Tournament: Meadows | Round: 2 | Opponent:  | Judge:
NC #1
The standard is Maximizing Gender Equality.

Helliwell, Christine professor at Macquarie University. “Autonomy as Natural Equality: Inequality in Egalitarian Societies.” The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute. 1995. “Among the many…of any other”
The idea that in every case, including self-defense cases, there is a concrete truth that can be evaluated leads to inappropriate legal measures being taken against battered women.

Venesy 1, Barbara attorney in Akron, Ohio. “State v. Stewart: Self-Defense and Battered Women: Reasonable Perception of Danger or License to Kill.” Akron Law Review. 1989. “Wife bashing may…to wife beating”
Wife beating is a significant issue, but the criminal justice system is not sympathetic to it.

Venesy 2. “Although the law…rarely press charges”
Police often refuse to respond to domestic violence calls.

Venesy 3. “Abandoned by the…charge of murder”
Women are forced to act in self-defense due to a lack of response by the police, but there are ineffective legal defenses for women who act in self-defense.

Venesy 4. “Peggy Stewart endured…as he slept”

Venesy 5. “The Hundley court…with the killing”
The criminal justice system is not sympathetic to women who commit self-defense to protect themselves. While the truth may be that Peggy Stewart committed murder, valuing that truth victimizes the abuser and perpetuates abuse.
Domestic abuse leads to the creation of a patriarchal society.

Venesy 6. “The battered woman…of apparent calm”
Abusive relationships engender fear and desperation, as there is no possibility of escaping.

Nieves Rico sudirector of the social development division of the Economic Commission for Latin America. “Gender-Based Violence: A Human Rights Issue.” Economic Commision for Latin America and the Carribean. 1997. “Gender-based…being a woman”
Gender-based violence subordinates and devalues women using aggression and coercion in order to promote patriarchy.
Johnson,  Michael Emeritus Professor of Sociology, Women’s Studies, and African American Studies at Penn State. “Patriarchal Terrorism and Common Couple Violence: Two Forms of Aggression Against Women.” National Council on Familt Relations. 1995. “The first form…other control tactics”
Patriarchal terrorism occurs if domestic abuse is allowed to continue.
Pre and post fiat

NC #2
I negate.
Morality must presume the inherent worth of moral agents QUINN

I negate and value morality.
Quinn, Warren S. Actions, Intentions, and Consequences: The Doctrine of Doing and Allowing. The Philosophical Review, Vol. 98, No. 3 (Jul., 1989). JSTOR. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2185021
A person is …the collective whole.

AND, violations of freedom are logically contradictory and must be rejected. ENGSTROM
Engstrom, Stephen. “Universal Legislation as the Form of Practical Knowledge.”
Now on the..the same freedom.

The criminal justice must set up fair standards to respect agents. ALLAN
Allan, T.R.S. Procedural Fairness and the Duty of Respect. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 18, No. 3 (Autumn, 1998), pp. 497-515. Oxford University Press.
In a democratic …done with one’.  
The standard is maintaining procedural fairness in the CJS.
A) Culpability
B) Voices
CONTENTION: The neg defends an adversarial system that aims for procedural fairness.

1. NAGORCKA 05
   Felicity Nagorcka, Michael Stanton, and Michael Wilson, “Stranded Between Partisanship and the Truth? A comparative Analysis of Legal Ethics in the Adversarial and Inquisitorial Systems of Justice,” 29 Melb. U. L. Rev. 448 (2005)
    it is a mistake… a major question.
   2. Analytic
   3. ACP is the only part of the trial that aims to protect the interests and rights of the defendant. Glynn 02
   Timothy P. Glynn Associate Professor of Law, Seton Hall University School of Law?ARTICLE: FEDERALIZING PRIVILEGE The American University Law Review October, 2002 52 Am. U.L. Rev. 59
   Second, the testimonial…to relevant evidence. n24
   Prefer Aims Based
   AND, Black’s Law Dictionary defines criminal justice system.
   The collective institutions …and parole officers).”

NC #3
First, social contracts form the basis of morality in a nation through consent. Allholf  furthers:
  The Evolution of the Moral Sentiments and the Metaphysics of Morals Fritz Allhoff http://files.allhoff.org/research/Evolution_Moral_Sentiments_Metaphysics_Morals.pdf
“All social contract …met at the bargaining table.”

Second, the ultimate contractual agreement in US judicial law is the Constitution, which functions as an unbreakable side constraint on government decisions in the United States. Further, it is the duty of the Supreme Court to interpret the Constitution.
   WILLIAM H. REHNQUIST, Former Chief Justice of Supreme Court, “The Notion of a Living Constitution,” Harvard Journal of Law and Public Polivy, Vol. 29 No. 2, 1975
Rehnquist 

“As between the branches …Court must prefer the Constitution to the government acts.” 

