Tournament: Loyola Invitational | Round: 4 | Opponent: LeucadiaSW | Judge: Hiyawan Soloman
To evaluate ethical judgements we must first untangle our ontological commitments about who is and is not included in the “us” and the “them.” This requires analyzing how policies frame our capacity to apprehend lives. Butler 1
Butler, Judith. Frames of War (2009), 138

We ask such…who will not. 

First, Debate and academica do not take seriously the voices of victims or the complexity of social struggles. Prosise, et al 1 (Prosise, Theodore O Masters Candidate, School of Communications, University of San Diego; Miller, Greg R Assistant Professor, School of Communications, San Diego State University; Mills, Jordan P. Masters Candidate, School of Communications, University of San Diego “Argument fields as arenas of discursive struggle” Argumentation and Advocacy; Winter 1996)

While this emphasis …of logical types.

The study of social power in argumentation and justification is key to the benefits gained from debate. Prosise 2:
(Prosise, Theodore O Masters Candidate, School of Communications, University of San Diego; Miller, Greg R Assistant Professor, School of Communications, San Diego State University; Mills, Jordan P. Masters Candidate, School of Communications, University of San Diego “Argument fields as arenas of discursive struggle” Argumentation and Advocacy; Winter 1996)

Argument is most … public decision making.

Second, once a person is excluded from the frame of consideration, they can be perpetually destroyed allowing us to commit the worst possible violence to them. Butler 2
Butler, Judith. “Violence, Mourning, Politics” Studies in Gender and Sexuality 4.1 (2003), 20 – 23

Lives are supported … that qualifies for recognition.

Non voters are disproportionately members of the lower class Ebb 1:
http://wesscholar.wesleyan.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1988andcontext=etd_hon_thesesandsei-redir=1andreferer=http3A2F2Fscholar.google.com2Fscholar3Fstart3D2026q3D2522compulsory2Bvoting25222BAnd282B2522inclusion25222Band2522equality25222926hl3Den26as_sdt3D02C5#search=22compulsory20voting20And2820inclusion20andequality2922
“Not only is … and income levels.”

And, turnout affects the actions of politicians. Ebb 2
http://wesscholar.wesleyan.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1988andcontext=etd_hon_thesesandsei-redir=1andreferer=http3A2F2Fscholar.google.com2Fscholar3Fstart3D2026q3D2522compulsory2Bvoting25222BAnd282B2522inclusion25222Band2522equality25222926hl3Den26as_sdt3D02C5#search=22compulsory20voting20And2820inclusion20andequality2922
“The political system … remedy the problems.”

Age is a very significant factor in determining the likelihood of an individual voting. Keaney and Rogers,
Emily Keaney and Ben Rogers. A Citizen’s Duty, Voter Inequality and the Case for Compulsory Turnout. May 2006. Ippr.
As already seen, …older age groups.

Recent laws being made at the state level not only ignore youth, but actively work to suppress their vote. YDNC writes,
Young Democrates of North Carolina. Republican Contempt for Youth Voters is Nothing New. August 28 2013.
Since Governor Pat … even entire universities.

Contention 3:  Compulsory voting is the only way to reduce abstention due to neglect in politics.  Hill 1  writes
Compulsory voting laws … civic life. Further, 

Contention 4: Hispanics are severely underrepresented and discouraged from voting. Pew Center:
“ Hispanics continue to … million in 2012.”

Furthermore, participation is key to allowing citizens to make choices about their lives.  Without participation, individuals are restricted. Moon,

Voting Counts:?Participation in the Measurement of Democracy, SCID 15 April 2006, Bruce E. Moon, Jennifer Harvey Birdsall, Sylvia Ciesluk, Lauren M. Garlett, Joshua J. Hermias, Elizabeth Mendenhall, Patrick D. Schmid, and Wai Hong Wong, Department of International Relations Lehigh University
Ballot box power … affected by it (Parry, Moyser and Day, 1992).8
A compulsory voting system would be able to solve the turnout problem and solve other problems of participation and state neglect. Hill 2, 2006
http://jtp.sagepub.com/content/18/2/207.full.pdf+html
“Compulsory ‘voting’ can’t … with campaign ?nance.”

Tournament: Blake | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
I affirm and value morality. 

PART 1: FRAMEWORK

value criterion = preventing genocidal exclusion

Abstract philosophy not based in human needs fails to guide action and re-retrenches an elitist position. Ethics must be grounded in social realities. Kratochwil
Fredrick, Assistant Professor of International Relations at Columbia University, Pragmatism in International Relations “Ten points to ponder about pragmatism” 2008

Firstly, a pragmatic ... to analytical treatment.

Oppression is a social reality that ethics must be grounded in. In order for humanization to commence, it becomes necessary to resist oppression in all its forms. Freire:
Freire, Paulo. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York: Continuum, 2000. Print

While the problem ... dehumanizes the oppressed.

Genocide is the ultimate dehumanization. 

AND once a person is oppressed and excluded from the frame of consideration, they can be perpetually destroyed. Butler 1

Lives are supported ...  qualifies for recognition.

