Tournament: CPS | Round: 3 | Opponent: X | Judge: X
The term “”Africa” is a western construct – it is embodied in specific ideals that cast Africa as the dark continent that is engulfed in savagery – it divides Africa into a “black” and “white” Africa that marginalizes populations. Austin 90,
austin – prof.in the dept. Of society, human develop. and health at harvard -- 1990 sydney bryn, cultural critique, no. 14, the construction of gender and modes of social division ii. (winter, 1989-1990), pp. 129-152
The notion, within the narrative, of the immoral city must be considered within
AND
in the Western imagination, of AIDS as the disease of the Other.

Rejection of racism is the ethical obligation of a society—prevents acceptance of injustice. This is a side-constraint on any ethical theory. Memmi 2K,
Memmi, Albert. prof of sociology @ U of Paris Racism. Trans. Steve Martinot. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota Press, 2000.
The struggle against racism will be long, difficult, without intermission, without remission
AND
. True, it is a wager, but the stakes are irresistible.

The alternative is to reject the affirmative’s discourse—only through linguistic deconstruction can we promote real change. Kobayashi 94,
Kobayashi 94 (Audrey, Direct. Institute of Women’s Studies @ Queen’s, Gender, Place, and Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography 1, 2, p. 225, JM)
What we can hope, for the moment, is to become more adept at
AND
processes will go on, but hopefully at a higher level of competence.  

The role of the ballot and judge as an educator is to reject arguments based on asymmetrical power relations—because pedagogical contexts are inherently political, we have a unique opportunity to promote real change.  Trifonas 03,
PETER PERICLES TRIFONAS. PEDAGOGIES OF DIFFERENCE: RETHINKING EDUCATION FOR SOCIAL CHANGE/ RoutledgeFalmer. New York, London. 2003. Questia.
Just as objective social reality exists not by chance, but as the product of
AND
, a decolonizing pedagogy addresses both the means and the ends of schooling.
Trifonas 03 Continues,
PETER PERICLES TRIFONAS. PEDAGOGIES OF DIFFERENCE: RETHINKING EDUCATION FOR SOCIAL CHANGE/ RoutledgeFalmer. New York, London. 2003. Questia.
If we superimpose my formulation of “power as relation” on the discussion concerning
AND
to make the world a better place for us and for our children.

Language evaluation, in the context of the environment is particularly important—shapes our understanding of environmental policy and philosophy—means the K comes first. Meisner 95,
Mark Meisner Faculty of Environmental Studies • York University. RESOURCIST LANGUAGE: THE SYMBOLIC ENSLAVEMENT OF NATURE. 1995.
Language is a central part of how humans view and act in the world.
AND
1991). To explore that register, I now turn to my taxonomy.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: Quads | Opponent: Opponent | Judge: Judge
Part 1 is the link. Their framing of animals as a resource is a link—that perpetuates the suffering of animals.  Stibbe ‘01
Arran Stibbe.  Language, Power and the Social Construction of Animals. Society and Animals. 2001.
Hidden assumptions that … that disregards suffering. 

That turns case—makes exploitation of animals inevitable. Stibbe ‘01
Arran Stibbe.  Language, Power and the Social Construction of Animals. Society and Animals. 2001.
One of the … structuring of the area. 

Part 2 is the impact: This anthropocentric thinking makes environmental impacts inevitable. Sivil ‘01.
Sivil, 01 (Richard Sivil studied at the University of Durban Westville, and at the University of Natal, Durban. He has been lecturing philosophy since 1996. "Why we Need a New Ethic for the Environment", Cultural Heritage 2(7): 103 – 116 (2001))
Three most significant … as a warehouse of resources (Pierce and Van De Veer 1995: 184).

Part 3 is the alternative: reject the affirmative’s discourse and vote negative as an act of criticism.  Voting negative can politicize the environment and to promote a non-anthropocentric ethic by challenging the discourse of the AC. Sandilands ‘2K
Catriona Sandilands, Environmental Studies at York University, 2000 Ethics and the Environment 4.2
But it strikes me … shown to the common. 

