Tournament: asdfasdf | Round: Quads | Opponent: asfag | Judge: asdga
Interpretation: Kritik alternatives must be policy implementable

Interpretation: On the Jan Feb 2014 LD topic, the negative must advocate the exact converse of the resolution in that resource extraction is taken above environmental protection providing a positive obligation not to intervene (1AC Paragraph Theory)

Tournament: Berk | Round: 5 | Opponent: Dont remember | Judge: Dont Remember

Berk Uranium 1AC

FW

I affirm,

First are the Normative Justifications:

All moral theories collapse into consequentialism. Harris,

Harris, Sam, "Hos Science can Determine Human Values", New York Times Bestselling author, 

I believe that we will increasingly understand good and evil, right and wrong,
AND
, therefore, consequences and conscious states remain the foundation of all values.
Thus evaluating consequences would require us to maximize life. Death is the worst consequence because it prevents us from pursuing our values and goals. This also means life is a pre-requisite and a side-constraint on any other framework. 

The government’s obligation is security. Kennan,

_{Morality and Foreign Policy George F.} Kennan _{From Foreign Affairs. Winter 1985/86 George F. Kennan is Professor Emeritus at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton.)}
Second, let us recognize that the functions, commitments and moral obligations of governments
AND
need it accept any moral reproach for acting on the basis of them.
The presumed resolutional evaluation of ethics comes prior to individual assessments of morality.

Second is policy-making:

Role playing is key to real-world problem-solving. Gonzales,

Gonzales, Angelo, Ph.D. Candidate, Travers Department of Political Science, University of California at Berkeley, "Teaching American Political Institutions Using Role Playing Simulations," Feb 22, http://www.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/2/4/5/6/3/pages245631/p245631-1.php)
The observation that organizational actors can play multiple roles in political institutions is important from
AND
these organizations that are so central to the American political system~s~. 

Debate ballots lack political significance.  No one outside the community will be able to interoperate the performance, meaning that its socially meaningless. SO the best thing we can do is develop the educational skills necessary to challenge the oppression in the real world. 

And, education is the terminal impact of debate and the only reason debate is valuable and gets school funding so prefer the most educational standard on a theoretical level. And, prefer real-world education because it is the most valuable form of education as it translates outside the debate space and provides us with portable skills. 

Also key to texuality. Ericson,

_{Jon M}. Ericson _{2003 (Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)}
The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each ~a
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose.
This also means representations and discourse don’t matter in the debate. Because as per the text of the resolution, the whole debate is about whether something ought to occur. 

Policy-making means Util especially in the question of the resolution. Woller,

Woller", A Forum on the Role of Environmental Ethics, June 1997, pg. 10~
Appeals to a priori moral principles, such as environmental preservation, also often fail
AND
. Good intentions, lofty rhetoric, and moral piety are an insufficient.
Also prefer Util for a policy debate because it’s the only way to evaluate and weigh between impacts. Other moral theories provide no way to compare competing violations.

Thus the standard is maximizing the protection of life.

Thus the plan: Developing countries should ban uranium mining in recognition of their environmental costs. I reserve the right to clarify in CX.

The plan is topical. Mining harms the environment. Nations must ban Uranium mining. Lohrer ’10,

 Lohrer, Helmut. Global call to action for a ban on uranium mining. Aug. 18 2010, INTERNATIONAL PHYSICIANS FOR THE PREVENTION OF NUCLEAR WAR 19th World Congress – Basel, Switzerland. Leading doctor and physician and leader in the IPPNW
Uranium mining contaminates groundwater and radioactivity remains in the heaps, tailings and evaporation ponds
AND
and increase pressure globally to force a change?over to renewable energies.

?

Advantage: Terrorism

Nuclear terrorism is a real threat. Kirkham and Kuperman ’13,

Kirkham, Lara. Kuperman, Alan PHD. Protecting U.S. Nuclear Facilities from Terrorist Attack: Re-assessing the Current "Design Basis Threat" Approach. Nuclear Proliferation Prevention Project LBJ School of Public Affairs University of Texas at Austin. Aug, 15 2013
In particular, a terrorist detonation of a nuclear weapon would be locally devastating in
AND
a public park and then alerted reporters, to demonstrate their capability.25

African mines are uniquely vulnerable. Handwerger ’13,

Handwerger, Jeb. "Terrorism Attack On Areva Uranium Mine Raises Security Of Supply Concerns", Seeking Alpha". Inverstors news source, Gold Stock Trades Editor Jeb Handwerger is a highly sought-after stock analyst syndicated internationally and known throughout the financial industry for his accurate and timely analysis of the equities markets, particularly the metals and mining sector.
Four months ago I warned my readers that the uranium price could breakout due to
AND
too much uncertainty about the security of supply from West Africa right now.

No Impact Defense – Even if it fails causes extinction. Sid-Ahmed,

Sid-Ahmed 2k4 (Mohamed; Fellow at the Middle East Research and Information Project; "Extinction21" Online; http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/705/op5.htm)
A nuclear attack by terrorists will be much more critical than Hiroshima and Nagazaki,
AND
When nuclear pollution infects the whole planet, we will all be losers.

Advantage: Niger

Uranium mining has displaced native Tuareg populations leaving them to suffer. TA,

Tchinagen Association, "The Uranium Curse: Northern Niger’s suffering from its wealth." News File published to expose the harms of uranium mining
Nowadays a large part of the Tuareg people is threatened with death because of world
AND
United Nations Declaration regarding autochthonous populations’ rights, ratified on last September 10th.

The Tuareg struggle to get their land back has resulted in the worst human rights violations and atrocities. TA,

Tchinagen Association, "The Uranium Curse: Northern Niger’s suffering from its wealth." News File published to expose the harms of uranium mining
Defense and security forces have thereby received unlimited powers to respond to the insecurity caused
AND
to discrimination, hostility or violence is and should be prohibited by law9. 

It has also led to food scarcity and lack of access to healthcare which has killed many. TA 3,

Regular violations of the right to water and, consequently, of other rights.
AND
steps to protect the health of its population and to ensure medical assistance21.

Advantage: Colonialism/Resource Wars

Uranium mining has been the unqiue drive behind French imperialism Africa. Their presence and hostility will result in nuclear war. Ismi ’13,

Ismi, Asad "Invasion of Mali is a resource grab, not a war on terrorists", CCPA Monitor; Mar 2013, Vol. 19 Issue 9, p12. Asad Ismi is the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives Monitor’s international affairs correspondent. He is author of the highly acclaimed radio documentary "The Ravaging of Africa," which has been aired on 28 radio stations in Canada, the U.S. and Europe to an audience of about 30 million people.
Mali is rich in gold, uranium, and oil. The country is Africa’s
AND
resource war is aimed at: China, India, and Russia.?