Thus, the standard is maintaining governmental legitimacy through abiding by the ideals of the Constitution.
And, prefer this standard for 7 reasons:

1) Additionally, prefer contractarianism since it is based on consent—implicit in acceptance of a contract—which ultimately determines what qualifies as a net good or harm
2) Second, the CJS is the actor in the resolution and thus, so, prefer constitutional judgments because they are specific to how judicial governments function
I contend that affirming violates the constitutional protections of the 6th amendment
Affirming is Unconstitutional 

Fordham Law Review Volume 71 | Issue 4 Article 3
2003 The Evisceration of the Attorney-Client Privilege in the Wake of September 11, 2001
Marjorie Cohn
“The accused in a criminal ….been denied his Sixth Amendment right to the effective assistance of counsel.”

And, the ACP is a staple of modern law and  K2 the functioning of the judicial system
Cohn 2
“The attorney-client privilege …maintain the secrecy of the communication.”

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 3 | Opponent: X | Judge: X
NC 1
Uniqueness:
Comprehensive immigration reform will pass however Obama’s continued PC investment is uniquely key. Bennett:
  Bennett 6/27 (Clay Bennett; June 27, 2013; “Editorial: Keep up momentum on immigration reform”; Tampa Bay Times; http://www.tampabay.com/opinion/editorials/editorial-keep-up-momentum-on-immigration-reform/2128923)//KDUB

“with broad bipartisan…with bipartisan support”
Link:
ANY PUSH TO INSTITUTE COMPULSORY VOTING WOULD BE AN UPHILL POLITICAL BATTLE. (US)
Peter Orszag 12, Bloomberg View columnist, Vice chairman of corporate and investment banking and chairman of the financial strategy and solutions group at Citigroup, former director of the Office of Management and Budget, and#34;Make Voting Mandatoryand#34;, Bloomberg.com, June 19, 2012.
“Politicians don’t seem…party over another”
AND
American citizens don’t want compulsory voting. Sussman:
  Dalia Sussman ABC NEWS “Poll: Americans Oppose Compulsory Voting” June 11, 2004 1,001 adults were asked from all around the country. June 2nd-June 6th, 2004. http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/story?id=120577andpage=1
“The poll found…55 percent in 2000”

Internal link:
Presidential brokering is key to immigration reform. Foley
  Elise Foley, 1/15/2013 (staff writer, “Obama Gears Up For Immigration Reform Push In Second Term,” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/15/obama-immigration-reform_n_2463388.html, Accessed 1/23/2013, rwg)
“Now there’s the…win over Republicans”
Immigration reform will increase skilled worker visas. Foley 2:
“Beyond the border…foreign migrant labor”
Skilled workers key to US economic and military primacy. Ratzenberger:  
  JOHN RATZENBERGER, 7/31/2010 (Foundation for Fair Civil Justice board member, “Skilled workers key to state, national economies,” http://newsok.com/skilled-workers-key-to-state-national-economies/article/3480964, Accessed 1/23/2013, rwg)

“A cultural shift…and national security”

D is the Impact:
America’s dominant position of power solves multiple wars between dominant world powers. Thayer:
  Thayer 2006 (Bradley, Professor of Defense and Strategic Studies, In Defense of Primacy, National Interest, Proquest)
“Throughout history, peace…of thr United States”

The next great power war will cause extinction.
Dyer:
  Gwynne Dyer December 30, 2004 Toronto Star and#34;The End of War Our Task Over the Next Few Years is to Transform the World of Independent States into a Genuine Global Villageand#34; http://www.commondre...s04/1230-05.htm  Gwynne Dyer December 30, 2004 Toronto Star and#34;The End of War Our Task Over the Next Few Years is to Transform the World of Independent States into a Genuine Global Villageand#34; http://www.commondre...s04/1230-05.htm

“War is deeply…of human population”
NC 2
Presume Neg
V: morality

1. resolution is about the action of CV
   2. Prefer binding moral statements
   Communication is a guide to morality. Individuals alone can’t discover moral truths. Norms are valid based on the mutual understanding of individuals in argument. HABERMAS
   “In the absence…unimpaired, intersubjective socialization”
   Our behavior develops from the reciprocal relations of communication, which are key to securing one’s identity.  Habermas 2
   “Social interactions mediated…connected with it”
   S: consistency with self-ownership
   Argumentation assumes principles of self-ownership and property rights. KINSELLA 2
   “In essence, Hoppe’s…assumed to exist”
   Compulsory voting violates the self-ownership of citizens. 2 violations. De Mucci
   “Combing back to…the next chapters”
   coercion = compulsion
   NC 3
   The standard is Maximizing Government Legitimacy.

The government’s purpose is to protect its citizens from the vulnerability of the state of nature.
Locke 1. Second Treatise of Civil Government. 1689 “if man in…general name, property”

If I government doesn’t protect its citizens, it forfeits its legitimacy.
Locke 2. “though in a…government be dissolved”

Neg advocacy: by directly endangering citizens’ right to life, the government forfeits its legitimacy.

