Tournament: TOC | Round: 4 | Opponent: Greenhill VA | Judge: Courtney Nunley
A. Interp
Black’s Law defines “environmental protection” as: “What is ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION?” The Law Dictionary Featuring Black's Law Dictionary Free Online Legal Dictionary 2nd Ed. DD

What is ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION? environmental guardianship based on policies and procedures. Objectives are (1) the that conserve of natural resources, (2) the and preserve of the existing natural environment and, (3) where possible, repairing damage and reversing trends.

Alamance County Ordinance defines resource extraction as: Alamance County Heavy Industrial Development Ordinance. http://www.alamance-nc.com/commissioners/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2013/10/HIDO_Ordinance-October_3_2011.pdf October 3, 2011. DD
Resource Extraction means the removal of any naturally occurring substance from the land, and not otherwise covered by the definition of mining and quarrying. Such substances include, but not limited to, petroleum, in any form, natural gas, or other gaseous substances. Such substances do not include timber, surface or subsurface water, or any renewable resource

C. Standards

1. Division of Ground

2. Advocacy Skills

David Steinberg writes: David Steinberg University of Miami. Argumentation and Debate. Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision-Making. Twelfth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. 2008. DD
Because debating is ... of their world.

He adds:
Debate provides for ... heat of debate. 

3. His interp perpetuates racism

D. Substantive Engagement

Whiteness isn’t a monolithic root cause---they shut off productive debate over solutions – means the alt fails
Shelby 7 – Tommie Shelby, Professor of African and African American Studies and of Philosophy at Harvard, 2007, We Who Are Dark: The Philosophical Foundations of Black Solidarity
Others might challenge the ...  for higher education).

Stevenson In developing states, citizens understand the types of resource extraction appropriate for their own land.
Marc Stevenson writes: Marc Stevenson Canadian Circumpolar Institute, University of Alberta, The Arctic Institute of North America. Indigenous Knowledge in Environmental Assessment. Arctic. Vol. 49, No. 3 (September 1996). p. 278-291. DD

Those who live … of environmental impacts. 

Guha Environmentalism perpetuates racism.
Ramaachandra Guha writes: Ramaachandra Guha historian and writer based in Bngalore, India. Author of The Unquiet Woods (Oxford University Press) and co-author of Ecology and Equity (Routledge, London and New York) The Authoritarian Biologist and the Arrogance of Anti-Humanitarianism: Wildlife Conservation in the Third World Jan/Feb 1997, Vol 27 No. 2. DD

This  is an ecologically … practiced on African land".

 Advocacy In contrast, I advocate that developing states give communities sovereignty over their own natural resources, rather than controlling them through environmental laws. This entails authorizing local landholders, not foreign states or transnational corporations, to control extraction, upholding their right to define their own relationship to their land.
Aurelie Binot writes: Aurelie Binot, Tom Blomley, Lauren Coad, Fred Nelson, Dilys Roe, and Chris Sandbrook. What has CBNRM achieved in Africa? The ‘3Es’ – empowerment, economics, environment. Resource Issues No. 18. International Institute for Environment and Development, London, UK. 2009. DD.

One mechanism for … re-consolidated central control.

Tournament: JAN-FEB | Round: Quads | Opponent: Abusers | Judge: Losers
A. Interpretation:
The Oxford Dictionary defines conflict as: a serious incompatibility between two or more opinions, principles, or interests: there was a conflict between his business and domestic life (Oxford Dictionary 1st Definition of Conflict): http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/conflict 

A. Interpretation:
Alamance County Ordinance defines resource extraction as: Alamance County Heavy Industrial Development Ordinance. http://www.alamance-nc.com/commissioners/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2013/10/HIDO_Ordinance-October_3_2011.pdf October 3, 2011. DD
Resource Extraction means the removal of any naturally occurring substance from the land, and not otherwise covered by the definition of mining and quarrying. Such substances include, but not limited to, petroleum, in any form, natural gas, or other gaseous substances. Such substances do not include timber, surface or subsurface water, or any renewable resource.

A. Interpretation:
Black’s Law: “What is ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION?” The Law Dictionary Featuring Black's Law Dictionary Free Online Legal Dictionary 2nd Ed. DD
What is ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION? Environmental guardianship based on policies and procedures. Objectives are (1) the conserving of natural resources, (2) the preserving of the existing natural environment and, (3) where possible, repairing damage and reversing trends.

