Tournament: Grenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: X | Judge: X
AC 1
Ought is defined in as: “used to express obligation 

1. common usage
   2. ground
   standard is maintaining consistency with democratic principles

Even if we look to moral obligations, we must contextualize them in terms of functionality
Anscombe
Modern Moral Philosophy. G.E.M Anscombe. Philosophy 33, Number 124, January 1958.
“the words ‘should’… required by law.”
MAJOR PREMISE- Democracy’s purpose is to give each person a say.

Voter participation is key to the identity of a democracy.
U.S. Department of State publication, USA Democracy in Brief. http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/publication/2008/06/20080623194736eaifas0.658703.html#axzz2eMcfSCIX
“democracy is more….major democratic premise”
MINOR PREMISE - CV is a system that strives to give each person a say.
Justine Lacroix Fifth Re-­?Bel Event 9th June 2011 Should the obligation to vote be abolished? Justine Lacroix is Professor in the Department of Politics at the Université libre de Bruxelles. http://www.rethinkingbelgium.eu/rebel-initiative-files/events/fifth-public-event-right-wing-flanders-left-wing-wallonia-and-obligation-vote/Lacroix.pdf
 “That is the reason…on particular interests”

Armin Schäfer  Republican Liberty and Compulsory Voting
MPIfG Discussion Paper 11/17 MPIfG Discussion Paper 11/17 Max-Planck-Institut für Gesellschaftsforschung, Köln Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies, Cologne November 2011 by the author(s) Armin Schäfer is a research fellow at the Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies, Cologne.
“recent studies have…little in common”

SYLLOGISM
Because CV’s aim is to give every individual an equal say in the government’s decisions, it should be used in a democracy because it meets its purposeful function

FIRST: Lack of voter turnout increases inequality and equality is the foundation of democracy. CV solves.
Schafer 2
“To sum up…therefore equalize turnout”
SECOND: Abstention creates a cycle of inequality, which undermines democracy, CV also solves this.
Bart Engelen 2007 Why Compulsory Voting Can Enhance Democracy
Research Assistant of the Fund for Scientific Research – Flanders (Belgium), Centre for Economics
and Ethics – Institute of Philosophy (K.U.Leuven), Centre for Economics and Ethics – K.U.Leuven, Naamsestraat 69, Leuven B – 3000, Belgium. E-mail: bart.engelen@econ.kuleuven.be
“in their cross…notion of democracy”
THIRD: Democracy is valued because it includes all voices, not just informed ones. 

Engelen 2
“In this respect… is everybody’s business.”
FOURTH: CV speaks to the very foundations of democracy because it definitionally meets the requirement of “government by a majority”
Engelen 3
“Understanding turnout as…the political level”
FIFTH: CV is key to the existence of democracy because without voter participation, democracies would literally cease to exist.
Engelen 4
“In this respect,…intents and purposes”
AND
Debaters get RVIs, presume aff, Drop the Arg on theory 

AC 2
ADVANTAGE 1 IS THE MIDDLE EAST.
Rising tensions with the discovery of UK arms exports to corrupt regimes puts UK credibility in trouble and threatens legitimacy – the brink is NOW.  MILMO. 9/19
Cahal Milmo Chief reporter of The Independent since 2000. Worked at the Press Association news agency previosuly. “Senior Cabinet ministers accused of 'profoundly misleading' claims about Britain’s arms export industry”. Thursday 19 September 2013. The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/senior-cabinet-ministers-accused-of-profoundly-misleading-claims-about-britains-arms-export-industry-8827620.html
"Senior Cabinet Ministers...left the UK"

AND, solving humanitarian crises requires credibility in the international arena. MALKOPOLOU 09
Anthoula Malkopolou. Lost Voters: Participation in the EU elections and the case for compulsory voting. CEPS Working Document No. 317. July 2009.
"Secondly, the EU…these values itself"

AND, lack of compulsory voting undermines credibility for democratization- the EU provides empirical support. MALKOPOLOU 2
Anthoula Malkopolou. Lost Voters: Participation in the EU elections and the case for compulsory voting. CEPS Working Document No. 317. July 2009.
As far as...and social peace.

