about 30 million people.
Mali is rich in gold, ... aimed at: China, India, and Russia.

Terrorism Adv.

Nuclear terrorism is a real threat. Kirkham and Kuperman ’13,
Kirkham, Lara. Kuperman, Alan PHD. Protecting U.S. Nuclear Facilities from Terrorist Attack: Re-assessing the Current “Design Basis Threat” Approach. Nuclear Proliferation Prevention Project LBJ School of Public Affairs University of Texas at Austin. Aug, 15 2013
In particular, a terrorist ... to demonstrate their capability.25

African mines are uniquely vulnerable. Handwerger ’13,
Handwerger, Jeb. “Terrorism Attack On Areva Uranium Mine Raises Security Of Supply Concerns”, Seeking Alpha”. Inverstors news source, Gold Stock Trades Editor Jeb Handwerger is a highly sought-after stock analyst syndicated internationally and known throughout the financial industry for his accurate and timely analysis of the equities markets, particularly the metals and mining sector.
Four months ago... West Africa right now.

No Impact Defense – Even if it fails causes extinction. Sid-Ahmed,
Sid-Ahmed 2k4 (Mohamed; Fellow at the Middle East Research and Information Project; “Extinction!” Online; http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/705/op5.htm)
A nuclear attack ...we will all be losers.

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Tournament: abejnkbest | Round: Quads | Opponent: gwarnfsakrw | Judge: awrkegjwrw
Violence against women is rising in the status quo. This is perpetuated by a lack of political voice and thus lack of rights. Behn,
Behn, Sharon, Violence, Discrimination Against Women Rises in Pakistan, Voices of America, Oct, 25, 2012,  NY

ISLAMABAD — A local women's rights group in Pakistan says the number of incidents of violence against women in Pakistan has increased at least seven percent over the past year. The impact of violent gender discrimination is being deeply felt in a number of ways in Pakistan. Thousands of women are kidnapped, murdered and raped in Pakistan every year, says Pakistan’s Aurat Foundation, a group that monitors media reports for acts of violence against women. According to Aurat’s latest report, Pakistan’s infrastructure problems and ineffective justice system, together with age-old cultural practices, means that violence against women is not being addressed. Domestic violence left unchecked In recent years the government has instituted regulations protecting women’s rights. But there are no laws criminalizing domestic violence, says Aurat director Naeem Mirza, and laws against honor killings and other forms of gender violence are not being not addressed forcefully enough. “Despite some efforts by a few voices from civil society organizations and parliamentarians there is no, as I said earlier, no serious attempt by the authorities, by the government to stop it,” said Mirza. Gender Studies professor and human rights advocate Farzana Bari says violence is just one facet of gender discrimination in Pakistan. She says discrimination exists in all sectors, from education to business. For example, programs like micro-loans aimed at helping women in Pakistan appear to be missing their target. A recent World Bank statement notes that between 50 to 70 percent of microfinance loans to women in Pakistan may actually be used by their male relatives. Devastating impact on future generation. According to the Global Gender Gap report released this week by the Global Economic Forum, Pakistan now ranks 134th out of 135 countries on women’s economic participation. The consequences, Professor Farzana Bari said, are negative. “Women are growing up as very disempowered, dependent human beings. So they are forced to be dependent on men for financial support, for economic support. Unless the state itself becomes more engendered, and I suppose it can only become more engendered do that when there is more gender perspectives integrated in government structures and processes, only then we can move to gender equality,” said Bari. Anis Haroon, chairwoman of the government-backed National Commission on the Status of Women, did not address the new report specifically but did say that violence and discrimination against women in Pakistan have increased over the last three decades. She attributes the trend in part to the increasing Islamization of the nation and the rise of violence as a whole. Haroon said that in the last three years, six laws have been passed to protect women against attacks such as acid-throwing. But she acknowledges it is a struggle to defend women’s rights. “We have been able to maintain some of our spaces, and are trying our best, and we are pushing all the time to increase our space, but it is a tough fight, and I am not saying one should give up hope, but it is no doubt very tough,” she said. But Mirza said a new generation of youth, such as the teenage activist Malala Yousafzai, are already defying structural and cultural restrictions. Many in Pakistan were outraged when Yousafzai was shot and wounded by the Taliban for her views.

