Tournament: Meadows | Round: 2 | Opponent: Dont remember | Judge:
Government officials called before a grand jury or congress should not be granted attorney-client privilege and instead be required to disclose all subpoenaed communications.

Circuit courts rule different ways on whether gov officials get privilege. 

Michael W. Glenn. NOTE: PRINCIPLES, POLITICS AND PRIVILEGE: HOW THE CRIME-FRAUD EXCEPTION CAN PRESERVE THE STRENGTH OF THE ATTORNEY-CLIENT PRIVILEGE FOR GOVERNMENT LAWYERS AND THEIR CLIENTS. Fordham Urban Law Journal. May 2013.

Another unique circumstance facing government .....  the federal grand jury context. n42

Attorney-client privilege serves as a means for the government to hide truth from citizens. Peebles 

Jennifer Peebles, Attorney-client privilege for government hampers transparency, Texas Watchdog, 10/09

When you talk to a.... government clients is our property, too.

Congress was unable to stop torture at Guantanamo because the Justice Department refused to release the Torture Memos, leaving Congress nothing and no one to try.  Jordan and Hess 08

Lara Jakes Jordan and Pamela Hess. Associated Press. 2008. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/04/10/cheney-others-okd-harsh-i_n_96158.html

WASHINGTON — Bush administration officials from Vice President .... characterized it as a “torture memo.”

Secrecy in government is bad for six more reasons.  Graham 

Kenneth W. Graham, Jr. SYMPOSIUM: FEDERAL PRIVILEGES IN THE 21ST CENTURY: GOVERNMENT PRIVILEGE: A CAUTIONARY TALE FOR CODIFIERS. Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review. March 2004.

B. Government Secrets Present Special Problems.  ....
the hands of the Justice Department. 46

Government’s distinct role as serving the public interest thus mandates abolition of attorney-client privilege in some cases. Salkin 

Urban Lawyer Spring, 2003, BEWARE: WHAT YOU SAY TO YOUR GOVERNMENT LAWYER MAY BE HELD AGAINST YOU—THE EROSION OF GOVERNMENT ATTORNEY-CLIENT CONFIDENTIALITY, Patricia E. Salkin

Rather, in the context of discussing .... the traditional attorney-client privilege.

Government lawyers are not just zealous advocates; they represent all of society as a whole and thus must advocate for public interest.  Glavin 

Rita M. Glavin. NOTE: PROSECUTORS WHO DISCLOSE PROSECUTORIAL INFORMATION FOR LITERARY OR MEDIA PURPOSES: WHAT ABOUT THE DUTY OF CONFIDENTIALITY? Fordham Law Review. 1995

Although the American Bar Association.... otherwise protected by Model Rule 1.6 and DR 4-101(B).

Querijero furthers:

MICHELLE QUERIJERO. NOTE: Without Lawyers: An Ethical View of the Torture Memos. Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics. Winter 2010.

It may be apparent from the discussion .... gross misuse of public assets." 104

Public interest is not utilitarian because we have inviolable rights in cjs, eg bill of rights.

Res questions criminal justice policy so the values and principles of that system are most relevant.
Relevancy to the res comes before other framework analysis.

Debate is relevant to the problems of the real world.
the process of philosophical education is ultimately self-defeating and produces a bunch of skeptics. Baier 1  
Annette Baier. “Postures of the Mind.” (Sorry this cite is really bad, someone else cut these cards on a whim last year and didn't record page numbers.  I can disclose full text if you want help locating them.)
The obvious trouble with our contemporary attempts ....do z? What guidance is that? 

 No reform in the system can solve this problem. Moral disagreement begins because we live in a pluralistic society with different types of values. Baier 2

Most of us do not aim to produce .... its niche in a moral theory. 

Instead of conceptualizing ethics in terms of abstract theories, we must instead look at the moral implications of a specific actor taking an action. Baier 8
What does this mean for courses ... what links the bits together.

Tournament: Kandi King | Round: 2 | Opponent: idk | Judge: idk
PART ONE is FRAMEWORK

Moral claims have to be grounded in concrete experience, rather than abstract, ahistorical principles that are ethically bankrupt.  Ethical theories must be based in social realities. Ryn

Claes G. Ryn—1992. “Universality and History:The Concrete as Normative” From HUMANITAS, Volume VI, No. 1, Fall 1992/Winter 1993 ©National Humanities Institute, Washington, DC USA. TC

The reasons why ... philosophical renewal.