Underview

A. Interpretation: Debaters must disclose all arguments, cases, and positions read in this debate round with the first and last three words of each card and full taglines, on the NDCA LD wiki on the 2014 Jan-Feb topic. This includes theory arguments

1. Clash: This topic is extremely broad with over 150 developing countries to choose from and various forms of environmental policies and resources. This makes Aff’s extremely unpredictable on this topic which is key for the neg to actually engage in the arguments
   2. Disclosure is key to encourage academic integrity and foster better real-world educational behavior. Bietz,
   Bietz, Mike (former President of the National Debate Coaches Association; debate coach at Harvard-Westlake School in Los Angeles.) "The Case for Public Case Disclosure." May 2010.
   3. Academic Integrity The idea of peer review is something that is not only
   AND
   , I really hope you contact me so we can continue the discussion.
   It also encourages topical debate since theory violations are solved before the round. And we can focus on the topic instead of theory

This outweighs on real world education since people get kicked out of college because of plagiarism mistakes

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 7 | Opponent: St Thomas JB | Judge: Aaron Timmons

Uranium Iran

I affirm,

First are the Normative Justifications:

All moral theories collapse into consequentialism. Harris,

Harris, Sam, "Hos Science can Determine Human Values", New York Times Bestselling author,
I believe that we will increasingly understand good and evil, right and wrong,
AND
, therefore, consequences and conscious states remain the foundation of all values.
Thus evaluating consequences would require us to maximize life. Death is the worst consequence because it prevents us from pursuing our values and goals. This also means life is a pre-requisite and a side-constraint on any other framework. 

The government’s obligation is security. Kennan,

_{Morality and Foreign Policy George F.} Kennan _{From Foreign Affairs. Winter 1985/86 George F. Kennan is Professor Emeritus at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton.)}
Second, let us recognize that the functions, commitments and moral obligations of governments
AND
need it accept any moral reproach for acting on the basis of them.
The presumed resolutional evaluation of ethics comes prior to individual assessments of morality.

Second is policy-making:

Role playing is key to real-world problem-solving. Gonzales,

Gonzales, Angelo, Ph.D. Candidate, Travers Department of Political Science, University of California at Berkeley, "Teaching American Political Institutions Using Role Playing Simulations," Feb 22, http://www.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/2/4/5/6/3/pages245631/p245631-1.php)
The observation that organizational actors can play multiple roles in political institutions is important from
AND
these organizations that are so central to the American political system~s~. 

And, education is the terminal impact of debate and the only reason debate is valuable and gets school funding so prefer the most educational standard on a theoretical level. And, prefer real-world education because it is the most valuable form of education as it translates outside the debate space and provides us with portable skills. 

Also key to texuality. Ericson,

_{Jon M}. Ericson _{2003 (Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)}
The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each ~a
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose.
Failure to do a policymaking paradigm is a reason to reject the argument on a theoretical level

Policy-making means Util especially in the question of the resolution. Woller,

Woller", A Forum on the Role of Environmental Ethics, June 1997, pg. 10~
Appeals to a priori moral principles, such as environmental preservation, also often fail
AND
. Good intentions, lofty rhetoric, and moral piety are an insufficient.
Also prefer Util for a policy debate because it’s the only way to evaluate and weigh between impacts.

Thus the standard is maximizing the protection of life.

Thus the plan: Developing countries should ban uranium mining in recognition of their environmental costs. I reserve the right to clarify in CX.

The plan is topical. Mining harms the environment. Nations must ban Uranium mining. Lohrer ’10,

 Lohrer, Helmut. Global call to action for a ban on uranium mining. Aug. 18 2010, INTERNATIONAL PHYSICIANS FOR THE PREVENTION OF NUCLEAR WAR 19th World Congress – Basel, Switzerland. Leading doctor and physician and leader in the IPPNW
Uranium mining contaminates groundwater and radioactivity remains in the heaps, tailings and evaporation ponds
AND
and increase pressure globally to force a change?over to renewable energies.

Advantage: Iran

Previous sanctions have caused Iran to turn inwards for nuclear materials. Their mining is uniquely fueling current production. BBC ’13,

BBC News Middle East, Iran announces uranium finds and power plant expansion, Feb. 23, 2013, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-21559861
Under an array of sanctions, Iran has had to find independent means to build
AND
Iran might be coming close to using up its supplies of raw uranium.

First is Uniqueness,

1. U.S. Congress has reached a veto-proof majority to implement sanctions. Cohen ’14,

Cohen, Tom. Clock ticking on Iran talks, possible further U.S. sanctions. Jan 13, 2014. CNN, CNN Wire news editor at CNN Past: Media Relations Director at Conservation International, Newsman, Editor, Correspondent, Bureau Chief at The Associated Press
Washington (CNN) — The clock is ticking on an interim nuclear deal with
AND
-led House would have a much easier time of reaching that threshold.

New sanctions will kill the deal and spur nuclear production. Mostaghim ’13,

Mostaghim, Ramin. Most Iranian lawmakers back nuclear speedup if U.S. adds sanctions http://www.latimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-iran-parliament-nuclear-sanctions-20131229,0,4436778.story~23ixzz2pZUtEEt8-http://www.latimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-iran-parliament-nuclear-sanctions-20131229,0,4436778.story. Dec. 29, 2013. Tehran-based special correspondent
More than two-thirds of the Iranian parliament has signed on to a bill
AND
no doubt," Araqchi said, according to the Iranian Student News Agency.

2. And even if sanctions don’t pass, the final deal will inevitably fail due to conflicting goals leaving Israel to take final measure-actions. Rubin ’14,

Rubin, Jennifer. "Iran Negotiations Train Wreck Ahead". Jan 24, 2014. Washingtonpost
The last time a liberal (Sen. Max Baucus of Montana) warned about
AND
need to act in its own defense and in defense of the West.

If the deal fails, Israel will strike regardless of whether nuclear weapons are produced. Hibbs ’13,

Hibbs 13 Mark. senior associate in Carnegie’s Nuclear Policy Program.¶ "In Heavy Water-Iran’s Potential Plutonium Production - Carnegie Endowment for International Peace." Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. N.p., 12 Sept. 2013. Web. 02 Oct. 2013. http://carnegieendowment.org/2013/09/12/in-heavy-water-iran-s-potential-plutonium-production/gnf3?reloadFlag=1.
Despite undergoing some delays, Iran’s construction of a new heavy water reactor to the
AND
well as an assessment of the proliferation risks posed by the reactor itself.¶ 

The brink is now. The deal controls the impact. Frager ’14,

Frager, Joseph. PHD, 1/9/2014, How It Might All Go Down, Prominent Middle-Eastern
According to former Prime Minister of Israel, Ehud Olmert, Israel has already spent
AND
let out its steam. Iran is the direction the steam will travel.