And, Language evaluation, in the context of the environment is particularly important—shapes our understanding of environmental policy and philosophy—means the K comes first. Meisner 95,
Mark Meisner Faculty of Environmental Studies • York University. RESOURCIST LANGUAGE: THE SYMBOLIC ENSLAVEMENT OF NATURE. 1995.
Language is a … to my taxonomy.

Tournament: VBT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Opponent | Judge: Judge
Environmental discourse tool of neo-colonialism and capitalist corporations. Philip 01,
Kavita Philip (2001) Seeds of Neo-Colonialism? Reflections on Ecological Politics in the New World Order, Capitalism Nature Socialism, 12:2, 3-47,
In the first half … Southern societies themselves.
The politics of environmentalism ignore the influences of capitalism on preservation efforts. Philip 01,
Kavita Philip (2001) Seeds of Neo-Colonialism? Reflections on Ecological Politics in the New World Order, Capitalism Nature Socialism, 12:2, 3-47,
Some of the … activities in the South.

Environmentalist rhetoric depicts nature as something that can be manipulated, that excess natural elements like CO2 are at fault—masks the economic system that causes such destruction. Swyngedouw 06,
Swyngedouw, 06 (Erik, Dept of Geography, School of Environment and Development, Manchester University, “Impossible “Sustainability” and the Post-Political Condition”, Forthcoming in: David Gibbs and Rob Krueger (eds.) Sustainable Development, www.liv.ac.uk/geography/seminars/Sustainabilitypaper.doc)
I have not … themselves are increasing.   
Capitalism will cause environmental catastrophe—the entire system must be reversed—turns case.. Foster 02,
Foster, 02  (John Bellamy, Professor of environmental sociology, Marxism, and political economy at the University of Oregon, Ecology Against Capitalism, p 66-67)
The consequences of … and must be superseded.

Tournament: CPS | Round: 2 | Opponent: X | Judge: X
Development discourse breeds imperialism and oppresses the third world—also turns case; dooms environmental protection efforts. Berger 12’
JAMIE BERGER, MAY 29, 2012, The Harmful Discourse of Development: A Look at India, http://intellectualyst.com/the-harmful-discourse-of-development-a-look-at-india-534/
In a speech at the Congress of Black African Writers in 1959, Frantz Fanon
AND
feel immense growing pains and will place considerable strain on the world’s resources.
And, we cannot re-appropriate the meaning of the word—its historical connotation is too power to overcome. Cross 95,
JOHN CROSS. NAFTA, Capitalism and Alternatives, Debate. https://cs.uwaterloo.ca/~alopez-o/politics/NAFTAmail/msg00023.html. 1995.
 I agree that, at least at level of the choice of language,
AND
we often do well to scrap jetison the old jargon and start fresh.
And, neoliberalism prevents actions against climate change in exchange for market-based incentives which don’t generate change—turns case. Okereke 08’
Okereke 8 (Chukwumerije, Senior Research Associate at the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, “Equity Norms in Global Environmental Governance” August, Vol 8 No 3 http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/global_environmental_politics/v008/8.3.okereke.html) JL
The foregoing analysis suggests that the limited impact of CDR and CHM norms—and
AND
by the market and without violating the sacred canons of the neoliberal order.

Imperialism leads to unending violence and extinction Eckhardt 90’
Eckhardt 1990 (William, Lentz Peace Research Laboratory of St. Louis, JOURNAL OF PEACE RESEARCH, February 1990, p. 15-16)
Modern Western Civilization used war as well as peace to gain the whole world as
AND
challenge is very urgent indeed. Life itself may depend upon our choice.

The alternative is to reject the affirmative’s discourse—only through linguistic deconstruction can we promote real change. Kobayashi 94,
Kobayashi 94 (Audrey, Direct. Institute of Women’s Studies @ Queen’s, Gender, Place, and Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography 1, 2, p. 225, JM)
What we can hope, for the moment, is to become more adept at
AND
processes will go on, but hopefully at a higher level of competence.  