Oppression is a social reality that ethics must be grounded in. Freire

Freire, Paulo. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York: Continuum, 2000. Print

While the problem ... dehumanizes the oppressed.

Thus, the standard is minimizing oppression.

Moreover, we can never understand the nature of morality unless we first know who we have obligations to. This means that interrogating power structures must come first because it is the power structures that frame whose lives count. Butler  explains: 

We ask such ... who will not. 

PART TWO is the LINK

FIRST is exploitation. The North takes from the South without any concern of the environment. Broadhead 1

Broadhead, Lee-Anne.  International Environmental Politics:  The Limits of Green Diplomacy.  Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc. Google Books.  2002.  MO. Pg ix-x

My interest in ... to  this book.        

Resource extraction is a way for the North to abuse the South to supply their incessant demand for more, and the South gets nothing in return. Foster and Clark

 ECOLOGICAL IMPERIALISM: THE CURSE OF CAPITALISM, JOHN BELLAMY FOSTER, professor of sociology at the University of Oregon AND BRETT CLARK, University of Utah, Social Register 2004: The New Imperial Challenge

In his Hungry ... unbalancing international trade.3

SECOND is inequality. Resource extraction and capitalism leave destruction in their wake. Foster and Clark 2

ECOLOGICAL IMPERIALISM: THE CURSE OF CAPITALISM, JOHN BELLAMY FOSTER, professor of sociology at the University of Oregon AND BRETT CLARK, University of Utah, Social Register 2004: The New Imperial Challenge
The economic development ... is capitalism itself.

This inequality seeps down into societies where oppression takes root. Greyl 13 

Greyl 1 et al 2013, L., Ojo, G. U., Williams, C., Certoma, C., Greco, L., Ogbara, N. Ohwojeheri , A. 2013. Digging deep corporate liability. Environmental Justice strategies in the world of oil. EJOLT Report No. 9

EJ has not only ... marginalisation and inequalities. 

PART THREE is the IMPACT

Capitalism creates unjust power structures and colonialist structures in society in which the rich feed off of the work of the poor. Young 1

Iris Marion Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference, Princeton University Press, Professor at University of Chicago, 1990, in Geographic Thought: A Praxis on Perspective, George Henderson and Martin Vaterstone

Marx's theory of ... of the haves.

AND, this unequal appropriation of profits defines power structures in society. Young 2

Iris Marion Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference, Princeton University Press, Professor at University of Chicago, 1990, in Geographic Thought: A Praxis on Perspective, George Henderson and Martin Vaterstone

The central function ... superiority and inferiority.

Imperialism and colonization are extreme forms of oppression. Dei

George Dei – 2006. Anti-Colonialism and Education. The Politics of Resistance BOLD VISIONS IN EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Volume 7. Sense Publishers. 

Power is unequally ...  relations (see also Trinh Minh-ha, 2000, p. 1211).

And, imperialism is the worst form of oppression because it prevents the people’s governments from fighting back, because they are the actors that are controlled.

Myers ’09 empirically proves

Direct Action for Socialism in the 21st Century, Allen Myers, The Socialist Alternative, Issue 15, September 2009

Capitalism is a ... reduce their profits.

PART FOUR is the ALT

Environmental protections lets us eradicate capitalism from the source.

We need to re-conceptualize the system to escape capitalism. Broadhead 2

Broadhead, Lee-Anne.  International Environmental Politics:  The Limits of Green Diplomacy.  Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc. Google Books.  2002.  MO. Pg 149-151

Throughout this book, ... human and natural.        

We should fight the evil domineering resource extraction mindset to allow nature to take its course and save us from ecological crisis. Hoardas

Hoardas, Tasos.  Departments of Primary and Preschool Education, University of Thessaly, Argonafton and Filellinon  A Critical Reading of Ecocentrism and Its Meta-Scientific Use of Ecology:  Instrumental Versus Emancipatory Approaches in Environmental Education and Ecology Education.  Springer Science + Business Media, 2012.  MO.  DOI 10.1007/s11191-012-9493-1 

Ecocentric accounts posit ... to the status of subjects. 

PART FIVE is ROLE OF THE BALLOT

Because all human experience is shaped by domination, only resisting colonialism gives meaning to the ballot.  Debating the nature of the resultant oppression allows us as individuals to break the oppressive trend.  Harzenski
Harzenski 2003 – professor of law at Temple Law School sharon, post-colonial studies: terrorism, a history, stage two, temple international and comparative law journal, fall, 2003, 17 temp. Int'l and comp. L.j. 351,
Michel Foucault tells ... been speaking about.