This will trigger global nuclear war. Hunter ’12,

Hunter, Greg. Consequences of Iran-Israel War, Feb. 21, 2012. http://usawatchdog.com/consequences-of-iran-israel-war/-http://usawatchdog.com/consequences-of-iran-israel-war/, investigative correspondent for CNN, ABC News
The latest headline proves, once again, Iran and Israel are moving closer to
AND
it doesn’t matter whether you think invasion is a good idea or not. 

Advantage: Niger

Uranium mining has displaced native Tuareg populations leaving them to suffer. TA,

Tchinagen Association, "The Uranium Curse: Northern Niger’s suffering from its wealth." News File published to expose the harms of uranium mining
Nowadays a large part of the Tuareg people is threatened with death because of world
AND
United Nations Declaration regarding autochthonous populations’ rights, ratified on last September 10th.

Underview

A. Interpretation: Debaters must disclose all cases, and positions read in this debate round with the first and last three words of each card and full taglines, on the NDCA LD wiki on the 2014 Jan-Feb topic under their name. This includes theory arguments

1. Clash:
   This topic is extremely broad with over 150 developing countries to choose from makes aff unpredictable k2 have neg engage and need neg to disclose for aff to engage

2. Disclosure is key to encourage academic integrity and foster better real-world educational behavior. Bietz,
Bietz, Mike (former President of the National Debate Coaches Association; debate coach at Harvard-Westlake School in Los Angeles.) "The Case for Public Case Disclosure." May 2010.
3. Academic Integrity The idea of peer review is something that is not only
AND
, I really hope you contact me so we can continue the discussion.
This outweighs on real world education since people get kicked out of college because of plagiarism mistakes

3. It also encourages topical debate since theory violations are solved before the round. And we can focus on the topic instead of theory

Tournament: Colleyville | Round: 3 | Opponent: Varad Agarwala | Judge: Halli Tripe
Advantage 1 is Indo-Pak War
Timeframe of water war between Pakistan and India is within one year- shared rivers flow through India first.
Ihsan Quadir “Experts say future water scarcity threatens Pakistan” UPI Business News September 13, 2013
LAHORE, Pakistan, Sept. ...  war over water.

Thein Dam built in India is currently used for water extraction in the country, but the dam severely limits recharge to Aquifers in Pakistan. This has the potential to cause these conflicts.
Muhammad Basharat 1 and, Sultan Ahmad Rizvi 2 “GROUNDWATER EXTRACTION AND WASTE WATER DISPOSAL REGULATION – IS LAHORE AQUIFER AT STAKE WITH AS USUAL APPROACH?” 1. Senior Engineer (WAPDA, Lahore). 2. Ph.D. Scholar (UET, Lahore).
The biggest setback due ... well No CL XX UB/1 (Figure 3). 

India and Pakistan’s nuclear capabilities when in conflict will lead to extinction.
Fai, 2001 (Dr. Ghulam, Executive Director of the Washington-based Kashmiri American Council, a non-profit organization dedicated to increasing knowledge; Editor-in-Chief of the Washington-based Kashmir Report; founding chairman of the London-based International Institute of Kashmir Studies; founding chairman of the UK-based Kashmir Press International; Ph.D. in mass communications from Temple University, Pennsylvania, and an M.A. from the Aligarh University in India; addressed the 46th thru 56th Sessions of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR) at Geneva; invited by the European Parliament to present a briefing paper for "Kashmir Round- Table," held in Brussels in October 1993, “India Pakistan Summit and the Issue of Kashmir”, July 8th, 2001. Washington Times.)
The foreign policy ... Fissile Material/Cut-off Convention.

Advantage 2 is South African Terrorism
Water politics in a state of scarcity in Pakistan uniquely triggers corruption and bureaucratization within the Pakistani government.
Medha Bisht “Water Sector in Pakistan: Policy, Politics, Management” Institute for Defense Studies Analysis  monograph series April 2013
While spatial spread ... fund international terrorism. 

South Africa is uniquely at risk for nuclear terror
Bunn 2k8 (Matthew; Professor of Practice at Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government. His research interests include nuclear theft and terrorism; “The Risk of Nuclear Terrorism and Next Steps to Reduce the Danger” Online; http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/bunn-nuclear-terror-risk-test-08.pdf)
MR. CHAIRMAN AND ... from an insider.

They will strike the US – Its not a question of “if” but “when” - Nuclear material in South Africa is loose and easy to obtain.
Bunn 2k8 (Matthew; Professor of Practice at Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government. His research interests include nuclear theft and terrorism; “The Risk of Nuclear Terrorism and Next Steps to Reduce the Danger” Online; http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/bunn-nuclear-terror-risk-test-08.pdf)
Do terrorists want ... extraordinarily difficult challenge.

No Impact Defense – Even if it fails nuclear terror causes extinction.
Sid-Ahmed 2k4 (Mohamed; Fellow at the Middle East Research and Information Project; “Extinction!” Online; http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/705/op5.htm)
A nuclear attack by terrorists... we will all be losers.

Underview
On the 2014 January-February LD topic, the negative must advocate the converse of the resolution in that resource extraction is prioritized over environment protection providing a positive obligation not to intervene
Key to Textuality as the strongest internal to fairness and edu (Analytical justification)

Under a state of moral uncertainty, we default to prevention of existential risk.
Nick Bostrom Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School  University of Oxford Global Policy, Vol 4, Issue 1 (2013): 15-3
These reflections on ... any existential catastrophe.

Some discourse I’m forced to use, so don’t punish me for using it. If my opponent doesn’t want me to say certain words, and it’s within my ability to not say it, I won’t say it.

Note: I have like 5 different util frameworks, and I often read combinations of those frameworks. If you have a question about it, contact me on facebook (my name is Jason FriedRice) or email me (jason21yang@yahoo.com). I would love to discuss why util is trutil

Tournament: UC Berkeley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Presentation MS | Judge: Erik Legried

Berkeley 1AC

the standard is maximizing protection of life

Text: The governments of Peru and Ecuador will both ban all forms of oil drilling in the Amazon Rainforest in Yasuní National Park Region- which is Northern Peru and southeastern Ecuador.

I’m topical- Oil drilling in the Yasuní region is uniquely detrimental to the environment through deforestation and pollution.

_Eric Chivan and _Rigoberta Menchu _{"Testing the World’s resolve to save the Amazon"  ABC Environment October 7, 2011 http://www.abc.net.au/environment/articles/2011/10/07/3334447.htm}
Yet in Yasuní, a tragic tradeoff between man and his environment looms.¶ Amid
AND
plan, Ecuador would emerge as an international model for sustainable energy policy.