And, the role of the ballot and judge as an educator is to reject arguments based on asymmetrical power relations—because pedagogical contexts are inherently political, we have a unique opportunity to promote real change.  Trifonas 03,
PETER PERICLES TRIFONAS. PEDAGOGIES OF DIFFERENCE: RETHINKING EDUCATION FOR SOCIAL CHANGE/ RoutledgeFalmer. New York, London. 2003. Questia.
Just as objective social reality exists not by chance, but as the product of
AND
, a decolonizing pedagogy addresses both the means and the ends of schooling.
Trifonas 03 Continues,
PETER PERICLES TRIFONAS. PEDAGOGIES OF DIFFERENCE: RETHINKING EDUCATION FOR SOCIAL CHANGE/ RoutledgeFalmer. New York, London. 2003. Questia.
If we superimpose my formulation of “power as relation” on the discussion concerning
AND
to make the world a better place for us and for our children.
Language evaluation, in the context of the environment is particularly important—shapes our understanding of environmental policy and philosophy—means the K comes first. Meisner 95,
Mark Meisner Faculty of Environmental Studies • York University. RESOURCIST LANGUAGE: THE SYMBOLIC ENSLAVEMENT OF NATURE. 1995.
Language is a central part of how humans view and act in the world.
AND
1991). To explore that register, I now turn to my taxonomy.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 2 | Opponent: Mission San Jose AB | Judge: Tom Placido
The Affirmatives depiction of nature as a hostile, dangerous force that threatens humanity necessitates technocratic domination. Dalb7 98,
Dalby 1998 (Ecological metaphors of security: World politics in the biosphere. Alternatives: Global, Local, Political , Jul-Sep1998, Vol. 23, Issue 3 Database: Academic Search Premier)
Some of the most … considerable ideological power.

And, the consequence of the logic of environmental management is the exacerbation of current environmental trends, resulting in the destruction of human civilization and the radical endangerment of human “being.” Dalby 02’
Dalby ’2 (Simon, professor of geography and political economy at Carleton University, Environmental Security, 2002, pg. 144-6)
This observation makes … modes of existence.

The alternative is to re-conceptualize our relationship to the environment as part of an ecosystem rather than humanity as a separate entity. This is key to solve the managerial drives that are the root of degradation. Dalby 98’
Dalby 1998 (Ecological metaphors of security: World politics in the biosphere. Alternatives: Global, Local, Political , Jul-Sep1998, Vol. 23, Issue 3 Database: Academic Search Premier)
With "Mother Nature… might actually mean.

Tournament: VBT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Opponent | Judge: Judge
The affirmative’s push to solve environmental problems through governmental actions perpetuates the illusion of global management and discourages assumption of responsibility for the problems we’ve created. Esteva 98’
Esteva and Prakash, 98 – President of the 5th World Congress on Rural Sociology and Professor of Educational Theory at the University of Pennsylvania State (Gustavo and Madhu Suri, “Grassroots Post-Modernism – Remaking the Soil of Cultures”, Page 22-23)MDP
We can only ….decisions upon others.
And, the affirmative scapegoats developing countries for global warming and destruction of the environment; they are speaking from a point of privilege and are diffusing responsibility to economically challenged nations. Agarwal 91’
Anil Agarwal, Feburary 1991, Indian Environmentalist (UN Global 500 Roll of Honor), Global Warming in an Unequal World,: a Case of Environmental Colonialism, Center for Science and Environment New Delhi, http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/GlobalWarming20Book.pdf
The idea that … onto developing countries.
This leads to eco-imperialism. Soomin and Shirley ’09:
 Keimyung International College, Daegu, Republic of Korea, (Lim and Dr. Steven, “Eco-Imperialism: The Global North’s Weapon of Mass intervention,” Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences, 2009, Vol 1, No 3, 846-860)A-Berg
To break the … from the citizenry.
And, neoliberalism prevents actions against climate change in exchange for market-based incentives which don’t generate change—turns case. Okereke 08’
Okereke 8 (Chukwumerije, Senior Research Associate at the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, “Equity Norms in Global Environmental Governance” August, Vol 8 No 3 http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/global_environmental_politics/v008/8.3.okereke.html) JL
The foregoing analysis …the neoliberal order.