Tournament: VBT | Round: 1 | Opponent: no | Judge: i refuse
I affirm.

 V: GOVERNMENTAL LEGITIMACY. 

Because states must reconcile divergent interests, their policies must focus on concrete concerns of citizens. Rhonheimer: 

MARTIN RHONHEIMER Prof Of Philosophy at The Pontifical University of the Holy Cross in Rome. “THE POLITICAL ETHOS OF CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY AND THE PLACE OF NATURAL LAW IN PUBLIC REASON: RAWLS’S “POLITICAL LIBERALISM” REVISITED” The American Journal of Jurisprudence vol. 50 (2005), pp. 1-70

It is a fundamental …  also the rulers.

AND, experiences rather than individual identities have moral significance. Shoemaker summarizes Parfit:

Shoemaker, David, "Personal Identity and Ethics", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2008 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).

By way of explanation, ..  Matter (IDM) view.

Thus, the standard is minimizing suffering. 

CONTENTION ONE:

SUBPOINT A: Overfishing is incredibly common and threatens almost all of the region’s reefs. Burke et al 1: 

Lauretta Burke, Katie Reytar, Mark Spalding and Allison Perry, “Reefs at Risk Revisited in the Coral Triangle.” July 2012. World Resources Institute. CC.

Local pressure on …  the region’s reefs
AND, action is required now – critical levels will be reached within the next quarter century even with static projections. Burke 2: 

Lauretta Burke, Katie Reytar, Mark Spalding and Allison Perry, “Reefs at Risk Revisited in the Coral Triangle.” July 2012. World Resources Institute. CC.

Threat in 2030 …  be even higher

SUBPOINT B: Regional demand for fish is growing – current supply will fail by 2030. Foale et al 13: 

Foale et al. “Food security and the Coral Triangle Initiative.” Marine Policy Volume 38, March 2013, Pages 174–183. DT. 

Urbanisation is increasing …  strategies and outcomes.

PLAN: The six member countries in the Coral Triangle Initiative will prioritize environmental protection over resource extraction in the Coral Triangle region by implementing and expanding policies including Marine Protected Areas, erosion-control measures, and fishing co-management partnerships. Countries will de-prioritize marine resource extraction, implement necessary enforcement procedures, and target critical areas first. I reserve the right to clarify. Burke 3 explains: 

Lauretta Burke, Katie Reytar, Mark Spalding and Allison Perry, “Reefs at Risk Revisited in the Coral Triangle.” July 2012. World Resources Institute. CC.

We hope this … to such efforts.

The Initiative explicitly prioritizes environmental protection over resource extraction. Jakarta Globe 12: 

Jakarta Globe. 7/14/2012. “Indonesia Steps Up Its Diplomacy for Coral Triangle and ‘Blue Economies’.” DT. 

The Coral Triangle … environmental protection efforts.

CONTENTION TWO:
Overfishing kills biodiversity and disrupts the ecosystems
Center for Ocean Solutions 13: Center for Ocean Solutions, “Pacific Ocean Threats and Impacts: Overfishing and Exploitation.” retrieved Dec. 27, 2013
Among all of … such as snorkeling.

AND, overfishing is the primary cause of marine ecosystem degradation. Craig 1: 

Robin Kundis Craig. 2003. “Taking Steps Toward Marine Wilderness Protection? Fishing and Coral Reef Marine Reserves in Florida and Hawaii.” McGeorge Law Review Vol 34: 155-266. Hein Online. DT. 

Declines in fishing …  ecosystem biodiversity generally. 27

AND, coral reef ecosystems are especially dependent on biodiversity and thus provide the strongest link – the impact is extinction. Craig 2:

Robin Kundis Craig. 2003. “Taking Steps Toward Marine Wilderness Protection? Fishing and Coral Reef Marine Reserves in Florida and Hawaii.” McGeorge Law Review Vol 34: 155-266. Hein Online. DT. 

Biodiversity and ecosystem … not necessarily unique.

CONTENTION THREE:   

FIRST IS REEFS: Coral reefs k2 dev Burke 4: 

Lauretta Burke, Katie Reytar, Mark Spalding and Allison Perry, “Reefs at Risk Revisited in the Coral Triangle.” July 2012. World Resources Institute. CC.