 Advantage: Disease

Continued deforestation for purposes of drilling in the western Amazon (which is the Yasuni Region) will greatly increase the population of the Limatus and Wyeomyia breeds of mosquitoes, which both serve as major vectors of the Bunyamwera-group viruses

_{STEPHEN P.} YANOVIAK _{Ecological Society of America  "DEFORESTATION ALTERS PHYTOTELM HABITAT AVAILABILITY AND MOSQUITO PRODUCTION IN THE PERUVIAN AMAZON" Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555 USA 2006}
Our results show that typical deforestation and subsequent land use for subsistence agriculture in the
AND
. 1997, a, b, Mercer and Castillo-Pizango 2005).

This particular virus class is currently very rare, there’s no cure, and it has the capability to generate new reassortments constantly through nature.

_Danielle Focosi _{"Homo Sapiens Diseases- Subcellular life forms" UFRUGS University in Brazil 2012 http://www.ufrgs.br/imunovet/molecular_immunology/pathoviruses.htm}
Orthobunyavirus ~Bunyamwera, town in Uganda where the type species was isolated~ :
AND
special request at CDC (through state health departments) and selected reference laboratories

The Current situation with rapidly mutating diseases make it very difficult, if not impossible to prevent its spread and cure the disease which would easily lead to extinction.

_{RICHARD A.} POSNER _{"Catastrophe, Risk and Response" Oxford University Press 2004}
Progress made by modern medicine in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, develop-
AND
person shortens the time during which he or she can infect other people.

 Advantage: BioD

The Yasuni forest is key to the Amazon Biodiversity

_{"Global Conservation Significance of Ecuador’s Yasuní National Park" ¶ Margot S.} Bass et al_{,¶ Matt Finer mail,¶ Clinton N. Jenkins,¶ Holger Kreft,¶ Diego F. Cisneros-Heredia,¶ Shawn F. McCracken,¶ Nigel C. A. Pitman,¶ Peter H. English,¶ Kelly Swing,¶ Gorky Villa,¶ Anthony Di Fiore,¶ Christian C. Voigt,¶ Thomas H. Kunz January 19, 2010}
Peres ~143~ argues that large (at least 10,000 km2)
AND
~, ~31~, suggesting that its legal designation has significant conservation value.

The status quo plans of oil blocks happen to cover the MOST BIODIVERSE areas of the western amazon- where all the oil presumably is.

ENN _{Public Library of Science "Oil and gas projects in western Amazon threaten biodiversity and indigenous peoples" August 13, 2008 http://www.enn.com/ecosystems/article/37915} 
The western Amazon, home to the most biodiverse and intact rainforest left on Earth
AND
and gas blocks do overlap a variety of other types of protected areas.

These kinds of development are what cause loss of biodiversity. East Ecuador and North Peru are especially in danger. Now is key

_Matt Finer et al _{1*, Clinton N. Jenkins2, Stuart L. Pimm2, Brian Keane3, Carl Ross1 "Oil and Gas Projects in the Western Amazon: Threats to Wilderness, Biodiversity, and Indigenous Peoples" 1 Save America’s Forests, Washington D. C., United States of America, 2 Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America, 3 Land Is Life, Somerville, Massachusetts, United States of America PLoS ONE 3(8): e2932. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002932 2008}
Oil and gas development in the western Amazon cause major environmental and social impacts.
AND
in regards to actions of the area’s local or indigenous peoples ~52~

Yasuni biodiversity would be destroyed uniquely by the project that Ecuador and Peru are about to implement- this one requires a lot of destruction in particular.

_{"Global Conservation Significance of Ecuador’s Yasuní National Park" ¶ Margot S.} Bass et al_{,¶ Matt Finer mail,¶ Clinton N. Jenkins,¶ Holger Kreft,¶ Diego F. Cisneros-Heredia,¶ Shawn F. McCracken,¶ Nigel C. A. Pitman,¶ Peter H. English,¶ Kelly Swing,¶ Gorky Villa,¶ Anthony Di Fiore,¶ Christian C. Voigt,¶ Thomas H. Kunz January 19, 2010}
Explicit in the messaging of the Yasun ??-ITT Initiative was the recognition of
AND
to one of the most intact portions of the Ecuadorian Amazon ~13~.

Protection of the Yasuni is the only way to make Amazon BioD resilient over the long term

_{"Global Conservation Significance of Ecuador’s Yasuní National Park" ¶ Margot S.} Bass et al_{,¶ Matt Finer mail,¶ Clinton N. Jenkins,¶ Holger Kreft,¶ Diego F. Cisneros-Heredia,¶ Shawn F. McCracken,¶ Nigel C. A. Pitman,¶ Peter H. English,¶ Kelly Swing,¶ Gorky Villa,¶ Anthony Di Fiore,¶ Christian C. Voigt,¶ Thomas H. Kunz January 19, 2010}
Furthermore, Yasun ?? may serve as a refuge for Amazonian species responding to climate
AND
would be needed between Yasun ?? and these parks to allow upslope migrations.

Amazonian BioD is on the brink. Loss of BioD leads to multiple scenarios of Econ Collapse, Agricultural collapse, Technology Collapse, War, and Biodiversity loss on a global scale. The impact is extinction

_{Prof. Patricia} Howard "_{Tipping Points and Biodiversity Change: Consequences for Human Wellbeing and Challenges for Science and Policy" University of Kent (UK) and Wageningen University (NL) March 2011}
Many scientists now predict that much of the Amazon basin region could surpass a tipping
AND
value is not amenable to easy quantification (Ibid: 74-75).

Underview

On the 2014 January-February LD topic, the negative must advocate the converse of the resolution in that resource extraction is prioritized over environment protection providing a positive obligation not to intervene

Key to Textuality 

And, Aff is skewed by the 7-4 timing

 neg must weigh theory violations against this time skew,

Presume aff

75 wins in TOC outrounds 

Under a state of moral uncertainty, we default to prevention of existential risk.

_Nick Bostrom _{Faculty of Philosophy 26 Oxford Martin School  University of Oxford ~Global Policy, Vol 4, Issue 1 (2013): 15-3}
These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential
AND
of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.

Tournament: TFA State | Round: 1 | Opponent: Dont Remember | Judge: Paul Dorasil

Baudrillard K Aff

Framework

I value justice as the resolution asks the question of a just action. However, the lens in which we evaluate what’s just or not has been destroyed by the Hyper Real…

The modern age has culminated in a structural revolution of value—no longer is everything assigned a unique function and responsibility instead use-value exists without any referential to a real object. Much of economics has become the self-referential simulacra of value devoid of any goal or purpose other than the perpetuation of self-imposed value and a state of infinite utility.

Baudrillard 76 (Jean, Symbolic Exchange and Death, p. 6-7 Sage Publication 1976)
Saussure located two dimensions to the exchange of terms of the langue, which he
AND
the word) of the real of production and the real of signification .