A. Interpretation:
The aff may defend either the topic whole-res and NOT run specific scenarios relating to what would occur in individual countries, or s/he may defend a plan that specifies countries and a policy action. S/he may NOT defend the topic whole-res, but generate offense from country-specific scenarios. For instance, s/he may not defend the topic on balance, and then have one contention about environmental protection in China/Latin America and another in Latin America/Africa.

1. Logic
   Shelly Kagan Ethics Vol. 99, No. 1 (Oct., 1988), pp. 5-31 Published by: The University of Chicago Press Article Stable org/stable/2380927 DD
   "The view that the moral ... of the additive assumption."

Michael Taylor (aka TheOnlineFriend and PhillyPal) is an Administrator by Profession, Articles Writer, News Blogger, Ads Websites Owner and Pentecostal (Acts 2:38) Christian Believer who believes kindness helps to change lives for the better. The General Importance of Logic and Reasoning in Our Daily Lives Logic and Reasoning in Our Daily LivesMichaelTaylor, Yahoo Contributor Network Nov 7, 2006. DD
"Another important aspect ... final crucial decision."

2. Clash
3. Strat Skew

Fairness/Substantive Engagement

A. Interpretation:
The aff must have a solvency advocate that explicitly advocates for every single part of the plan together.

A. Interpretation:
Debaters must ask me to disclose before the round before they run disclosure theory on me.

A. Interpretation:
Debaters may not run disclosure theory on others for not disclosing more than plan texts, counterplan texts, and T and theory interpretations.

A. Interpretation: Webster’s Dictionary defines “prioritize” as rating goals in order of superiority, so the resolution is a choice between two goals, not specific policies. Thus, the aff must defend a general principle of environmental protection, not a specific policy, regulation, resource, or country.
"Prioritize." Merriam-Webster. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/priority.  Prioritize: “to list or rate (as projects or goals) in order of priority” Priority: “superiority in rank, position, or privilege”

A. Interpretation: On this topic, if the aff runs a plan, s/he can’t force the neg to defend prioritizing resource extraction over environmental protection.
B. Violation:
C. The standard is Division of Ground:
D. Fairness

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Neg | Judge:
V= Democratic Legitimacy

Christiano, Tom,."Democracy", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2008/entries/democracy/.
“Epistemologically, democracy is… and unreflective subjects.”

VC: Preserving Political Agency 

S1. Abstention 

Lever, Annabelle. "Is Compulsory Voting Justified?" Public Reason, n.d. Web
“The right to abstain … in some elections.”

S2. CV tells people how to use their rights

Rovensky, Jan. "Voting: A Citizens Right or Duty?" Faculty of Political Science, n.d. Web.
 “It is important to … to participate in politics.”

Tournament: Apple Valley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Leah | Judge: judges
A. Text: The U.S. criminal justice system should adopt Keith Findley’s advocacy requiring defense lawyers and prosecutors to collaborate in truth-seeking while letting attorneys zealously advocate for clients and maintain ACP. 

Findley, Keith A. Clinical Professor, University of Wisconsin Law School; Co-Director, Wisconsin Innocence Project; President, Innocence Network. J.D., Yale Law School, 1985; B.A., Indiana University, 1981 “Adversarial Inquisitions: Rethinking the Search for the Truth.” New York Law School Law Review, Vol. 56, 2011-2012. 

"The system I envision is one ...side of a case."

Tournament: JANFEB | Round: 1 | Opponent: Any | Judge: Any
I negate and value Global Justice.
As states are interconnected, we must view them as part of global institutions, not separate sovereign actors.
Thomas Pogge 1 writes: Thomas Pogge Yale Philosophy Professor “What is Global Justice?” 2010. DD
But other factors may be …‘global justice,’ is considerably less comfortable. 

Focusing on global arrangements draws attention to inequalities between nations.
Pogge 2 writes: Thomas Pogge Yale Philosophy Professor. Are We Violating the Human Rights of the World’s Poor? Yale Human Rights and Development Law Journal. 2011. DD

Human rights violations are crimes … who are enslaved or impoverished.

Thus, the standard is Preserving Equal Access to Sovereignty. Preserving Equal Access to Sovereignty means giving all states the same capacity to self-govern.
The Oxford Dictionary defines “country” as “a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory,” so states can’t exist without sovereignty. http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/country
My thesis is that all states deserve the right to self-govern.
Link: International Action
Global summits on pollution and environmental treaties like the Kyoto Protocol are dominated by states wielding political power, who then pass environmental regulations that harm developing states’ sovereignty.
Paul Driessen writes: Driessen, Paul. Policy analyst; B.A., Geology and Field Ecology, Lawrence University; J.D., University of Denver College of Law. Eco-Imperialism: Green Power, Black Death. Merril Press, January 1, 2010.

