Tournament: Every tournament | Round: 1 | Opponent: lies | Judge: no
I affirm.

 V: GOVERNMENTAL LEGITIMACY. 

Because states must reconcile divergent interests, their policies must focus on concrete concerns of citizens. Rhonheimer: 

MARTIN RHONHEIMER Prof Of Philosophy at The Pontifical University of the Holy Cross in Rome. “THE POLITICAL ETHOS OF CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY AND THE PLACE OF NATURAL LAW IN PUBLIC REASON: RAWLS’S “POLITICAL LIBERALISM” REVISITED” The American Journal of Jurisprudence vol. 50 (2005), pp. 1-70

It is a fundamental …  also the rulers.

AND, experiences rather than individual identities have moral significance. Shoemaker summarizes Parfit:

Shoemaker, David, "Personal Identity and Ethics", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2008 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).

By way of explanation, ..  Matter (IDM) view.

Thus, the standard is minimizing suffering. 

CONTENTION ONE:

SUBPOINT A: Overfishing is incredibly common and threatens almost all of the region’s reefs. Burke et al 1: 

Lauretta Burke, Katie Reytar, Mark Spalding and Allison Perry, “Reefs at Risk Revisited in the Coral Triangle.” July 2012. World Resources Institute. CC.

Local pressure on …  the region’s reefs
AND, action is required now – critical levels will be reached within the next quarter century even with static projections. Burke 2: 

Lauretta Burke, Katie Reytar, Mark Spalding and Allison Perry, “Reefs at Risk Revisited in the Coral Triangle.” July 2012. World Resources Institute. CC.

Threat in 2030 …  be even higher

SUBPOINT B: Regional demand for fish is growing – current supply will fail by 2030. Foale et al 13: 

Foale et al. “Food security and the Coral Triangle Initiative.” Marine Policy Volume 38, March 2013, Pages 174–183. DT. 

Urbanisation is increasing …  strategies and outcomes.

PLAN: The six member countries in the Coral Triangle Initiative will prioritize environmental protection over resource extraction in the Coral Triangle region by implementing and expanding policies including Marine Protected Areas, erosion-control measures, and fishing co-management partnerships. Countries will de-prioritize marine resource extraction, implement necessary enforcement procedures, and target critical areas first. I reserve the right to clarify. Burke 3 explains: 

Lauretta Burke, Katie Reytar, Mark Spalding and Allison Perry, “Reefs at Risk Revisited in the Coral Triangle.” July 2012. World Resources Institute. CC.

We hope this … to such efforts.

The Initiative explicitly prioritizes environmental protection over resource extraction. Jakarta Globe 12: 

Jakarta Globe. 7/14/2012. “Indonesia Steps Up Its Diplomacy for Coral Triangle and ‘Blue Economies’.” DT. 

The Coral Triangle … environmental protection efforts.

CONTENTION TWO:
Overfishing kills biodiversity and disrupts the ecosystems
Center for Ocean Solutions 13: Center for Ocean Solutions, “Pacific Ocean Threats and Impacts: Overfishing and Exploitation.” retrieved Dec. 27, 2013
Among all of … such as snorkeling.

AND, overfishing is the primary cause of marine ecosystem degradation. Craig 1: 

Robin Kundis Craig. 2003. “Taking Steps Toward Marine Wilderness Protection? Fishing and Coral Reef Marine Reserves in Florida and Hawaii.” McGeorge Law Review Vol 34: 155-266. Hein Online. DT. 

Declines in fishing …  ecosystem biodiversity generally. 27

AND, coral reef ecosystems are especially dependent on biodiversity and thus provide the strongest link – the impact is extinction. Craig 2:

Robin Kundis Craig. 2003. “Taking Steps Toward Marine Wilderness Protection? Fishing and Coral Reef Marine Reserves in Florida and Hawaii.” McGeorge Law Review Vol 34: 155-266. Hein Online. DT. 

Biodiversity and ecosystem … not necessarily unique.

CONTENTION THREE:   

FIRST IS REEFS: Coral reefs k2 dev Burke 4: 

Lauretta Burke, Katie Reytar, Mark Spalding and Allison Perry, “Reefs at Risk Revisited in the Coral Triangle.” July 2012. World Resources Institute. CC.