Imperialism leads to unending violence and extinction Eckhardt 90’
Eckhardt 1990 (William, Lentz Peace Research Laboratory of St. Louis, JOURNAL OF PEACE RESEARCH, February 1990, p. 15-16)
Modern Western Civilization …. depend upon our choice.

The alternative is to reject the search for global solutions. This is vital to challenge violent ways ordering and shape a new human future. Nayar 99’
Nayar, 99 – Professor at the University of Warwick School of Law
(Jayan, “SYMPOSIUM: RE-FRAMING INTERNATIONAL LAW FOR THE 21ST CENTURY: Orders of Inhumanity”, Fall, 9 Transnat'l L. and Contemp. Probs. 599)  MDP
The description of the …. the "technologies" of ordering.

And, the alternative is vital to solve environmental destruction – only individual action can address the root cause of environmental problems and overcome the pitfalls of the regulatory state. Vandenbergh 04’
Vandenbergh, 4 – Michael, Assistant Professor at Vanderbilt U and former Chief of staff at the EPA (“From Smokestack to SUV: The Individual as Regulated Entity in the New Era of Environmental Law”, March, 57 Vand. L. Rev. 515, Lexis)  AK
Individuals are important, … afterthought of policymakers. 

And, the role of the ballot and judge as an educator is to reject arguments based on asymmetrical power relations—because pedagogical contexts are inherently political, we have a unique opportunity to promote real change.  Trifonas 03,
PETER PERICLES TRIFONAS. PEDAGOGIES OF DIFFERENCE: RETHINKING EDUCATION FOR SOCIAL CHANGE/ RoutledgeFalmer. New York, London. 2003. Questia.
Just as objective social … ends of schooling.
Trifonas 03 Continues,
PETER PERICLES TRIFONAS. PEDAGOGIES OF DIFFERENCE: RETHINKING EDUCATION FOR SOCIAL CHANGE/ RoutledgeFalmer. New York, London. 2003. Questia.
If we superimpose …. for our children.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Brentwood | Judge: NA
Decreased Gold supply increases prices
Cash Gold Exchange 13  (http://www.cashgoldexchange.com/the-history-of-gold-prices-how-the-economic-recession-has-driven-prices/)

Gold is without … to increased demand. 

High gold prices risk hyperinflation
White 14 (Jerry, Chief Executive of Comex – precious metal trading company - http://www.tradersgame.com/articles/rising-gold-price.html) accessed 2/2)

We have written … This is hyperinflation.

Uncontrolled inflation destroys the economy Cunningham and Vlasenko, 12 – *PhD in macroeconomics, Director of Research and Education at the AIER, PhD in macroeconomics, Research Fellow at the AIER, former Economics professor at multiple universities (Steven R., Polina, “A World of Persistent Inflation”, American Institute for Economic Recovery, 12/1/12, https://www.aier.org/article/7897-world-persistent-inflation)  EK

Using monetary policy … have permanently changed.

Economic decline and volatility heightens the risk of nuclear global conflict—multiple scenarios
Burrows and Harris - Counselor in the National Intelligence Council, Member at the National Intelligence Council - 2009 (Mathew J. Burrows, Global Trends 2025: A Transformed World—an unclassified report by the NIC published every four years that projects trends over a 15-year period, has served in the Central Intelligence Agency since 1986, holds a Ph.D. in European History from Cambridge University, and Jennifer Harris, Member of the Long Range Analysis Unit at the National Intelligence Council, holds an M.Phil. in International Relations from Oxford University and a J.D. from Yale University, 2009 (“Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis,” The Washington Quarterly, Volume 32, Issue 2, April, Available Online at http://www.twq.com/09april/docs/09apr_Burrows.pdf, Accessed 08-22-2011, p. 35-37)
Of course, the … more dog-eat-dog world.