Hundreds of millions … dependence on reefs.
SECOND IS FISHING: Overfishing has taken trillions of dollars from citizens in developing countries. Arnason et al 1:
Ragnar Arnason, Kieran Kelleher, and Rolf Willmann. 2009. “The Sunken Billions: The Economic Justification for Fisheries Reform.” The World Bank and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Arnason is a leading fisheries economist and professor at University of Iceland. Kelleher is the Fisheries Team Leader at the World Bank. Willmann is a Senior Fisheries Planning Officer in at the UN. DT.
The loss of …  base year harvest.
AND, I control the strongest internal link to growth – South Pacific fishing has a substantial impact on other economic sectors. Arnason 2:
The upstream and downstream  kilometer of reef (Cesar 1996). 

Economic interdependence as a result of growth and increased exports decreases the risks of war.
Yee ‘05 (Tan Yan Yee—Royal Military College in Duntroon, Australia from 1987-1988. He graduated from the London School of Economics and Political Science with a B.Sc. (Econs) degree in 1992; “Democratisation, Interdependence, and the Prospects for Future War: THE THEORY OF INTERDEPENDENCE, The Liberal vs The Realist View”; Journal of Singapore, July 18, 2005.

Four other subsidiary … war from happening.?¶

And, growth is empirically key to curbing poverty Brockman, 13’
 Katie Brockman, cofounder for The Borgen Project, 2013 (“Capitalism Is Helping End Global Poverty,” The Economist, 6-11-13, Available Online at http://borgenproject.org/capitalism-is-helping-end-global-poverty/, Accessed on July 8th, 2013)

1.1 billion … of extreme poverty.

Poverty is the worst form of structural violence that kills as many people as a nuclear war. Abu-Jamal
Abu-Jamal, prominent social activist and author, ’98, A Quiet and Deadly Violence, Sept 19, http://www.flashpoints.net/mQuietDeadlyViolence.html

The deadliest form …  fight each other.

CONTENTION FOUR:
Co-management policies are empirically effective. Science Daily 2012:
Science Daily, “One Solution to Global Overfishing Found.” March 19, 2012. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/03/120319163807.htm
A study by … is being heard.
AND, Reducing overfishing is key to extracting more fish in the long run Roberts 12:
Callum Roberts. “The Ocean of Life—And the Sorrow Beneath the Sea.” Newsweek. May 14, 2012.
We are living on …e are headed now.

Tournament: USC | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Outrounds | Judge: Outrounds
Previous philosophical attempts to explain our relationships with others suffer from the same trap. They try to distill justice into a single principle that is to be applied to all situations. For example, Kantian ethics establishes human dignity or reflective practical reason as the basis for all ethical reasoning. Contractualism, likewise, uses hypothetical rational agreements as the basis for all duties. Benson

Bruce Ellis Benson. Wheaton Professor who is super smart “Graven Ideologies: Nietzsche, Derrida, Marion On Modern Idolatry” 2002. Intervarsity Press.

“Emmanuel Levinas and… my own image.”

However, any coherent conception of ethics arises out of respect for the other. Discussion that precedes a response to the other is internally self-defeating because it tries to attribute characteristics to the other before encountering the other, thereby destroying the other’s otherness. This also allows us to exclude anything outside of our defined interpretation of what the other is. In other words, our duties towards others cannot be constructed until we have actually encountered those others. Beavers

Anthony F. Beavers. “Introducing Levinas to Undergraduate Philosophers”. This paper was originally presented as a colloquy paper to the Undergraduate Philosophy Association at the University of Texas at Austin, 1990

“who exist apart… on the environment.”

Thus, the moment we are confronted with the ‘face of the other’ forges a fundamental moral relationship between the other and us. This relationship must come prior to our construction of knowledge or ontology. Beavers
  Anthony F. Beavers. “Emmanuel Levinas and the Prophetic Voice of Postmodernity”. Originally presented as an Andiron Lecture at the University of Evansville, 1993.

“If the otherness… look at God" (Exodus 3:6).”

ethics must accept others because we can never fully understand them. When we encounter the other, it has an independent perspective that eludes my understanding so we have no choice but to respect its otherness rather than try to systemize its characteristics. Crowe
Jonathan Crowe Senior Lecturer and Fellow, Centre for Public, International and  Comparative Law, T. C. Beirne School of Law, University of Queensland ARTICLE: LEVINASIAN ETHICS AND ANIMAL RIGHTS. 2008 University of Windsor Windsor Yearbook of Access to Justice

“Levinas suggests in… a power exercised."”

I advocate that governments of developing countries should protect wildlife from poaching instead of treating animals as manipulable resources.
Poaching is a form of resource extraction that is a direct threat to the environment in developing countries. UNODC writes,

United Nations Office of Drugs and Crimes. “Environmental crime: trafficking in wildlife and timber.” Transnational Organized Crime: Let’s put them out of business. 2014. 