Hundreds of millions … dependence on reefs.
SECOND IS FISHING: Overfishing has taken trillions of dollars from citizens in developing countries. Arnason et al 1:
Ragnar Arnason, Kieran Kelleher, and Rolf Willmann. 2009. “The Sunken Billions: The Economic Justification for Fisheries Reform.” The World Bank and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Arnason is a leading fisheries economist and professor at University of Iceland. Kelleher is the Fisheries Team Leader at the World Bank. Willmann is a Senior Fisheries Planning Officer in at the UN. DT.
The loss of …  base year harvest.
AND, I control the strongest internal link to growth – South Pacific fishing has a substantial impact on other economic sectors. Arnason 2:
The upstream and downstream  kilometer of reef (Cesar 1996). 

Economic interdependence as a result of growth and increased exports decreases the risks of war.
Yee ‘05 (Tan Yan Yee—Royal Military College in Duntroon, Australia from 1987-1988. He graduated from the London School of Economics and Political Science with a B.Sc. (Econs) degree in 1992; “Democratisation, Interdependence, and the Prospects for Future War: THE THEORY OF INTERDEPENDENCE, The Liberal vs The Realist View”; Journal of Singapore, July 18, 2005.

Four other subsidiary … war from happening.?¶

And, growth is empirically key to curbing poverty Brockman, 13’
 Katie Brockman, cofounder for The Borgen Project, 2013 (“Capitalism Is Helping End Global Poverty,” The Economist, 6-11-13, Available Online at http://borgenproject.org/capitalism-is-helping-end-global-poverty/, Accessed on July 8th, 2013)

1.1 billion … of extreme poverty.

Poverty is the worst form of structural violence that kills as many people as a nuclear war. Abu-Jamal
Abu-Jamal, prominent social activist and author, ’98, A Quiet and Deadly Violence, Sept 19, http://www.flashpoints.net/mQuietDeadlyViolence.html

The deadliest form …  fight each other.

CONTENTION FOUR:
Co-management policies are empirically effective. Science Daily 2012:
Science Daily, “One Solution to Global Overfishing Found.” March 19, 2012. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/03/120319163807.htm
A study by … is being heard.
AND, Reducing overfishing is key to extracting more fish in the long run Roberts 12:
Callum Roberts. “The Ocean of Life—And the Sorrow Beneath the Sea.” Newsweek. May 14, 2012.
We are living on …e are headed now.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
I affirm and value morality. 

PART 1: FRAMEWORK

value criterion = preventing genocidal exclusion

1. Abstract philosophy not based in human needs fails to guide action and re-retrenches an elitist position. Ethics must be grounded in social realities. Kratochwil

Fredrick, Assistant Professor of International Relations at Columbia University, Pragmatism in International Relations “Ten points to ponder about pragmatism” 2008

Firstly, a pragmatic ... to analytical treatment.

Oppression is a social reality that ethics must be grounded in. In order for humanization to commence, it becomes necessary to resist oppression in all its forms. Freire:
Freire, Paulo. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York: Continuum, 2000. Print

While the problem ... dehumanizes the oppressed.

Genocide is the ultimate dehumanization. 

AND once a person is oppressed and excluded from the frame of consideration, they can be perpetually destroyed. Butler 1

Lives are supported ...  qualifies for recognition.

2.
In an educational context, deconstructing power relations is critical. Trifonas:  

Trifonas, Peter. PEDAGOGIES OF DIFFERENCE: RETHINKING EDUCATION FOR SOCIAL CHANGE. New York, London. 2003.

domination and subordination,...  for our children.

This is uniquely true in the instance of the genocide occuring in the DRC, because we have a unique responsibility  Ashworth and Mohabir,
REBECCA ASHWORTH AND NALINI MOHABIR. Ruined: From Spectacle to Action. ExPlusUltra. The Postgraduate Ejournal of the WUN International Network in Colonial and Postcolianial Studies. December 2010

The dominance of ... remain unevenly distributed.

3. The judge has a specific responsibility to reject global tragedies.  Pre-fiat and post-fiat discussions dissolve in the light of such tragedies. Adorno
Adorno, Theodor.  Education After Auschwitz. http://ada.evergreen.edu/~arunc/texts/frankfurt/auschwitz/AdornoEducation.pdf
The premier demand ... up against it. 

4) To evaluate ethical obligation we must first untangle our ontological commitments about who is and is not included in the “us” and the “them.” This requires analyzing how policies frame our capacity to apprehend lives.  Without untangling these commitments, it is impossible to evaluate normative judgments. Butler 2  explains:
1 Butler, Judith. Frames of War (2009), 138

We ask such ... those who will not.