Tournament: VBT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Loyola CK | Judge: X
A) China hegemony will spark US-China war. Lee ‘10

JOHN LEE. China's Rise and the Road to War. August 2010. http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748703748904575410580240721848
Four years before … failure of imagination.
B) Independence kills US Heg—it’s the tie breaker in the war with China.
Matthew Hulbert, 11/12/12, Ten Reasons To Be Concerned About U.S. Energy Independence, http://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewhulbert/2012/11/12/ten-reasons-to-be-concerned-about-u-s-energy-independence/
Needless to say, … goes home, broke.

C) US-China war goes nuclear- turns into World War 3.
Hunkovic, American Military University 2009 Lee J, 2009, “The Chinese-Taiwanese Conflict Possible Futures of a Confrontation between China, Taiwan and the United States of America”, http://www.lamp-method.org/eCommons/Hunkovic.pdf 

A war between China, … considered in this study

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Opponent | Judge: Judge
Market-based incentives commoditize nature. Levin ‘2K
Peter Levin, Doctoral Candidate in Sociology at Northwestern University, and Wendy Nelson Espeland, Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Northwestern University, 2000 (Organizations, Policy and the Natural Environment, ed. Hoffman and Ventresca, Ch. 5 “Pollution Futures: Commensuration, Commodification, and the Market for Air,” http://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/research/ford/confer/opne/chapt5.htm)
Currently, three principles … This requires commensuration. 

This turns case: commodification is not the answer – it’s an endorsement of the same irresponsible policy making that causes environmental harm. Wilbert ‘01
Chris Wilbert, lecturer in geography in the Department of Planning at Anglia Polytechnic University, November/December 2001 (“No to Kyoto,” www.radicalphilosophy.com)
We are urged … wider economic transformation. 

The alternative is to reject market environmentalism—that’s key to non-commoditized alternatives. Spaulding ‘97
Norman W. Spaulding III, Candidate for J.D., Stanford Law School, May, 1997 (“Commodification and Its Discontents,” 16 Stan. Envtl. L.J. 293)
First, commodification reveals … natural resource protection.
?

Tournament: VBT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Loyola CK | Judge: X
A) Naval readiness is strong- now is key to deter conflict
Katz, 13 -- retired vice admiral, former commander of the Fifth Fleet
Doublas, "A Strong Navy," The Hill, 1-3-13, thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/economy-a-budget/275395-a-strong-navy, accessed 1-24-13, mss

On the other hand, …where they flare up.
B) Expanded gas drilling destroys naval readiness- current leases don’t trigger
Weiss, 12 -- Center for American Progress Action Fund senior fellow
Daniel, "The American Energy Initiative," Congressional Documents and Publications, 9-13-12, l/n, accessed 1-31-13, mss

There have been … Congressional Budget Office. n69
C) Strong navy de-escalates all conflict and deters great power war
Roughead, 7 -- Admiral, US Navy, Chief of Naval Operations
Gary, James Conway, General, US Marine Corps, and Thad Allen, Admiral, US Coast Guard, "A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower," Oct 2007, www.navy.mil/maritime/Maritimestrategy.pdf, accessed 1-24-13, mss
This strategy reaffirms …, and with nuclear forces.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: Finals | Opponent: Northland SH | Judge: Panel
Part 1 is Uniqueness: Nigeria’s ranked the 5th highest country for crude oil imports. EIA ’11:
US Energy Information Administration (EIA), “Crude Oil and Total Petroleum Imports Top 15 Countries,” November 29, 2011
http://www.eia.gov/pub/oil_gas/petroleum/data_publications/company_level_imports/current/import.html
Monthly data on the … barrels per day).