AND, affirming is INDEPENDENTLY key to decision-making during war and provide a voice to the people. Higher accuracy of public opinion when everyone votes- key to solving Congressional gridlock and making best decision. COLEMAN
Charles D. Coleman US Census Bureau. "Why Don't Democracies Go to War?" Public Choice.info http://publicchoice.info/TullockTales/Coleman.pdf
"When an autocrat…this paper’s intent"

TWO IMPACT SCENARIOS.
FIRST, failure to move towards democracy sacrifices billions of lives. Authoritarian regimes are history's number one killer. RUMMEL 09
Rudy Rummel, Professor Emeritus of Political Science, "Why Foster Global Freedom," 2009, January 10. http://democraticpeace.wordpress.com/2009/01/10/page/2/
Today, billions of…power kills absolutely. 

SECOND, credibility solves multiple scenarios for extinction. NYE AND ARMITAGE 07
Joseph Nye (Distinguished Service Professor at Harvard, and previous dean of Harvard's John F. Kennedy School of Government) and Richard Armitage (13th United States Deputy Secretary of State, the second-in-command at the State Department, serving from 2001 to 2005), "CSIS Reports – A Smarter, More Secure America", 11/6, 2007
Soft power is…will to fight.

ADVANTAGE 2 IS INCOME INEQUALITY.
Participation in elections is declining in the most advanced industrial countries. LEVER 08
"Compulsory Voting: A Critical Perspective", Annabelle Lever, Department of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method, London School of Economics and Political Science, 2008.
Paricipation in elections…in other countries.
AND, lower turnout creates a vicious cycle of unequal turnout that reflects socioeconomic disadvantage. LEVER 2
"Compulsory Voting: A Critical Perspective", Annabelle Lever, Department of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method, London School of Economics and Political Science, 2008.
The fact that…or public policies

AND, affirming reduces income inequality- prefer multiple independent studies and reverse causal evidence. CAREY AND HORIUCHI 13
John M. Carey Professor in the Social Sciences, Department of Government, Dartmouth Colleges, Yusaku Horiuchi Associate Professor and Mitsui Chair in the Study of Japan, Department of Government, Dartmouth College. Compulsory Voting and Income Inequality. April 22, 2013.
The left panel…follow from it

AND- prefer my study, a counterfactual provides an identical treated case and synthetic control case before the election. CAREY AND HORIUCHI 2
John M. Carey Professor in the Social Sciences, Department of Government, Dartmouth Colleges, Yusaku Horiuchi Associate Professor and Mitsui Chair in the Study of Japan, Department of Government, Dartmouth College. Compulsory Voting and Income Inequality. April 22, 2013.
"If we want…2004, in Madrid. "

AND- impact is ongoing global poverty, which outweighs even a nuclear war.
Spina 2k (Stephanie Urso, Ph.D. candidate in social/personality psychology at the Graduate School of the City University of New York, Smoke and Mirrors: The Hidden Context of Violence in Schools and Society, p. 201)
"The sad fact…throughout the world."

I value morality. My standard is maximizing expected wellbeing.

1. Epistemology
   2. Pain Nagel "I shall defend…the appearance here."
   3. Act-omission Rachels "So what is…body very rapidly"

AND, the neg may not contest the ethical framework used to judge the debate advocated in the 1AC as long as
1) the framework is substantively and structurally turnable
2) the framework is previously disclosed on the NDCA wiki
3) the framework includes substantive justifications

AC 3
Standard is Maximizing Human Rights. 