5) It is impossible to determine who we have obligations to without interrogating the norms created by power structures. There is no other way; epistemology demands that we look first at power. Butler 2 continues:
The epistemological capacity ... facilitate that recognition.
 Butler, Judith. “Violence, Mourning, Politics” Studies in Gender and Sexuality 4.1 (2003), 20 – 23

Part 2 is the contention

Dodd-frank act tried, but isn't working Wagner 12
Wagner, David CW. "BREAKING THE NEXUS BETWEEN ARMED CONFLICT AND CONSUMER PRODUCTS: WHERE'S THE APP FOR THAT?." Temp. Int'l and Comp. LJ 26 (2012): 103-143. NoSi

On July 21, 2010, ...  Congolese minerals likely.

Causes an embargo Aronson 11
David Aronson. “How Congress Devastated Congo.” http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/08/opinion/how-congress-devastated-congo.html?_r=0. August 7, 2011. CC

IT’S a long way from ...  they speaking for?”

Solutions for hope is a solution - Mcbain 13
McBain, Darian. "Coltan: A study of environmental justice and global supply chains." CC
For corporations seeking ...  joined this process.

Thus, the plan text: Solutions for Hope will expand the closed pipeline trading network for resources from Central Africa. I reserve the right to clarify.  

Solutions for Hope has begun the secure-pipeline, but new expansion is needed  Propper and Knight
Simon Propper and Peter Knight. “'Conflict free' minerals from the DRC will only be possible if companies stay.” http://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/conflict-free-minerals-drc-companies-stay. December 12, 2013. CC

A spark of ...  in economic darkness.

Due to lawlessness within the Eastern Congo, militia groups such as the FDLR, arguably responsible for the Rwandan genocide, gain power from their control of these mines. Veale 2
Veale, Emily. "IS THERE BLOOD ON YOUR HANDS-FREE DEVICE?: EXAMINING LEGISLATIVE APPROACHES TO THE CONFLICT MINERALS PROBLEM IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO." Cardozo J. Int'l and Comp. L. 21 (2013): 503-545. CC

The distance between ... the minerals trade.

As the demand for these minerals continues to rise, rebel groups exploit the miners and perpetuate horrendous human rights abuses upon the locals in the DRC. Veale 3
Veale, Emily. "IS THERE BLOOD ON YOUR HANDS-FREE DEVICE?: EXAMINING LEGISLATIVE APPROACHES TO THE CONFLICT MINERALS PROBLEM IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO." Cardozo J. Int'l and Comp. L. 21 (2013): 503-545. CC

E. The Mining System...  aimed at regulating.

The injustice caused by the fights over coltan mining is endless, with five million deaths just up to 2010. This number continues to rise as demand for coltan increases. Mcbain 13
McBain, Darian. "Coltan: A study of environmental justice and global supply chains." 2013. CC

Whilst the injustice...  up to 2010.

However, certification processes solve for the lack of clarity between conflict and non-conflict minerals  Schütte et al.
The CTC (Certified Trading Chains) Mineral Certification System: A Contribution to Supply Chain Due Diligence and Good Governance in the Mining Sector of Rwanda and the Great Lakes Region in Central Africa, P. Schütte, G. Franken, J. Vasters, F. Melcher, D. Küster, Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), GER.  NS
The principal objective ... the CTC system.

And, certification allows for the best assessments, on the ground. Schütte 2
The CTC (Certified Trading Chains) Mineral Certification System: A Contribution to Supply Chain Due Diligence and Good Governance in the Mining Sector of Rwanda and the Great Lakes Region in Central Africa, P. Schütte, G. Franken, J. Vasters, F. Melcher, D. Küster, Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), GER.  NS
“Due diligence” in ...  responsible mineral producers.

There’s also an environmental conflict involving elephants and gorillas. Mcbain
McBain, Darian. "Coltan: A study of environmental justice and global supply chains." 2013 CC

In addition to ... in the DRC.

Tournament: Alta | Round: 1 | Opponent: all | Judge: all
I value democratic legitimacy because the resolution questions policy options in a democratic government.

In a democracy, people are considered equal. The only justification for ruling over another person is by ensuring that the power is legitimate. Buchanan
Buchanan, A. (2002). Political Legitimacy and Democracy. Ethics, 112(4), 689–719. doi:10.1086/340313
p.716: Justice requires us ... the people act.