The virtual catastrophe reduces the body to a diseased object in need of protection and insurance, making life nothing more than a process of continual mortification

Baudrillard 76 (Jean, smart Frenchy, Symbolic Exchange and Death, pp. 177-180, Sage Publications)
Security is another form of social control, in the form of life blackmailed with
AND
doleful, defensive book-keeping, locking every risk into its sarcophagus.
Even the political has become simulated and commodified – images of mass violence and suffering are manipulated into formlessness. Fighting flaws within the simulation only recycles base truths that give new energy to the simulation. Only an exhaustion of the simulation through potlatch from the interior can break through. My 1AC is a prior question.
Baudrillard _{1983 (Jean, In the Shadow of the Silent Majorities or The End of the Social and Other Essays.  Pages 30-48)}
The mass realizes that the paradox of being both an object of simulation (it
AND
always more, and anything whatsoever; for any useless and absurd purpose."

Thus the standard is rupturing the Catastrophe Market

And you as the judge have an obligation to endorse criticism of dominate power structures like this

_{Richard Wyn} Jones, _{Professor International Politics @ Aberystwyth University, Security, Strategy, and Critical Theory, p. 155-163 1999}
The central political task of the intellectuals is to aid in the construction of a
AND
intellectual progress of the mass and not only of small intellectual groups. (

I contend that the Political Condition of the catastrophe given by states is unjust.

Contention

The "Political Conditions" we place on Humanitarian aid aren’t simply policies ie. If you reform the government, you get food. It’s a symbolic catastrophe exchange- we give charity to these countries so we can feel whole and feel purpose. The real condition is the returned feeling of being whole and feeling of purpose from these foreign countries

Baudrillard _{94 ~Jean, "The Illusion of the End" p. 66-71~ Baudrillard is a cool dude.}
We have long denounced the capitalistic, economic exploitation of the poverty of the ’other
AND
by fate, it will prefer to stage its own death as a species
The exchange of values has permeated all aspects of life. The market has taken on a life of its own. Humanity has fallen prey to their own machine, objects, things to be exchanged. This is the hell of the equal.
Baldwin _{12 - Volume 9, Number 3 (October 2012), Potlatch Politics – Baudrillard’s Gift, Jon Baldwin, (London Metropolitan University, UK), International Journal of Baudrillard Studies}
In his Philosophy of Money, Simmel describes the effect of the development of money
AND
to the blinding beauty of this world" (Bataille 2001: 210).

Sure, we’re getting raw materials, we’re getting influence in other countries from conditions, and we’re so called "fixing" these catastrophes with aid- but the REAL catastrophe is going on in our minds.

_Michael Shapiro, _{an interdisciplinary thinker who studied science-technology at MIT and philosophy-history-literature at Cornell University (Alan N., 8/25/11, Jean Baudrillard and Doomsday: On Louis Arnoux’s "Catastrophe Warning" Discourse, http://www.alan-shapiro.com/baudrillard-and-doomsday-on-louis-arnouxE28099s-E2809Ccatastrophe-warningE2809D-discourse/)}
In the second essay of The Illusion of the End, "The reversal of
AND
even scientists can be subject to mythic thinking. (Geis, 29)

Tournament: TFA State | Round: 6 | Opponent: Dulles KS | Judge: Chris Castillo

Advantage: Pakistan

Inherency: Squo system policy of aid with Pakistan involves conditions and doesn’t sending directly to Pakistan

_{The Susan B.}Epstein and_{Specialist in Foreign Policy K. Alan}Kronstadt_{Specialist in South Asian Affairs "Pakistan: U.S. Foreign Assistance" Congressional Research Service July 1, 2013}
A key aspect of the Obama Administration’s early approach to Pakistan was an intention to
AND
strongly encouraged the 111th Congress to pass a newer version of that legislation.

Conditions lead to overall instability in the region and makes it harder to give aid because it paints the US as a unreliable partner politically and leads to collapse

_{Susan B}. Epstein and _{Specialist in Foreign Policy K. Alan} Kronstadt _{Specialist in South Asian Affairs "Pakistan: U.S. Foreign Assistance" Congressional Research Service July 1, 2013 Congressional Research Service CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress}
One idea long floated in foreign assistance critiques is the "conditioning" of aid
AND
the most appropriate projects and then following through, not changing midcourse."70

Collapse independently leads to extinction

_Dan Twining_{"Pakistan and the Nuclear Nightmare" September 4, 2013 http://shadow.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/09/04/pakistan_and_the_nuclear_nightmare}
The Washington Post has revealed the intense concern of the U.S. intelligence
AND
covering Pakistan will continue to lose sleep for a long time to come.

And these conditions also foster corruption and encourages Pakistan to build up its army to attack india

_{The Susan B.}Epstein and_{Specialist in Foreign Policy K. Alan}Kronstadt_{Specialist in South Asian Affairs "Pakistan: U.S. Foreign Assistance" Congressional Research Service July 1, 2013}
A reliance on foreign contractors may have fueled significant resentment among Pakistanis who saw them
AND
S. aid primarily through Pakistani government agencies rather than through NGOs.97
~Either A) Radical groups can take these weapons and attack foreign countries, or B) Pakistan uses these weapons to attack india.~

And any Indo-Pak Conflict goes nuclear and leads to extinction

Fai, 2001 (Dr. Ghulam, Executive Director of the Washington-based
AND
and the Issue of Kashmir", July 8th, 2001. Washington Times.)
The foreign policy of the United States in South Asia should move from the lackadaisical
AND
an inclination to ratify an impending Fissile Material/Cut-off Convention.

Pakistan is a hotbed for international terror – Specifically South African terror cells for terrorist financing

Soloman _{2k11 (Hussein; Fellow at The International Centre for the Study of Radicalization; "Terrorist Financing in South Africa" Online; http://icsr.info/2011/03/terrorist-financing-in-south-africa/-http://icsr.info/2011/03/terrorist-financing-in-south-africa/)}
John Solomon makes clear why international terrorists find South Africa so attractive, ’With
AND
crime, fraud and siphoning off millions of rands to fund international terrorism. 

South Africa is uniquely at risk for nuclear terror

Bunn _{2k8 (Matthew; Professor of Practice at Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government. His research interests include nuclear theft and terrorism; "The Risk of Nuclear Terrorism and Next Steps to Reduce the Danger" Online; http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/bunn-nuclear-terror-risk-test-08.pdf)}
MR. CHAIRMAN AND MEMBERS OF THE COMMITTEE: It is an honor to be
AND
including two teams of armed attackers, possibly with cooperation from an insider.

They will strike the US – Its not a question of "if" but "when" - Nuclear material in South Africa is loose and easy to obtain.

Bunn _{2k8 (Matthew; Professor of Practice at Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government. His research interests include nuclear theft and terrorism; "The Risk of Nuclear Terrorism and Next Steps to Reduce the Danger" Online; http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/bunn-nuclear-terror-risk-test-08.pdf)}
Do terrorists want nuclear weapons? For a small set of terrorists, the answer
AND
interdict these as they cross national borders, is an extraordinarily difficult challenge.