At their root is the fact … endless delays or outright bans.
Link: Unilateral Disarmament
Forcing developing states to protect the environment as elites keep polluting is like mandating unilateral disarmament; both violate one state’s sovereignty to benefit another’s. Resource extraction lets developing states benefit from the environment the way the Global North does.
The Canadian Press shows: Canada signing climate treaty without U.S. like 'unilateral disarmament': Baird. The Canadian Press. http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/canada-signing-climate-treaty-without-u-s-like-unilateral-disarmament-baird-1.654664 Dec 09, 2007. DD

Canada's environment minister … Conservatives in the 2006 election. 

Link: Yasuni
The plan violates sovereignty by involving international actors.

Murat Arsel writes: Murat Arsel, Lorenzo Pellegrini. The Demise of the Yasuni-ITT Initiative: Back to reality or the end of the beginning? The Broker. http://www.thebrokeronline.eu/Articles/The-demise-of-the-Yasuni-ITT-initiative November 05, 2013. DD

The initiative has long been the … political and economic instability.
Link: General
Murphy 1 Environmental protection furthers colonialist mindsets by removing people’s control over their land.
Joseph Murphy 1 writes: Joseph Murphy RCUK Academic Fellow in Social Response to Environmental Change in the Sustainability Research Institute at the University of Leeds Environment and Imperialism: Why Colonialism Still Matters. Sustainability Research Institute. October, 2009. DD

At least in this case…against external encroachment.

O’Neil Evaluating imperialism’s history is a prerequisite to understanding and solving sovereignty violations.
Dennis O’Neil writes: (Juliet Ucelli and Dennis O’Neil, http://www.wengewang.org/read.php?tid=19345, date accessed: 7/8/2010) 1992. DD

If you’re still … responsible global actors

Mindset Weighing Analysis

Blum Any environmentalism is inherently linked to colonialist ideology, and changing that mindset is the most important impact under my standard.
Andrew Blum writes: Andrew J. Blum, Managing Partner, the Triumph Group. “Managing Mindset to Break the Cycle of Reactive Decision-Making.” March 31, 2012. Training. DD

Mindset is the … around without clear definition.

Alternative

Advocacy I advocate that developing countries extract resources themselves, and not leave the task to external agents. Such action is necessary for victims of colonialism to reassert sovereignty over their land.
Murphy 2 notes: Joseph Murphy RCUK Academic Fellow in Social Response to Environmental Change in the Sustainability Research Institute at the University of Leeds Environment and Imperialism: Why Colonialism Still Matters. Sustainability Research Institute. October, 2009. DD

Colonialism encouraged resistance … in the colonized world.

Tournament: TOC | Round: 7 | Opponent: Ram 3 | Judge: a protester
A. TEXT: Argentina will ban hydraulic fracturing operations. China will expand fracking in cooperation with the United States under the terms of the Shale Gas Initiative.
Liu and Turner explain:
Kexin Liu and Jennifer L. Turner (researcher at China Environment Forum, director of the China Environment Forum). “Shale We Dance? Exploring a New Area of U.S.-China Energy Collaboration.” Wilson Center. April 2011. http://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/shale-we-dance-exploring-new-area-us-china-energy-collaboration.
During the January ... of Blue's website).8

Tournament: Greenhill RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Neg | Judge:
V=Democratic Legitimacy

Policies must be justifiable to all
Harald Borgebund PhD. The University of York. Department of Politics. Liberal Constitutionalism: Re-thinking the Relationship between Justice and Democracy. 2010. DD
Simply put, society … a social contract (Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau). 

Deliberative Democracy
Anne Stie University of Oslo, Evaluating the democratic legitimacy of institutionalised decision-making procedures. A deliberative perspective. 2007. DD

The modern idea .. claims listed above.

S= Promoting Democratic Deliberation

Deliberation must be voluntary
John Dryzek Professor of Social Theory and Political Theory in Australian National University's Political Science Program in the Research School of Social Sciences. Deliberative Democracy and Beyond: Liberals, Critics, Contestations. Oxford University Press. 2002.
The only condition … in?uence collective outcomes. 

CV denies freedom.
Anne Twomey Professor of Constitutional Law, University of Sydney Law School. Deliberative Democracy, Compulsory Voting, and the Will of the People. University of Sydney Legal Studies Research Paper No. 13/32. 2013. DD
On the other hand, … not to deliberate.’