2.
In an educational context, deconstructing power relations is critical. Trifonas:  

Trifonas, Peter. PEDAGOGIES OF DIFFERENCE: RETHINKING EDUCATION FOR SOCIAL CHANGE. New York, London. 2003.

domination and subordination,...  for our children.

This is uniquely true in the instance of the genocide occuring in the DRC, because we have a unique responsibility  Ashworth and Mohabir,
REBECCA ASHWORTH AND NALINI MOHABIR. Ruined: From Spectacle to Action. ExPlusUltra. The Postgraduate Ejournal of the WUN International Network in Colonial and Postcolianial Studies. December 2010

The dominance of ... remain unevenly distributed.

3. The judge has a specific responsibility to reject global tragedies.  Pre-fiat and post-fiat discussions dissolve in the light of such tragedies. Adorno
Adorno, Theodor.  Education After Auschwitz. http://ada.evergreen.edu/~arunc/texts/frankfurt/auschwitz/AdornoEducation.pdf
The premier demand ... up against it. 

4) To evaluate ethical obligation we must first untangle our ontological commitments about who is and is not included in the “us” and the “them.” This requires analyzing how policies frame our capacity to apprehend lives.  Without untangling these commitments, it is impossible to evaluate normative judgments. Butler 2  explains:
1 Butler, Judith. Frames of War (2009), 138

We ask such ... those who will not.

5) It is impossible to determine who we have obligations to without interrogating the norms created by power structures. There is no other way; epistemology demands that we look first at power. Butler 2 continues:
The epistemological capacity ... facilitate that recognition.
 Butler, Judith. “Violence, Mourning, Politics” Studies in Gender and Sexuality 4.1 (2003), 20 – 23

Part 2 is the contention

Dodd-frank act tried, but isn't working Wagner 12
Wagner, David CW. "BREAKING THE NEXUS BETWEEN ARMED CONFLICT AND CONSUMER PRODUCTS: WHERE'S THE APP FOR THAT?." Temp. Int'l and Comp. LJ 26 (2012): 103-143. NoSi

On July 21, 2010, ...  Congolese minerals likely.

Causes an embargo Aronson 11
David Aronson. “How Congress Devastated Congo.” http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/08/opinion/how-congress-devastated-congo.html?_r=0. August 7, 2011. CC

IT’S a long way from ...  they speaking for?”

Solutions for hope is a solution - Veale 13
Veale, Emily. "IS THERE BLOOD ON YOUR HANDS-FREE DEVICE?: EXAMINING LEGISLATIVE APPROACHES TO THE CONFLICT MINERALS PROBLEM IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO." Cardozo J. Int'l and Comp. L. 21 (2013): 503-545. CC

For corporations seeking ...  joined this process.

Thus, the plan text: Solutions for Hope will expand the closed pipeline trading network for resources from Central Africa. I reserve the right to clarify.  

Solutions for Hope has begun the secure-pipeline, but new expansion is needed  Propper and Knight
Simon Propper and Peter Knight. “'Conflict free' minerals from the DRC will only be possible if companies stay.” http://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/conflict-free-minerals-drc-companies-stay. December 12, 2013. CC

A spark of ...  in economic darkness.

Due to lawlessness within the Eastern Congo, militia groups such as the FDLR, arguably responsible for the Rwandan genocide, gain power from their control of these mines. Veale 2
Veale, Emily. "IS THERE BLOOD ON YOUR HANDS-FREE DEVICE?: EXAMINING LEGISLATIVE APPROACHES TO THE CONFLICT MINERALS PROBLEM IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO." Cardozo J. Int'l and Comp. L. 21 (2013): 503-545. CC

The distance between ... the minerals trade.

As the demand for these minerals continues to rise, rebel groups exploit the miners and perpetuate horrendous human rights abuses upon the locals in the DRC. Veale 3
Veale, Emily. "IS THERE BLOOD ON YOUR HANDS-FREE DEVICE?: EXAMINING LEGISLATIVE APPROACHES TO THE CONFLICT MINERALS PROBLEM IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO." Cardozo J. Int'l and Comp. L. 21 (2013): 503-545. CC

E. The Mining System...  aimed at regulating.

The injustice caused by the fights over coltan mining is endless, with five million deaths just up to 2010. This number continues to rise as demand for coltan increases. Mcbain 13
McBain, Darian. "Coltan: A study of environmental justice and global supply chains." 2013. CC

Whilst the injustice...  up to 2010.

However, certification processes solve for the lack of clarity between conflict and non-conflict minerals  Schütte et al.
The CTC (Certified Trading Chains) Mineral Certification System: A Contribution to Supply Chain Due Diligence and Good Governance in the Mining Sector of Rwanda and the Great Lakes Region in Central Africa, P. Schütte, G. Franken, J. Vasters, F. Melcher, D. Küster, Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), GER.  NS
The principal objective ... the CTC system.

And, certification allows for the best assessments, on the ground. Schütte 2
The CTC (Certified Trading Chains) Mineral Certification System: A Contribution to Supply Chain Due Diligence and Good Governance in the Mining Sector of Rwanda and the Great Lakes Region in Central Africa, P. Schütte, G. Franken, J. Vasters, F. Melcher, D. Küster, Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), GER.  NS
“Due diligence” in ...  responsible mineral producers.