No Impact Defense – Even if it fails nuclear terror causes extinction.

Sid-Ahmed _{2k4 (Mohamed; Fellow at the Middle East Research and Information Project; "Extinction21" Online; http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/705/op5.htm)}
A nuclear attack by terrorists will be much more critical than Hiroshima and Nagazaki,
AND
When nuclear pollution infects the whole planet, we will all be losers.

Tournament: TFA | Round: 3 | Opponent: Strake John Sasso | Judge: Steven Babb

Indo Pak War Adv

Inherency: Squo system policy of aid with Pakistan involves conditions and doesn’t sending directly to Pakistan

_{The Susan B.}Epstein and_{Specialist in Foreign Policy K. Alan}Kronstadt_{Specialist in South Asian Affairs "Pakistan: U.S. Foreign Assistance" Congressional Research Service July 1, 2013}
A key aspect of the Obama Administration’s early approach to Pakistan was an intention to
AND
strongly encouraged the 111th Congress to pass a newer version of that legislation.

And these conditions also foster corruption and encourages Pakistan to build up its army to attack india

_{The Susan B.}Epstein and_{Specialist in Foreign Policy K. Alan}Kronstadt_{Specialist in South Asian Affairs "Pakistan: U.S. Foreign Assistance" Congressional Research Service July 1, 2013}
A reliance on foreign contractors may have fueled significant resentment among Pakistanis who saw them
AND
S. aid primarily through Pakistani government agencies rather than through NGOs.97
~Either A) Radical groups can take these weapons and attack foreign countries, or B) Pakistan uses these weapons to attack india.~

And any Indo-Pak Conflict goes nuclear and leads to extinction

Fai, _{2001 (Dr. Ghulam, Executive Director of the Washington-based Kashmiri American Council, a non-profit organization dedicated to increasing knowledge; Editor-in-Chief of the Washington-based Kashmir Report; founding chairman of the London-based International Institute of Kashmir Studies; founding chairman of the UK-based Kashmir Press International; Ph.D. in mass communications from Temple University, Pennsylvania, and an M.A. from the Aligarh University in India; addressed the 46th thru 56th Sessions of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR) at Geneva; invited by the European Parliament to present a briefing paper for "Kashmir Round- Table," held in Brussels in October 1993, "India Pakistan Summit and the Issue of Kashmir", July 8th, 2001. Washington Times.)}
The foreign policy of the United States in South Asia should move from the lackadaisical
AND
an inclination to ratify an impending Fissile Material/Cut-off Convention.

Tournament: TFA STATE | Round: 9 | Opponent: Supposed to break on Outrounds I guess not LOL | Judge: Potato

The United States is obligated to an aid package to Ukraine because of a conditional aid deal with Ukraine. Absent the conditions on this treaty, they wouldn’t have to send it.

Robert Stephen Mathers “The Denuclearization of Ukraine and its Application Elsewhere” Harvard University School of Economics Cambridge, Massachusetts May 2003
Ukranian officials believed that the
AND
Ukraine’s main concerns were finally met

Text: The United States Federal Government should not send the organized Conditional Aid Package through the IMF to Ukraine through severing out of the 1994 agreement with Ukraine to send aid when threatened by a foreign country. I reserve the right to clarify any Theory Violations and Implementation in CX.

And even if I have to prove the resolution true as a descriptive statement, my offense is still a reason to affirm because it gives reasons for why the political conditioned aid in 1994 is bad because it would eventually lead to these bad consequences. And if they prove I can’t parametricize, it’s just a reason to give them links to generic arguments which would solve all their offense.

Advantage: Russia War

The US is currently organizing an aid package through the IMF, which involves conditioned aid. It’s planned happen THIS SUNDAY.

AFP _{"G7 promises robust aid package for Ukraine" Times of India | Mar 3, 2014, 09.28 AM IST http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/G7-promises-robust-aid-package-for-Ukraine/articleshow/31320062.cms}
NEW YORK: The finance ministers of the world’s top industrialized countries promised a firm
AND
economic potential and allow Ukraine’s people to better achieve their economic aspirations." ¶ 

Any new attempts at giving more conditional aid will fail and likely will result with war between the Russia and the US- the brink is now Putin has said so HIMSELF. That’s a 100 chance of probability.

_Peter Apps_{"Ukraine crisis gives NATO, West no good options" Reuters News LONDON Sun Mar 2, 2014 10:27am EST http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/02/us-ukraine-crisis-west-analysis-idUSBREA210G420140302}
(Reuters) - With Western powers increasingly concluding Ukraine has lost Crimea to Russia
AND
in (Russia’s) western military district they are in a strong position."

The funds are only going to make conflicts worse with Russia.

IST _{InSerbia Team "Ukrainian MP Threatens Russia With Nuclear Weapons" InSerbia Independent News March 1, 2014 http://inserbia.info/news/2014/03/ukrainian-mp-threatens-russia-with-nuclear-weapons/ ~edited for offensive language~}
"We’ll regain our status as a nuclear power and that’ll change the conversation.
AND
and whose sole goal is the destruction of Russia," Draitser told RT.

Ukraine’s nukes are still there- and even if they aren’t, mere perception still encourages conflict. Either Russia Strikes, or Ukraine does. The first will trigger the other.

_SERGIY KONDRATOV, _{INSTITUTE OF NATIONAL SECURITY PROBLEMS "Ukraine’s efforts to counter nuclear proliferation and combat nuclear terrorism" Paper presented at the SIPRI conference Promoting Ukraine’s integration into European security cooperation Stockholm, 21–22 June 2010} 
As argued before, Ukraine played an important role in the 2010 Nuclear Security Summit
AND
to join NATO, Yushchenko refused to remove the HEU from the country.

A war between US and Russia is the ONLY extinction level conflict

Bostrom _{2 (Nick, PhD and Professor of Philosophy @ Oxford, "Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards," The Journal of Evolution and Technology, March)}
A much greater existential risk emerged with the build-up of nuclear arsenals in
AND
preludes to the existential risks that we will encounter in the 21st century.

Advantage: European Energy

Recent energy relations between Ukraine and Russia are tenuous—The EU needs Ukrainian pipelines to sustain.

Henley on March 3, (John, journalist for the Guardian, 3/3/2014, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/03/europes-gas-supply-ukraine-crisis-russsia-pipelines)
Last December, Ukraine’s now-deposed, pro-Moscow president Viktor Yanukovych ~
AND
gas pressure in their own pipelines was down by as much as 30.

US interference in Ukraine means Putin turns off the oil faucet, causing EU energy price spikes which spill over to global oil shocks.

Vinik _{on March 2nd, (Danny, journalist for the New Republic, 3/2/14, http://www.newrepublic.com/article/116821/ukraine-crisis-economic-impact-could-include-high-gas-prices)}
With Russian troops seizing-http://www.newrepublic.com/article/116817/ukraine-news-roundup-march-2-2014 Crimea, the chance of an armed conflict in Ukraine is
AND
take a bite out of consumers’ disposable income, hurting the entire economy.