Part 2 is the link: if Nigerian oil extraction were to stop, oil prices would spike due to constant demand while supply would be decreased dramatically. Kahn ’12:
Chris Kahn, Yahoo News, “Key US oil supplier may cut off spigot Sunday” January 12, 2013. http://news.yahoo.com/key-us-oil-supplier-may-cut-off-spigot-221105937.html
NEW YORK (AP) — One … comes from oil.

And, that collapses the economy.  Twerberg ’13:
Gail Tverberg, M.S. from University of Illinois, Fellow and member of the American Academy of Actuaries, writer and speaker on global energy studies, “Higher Energy Costs Lead to Recession, Eventual Collapse” October 25th, 2013. http://theenergycollective.com/gail-tverberg/293276/rising-energy-costs-lead-recession-eventually-collapse
The Limits to … adequate tax revenue.

Part 3 is the impact and, economic collapse causes global nuclear war – turns case. Friedberg and Schoenfeld 08,
Friedberg and Schoenfeld, 2008  Aaron, Prof. Politics. And IR @ Princeton’s Woodrow Wilson School and Visiting Scholar @ Witherspoon Institute, and Gabriel, Senior Editor of Commentary and Wall Street Journal, “The Dangers of a Diminished America” http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html
Then there are … with external adventures.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 1 | Opponent: NA | Judge: NA
A. Counterplan Text: _ will extract  resource and a percentage of the revenue will immediately be distributed directly to the bank accounts of citizens and will be treated as taxable income. Diamond and Moschaber ’13,
Larry Diamond and Jack Moschaber, September and October 2013 Issue, Petroleum to the People: Africa’s Coming Resource Curse – and How to Avoid It, Foreign Affairs, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139647/larry-diamond-and-jack-mosbacher/petroleum-to-the-people
These initiatives are … community-level development.
B. Competition

1. Mutually exclusive – the entirety of the revenue that is redistributed comes from the development of resources – uniquely key, our Diamond and Moschaber evidence indicates that the revenue from natural resources is different.
   2. Net Benefits – counterplan solves the aff and has additional benefits for solving poverty.
   Net Benefit: Solves Conflict
   There’s no connection between depleting resources and climate related conflict. Their evidence just looks at terror-related increases. Black ’11,
   Tim Black, “The Rise of the Eco-Imperialists,” Why the United Nations is Wrong to Depict Everything from War to Famine as a ‘climate-change issue,” 25 July 2011, Spiked
   Yet there should … climate change everywhere.
   And, independently, counterplan solves for political instability – stops corruption and ensures accountability. Rodríguez et. al. ’12,
   Pedro L. Rodríguez, José R. Morales, and Francisco J. Monaldi, Direct Distribution of Oil Revenues in Venezuela: A Viable Alternative, Center for Global Development, Working Paper 306, September 2012
   In theory, access … the mid-1980s.
   Net Benefit: Solves Poverty
   First, increased resources helps economies, causes increased income for the poor. Haber and Menaldo ’11,
   Stephen Haber (Stanford University) and Victor Menaldo (University of Washington) “Do Natural Resources Fuel Authoritarianism? A Reappraisal of the Resource Curse” Feburary 2011
   Our results imply … a resource blessing.
   And, put away your resource curse cards – the entire point of the counterplan is to solve for the resource curse. Diamond and Moschaber ’13,
   Larry Diamond and Jack Moschaber, September and October 2013 Issue, Petroleum to the People: Africa’s Coming Resource Curse – and How to Avoid It, Foreign Affairs, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139647/larry-diamond-and-jack-mosbacher/petroleum-to-the-people
   The root cause of … the political table.
   Multiple impacts – first, solves environment. Wealthier societies have better technology, it’s the only long-term solvency for the environment. Eiras and Schaefer ’01,
   Ana I. Eiras and Brett D. Schaefer, September 27, 2001, Trade: The Best Way to Protect the Environment, Backgrounder #1480 on Trade and Economic Freedom, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2001/09/trade-the-best-way
   Even if trade … phase of improvement.5
   Second, poverty is the equivalent of an ongoing thermonuclear war against the poor – outweighs their impacts and gives rise to conflict. Gilligan ’97,
   James Gilligan, 1997, Director of the Center for the Study of Violence – Harvard Medical School, Violence: Reflections on a National Epidemic p. 195-6 (book)
   The 14 to 18 … cause to effect.