CV is key to giving women a voice in politics. Zafar,
Ali Zafar, Women’s rights and compulsory voting, http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/columns/08-May-2008/Womens-rights-and-compulsory-voting, Reporter for the Nation NY

Imagine living in a country where people do not have a right to vote. This is how thousands of women Pakistani citizens in some areas of NWFP must feel after being deliberately "disfranchised" in the recent general elections by virtue of an unholy agreement between candidates, prominent leaders and notables who pledged not to allow their women folk to cast votes. There is even evidence that some of these decrees were executed in writing and signed by candidates of all political parties. The unfortunate but inevitable fact is (and this is proved from the polling results in these constituencies) that the patently illegal contracts were performed in letter and spirit and most, if not all, women were restrained from voting, often through use or threat of force and violence. The Election Commission of Pakistan has condemned and warned against this practice but has, post election, thrown in the towel and shown its inability to do anything about it on the ground that it has no suo moto power to nullify an election where women do not vote on account of, for example, family and social pressures. European Union Election Observation Mission (EU EOM) has published their final report on National Provincial Assemblies and has inter alia expressed their worry that "there were reports of several agreements in tribal agencies, NWFP, and a few rural areas of Punjab and Sindh by local leaders, banning women from voting" This is indeed a cause of grave concern and a solution must be found to protect the rights of these citizens while remaining within the context of the social order. There is no doubt it is the inalienable right of every Pakistani citizen, both men and women, to cast a vote to elect the representatives of their choice and under the Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan there can be no discrimination on the basis of sex alone. Under the electoral laws too it is an offence if someone directly or indirectly uses or threatens to use force, violence or restraint in order to compel a person from propagating against participation of any person in elections on the basis of gender. This basic principle has also been reiterated in many judgments of our superior courts. On religious grounds too women have and are entitled to full protection of equal rights viz a viz men. The EC has been claiming to uphold these principles, yet it has been unable to act against the candidates or men folk of these women under the law or to declare the elections held in these constituencies void in spite of clear violations of the electoral rules and the constitution. It is one thing to have and profess adherence to law and quite another to have the will and capacity to enforce it. The Election Commission of Pakistan unconvincingly informed the EU EOM that it cannot annul a vote in such circumstances on its own initiative. The European observers sadly commented that "This is a narrow reading of its powers which include extensive powers to ensure just and fair conduct of the elections." What then is to be done? One cannot sit around and accept the fact that the constitutional rights of these women in the Islamic and democratic country of Pakistan should continue to be violated and they should remain voiceless because it is a ground reality that the male gender of the area have deemed it fit and proper that women of their family have no right to vote. Clearly the law has to be structured to correct the distortion. I admit that it may not be easy to prove whether the women failed to vote out of their own free will or due to fear and intimidation of their own husbands, fathers and brothers. This is because it is unlikely that a woman would give any evidence against the men of their family. In my view entire paradigm has to be changed. It is not enough to recognize that voting is a right, it is equally important to enforce it as a civil responsibility. What needs to be introduced in the system is the concept of "compulsory voting" under which a citizen is required to participate in the democratic process and vote by imposing sanctions in the nature of fines or withdrawal of privileges if a citizen does not vote and giving incentives if he/she does. The concept of compulsory voting is neither unique nor new. It is widely known all over the world and in many countries in the west and in Asia where voting is regarded as a duty, it has been made compulsory and sanctions are imposed on non voters (approximately 30 countries in the world today make voting compulsory). It is standard practice for example in Australia, Belgium, Argentina, Luxembourg, Greece, Cyprus, Switzerland, Singapore and Thailand and was so in many others (e.g. Netherlands until 1970, Venezuela until mid 1990s etc). Other countries like Italy and Austria continue to retain some element of compulsory voting too. Interestingly most of these countries introduced the system of compulsory voting after the right of women citizens to vote was recognized and accepted. One of the reasons why it was deemed necessary to make voting a duty was to ensure that "women are not denied by their men folk the chance to vote." Often the right to vote for women was combined with an obligation to participate and vote in elections because there was great pressure from the men to keep them "in doors" to "cook and clean". Although Pakistani women have been given the right to vote since a long time, the denial of this right in the last general elections (as well as in the year 2002) that like other countries similarly situated we also need to introduce concept of imposition of sanctions and grants of incentives in order to ensure that this practice is checked. Law has to provide the lead in this area.