“Transnational organized crime… generates for criminals.”

Poaching is an issue of prioritization in environmental policy. Fortin writes,

Jacey Fortin IoBurgTimes Africa Correspondent based in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. She joined IBT in February of 2012, and has previously worked as an editor and reporter for various publications including The Suit Magazine and The Glass Hammer. Fortin is from New Bedford, Mass. and received a B.A. from Northeastern University in Boston. “Why Wildlife Poaching Is A Big Problem, Even If You Don't Care About Rhinos.” International Business Times. December 12 2012 11:35 AM

“The current global… and international security.”

Animals constitute an other because we are unable to truly and fully understand them. Animals exist independently of us, experience reality for themselves, and govern their own behavior. Crowe 3

Jonathan Crowe Senior Lecturer and Fellow, Centre for Public, International and  Comparative Law, T. C. Beirne School of Law, University of Queensland ARTICLE: LEVINASIAN ETHICS AND ANIMAL RIGHTS. 2008 University of Windsor Windsor Yearbook of Access to Justice

“It is useful to approach… types of beings.”

Further, differences between humans and animals are irrelevant. It is impossible to ever utilize a human—non-human dichotomy, because such observation would only occur after ethical obligations are created. Utilizing this dichotomy would thematize and totalize the other, falling prey to the pitfalls of traditional ethics.  Davy

Barbra Jane Davy. An Other Face of Ethics in Levinas. Ethics and the Environment, Volume 12, Number 1, Spring 2007

“Our humanity is… ense of active invitation.11”

Justice would require the recognition of animal rights, even if animals are not truly an “other.” Davy 2 :
Barbra Jane Davy. An Other Face of Ethics in Levinas. Ethics and the Environment, Volume 12, Number 1, Spring 2007
“Levinas’s statements in… first a question of ethics.”

Poaching happens and its bad. Fortin writes,

Jacey Fortin IBTimes Africa Correspondent based in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. She joined IBT in February of 2012, and has previously worked as an editor and reporter for various publications including The Suit Magazine and The Glass Hammer. Fortin is from New Bedford, Mass. and received a B.A. from Northeastern University in Boston. “Why Wildlife Poaching Is A Big Problem, Even If You Don't Care About Rhinos.” International Business Times. December 12 2012 11:35 AM

“Wildlife poaching has… hunting more seriously.”

Attitude shift is necessary/important. Environment.co.za writes,
Environment.co.za. “Rhino poaching is a worthwhile fight, says WWF.” October 8, 2013. 

“We need a…c an be done.””

Tournament: Blake | Round: 1 | Opponent: all | Judge: all
I affirm and value morality. 

PART 1: FRAMEWORK

value criterion = preventing genocidal exclusion

1. Abstract philosophy not based in human needs fails to guide action and re-retrenches an elitist position. Ethics must be grounded in social realities. Kratochwil

Fredrick, Assistant Professor of International Relations at Columbia University, Pragmatism in International Relations “Ten points to ponder about pragmatism” 2008

Firstly, a pragmatic ... to analytical treatment.

Oppression is a social reality that ethics must be grounded in. In order for humanization to commence, it becomes necessary to resist oppression in all its forms. Freire:
Freire, Paulo. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York: Continuum, 2000. Print

While the problem ... dehumanizes the oppressed.

Genocide is the ultimate dehumanization. 

AND once a person is oppressed and excluded from the frame of consideration, they can be perpetually destroyed. Butler 1

Lives are supported ...  qualifies for recognition.

2.
In an educational context, deconstructing power relations is critical. Trifonas:  

Trifonas, Peter. PEDAGOGIES OF DIFFERENCE: RETHINKING EDUCATION FOR SOCIAL CHANGE. New York, London. 2003.

domination and subordination,...  for our children.

This is uniquely true in the instance of the genocide occuring in the DRC, because we have a unique responsibility  Ashworth and Mohabir,
REBECCA ASHWORTH AND NALINI MOHABIR. Ruined: From Spectacle to Action. ExPlusUltra. The Postgraduate Ejournal of the WUN International Network in Colonial and Postcolianial Studies. December 2010

The dominance of ... remain unevenly distributed.

3. The judge has a specific responsibility to reject global tragedies.  Pre-fiat and post-fiat discussions dissolve in the light of such tragedies. Adorno
Adorno, Theodor.  Education After Auschwitz. http://ada.evergreen.edu/~arunc/texts/frankfurt/auschwitz/AdornoEducation.pdf
The premier demand ... up against it. 