Oil shocks to any degree open multiple scenarios for nuclear war.

Lendman _{07, ((Research Associate of the Centre for Research on Globalization. ~Stephen Lendman, "Resource Wars - Can We Survive Them?," Rense.com, 6-6-7, pg. http://www.rense.com/general76/resrouce.htm~~)}
With the world’s energy supplies finite, the US heavily dependent on imports, and
AND
, or at least a big part of it, would have survived.

Tournament: Nov Dec | Round: 1 | Opponent: Someone | Judge: Someone
Thus the Plan Text: The United States Criminal Justice System should violate the attorney client privilege for corporations in the face of environmental disaster. I reserve the right to clarify in CX
Advantage 1 is Nuclear Meltdowns

?Preventing attorney-client confidentiality checks the Nuclear Industry, which solves nuclear meltdowns.?2 Wash Russel L. Rev. 409 1997¶ CRIES AND WHISPERS: ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS,¶ MODEL RULE 1.6, AND THE ATTORNEY'S¶ CONFLICTING DUTIES TO CLIENTS AND OTHERS¶ Irma S. Russell' Assistant Professor of Law, University of Memphis?
confidentiality occupies such...interest of public safety

Nuclear Meltdowns mean extinction
?(Stephen Lendman, Research Associate of the Centre for Research on Globalization, 03/ 13, “Nuclear Meltdown in Japan,”, The People’s Voice http://www.thepeoplesvoice.org/TPV3/Voices.php/2011/03/13/nuclear-meltdown-in-japan, accessed 8-2-12, RSR
)?The 1995 kobe...an apocalyptic event
Advantage 2 is Oil
?The EPA can’t enforce their rules for oil spills, empirics prove.
?Jason M. Lemkin “Deterring Environmental Crime through Flexible Sentencing: A Proposal for the New Organizational Environmental Sentencing Guidelines” California Law Review , Vol. 84, No. 2 (Mar., 1996), pp. 307-376
?environmental crimes committed...in deterring noncompliance

BP used attorney client privilege to hide the real amount of oil spilled.
 ?Michael Kunzelman “BP trial looks at how much oil spilled from well” The Boston Globe October 1 2013
?BP lied to...killed 11 workers

Environmental Auditing allows for environmental organizations to enforce their rules, which would solve hazardous spills
?Jason M. Lemkin “Deterring Environmental Crime through Flexible Sentencing: A Proposal for the New Organizational Environmental Sentencing Guidelines” California Law Review , Vol. 84, No. 2 (Mar., 1996), pp. 307-376
?EPA, DOJ, and...of environmental authorities

Scenario 1 Ocean Biodiversity
?Oil spills destroy multiple keystone species: Crabs, Killifish, and Dolphins. Impacts can only get worse.?
George Washington “2 Years After the BP Oil Spill, Is the Gulf Ecosystem Collapsing?” Zero Hedge Environment 4/18/2012
?Felder in the..their crab traps
Loss of Ocean BioD means Extinction
?Craig Attorneys’ Title Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Environmental Programs at Florida State University  (Robin Kundis Craig, “ARTICLE: Taking Steps Toward Marine Wilderness Protection? Fishing and Coral Reef Marine Reserves in Florida and Hawaii,” McGeorge Law Review, Winter 2003, 34 McGeorge L. Rev. 155)
?ocean ecosystems play...in the world

Resiliency is wrong specifically for the Gulf of Mexico—any shock can be the tipping point
?Craig ’11 – Attorneys’ Title Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Environmental Programs at Florida State University?
ecosystems can exist...first sense resilience

Scenario 2 is Warming
?Oil Spills can only get worse and have a strong internal link to Climate Change and Global Warming.?
Thomas Fuller Environmental Policy Expert for The Examiner “Global warming: The Gulf oil spill and climate change” The Examiner May 30, 2010
?climate science, being...fact environmental tragedies

Warming holds the strongest internal link to extinction
?Deibel ’07—Prof IR @ National War College (Terry, “Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic for American Statecraft,” Conclusion: American Foreign Affairs Strategy Today)?
what was once...challenges to shame

Underview?
The negative must prove the exact converse of the resolution in that attorney client privilege is taken above truth seeking providing a positive obligation not to intervene.?Key to Textuality as the resolution clearly exposes two competing values, and Predictability because there are millions of ways to just negate the aff, whether it be the K, DA, CP, Skep, a priori shitstorms, etc. which puts me at an infinite to one structural advantage. And Reciprocity, the aff is bound to the positive of the resolution so the negative should advocate the opposite of that.

Under a state of moral uncertainty, we default to prevention of existential risk.?
Nick Bostrom Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School  University of Oxford Global Policy, Vol 4, Issue 1 (2013): 15-3
?we may not...any existential catastrophe?
This means when the round triggers "presumption" or "skepticism", default to whoever best prevents existential risk because that's what we default to when there's nothing else to do and we're "morall uncertain".

Attorney client privilege does not exist for corporations
?Elizabeth G. Thornburg, Associate Professor of Law, Southern Methodist University, "Sanctifying Secrecy: The Mythology of the Corporate Attorney-Client Privilege", Notre Dame Law Review, Vol. 69, 1993.?
attorney client privacy...of the corporation

Tournament: Nov Dec | Round: 1 | Opponent: Someone | Judge: Someone
Plan Text: The United States Criminal Justice System should adopt a system of Truth Commissions to for Native Americans to expose the nature of Native American oppression work to prevent it.
Advantage 1: Silence
Root Cause of Native American oppression is lack of a voice in society
Joanna Rice and Eduardo Gonzales 1 International center for Transitional Justice “TRUTH AND MEMORY Strengthening Indigenous Rights through Truth Commissions: A Practitioner’s Resource”
Indigenous peoples are...the political arena

Citizens of the US are either ignorant or deny oppression against Native Americans. This means that publicity is KEY.
Rose Weston 1Candidate for J.D., 2002, University of Arizona James E. Rogers College of Law; M.S.W., 1991, Arizona State University.
the government has...by many citizens

Truth seeking encourages natives to speak for themselves
Joanna Rice and Eduardo Gonzales International center for Transitional Justice “TRUTH AND MEMORY Strengthening Indigenous Rights through Truth Commissions: A Practitioner’s Resource”
Truth commissions can...perpetrators and victims

This is key to allow Native Americans to have a voice in society?
Joanna Rice and Eduardo Gonzales International center for Transitional Justice “TRUTH AND MEMORY Strengthening Indigenous Rights through Truth Commissions: A Practitioner’s Resource”
truth commissions is...without truth commissions