1. It protects the rights individuals naturally retain when setting up a political authority.
   Shestack
   Jerome J. Philadelphia lawyer and human rights advocate active in Democratic Party politics who served as president of the American Bar Association. Human Rights Quarterly. 1998. “Natural law theory…validity and office.”
   2. There can’t be a democratic process at all if basic political rights are infringed, as violations of those rights interfere with the democratic process.
   L’Aspremont
   Jean Chair of Public International Law at the University of Manchester. “Legitimacy of Governments in the Age of Democracy.” 2007. “The reason I…procedural requirements themselves.”

The affirmative advocacy is that compulsory voting decreases oppression, corruption, terrorism, and crime, all of which violate human rights.
C1: Compulsory voting decreases oppression.
Schäfer 1
Armin research fellow. “Republican Liberty and Compulsory Voting.” Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies, Cologne. November, 2011. “To sum up…is at hand” DEMOC REQUIRES POLITICAL EQUALITY, ACHIEVED THROUGH CV

Taylor 1
Charles Canadian philosopher. “Cross Purposes: The Liberal Communitarian Debate.” Routledge (part of anthology Debates in Contemporary Political Philosophy.” “In fact, it…time of registration” 2ND CLASS CIT. = LACK OF RECOG., THOSE PREVENTED FROM EXERCISING CITIZENSHIP = 2ND CLASS CIT
Taylor 2
Charles Canadian philosopher. “The Politics of Recognition.” University of Oslo. “The demand for…mode of being” NONRECOGNITION LEADS TO OPPRESSION AND HARM

Links through Article 1 of the UN Declaration of Human Rights
C2: CV decreases corruption.
Schafer 2
“Given their concern…or factional ends” FREEDOM AND ABSENCE OF CORRUP. ONLY WITH PART. IN GOV.

Skinner
Quentin Professor of Political Science at Cambridge University. “The Paradoxes of Political Liberty.”  Lecture delivered at Harvard University. 1984. “we also need… of public service”  IN ORDER TO AVOID SERVITUDE, INDIVIDUALS MUST ENGAGE IN PUBLIC SERVICE

Links through Article 21 of the UN Dec. of HR.
C3: CV decreases terrorist attacks and crime rates.
Li 1
Quan Professor of Political Science, Penn State University. “Does Democracy Promote or Reduce Transnational Terrorist Incidents?” Journal of Conflict Resolution. 2008. “wide democratic participation…in the country” WARRANTS FOR WHY PARTICIPATION LOWERS LIKELIHOOD OF TERRORISM

Li 2
“for a one-point…by 11 percent” EMPIRICS FOR HOW PART. LOWERS LIKELIHOOD

Santangelo 1
Theresa Data Analyst at M+R Strategic Services. “Does Voting Really Matter? The Effect of Voter Turnout Rates of Crime.” Georgetown University. 2011. “criminologists emphasize the…and offender rates” WARRANTS FOR WHY PARTICIPATION LOWERS CRIME RATES

Santangelo 2
“as Table 4…in the sample” EMPIRICS FOR HOW PAR. LOWERS CRIME RATES

Schafer 3
“recent studies have…with voluntary voting” WITH ENFORCED CV, 24 INCREASE IN V T/O

Links through Article 3 of the UN Dec. of HR.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
See Ariel Shin's wiki.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 1 | Opponent:  | Judge:
AC #1
I value morality.
First, deontology collapses into utilitarianism.
Cummiskey   Kantian Consequentialism (Oxford, 1996)  summarizes:
“In such a situation, … some to save many”

Second, Utilitarianism is the ideal political strategy of the judicial system. 

Sherman, L.W. (1981). The Study of Ethics in Criminology and Criminal Justice. Chicago:
Joint Commission on Criminology and Criminal Justice Education and Standards. P.14
“First, criminal justice …are primarily moral ones”
Thus, the standard is maximizing expected well-being.
Advantage 1 is terror
First, the threat of terrorism is rising now
Al-Qaeda returns The new face of terror The West thought it was winning the battle against jihadist terrorism. It should think again
The Economist Sep 28th 2013

“Above all, the poisoning … Muslims in the most important battle of all, that of ideas.”