4) To evaluate ethical obligation we must first untangle our ontological commitments about who is and is not included in the “us” and the “them.” This requires analyzing how policies frame our capacity to apprehend lives.  Without untangling these commitments, it is impossible to evaluate normative judgments. Butler 2  explains:
1 Butler, Judith. Frames of War (2009), 138

We ask such ... those who will not.

5) It is impossible to determine who we have obligations to without interrogating the norms created by power structures. There is no other way; epistemology demands that we look first at power. Butler 2 continues:
The epistemological capacity ... facilitate that recognition.
 Butler, Judith. “Violence, Mourning, Politics” Studies in Gender and Sexuality 4.1 (2003), 20 – 23

Part 2 is the contention

Dodd-frank act tried, but isn't working Wagner 12
Wagner, David CW. "BREAKING THE NEXUS BETWEEN ARMED CONFLICT AND CONSUMER PRODUCTS: WHERE'S THE APP FOR THAT?." Temp. Int'l and Comp. LJ 26 (2012): 103-143. NoSi

On July 21, 2010, ...  Congolese minerals likely.

Causes an embargo Aronson 11
David Aronson. “How Congress Devastated Congo.” http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/08/opinion/how-congress-devastated-congo.html?_r=0. August 7, 2011. CC

IT’S a long way from ...  they speaking for?”

Solutions for hope is a solution - Mcbain 13
McBain, Darian. "Coltan: A study of environmental justice and global supply chains." CC
For corporations seeking ...  joined this process.

Thus, the plan text: Solutions for Hope will expand the closed pipeline trading network for resources from Central Africa. I reserve the right to clarify.  

Solutions for Hope has begun the secure-pipeline, but new expansion is needed  Propper and Knight
Simon Propper and Peter Knight. “'Conflict free' minerals from the DRC will only be possible if companies stay.” http://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/conflict-free-minerals-drc-companies-stay. December 12, 2013. CC

A spark of ...  in economic darkness.

Due to lawlessness within the Eastern Congo, militia groups such as the FDLR, arguably responsible for the Rwandan genocide, gain power from their control of these mines. Veale 2
Veale, Emily. "IS THERE BLOOD ON YOUR HANDS-FREE DEVICE?: EXAMINING LEGISLATIVE APPROACHES TO THE CONFLICT MINERALS PROBLEM IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO." Cardozo J. Int'l and Comp. L. 21 (2013): 503-545. CC

The distance between ... the minerals trade.

As the demand for these minerals continues to rise, rebel groups exploit the miners and perpetuate horrendous human rights abuses upon the locals in the DRC. Veale 3
Veale, Emily. "IS THERE BLOOD ON YOUR HANDS-FREE DEVICE?: EXAMINING LEGISLATIVE APPROACHES TO THE CONFLICT MINERALS PROBLEM IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO." Cardozo J. Int'l and Comp. L. 21 (2013): 503-545. CC

E. The Mining System...  aimed at regulating.

The injustice caused by the fights over coltan mining is endless, with five million deaths just up to 2010. This number continues to rise as demand for coltan increases. Mcbain 13
McBain, Darian. "Coltan: A study of environmental justice and global supply chains." 2013. CC

Whilst the injustice...  up to 2010.

However, certification processes solve for the lack of clarity between conflict and non-conflict minerals  Schütte et al.
The CTC (Certified Trading Chains) Mineral Certification System: A Contribution to Supply Chain Due Diligence and Good Governance in the Mining Sector of Rwanda and the Great Lakes Region in Central Africa, P. Schütte, G. Franken, J. Vasters, F. Melcher, D. Küster, Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), GER.  NS
The principal objective ... the CTC system.

And, certification allows for the best assessments, on the ground. Schütte 2
The CTC (Certified Trading Chains) Mineral Certification System: A Contribution to Supply Chain Due Diligence and Good Governance in the Mining Sector of Rwanda and the Great Lakes Region in Central Africa, P. Schütte, G. Franken, J. Vasters, F. Melcher, D. Küster, Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), GER.  NS
“Due diligence” in ...  responsible mineral producers.

There’s also an environmental conflict involving elephants and gorillas. Mcbain
McBain, Darian. "Coltan: A study of environmental justice and global supply chains." 2013 CC

In addition to ... in the DRC.

Tournament: Alta | Round: 2 | Opponent: seriously no one cares | Judge: why
I value democratic legitimacy because the resolution questions policy options in a democratic government.