There’s also an environmental conflict involving elephants and gorillas. Mcbain
McBain, Darian. "Coltan: A study of environmental justice and global supply chains." CC

In addition to ... in the DRC.

Tournament: Alta | Round: 1 | Opponent: all | Judge: all
I value democratic legitimacy because the resolution questions policy options in a democratic government.

In a democracy, people are considered equal. The only justification for ruling over another person is by ensuring that the power is legitimate. Buchanan
Buchanan, A. (2002). Political Legitimacy and Democracy. Ethics, 112(4), 689–719. doi:10.1086/340313
p.716: Justice requires us ... the people act.

Legitimacy requires openness because authorizing an agent to have authority requires knowing relevant information about that agent.  If a government agent is abusing power or acting improperly, we need to delegitimize their actions by condemning them or voting them out. Dershowitz explains

Dershowitz, Alan M., 2008, Visibility, Accountability, and Discourse as Essential to Democracy, http://www.questia.com/read/1G1-193407111/visibility-accountability-and-discourse-as-essential

These checks on ... rule of law.

And, Democracy demands accountability and checks. Hutchinson 1
ALLAN C. HUTCHINSON, ‘In the Public Interest’:?The Responsibilities and Rights of Government Lawyers, York University - Osgoode Hall Law School, 2008, Osgoode Hall Law Journal, Vol. 46, p. 105.  NS
The participatory imperative ...  than with democracy.

However, without transparency policymakers will only act in their own interest. Hutchinson 2

CRITICAL LEGAL STUDIES SYMPOSIUM: Law, Politics, and the Critical Legal Scholars: The Unfolding Drama of American Legal Thought, 36 Stan. L. Rev. 199, Stanford Law Review

Liberalism and contemporary ...  world of rights.

Therefore, actions taken by the government are the result of the whims of elites and lead to domination. 

But, openness and transparency holds those officials accountable. Hutchinson 3
ALLAN C. HUTCHINSON, ‘In the Public Interest’:?The Responsibilities and Rights of Government Lawyers, York University - Osgoode Hall Law School, 2008, Osgoode Hall Law Journal, Vol. 46, p. 105.  NS
Another beneficial consequence ... operation of government.

So, the standard is maintaining government accountability through openness. 

Circuit courts are schizophrenic on whether government officials on trial should be granted attorney-client privilege when called before a grand jury, ruling opposite ways even when using the same test.  Glenn 13

Michael W. Glenn. NOTE: PRINCIPLES, POLITICS AND PRIVILEGE: HOW THE CRIME-FRAUD EXCEPTION CAN PRESERVE THE STRENGTH OF THE ATTORNEY-CLIENT PRIVILEGE FOR GOVERNMENT LAWYERS AND THEIR CLIENTS. Fordham Urban Law Journal. May 2013.

Another unique circumstance ... grand jury context. n42

My advocacy is that government officials called before a grand jury should not be able to invoke attorney-client privilege regarding internal communications with a government lawyer and thus be required to disclose all of said subpoenaed communications.
I reserve the right to clarify. 

Rules of the Supreme Court of the United States explain the procedure, Rule 10, Considerations Governing Review on Writ of Certiorari.  

Review on a ... rule of law.

So since there is currently a split circuit it’s eligible to be granted a writ of certiorari by the Supreme Court, our advocacy is that they will rule in line with the DC circuit decision.  

Attorney-client privilege allows the government to hide truth from citizens. Peebles 

Jennifer Peebles, Attorney-client privilege for government hampers transparency, Texas Watchdog, 10/09

When you talk ...  our property, too.

For example, Congress was unable to stop torture at Guantanamo because the Justice Department refused to release the Torture Memos, leaving Congress nothing and no one to try.  Jordan and Hess 08

Lara Jakes Jordan and Pamela Hess. Associated Press. 2008. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/04/10/cheney-others-okd-harsh-i_n_96158.html

WASHINGTON — Bush administration ...  a “torture memo.”

The attorney-client privilege has historically and is used to allow the government to conceal information from the public. Specifically, claiming the need for candid communications allows for this withholding of information. Blumenauer
Blumenauer, Kerri R. "Privileged or Not-How the Current Application of the Government Attorney-Client Privilege Leaves the Government Feeling Unprivileged." Fordham L. Rev. 75 (2006): 75.

n60 A government lawyer's practice ... attorney-client privilege. n73

However, allowing government officials to claim privilege to prevent disclosure of communications prevents prosecution of crimes and harms openness to the public.  Because government officials should act in the public interest, a clear avenue for disclosing evidence of government misconduct serves the values of the system.  US Court of Appeals, DC Circuit, In re: Lindsey
In re: Lindsey (Grand Jury Testimony) 148 F.3d 1100 (1998).  Accessed 22 Nov 2013 via Google Scholar.  MO.

When an executive ... Grand Jury Subpoena Duces Tecum, 112 F.3d 910, 921 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, _ U.S. _, 117 S.Ct. 2482, 138 L.Ed.2d 991 (1997).