And, terrorists attacks cause global nuclear war
Ayson, 10 – Director, Centre for Strategic Studies, Victoria University of Wellington (Robert, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, pp. 571-593, 6/21, http://dl2af5jf3e.search.serialssolutions.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu

“But these two nuclear worlds—…still meet with a devastating response.”

Third, the typical precedence of the attorney client privilege allows information to be passed from terrorists to terrorists
Yin ’09 Tung Yin, College of Law, University of Iowa, March 2009, “BOUMEDIENE AND LAWFARE,” University of Iowa Legal Studies Research Paper Number 09-11, accessed 8/19/13, JTF
“Using an attorney to …the most accurate legal advice.”
Finally, Government prioritization of truth seeking over ACP IS KEY TO PREVENTING THE SPREAD OF INFORMATION TO TERRORISTS AND THUS STOPPING FUTURE ATTACKS.
Because terrorists are trained to exploit the US CJS, removing the safeguards against the privilege will trigger this.

DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE OVERSIGHT: PRESERVING OUR FREEDOMS WHILE DEFENDING AGAINST TERRORISM HEARINGS BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED SEVENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION NOVEMBER 28, DECEMBER 4, AND DECEMBER 6, 2001
STATEMENT OF HON. JOHN ASHCROFT, ATTORNEY GENERAL
OF THE UNITED STATES

“The terrorist enemy that …Nation and its citizens against terrorist attacks is now our first and overriding priority.”

Advantage 2 is drug cartels.

Truth seeking has a history of abolishing drug cartels in Colombia. Truth is antithetical to the operation of cartels. 

Jorge Salcedo
CNN Wed January 18, 2012 “What I saw inside the Cali drug cartel”
Editor's note: Jorge Salcedo is a former member of the Cali drug cartel, and his work with authorities helped destroy the organization. He was relocated to the U.S. along with his wife and children in 1995 and taken into the federal witness protection program. Salcedo's story is told in the book, "At the Devil's Table -- The Untold Story of the Insider Who Brought Down the Cali Cartel," by journalist William C. Rempel. Neither the author nor CNN know Mr. Salcedo's whereabouts or his new name.
(CNN) – “Drug cartels, whether …officials at all levels who have sold their souls to organized crime.”

Corruption in the Colombian CJS is a major reason to favor truth-seeking in the US CJS as the only way to actually bring down the cartels.

And the Attorney-Client Privilege blocks truth-seeking
Ken M Zeidner Supervising Editor, Cardozo Law Review, J.D. Candidate (January 2002). NOTE: INADVERTENT DISCLOSURE AND THE ATTORNEY-CLIENT PRIVILEGE: LOOKING TO THE WORK -PRODUCT DOCTRINE FOR GUIDANCE March 2001 Yeshiva University22 Cardozo L. Rev. 1315
“The principal cost to society… its obstruction is plain and concrete." 

And discovering information from current drug lord take downs is key to dismantling the Colombian drug trade.
Tom Feiling The Guardian, Friday 21 September 2012 (author of Short Walks from Bogota, writer, journalist and documentary film-maker.)
“Barrera was one of …vying to take his crown.”
Drug cartels operating in Colombia kill the environment  
Jamie Doward The Observer, Saturday 24 October 2009 http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/oct/25/colombia-endangered-species-cocaine  
“Colombia, one of the largest …and resist biodegradation.”

South American biodiversity key to preventing nuclear war
David Takacs, professor of environmental humanities at the Institute for Earth Systems Science and Policy at Cal state, 1996 (The idea of biodiversity: Philosophies of Paradise, pp. 200-201)
“So biodiversity keeps the world running…. - not with a bang but a whimper.”

And, independent of nuke war, biodiversity is key to preventing human extinction
Bruce E. Tonn, Urban Planning Prof @ Tennessee, November 2007 (Futures v. 39, no. 9, “Futures Sustainability”, l/n)
“The first principle is the most important …biodiversity must be protected”.