In a democracy, people are considered equal. The only justification for ruling over another person is by ensuring that the power is legitimate. Buchanan
Buchanan, A. (2002). Political Legitimacy and Democracy. Ethics, 112(4), 689–719. doi:10.1086/340313
p.716: Justice requires us ... the people act.

Legitimacy requires openness because authorizing an agent to have authority requires knowing relevant information about that agent.  If a government agent is abusing power or acting improperly, we need to delegitimize their actions by condemning them or voting them out. Dershowitz explains

Dershowitz, Alan M., 2008, Visibility, Accountability, and Discourse as Essential to Democracy, http://www.questia.com/read/1G1-193407111/visibility-accountability-and-discourse-as-essential

These checks on ... rule of law.

And, Democracy demands accountability and checks. Hutchinson 1
ALLAN C. HUTCHINSON, ‘In the Public Interest’:?The Responsibilities and Rights of Government Lawyers, York University - Osgoode Hall Law School, 2008, Osgoode Hall Law Journal, Vol. 46, p. 105.  NS
The participatory imperative ...  than with democracy.

However, without transparency policymakers will only act in their own interest. Hutchinson 2

CRITICAL LEGAL STUDIES SYMPOSIUM: Law, Politics, and the Critical Legal Scholars: The Unfolding Drama of American Legal Thought, 36 Stan. L. Rev. 199, Stanford Law Review

Liberalism and contemporary ...  world of rights.

Therefore, actions taken by the government are the result of the whims of elites and lead to domination. 

But, openness and transparency holds those officials accountable. Hutchinson 3
ALLAN C. HUTCHINSON, ‘In the Public Interest’:?The Responsibilities and Rights of Government Lawyers, York University - Osgoode Hall Law School, 2008, Osgoode Hall Law Journal, Vol. 46, p. 105.  NS
Another beneficial consequence ... operation of government.

So, the standard is maintaining government accountability through openness. 

Circuit courts are schizophrenic on whether government officials on trial should be granted attorney-client privilege when called before a grand jury, ruling opposite ways even when using the same test.  Glenn 13

Michael W. Glenn. NOTE: PRINCIPLES, POLITICS AND PRIVILEGE: HOW THE CRIME-FRAUD EXCEPTION CAN PRESERVE THE STRENGTH OF THE ATTORNEY-CLIENT PRIVILEGE FOR GOVERNMENT LAWYERS AND THEIR CLIENTS. Fordham Urban Law Journal. May 2013.

Another unique circumstance ... grand jury context. n42

My advocacy is that government officials called before a grand jury should not be able to invoke attorney-client privilege regarding internal communications with a government lawyer and thus be required to disclose all of said subpoenaed communications.
I reserve the right to clarify. 

Rules of the Supreme Court of the United States explain the procedure, Rule 10, Considerations Governing Review on Writ of Certiorari.  

Review on a ... rule of law.

So since there is currently a split circuit it’s eligible to be granted a writ of certiorari by the Supreme Court, our advocacy is that they will rule in line with the DC circuit decision.  

Attorney-client privilege allows the government to hide truth from citizens. Peebles 

Jennifer Peebles, Attorney-client privilege for government hampers transparency, Texas Watchdog, 10/09

When you talk ...  our property, too.

For example, Congress was unable to stop torture at Guantanamo because the Justice Department refused to release the Torture Memos, leaving Congress nothing and no one to try.  Jordan and Hess 08

Lara Jakes Jordan and Pamela Hess. Associated Press. 2008. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/04/10/cheney-others-okd-harsh-i_n_96158.html

WASHINGTON — Bush administration ...  a “torture memo.”

The attorney-client privilege has historically and is used to allow the government to conceal information from the public. Specifically, claiming the need for candid communications allows for this withholding of information. Blumenauer
Blumenauer, Kerri R. "Privileged or Not-How the Current Application of the Government Attorney-Client Privilege Leaves the Government Feeling Unprivileged." Fordham L. Rev. 75 (2006): 75.

n60 A government lawyer's practice ... attorney-client privilege. n73

However, allowing government officials to claim privilege to prevent disclosure of communications prevents prosecution of crimes and harms openness to the public.  Because government officials should act in the public interest, a clear avenue for disclosing evidence of government misconduct serves the values of the system.  US Court of Appeals, DC Circuit, In re: Lindsey
In re: Lindsey (Grand Jury Testimony) 148 F.3d 1100 (1998).  Accessed 22 Nov 2013 via Google Scholar.  MO.