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Neg | Judge:
All cites from
Nathan Hanna. Drexel University Assistant Professor of Philosophy An Argument for Voting Abstention. Public Affairs Quarterly. 23:279-286 2009. DD

For now, I ... to abstain, however. 

Additional considerations are necessary...consider several objections.

One way an... (including perhaps oneself).

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge:
A. Text: Democracies/The aff actor should implement:
1) Vote facilitation, which are methods to make voting easier: automatic registration, pre-polling, postal voting, and changing Election Day to a rest day.
2) Proportional representation. Unlike “winner-take-all” plurality systems that give all electoral seats to one group, proportional representation makes the number of seats a party wins proportionate to the number of votes it receives. Thus, if 30 of voters support a party, it wins roughly 30 of seats.

Chris Ballinger writes: Ballinger, Chris; The Democracy Series, Democracy and Voting, Hansard Society 2006. DD
A system of ... alone acted upon.92

Proportional representation raises turnout.
Benny Geys University of Brussels Economics Professor, Explaining voter turnout: A review of aggregate-level research. Electoral Studies. 2006. DD
The electoral system ... is signi?cantly positive.20

Even aff authors agree that the combination of policies the CP advocates create high turnout levels.
Arend Lijphart writes: Lijphart, Arend. UC San Diego Political Science Professor (1997). Unequal Participation: Democracy’s Unresolved Dilemma. The American Political Science Review, 91(1), 1–14. DD
Compulsory voting is ... virtually by itself.

Tournament: Harvard RR | Round: Finals | Opponent: The World | Judge: Me, Myself, and I
Bidinotto, Robert James. Editor, The New Individualist “Environmentalism or Individualism?” Econot.com, 2003 

Pollan, Michael. Professor of Journalism, UC Berkeley Second Nature: A Gardener’s Edition. New York: Grove Press, 1991. 

I advocate that developing states give communities sovereignty over their own natural resources, rather than controlling them through environmental laws.
Ford Foundation. Expanding Community Rights Over Natural Resources. Initiative Overview. September, 2010.
"The Expanding Community Rights...and marginalized communities."

Tournament: jan feb | Round: 1 | Opponent: idfk | Judge: why am i doing this
I negate and value Global Justice, meaning giving all people their due.
The standard is Preserving Popular Sovereignty.
Prefer my standard because:
First, states derive authority from citizens’ consent.
Second, popular sovereignty checks oppression
Paulo Freire writes: Paulo Freire. Pedagogy of the Oppressed, PhD in philosophy, 1968. DD

World and human … ulterieur de ces experiences.

The Oxford Dictionary defines “country” as “a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory,” so states can’t exist without popular sovereignty.
http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/country

Contention
Thesis My thesis is that sovereignty requires self-determination. By denying people control over their land, affirming unjustly denies their will. I advocate that developing countries extract resources themselves, and not leave the task to external agents.
Environmental protection furthers colonialism by removing people’s control over their land.
Joseph Murphy 1 writes: Joseph Murphy RCUK Academic Fellow in Social Response to Environmental Change in the Sustainability Research Institute at the University of Leeds Environment and Imperialism: Why Colonialism Still Matters. Sustainability Research Institute. October, 2009. DD

At least in this case, …against external encroachment.

When developing states pass their own environmental policies, they just replicate colonialism on a domestic level
Murphy 2 notes: Joseph Murphy RCUK Academic Fellow in Social Response to Environmental Change in the Sustainability Research Institute at the University of Leeds Environment and Imperialism: Why Colonialism Still Matters. Sustainability Research Institute. October, 2009. DD

Insights into generic … spectre of ecological imperialism.

Resource extraction is a necessary tool of resistance, since it returns control of the land to the people.
Murphy 3 notes: Joseph Murphy RCUK Academic Fellow in Social Response to Environmental Change in the Sustainability Research Institute at the University of Leeds Environment and Imperialism: Why Colonialism Still Matters. Sustainability Research Institute. October, 2009. DD

Colonialism encouraged resistance more … consciousness in the colonized world.

Tournament: jf | Round: 1 | Opponent: i hate | Judge: you all
I negate and value A Just State, meaning a government that gives people their due.
Just states must include all citizens, since:
inclusion’s necessary for political legitimacy.