Legitimacy requires openness because authorizing an agent to have authority requires knowing relevant information about that agent.  If a government agent is abusing power or acting improperly, we need to delegitimize their actions by condemning them or voting them out. Dershowitz explains

Dershowitz, Alan M., 2008, Visibility, Accountability, and Discourse as Essential to Democracy, http://www.questia.com/read/1G1-193407111/visibility-accountability-and-discourse-as-essential

These checks on ... rule of law.

And, Democracy demands accountability and checks. Hutchinson 1
ALLAN C. HUTCHINSON, ‘In the Public Interest’:?The Responsibilities and Rights of Government Lawyers, York University - Osgoode Hall Law School, 2008, Osgoode Hall Law Journal, Vol. 46, p. 105.  NS
The participatory imperative ...  than with democracy.

However, without transparency policymakers will only act in their own interest. Hutchinson 2

CRITICAL LEGAL STUDIES SYMPOSIUM: Law, Politics, and the Critical Legal Scholars: The Unfolding Drama of American Legal Thought, 36 Stan. L. Rev. 199, Stanford Law Review

Liberalism and contemporary ...  world of rights.

Therefore, actions taken by the government are the result of the whims of elites and lead to domination. 

But, openness and transparency holds those officials accountable. Hutchinson 3
ALLAN C. HUTCHINSON, ‘In the Public Interest’:?The Responsibilities and Rights of Government Lawyers, York University - Osgoode Hall Law School, 2008, Osgoode Hall Law Journal, Vol. 46, p. 105.  NS
Another beneficial consequence ... operation of government.

So, the standard is maintaining government accountability through openness. 

Circuit courts are schizophrenic on whether government officials on trial should be granted attorney-client privilege when called before a grand jury, ruling opposite ways even when using the same test.  Glenn 13

Michael W. Glenn. NOTE: PRINCIPLES, POLITICS AND PRIVILEGE: HOW THE CRIME-FRAUD EXCEPTION CAN PRESERVE THE STRENGTH OF THE ATTORNEY-CLIENT PRIVILEGE FOR GOVERNMENT LAWYERS AND THEIR CLIENTS. Fordham Urban Law Journal. May 2013.

Another unique circumstance ... grand jury context. n42

My advocacy is that government officials called before a grand jury should not be able to invoke attorney-client privilege regarding internal communications with a government lawyer and thus be required to disclose all of said subpoenaed communications.
I reserve the right to clarify. 

Rules of the Supreme Court of the United States explain the procedure, Rule 10, Considerations Governing Review on Writ of Certiorari.  

Review on a ... rule of law.

So since there is currently a split circuit it’s eligible to be granted a writ of certiorari by the Supreme Court, our advocacy is that they will rule in line with the DC circuit decision.  

Attorney-client privilege allows the government to hide truth from citizens. Peebles 

Jennifer Peebles, Attorney-client privilege for government hampers transparency, Texas Watchdog, 10/09

When you talk ...  our property, too.

For example, Congress was unable to stop torture at Guantanamo because the Justice Department refused to release the Torture Memos, leaving Congress nothing and no one to try.  Jordan and Hess 08

Lara Jakes Jordan and Pamela Hess. Associated Press. 2008. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/04/10/cheney-others-okd-harsh-i_n_96158.html

WASHINGTON — Bush administration ...  a “torture memo.”

The attorney-client privilege has historically and is used to allow the government to conceal information from the public. Specifically, claiming the need for candid communications allows for this withholding of information. Blumenauer
Blumenauer, Kerri R. "Privileged or Not-How the Current Application of the Government Attorney-Client Privilege Leaves the Government Feeling Unprivileged." Fordham L. Rev. 75 (2006): 75.

n60 A government lawyer's practice ... attorney-client privilege. n73

However, allowing government officials to claim privilege to prevent disclosure of communications prevents prosecution of crimes and harms openness to the public.  Because government officials should act in the public interest, a clear avenue for disclosing evidence of government misconduct serves the values of the system.  US Court of Appeals, DC Circuit, In re: Lindsey
In re: Lindsey (Grand Jury Testimony) 148 F.3d 1100 (1998).  Accessed 22 Nov 2013 via Google Scholar.  MO.

When an executive ... Grand Jury Subpoena Duces Tecum, 112 F.3d 910, 921 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, _ U.S. _, 117 S.Ct. 2482, 138 L.Ed.2d 991 (1997).