AC #2
Black’s Law Dictionary defines CJS
The collective institutions…and parole officers).”

AND, the tradeoff between ACP and truth is inevitable.
BRADFORD 91
Steven Bradford, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Nebraska College of Law, "Conflict of Laws and the Attorney-Client Privilege: A Territorial Solution", University of Pittsburgh Law Review 52 (1990-1991).
The attorney-client …is essentially unverifiable.37

I value morality.
Morality must be internally motivational to function.
KATSAFANAS
Deriving Ethics from Action: A Nietzschean Version of Constitutivism paul Katsafanas Boston University Philosophy and Phenomenological Research _ 2011 Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, LLC
Recognizing that x…direction of internalism.

2 reasons to prefer motivational Internalism

However, there are subjective and objective interests. Subjective interests alone are insufficient. 

RAILTON 1 writes:  
  Moral Realism Author(s): Peter Railton Source: The Philosophical Review, Vol. 95, No. 2 (Apr., 1986), pp. 163-207 Published by: Duke University Press on behalf of Philosophical Review Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2185589 Accessed: 05/07/2010 16:45
Consider first the …of my good. 

Prefer the wants feedback mechanism Railton 2
In virtue of …for the agent. 

2 implications

The standard is maintaining the ability to utilize the WFM between the state and citizens
Railton 3
What is this theory? …to this criterion. 

Prefer the standard because truth is key to ethics
KINSELLA
Stephan Kinsella, Friday, May 27, 2011, Argumentation Ethics and Liberty: A Concise Guide.
In setting the…defense of rights.

MOREOVER, aggregation is incoherent. TAUREK
John M. Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Stanford University, “Should the Numbers Count?” Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vol. 6, No. 4 (Summer, 1977), pp. 293-316.
Now, adding still …one of us.

AND, naturalistic theories are logically incoherent. MONTERO
Montero, Barbara. “Post-Physicalism,” Journal of Consciousness Studies 8 (2):61-80. 2001.
Samuel Guttenplan advocates…interested in discussing.
CONTENTION: I contend that affirming is consistent with an aim of truth-seeking, and negating is not.

4 justifications

3. The claim that ACP serves as moral protection is a ruse.
THORNBURG 93
Elizabeth G. Thornburg, Associate Professor of Law, Southern Methodist University, "Sanctifying Secrecy: The Mythology of the Corporate Attorney-Client Privilege", Notre Dame Law Review, Vol. 69, 1993.
In addition, the…interests do not.

Prefer aims interpretations

UNDERVIEW:

Lawyers use the attorney client privilege for personal gain and victory, not truth.
Gerber
R. J. Gerber Associate Presiding Judge, Superior Court of Maricopa County; B.A., St. Louis University, 1962; M.A., Columbia University, 1964; Ph.D., University of Louvain, 1966; J.D., Notre Dame, 1971; LL.M., University of Virginia, 1986. Victory vs. Truth: The Adversary System and its Ethics. Arizona State Law Journal. HeinOnline. 1987.
When overuse of …truth: money defeats 

ACP means nothing now thanks to NSA spying- there’s no uniqueness for disadvantages.
OPSHAL 13
Kurt Opsahl Senior Staff Attorney, Electronic Frontier Foundation and Trevor Timm, Activist, Electronic Frontier Foundation, "In Depth Review: New NSA Documents Expose How Americans Can Be Spied on Without a Warrant", Electronic Frontier Foundation, June 21, 2013.
The attorney client…a criminal case.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 2 | Opponent: Colleyville | Judge: Bob Overing
A democracy is defined by Merriam Webster as Full Definition of DEMOCRACY  government by the people; especially:  rule of the majority; a government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of representation usually involving periodically held free through elections.
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/democracy

Prefer aff interps and presume aff
The neg can only make arguments which prove the converse of the resolution 

If there is no offense in round, default to structural presumption, not permissibility. 