Fiaz et. al. continues,
Rosita and Shahid; Shahid is the Asia Foundation’s programs director in Pakistan and Rosita is a governance advisor in the Foundation’s Pakistan office; “Why Are 10 Million Women Missing from Pakistan’s Electoral Rolls?” Online. http://asiafoundation.org/in-asia/2012/04/04/why-are-10-million-women-missing-from-pakistans-electoral-rolls/ NY

The latest draft electoral rolls in Pakistan include 48 million Pakistani men and 38 million Pakistani women. Given the roughly equal gender division among the population, this is a clear discrepancy: approximately 10 million Pakistani women are unaccounted for in these figures, and consequently, are not entitled to vote in the upcoming General Elections. The elections are scheduled for February 2013 but will likely be moved up to October 2012, to quell rising public anger at the on-going gas price crisis, a floundering economy, and the “memogate” scandal with the U.S. which continues to occupy the domestic media and discredit the government. Women at the Wagah Border Ceremony With perhaps six months to go until national elections, an estimated 10 million Pakistani women are still missing from draft electoral rolls. Photo by Flickr user East-West Center. In Pakistan, in order to be able to vote, one must first be registered with the National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA) to get a Computerized National Identity Card (CNIC) which indicates that a person is a legal citizen of Pakistan. Recording citizen data is the responsibility of NADRA, however, voter registration is managed by the Election Commission of Pakistan (ECP), a separate organization with a constitutional mandate to manage all aspects of elections in the country. ECP and NADRA have been in dialogue to use NADRA data for voter registration to ensure more accurate and authentic electoral rolls. The new electoral rolls prepared by ECP using NADRA data have been posted on public display in order for voters to correct them at more than 50,000 polling sites across Pakistan. This display period is a legal requirement and enables citizens to check and verify if their names appear correctly in electoral rolls or are missing altogether. ECP and NADRA have also collaborated with mobile phone companies to launch the world’s largest SMS campaign to date; allowing voters to text message their CNIC number and receive a text message response with their name and electoral area as it appears on the roll. The SMS service has been used by over 1.6 million Pakistanis to verify their voter registration details. Despite these efforts, there are a number of factors that may be contributing to low female voter registration. First, given the continuing low registration numbers even after ECP staff have traveled household to household verifying voter registration details and registering those not yet registered, registrars say male household heads answering the door to the registrar may have either not reported the existence of their wives, daughters, or sisters, or flatly refused to have the female members of their household registered. The reasons for this vary, and range from the conviction that women should not be involved in politics to the desire to keep the women in their family off government records and sheltered from government interference. Being registered to vote is not a legal requirement in Pakistan and though the right to vote for all citizens is protected in the Pakistani constitution, no laws are being violated by not registering. The second issue which may at least in part account for the enormous numbers of women missing from the electoral role, is that women (and all citizens) who have not already registered for the CNIC are not eligible to vote, and registrars from the ECP going door to door have no choice but to refer these citizens back to NADRA and hope that they will take the initiative to register to vote at a later time. A third factor – likely to be particularly significant in the conflict-ridden regions of FATA and Baluchistan – is that many citizens, both men and women, do not wish to be accounted for by a government they do not feel to be legitimate, and some may feel that their lives could actually be endangered by making it easier for the government to monitor their movements and activities. Many men in these areas may in fact be acting to protect the women in their families by purposely keeping them off the NADRA and ECP records. Further, a significant number of internally displaced people may also have been inadvertently excluded from the electoral roll. Lastly, the practice of employing only male registrars for house calls is also likely to contribute to low female registration as in many areas women at home without their male relatives are unlikely to even open the door to an unfamiliar male visitor. At this late stage, with perhaps just six months until the national election, it will not be possible to register the majority of the 10 million women still missing from the electoral role. And regardless of their desire to participate following heavy party campaigning and “get out to vote” campaigns expected in the coming months, if these women are not on the roll well in advance of polling day, they will not be able to cast a vote. With only 86 million of Pakistan’s estimated 177 million population registered to vote, and 10 million eligible women unaccounted for, some may question the validity of the election outcome. And questions are certainly likely to be raised as to whether the 2012/13 election process is an improvement on the widely contested process of 2008. There are, however, things that can be done to increase the number of women currently registered. For one thing, political parties have their own incentive to assist in the registration process, including courting the substantial female vote, and could be encouraged to assist in the registration process – highlighting, of course, that doing so is firmly in their self-interest. Some political parties are already looking to develop an outreach policy for their “women-friendly” policies. To be realistic, as shown in studies of new women voters across Asia, in most instances, previously unregistered women are likely to vote for the party supported by their husbands or fathers. But still, voting makes women part of the political process, and incremental steps forward are still steps forward.

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