Contention 1: CV forces people to go to elections where their safety might be at risk.
a. Citizens of democracy face violent consequences for voting against the incumbent in an election.
Hafner-Burton, Emilie M. professor of politics and public policy at Princeton et al. 1 “When do governments resort to election violence?” British Journal of Political Science. 2013. “On paper, Azerbaijian…remained in power” IN AZERBAIJIAN, TORTURE, ARREST, IMPRISONMENT FOR VOTING

Hafner-Burton et al. 2  “It is clear…support this conclusion”

b. Electoral violence causes death. THE LONGEST-STANDING DEMOC. HAVE HAD ELEC. V.
Bekoe, Dorina Senior Program Officer at United States Institute of Peace. “Nigeria’s 2011 Elections: Best Run, But More Violent. United States Institute of Peace. 2011. “Nigeria’s 2011 general elections…in stopping it” PEOPLE KILLED IN NIGERIA

Electoral violence is the cause of low voter turnout.
Agu, Sylvia Uchenna Public Administration and Local Government Professor at the University of Nigeria et al. 1“Voters Apathy and Revival of Genuine Political Participation in Nigeria.” Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. 2013. “the data above…in a democracy” NIGERIANS AREN’T VOTING BECAUSE OF ELECTORAL VIOLENCE

Agu et al. 2 “Furthermore, most FGD…of the activity” PEOPLE DIDN’T VOTE B/C ELEC. V.

NC 4
A democracy is defined by Merriam Webster as Full Definition of DEMOCRACY  government by the people; especially:  rule of the majority; a government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of representation usually involving periodically held free through elections.
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/democracy

The standard is embracing the will to power.
First, agents are only compelled to act by their internal desires so an externalist conception of morality provides us with no reason to obey its principles. 

Second, our identities are in constant flux. Morality cannot be based on fixed concepts.
DELEUZE,
Gilles Deleuze, Nietzsche and Philosophy, Columbia University Press ’06, Google books, p. 47-8

“Nietzsche’s account of …as being present.”
 

1. Because the universe and our identities are constantly in flux, a morality based on fixed, objective concepts of being e.g. deontology or static human rights is always epistemologically false.
   2. Moral categories are nonsensical 

Third, human ends constitutively only have value because we overcome resistance to get to them. Thus, what we value is empowerment through the activity, not the result.
Katsafanas, 1 Id, 57-58

“This point can be illustrated with a mundane example from everyday life: consider the ubiquity of games. Take crossword puzzles. These puzzles present players with …that our actions are drive-motivated.”

Thus, the will to power allows humans to fulfill their function
Daigle2: 2 Christine Daigle, “Nietzsche: Virtue Ethics…Virtue Politics?” The Journal of Nietzsche Studies, 32, Autumn 2006, Project Muse

“The Übermensch is an ideal type of human being with… one’s own being.”

I contend that in democracies, compulsory voting violates the will to power.
First, the logic of the welfare state necessitates increased state power and decreased individuality
Kellner 92 (Douglas, "Modernity and Its Discontents: Nietzsche's Critique", Professor at UCLA, Ph.D., Philosophy, Columbia University, http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/kellner/essays/modernityanditsdiscontents.pdf)
“Crucially, Nietzsche advocated a cultural politics …castigated in Anti- Duhring” 

We should focus on becoming the Ubermensch through embracing our positions, which allows us to overcome, solve, and gain strength through suffering. Kain 2,
Philip J. Kain 07 Given Access provided by Scarsdale High School, Access article in PDF, Nietzsche, Eternal Recurrence, and the Horror of Existence
“I think we are now…the stronger one becomes.”

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
See Ariel Shin's wiki.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 6 | Opponent: Kempner AB | Judge: Naila Dharani
V:  morality.

meta-ethical framework of practical reason. Moral judgments can always be questioned unless they appeal to some greater moral premise.
David Velleman. Self To Self. 2006. Cambridge University Press. 

“As we have seen, …to act for reasons.”

It follows from practical reason that our judgments must be such that they could be made by every agent. Velleman 2:

“Rational creatures have access …the judgment of all.” 

Moral actions treat rational beings as ends in themselves, not as means to another end. Grounding of the Metaphysics of Morals” Immanuel Kant 1785 :

“If there is to be a supreme practical principle …never simply as a means.”

Thus the standard is the treating people as ends in themselves.

My thesis is that the aff violates deontic maxims. 

First, the very nature of the resolution is the act of forcing individuals to make a decision to go to the polls and put a ballot in the ballot box, this is an act of coercion.   Max-Planck-Institut für Gesellschaftsforschung, Köln Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies, Cologne
November 2011 by the author(s) Armin Schäfer is a research fellow at the Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies, Cologne.

“Opponents to compulsory voting …this account diminishes freedom.”

Thus there is no consent by the people within the democracy to have the compulsory voting. This means that under democracy, compulsory voting should NOT be implemented as it undermines its own justifications.

Second, compulsory voting undermines the virtue of democratic participation and the value of political equality.   Annabelle Lever Department of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method London School of Economics and Political Science, “Compulsory Voting: A Criminal Perspective,” British Journal of Political Science (December, 2008).
“Forcing people to vote, …rather than other, elections.”

And deontic violations are weighable