Anthony Lang writes: Anthony F. Lang Jr., American University in Cairo, Assistant Professor of Political Science “Responsibility in the International System: Reading US Foreign Policy in the Middle East,” European Journal of International Relations, Volume 5, Number 1, p. 78-79. 1999. DD
Following these three thinkers, …. true democracy (Arendt, 1958). 

all are due humanity’s central feature – the right to act on one’s ends.
Maurizio d’Entreves 1 writes: d'Entreves, Maurizio Passerin, "Hannah Arendt", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2013 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2013/entries/arendt/. DD
Action, the only … between action and language.
my framework is a logical prerequisite to debate itself, since discourse only matters if people can act on their views.
d’Entreves 2 writes: d'Entreves, Maurizio Passerin, "Hannah Arendt", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2013 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2013/entries/arendt/. DD
In The Human Condition … relations and create new realities ” (HC, 200).

Thus, the standard is Promoting Social Inclusion of Agents.
Thesis/Contention

Thesis My thesis and sole contention is that states shouldn’t value land more than the people on it. By making the environment a trump card over social needs, affirming unjustly makes land a tool of exclusion.
Black’s Law To be topical, any aff has to defend some form of state-sponsored resource conservation.
Black’s Law defines “environmental protection” as: “What is ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION?” The Law Dictionary Featuring Black's Law Dictionary Free Online Legal Dictionary 2nd Ed. DD
What is ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION? … damage and reversing trends.

 Bidinotto The principle of environmental protection pits humans against nature.
Robert Bidinotto writes: Bidinotto, Robert James. Editor, The New Individualist “Environmentalism or Individualism?” Econot.com, 2003 CH
The essence of the … fundamental outlook and goal. 

Pollan Thus, no matter the form, environmental protection treats land as sacrosanct and untouchable.
Michael Pollan adds:  Pollan, Michael. Professor of Journalism, UC Berkeley Second Nature: A Gardener’s Edition. New York: Grove Press, 1991. CH
No such luck, it seems. ‘Wilderness’ is not nearly as straightforward or dependable a guide as we'd like to believe. If we do nothing, we may end up with an impoverished weed patch of our own (indirect) creation, which would hardly count as a victory for wilderness. And if we want to … And so we do.

 Ford Foundation In contrast, I advocate that developing states give communities sovereignty over their own natural resources, rather than controlling them through environmental laws.
Ford Foundation writes: Ford Foundation. Expanding Community Rights Over Natural Resources. Initiative Overview. September, 2010. DD
The Expanding Community … women and marginalized communities.

Tournament: january-february | Round: 1 | Opponent: forget the haters | Judge: only god can judge us
I negate and value A Just World Order
The standard is Maintaining an Equal Balance of Benefits and Burdens.
Prefer this standard because:
First, it’s necessary to guide agents’ actions.
Second, unequal burdens unjustly require states to fulfill impossible expectations.
Theodore Gracyk writes: Theodore Gracyk Minnesota State University Philosophy Professor “Ought” Implies “Can.” Philosophy 318: Professional Ethics http://web.mnstate.edu/gracyk/courses/phil20318/ought-can_Outline.htm DD

Many philosophers use the principle…them to take place"

Third, the cooperation necessary for justice can only exist when states share benefits and burdens.
David Gauthier writes: David P. Gauthier, Morals by Agreement. Oxford: Clarendon, 1986. Print. DD

But the strengths of a…to a rationally grounded morality.

Contention
Thesis My thesis is that the poor shouldn’t have to clean up after the rich. Since developing states didn’t cause environmental harms, affirming imposes unequal and unjust burdens on them.

Rich countries, NOT developing ones, should be responsible for environmental protection.
Leo Hickman writes: Leo Hickman features journalist and editor at the Guardian. Doha climate talks: should rich countries shoulder 'responsibility' for carbon cuts? The Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/environment/blog/2012/dec/06/climate-change-rich-countries-doha December 6, 2012. DD

The evidence seems pretty clear … that have made us rich. 

Resource extraction gives developing states a chance to benefit from the environment the way the Global North does. Forcing them to protect the environment as elites keep polluting is like mandating unilateral disarmament; both create unequal burdens.
The Canadian Press shows: Canada signing climate treaty without U.S. like 'unilateral disarmament': Baird. The Canadian Press. http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/canada-signing-climate-treaty-without-u-s-like-unilateral-disarmament-baird-1.654664 Dec 09, 2007. DD

Canada's environment minister has dismissed… Conservatives in the 2006 election. 

Worse, the North exploits Southern states’ conservation, using their resources as luxury items.
Lim Soomin writes: Lim Soomin and Dr. Steven Shirley Keimyung International College, “Eco-Imperialism: The Global North’s Weapon of Mass Intervention.” Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences (2009). EE
Such hubris on the part of … economic powers on both continents.