All interp and theory issues against the aff must be clarified in CX
I value morality. 

The standard is embracing the will to power.
First, agents are only compelled to act by their internal desires so an externalist conception of morality provides us with no reason to obey its principles. 

Second, our identities are in constant flux. Morality cannot be based on fixed concepts.
DELEUZE,
Gilles Deleuze, Nietzsche and Philosophy, Columbia University Press ’06, Google books, p. 47-8

“Nietzsche’s account of …as being present.”
 

1. Because the universe and our identities are constantly in flux, a morality based on fixed, objective concepts of being e.g. deontology or static human rights is always epistemologically false.
   2. Moral categories are nonsensical 

Third, human ends constitutively only have value because we overcome resistance to get to them. Thus, what we value is empowerment through the activity, not the result.
Katsafanas, 1 Id, 57-58

“This point can be illustrated with a mundane example from everyday life: consider the ubiquity of games. Take crossword puzzles. These puzzles present players with …that our actions are drive-motivated.”

Thus, the will to power allows humans to fulfill their function
Daigle2: 2 Christine Daigle, “Nietzsche: Virtue Ethics…Virtue Politics?” The Journal of Nietzsche Studies, 32, Autumn 2006, Project Muse

“The Übermensch is an ideal type of human being with… one’s own being.”

I contend that in democracies, the will to power necessitates compulsory voting. 

First, compulsory voting compels individuals to represent themselves in government
Engelen in ‘07,
Bart Engelen 2007 Why Compulsory Voting Can Enhance Democracy
Research Assistant of the Fund for Scientific Research – Flanders (Belgium), Centre for Economics
and Ethics – Institute of Philosophy (K.U.Leuven), Centre for Economics and Ethics – K.U.Leuven, Naamsestraat 69, Leuven B – 3000, Belgium. E-mail: bart.engelen@econ.kuleuven.be
“In this respect, … intents and purposes.”

And, because the resolution pertains to people within a democracy, policies passed by government will always coerce them. I am the only one who solves back 

Second, any ethical evaluation is metaphysically constrained by the subjective surroundings of the actor because the act of evaluating simultaneously modifies the goodness of the situation one is evaluating. 

Third, Lack of compulsory voting means that voters speak for nonvoters and create policies for them, which is structurally oppressive Speaking for others reifies oppressive tendencies in societies by entrenching the political positions of the privileged. 1 Linda Alcoff—Philosophy Professor at the City University of New York. “The Problem of Speaking for Others.” http://www.alcoff.com/content/speaothers.html
Alcoff1
“The second claim…less privileged than me?”

FINALLY, you affirm because democracies exercise their own will to power through having people obey mandates like compulsory voting. DENNESON,
Denneson, Travis J. “Society and the Individual in Nietzsche’s The will to power.” Secular Web. http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/travis_denneson/power.html

“Nietzsche begins,2 in §716-719, by arguing that…violence and conquest.”
Since democracies are the one’s who ought or ought not have compulsory voting, prefer arguments pertaining to a state’s will to power first. 

UNDERVIEW
NIETZSCHE ISN’T A RACIST, AND HE ISN’T ANTI-SEMITIC. IN FACT, WILL TO POWER SOLVES BOTH. YOVEL 02,
Nietzsche’s philosophy contains tools to fight against anti-Semitism.
Yovel 02  Hans Jonas Professor of Philosophy   (Yirmiyahu, Nietzsche, Godfather of Fascism?: On the Uses and Abuses of  a Philosophy, “Nietzschecontra Wagner on the Jews” ed. by Jacob Golomb, Robert Solomon Wistrich)
But even without considering psychology, there are sufficient philosophical grounds for Nietzsche's active adoption of anti-anti-Semitism. The anti-Semitic movement contained and heightened most of the decadent elements in modern culture that Nietzsche's philosophy set out to combat:
“1. Anti-Semitism as a mass … their devious purposes.”