Advantage 2 is colonialization
Colonialism roots in the US comes from stealing knowledge from Natives
Angela Cavender Wilson The American Indian Quarterly, Volume 28, Number 3and4, Summer/Fall 2004, pp. 359-372 (Article) Published by University of Nebraska Press
colonialization required the...the colonial machine

Colonialism means epistemic genocide and ecological destruction
Breidlid 13 (Anders, Professor, Master programme in Multicultural and International Education, Oslo University College, “Education, Indigenous Knowledge, and Development in the Global South”, p. 18)OG
The close relationship...scientific superiority claim

Indigenous Knowledge recovery is key to removing colonialist mindsets
Angela Cavender Wilson The American Indian Quarterly, Volume 28, Number 3and4, Summer/Fall 2004, pp. 359-372 (Article) Published by University of Nebraska Press
Indigenous knowledge recovery...of indigenous empowerment

Indigenous Knowledge recovery destroys colonialism at its root
Angela Cavender Wilson The American Indian Quarterly, Volume 28, Number 3and4, Summer/Fall 2004, pp. 359-372 (Article) Published by University of Nebraska Press
recovery of indigenous knowledge...charged, anticolonial strategy

Underview:
Precedence is defined as “the condition of being more important or being evaluated first” by Merriam Webster.

If the aff wins any offense to a counter interp vote aff?—A) theory takes more time to respond to than to read skewing my 1AR strat—force the neg to defend their interp, B) Competing mutually exclusive interps force the aff into a double bind of being subject to theory no matter what is run in the AC so no neg RVIs. 

I'm topical- the plan is a form of truth seeking
Joanna Rice and Eduardo Gonzales 7International center for Transitional Justice “TRUTH AND MEMORY Strengthening Indigenous Rights through Truth Commissions: A Practitioner’s Resource”
ideas presented in...to transform truth

And, we must look to discourse first since it precedes normative or political discussion. ?Bleiker, Roland. professor of IR @ U of Queensland “Discourse and Human Agency.” Contemporary Political Theory, 2003.?It is within...as undoubtedly false

(I only read this when I knew I was going to hit a util debater) BIOLOGY IS NOT THE EXTENT OF LIFE. ESTABLISHING VALUE TO LIFE IS A PRIOR CONCERN PRESERVING LIFE. This means Value to Life outweighs life.
POLOKOVA 2004 Jolana, chapter 2: struggle for human dignity in extreme situations,http://www.crvp.org/book/Series04/IVA-18/chapter_ii.htm ?
Humans are capable...end in itself

*note*?This aff doesn't conflict with ACP- I just got good at the T debate.

Tournament: SEPT OCT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Someone | Judge: Someone
Racism is an A Priori issue: it justifies all form of oppression and dehumanization and is the root cause of all impacts. The judge has an obligation to vote down every instance against racism.
Memmi, Albert. prof of sociology @ U of Paris Racism. Trans. Steve Martinot. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota Press, 2000.
The struggle against...be our lot

And, Moral systems that permit violations of equality should be rejected. Thus questions race and social stratification precede normative and ethical debates.
Gosepath, Stefan. “Equality.” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2011/entries/equality/
The Principle Of...be found plausible

Appeals to systems of ethics derived by ruling classes are a system of control. The standpoint of the oppressors would prevent meaningful discussion of how ethics are constructed because it ignores the role that oppression plays in peoples’ lives.
Alison M. Jaggar, professor of philosophy and women studies at University of Colorado - Boulder, Feminist Politics and Human Nature, Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield.  1983
Because their class...understanding the world

It is not enough to just admit that racism is bad. Using the ballot as a means to expose the imperfect nature of existing knowledge is critical to our contestation of racism.
PETER PERICLES TRIFONAS. PEDAGOGIES OF DIFFERENCE: RETHINKING EDUCATION FOR SOCIAL CHANGE/ RoutledgeFalmer. New York, London. 2003. Questia.
In an educational...responsibilities for change

Discourse changes the way we view the world and pass policies to help minorities
Lakoff, UC Berkeley linguistics professor, co-founder and Senior Fellow of the Rockridge Institute, 2001
(George, “The Mind and the World,” The FrameWorks Institute, http://www.frameworksinstitute.org/products/mind.pdf)
Our job to...to replace them

Thus the standard- minimization of racism

C1. Harms
Poverty in the US is empirically rooted in minority populations and their condition isn’t getting better.
Janell, Ross. “Minority Children Four Times More Likely to Start Poor, Stay Poor”. 4/7/11, Janell Ross is a reporter who covers political and economic issues at the Huffington Post, Studied at Columbia for Journalism, Huffington post,  http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/04/06/minority-children-start-poor-stay-poor_n_845866.html
Children of color...a steady 15 percent

There have been efforts to restrict voting for minority groups.
Feeley and, Jack, Rios, Kristofer, “Voter Intimidation Fears Renewed As Election Day Nears”, Oct. 19th 2012,  ABC News
A series of...so-called poll watchers

Lower turnout guarantees suppresses minority interest.
Trounstine, Jessica, and Hajnal, Zoltan“Uneven Democracy: Turnout, Minority Interests, and Local Government Spending”, Hajnal- Studied at University of Chicago with PHD Political Science, Trounstine- Studied at Princeton University and PHD Polsci Article Published sometime after 2010
Who votes seems...to their concerns

C2: Solution
Compulsory voting encourages political parties to take into account minority voices.
Lacroix, Justine, “A Liberal Defence of Compulsory Voting”, Université libre de Bruxelles, Vol. 27 190-195,  Professor of IR at Oxford 2007
Inequalities in electoral...of the population

Compulsory voting leads turnout across the boards.
Orszag, Peter, “Making Voting Mandatory”, June 20th 2012,  Bloomberg, PHD from LSE and BA from Princeton, Economic Expert
Compulsory voting, as...with a fine

Studies prove turnout empirically brings about policies centered to help minority groups.
Troustine and Hanjal 2
The results indicate...participation and policy

Compulsory voting encourages minorities to join the political sphere
Catlin Milazzo University of California Department of Political Science “Impact of compulsory voting laws on Political Discussion” March 15, 2008
The majority of...with compulsory voting

And assisting minorities and those of lower socio-economic status is the first step to breaking down racist mindsets.
Bryant, John Hope, Solving Poverty: Poverty Is the New Racism, 2/20/13, Bestselling business leadership author and philanthropic entrepreneur, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-hope-bryant/solving-poverty-poverty-i_b_2708749.html
Racism and discrimination...America herself too

Underview:
Compulsion is defined as: “Compelling” by Dictionary.com

If the aff wins any offense to a counter interp vote aff
—A) theory takes more time to respond to than to read skewing my 1AR strat—force the neg to defend their interp, B) Competing mutually exclusive interps force the aff into a double bind of being subject to theory no matter what is run in the AC so no neg RVIs. I’m forced to defend something in the 1AC so don’t drop me for violating. 

The neg must prove the converse of the resolution