When an executive ... Grand Jury Subpoena Duces Tecum, 112 F.3d 910, 921 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, _ U.S. _, 117 S.Ct. 2482, 138 L.Ed.2d 991 (1997).

Tournament: Presentation | Round: 1 | Opponent: Evergreen valley something | Judge:
Section 1 is the justification 

Moral claims have to be grounded in concrete experience, rather than abstract, ahistoric principles that are ethically bankrupt.  Ethical theories must be based in actual social realities. Ryn
Claes G. Ryn—1992. “Universality and History: The Concrete as Normative” From HUMANITAS, Volume VI, No. 1, Fall 1992/Winter 1993 ©National Humanities Institute, Washington, DC USA. TC

The reasons why … stifling philosophical renewal.

Oppression is a social reality that ethics must be grounded in. Freire:
Freire, Paulo. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York: Continuum, 2000. Print

While the problem …  dehumanizes the oppressed.

And, only moral systems that take into account impacts of racism are implementable.  Gosepath

Stefan. “Equality.” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2011 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2011/entries/equality/.

The principle of … I now turn.

Notions of abstract philosophy striving to grasp truth and universal validity will invariably fail in actually protecting interests. Kratochwil

Fredrick, Assistant Professor of International Relations at Columbia University, Pragmatism in International Relations “Ten points to ponder about pragmatism” 2008

Firstly, a pragmatic …  to analytical treatment.

Finally, the role of the judge as an educator and member of academia is to reject racist ideology and argumentation. Trifonas

Trifonas, Peter. PEDAGOGIES OF DIFFERENCE: RETHINKING EDUCATION FOR SOCIAL CHANGE. New York, London. 2003.

domination and subordination….  for our children.

Section 2 is the history

The current voting system has historically been used a tool of oppression to marginalize and disenfranchise minority voters and exclude them from the political process. Hodgkiss

Anita, 15-FEB NBA National Bar Association Magazine 18- (January/February, 2000)

The information gathered …  bar for consideration.
Indeed, rapidly expanding changes in voting laws are drawn specifically to limit the power of minorities in the political sphere and restrict their ability to participate.  Knafo
Saki, Voting Rights Of Black Americans Trampled By 'New Jim Crow,' Civil Rights Advocates Say, Huffington Post, 2013
More than a …  to their preferences."
And, non-compulsory voting marginalizes the poor.  Lacroix empirically confirms
Justin Lacroix, A Liberal Defense of Compulsory Voting, POLITICS: 2007 VOL 27(3), 190–195
This leads to …  (Hooghe and Pellerieaux, 1998, quoted in Billiet et al., 2001, p. 79).
This voter exclusion further serves to create an outgroup of minorities.  Wacquant
Wacquant, Loïc. "Race as civic felony*." International Social Science Journal57.183 (2005): 127-142.

Replacing current penal … (Harvard Law Review Association 1989, pp. 1314–1315, 1316).
And, this creates cyclical exclusion.  Wacquant 2
   Loic, Race as Civic Wacquant, Loïc. "Race as civic felony*." International Social Science Journal57.183 (2005): 127-142.

The debarment of  ….  the new millennium.
Section 3 is the solution
In the United States, voting ought to be compulsory. Blank ballots may be cast.  
Some form of compulsion is necessary to give the marginalized a voice.  Alejandro:
Hannah, The Sovereign Obligations of We, the People: An Argument for Compulsory Voting in the United States” Georgetown Law Center March 18, 2011

Of course, historically … of equal opportunity.

Finally, because elections are so important to political decision-making, expressing the will of the people and pressuring politicians to adopt certain policies, compulsory voting forces government to make voting accessible. Alejandro 2

Hannah, The Sovereign Obligations of We, the People: An Argument for Compulsory Voting in the United States” Georgetown Law Center March 18, 2011

Two of the ….  is unequivocally impossible.

Underview:

First, Engelen clarifies three points of implementation of compulsory voting.
Bart Engelen Why Liberals Can Favour Compulsory Attendanceponl_1358 218..222 POLITICS: 2009 VOL 29(3), 218–222

First, there is …  thought and speech.

Second, RVI

Third, compulsory voting ensures liberties by providing protection from the power that voters have over non-voters- only complete participation can ensure non-domination. Lardy
Lardy, Heather. University of Aberdeen, School of Law "Is there a Right not to Vote?" Oxford Journal of Legal Studies24.2 (2004): 303-321.

Freedom as non-domination …  right to vote.