Tournament: TOC | Round: 2 | Opponent: X | Judge: X
There’s a reason why we continue to fail to protect the environment – the aff is part of a long tradition of claiming the environment is an object we can exploit, but that they will choose to be kind enough not to. That ideology guarantees protection will be unachievable and supports a culture of violation and consumption. Evernden ‘85
Evernden, professor of environmental studies at York University, 1985  (Neil, The Natural Alien, p. 23)
Resourcism is a kind of modern religion which casts all of creation into categories of
AND
and given support to a cultural imperative that neutralizes and debases life itself.
Their language is important – the ideas we talk about are constructed in our language and are influenced by them. The substance of the action they take may be a net good, but it’s the equivalent of using racial slurs while arguing for civil rights, their words are what set up the possibility for domination in the first place. Meisner 95 explains specifically in the context of “natural resource”,
Mark Meisner Faculty of Environmental Studies • York University. RESOURCIST LANGUAGE: THE SYMBOLIC ENSLAVEMENT OF NATURE. 1995.
Language is a central part of how humans view and act in the world.
AND
1991). To explore that register, I now turn to my taxonomy.

This ideology of consumption is what enables the domination of nature – that’s the root cause of           aff impact         . They solve for a single consequence while breeding the real problem behind the scenes. Murphy ‘03
Murphy, Andrew. Environmental Ethics "Environmentalism, Antimodermsm, an Recurrent Rhetoric of Decline" vol.25. 2003. (Assistant Professor of Political Philosophy and Humanities in Christ College, the honors college of Valparaiso University) p82.
(1) What is wrong? Twenty-first century society has "transgressed
AND
the environment has resulted in an ecological catastrophe that threatens our very existence.
That label, “natural resources,” enslaves nature for the benefits of humankind – encourages a truth narrative that only describes how “kind” we have been to nature without recognizing their equality. The only way to begin to solve is to change our discourse. Meisner ’95,
Meisner, professor of environmental studies at York University, 1995  (Mark, “Resourcist Language: The Symbolic Enslavement of Nature”, Proceedings of the Conference on Communication and Our Environment, ed: David Sachsman, p. 241-2)
When we use resourcist language it is easy to forget that we are talking about
AND
. not an inanimate object, but a being with its own subjectivity.
The affirmative’s attempt to “save” species in a reserve masks expansions of human control, it’s the way we view nature as though certain species are important solely as a result of bio-diversity. Evernden ‘92
Neil Evernden, professor of Environmental Studies at York, The Social Creation of Nature, 1992, p 130
In his study of endangered species, Charles Bergman reflected on the source of our
AND
to remove the taste of wild impurities, there seems no threat of insurrection
The problem is more than just the language they use but also what that language implies about their thought process – the idea that nature is something that can be used enables us to use them, they represent the benevolent dictator that decides not to extract. The alternative is to question the discourse of the 1AC. We open up avenues to rethink our relationship with nature – we open avenues for resistence. Palmer ’98,
M. Jimmie Killingsworth and Jacqueline S. Palmer, Professor of English at Texas AandM and Associate Director, Writing Programs Office, Landmark Essays on Rhetoric and the Environment, 1998, p.230-1
'Our thesis has been that rhetoric offers resources to the ecophilosophical that increase its potential
AND
impressions of the environmental movement and for regaining its co-opted power.
And, there are clear alternatives – change the “resources” to “phenomena” and we begin to recognize nature as an entity away from humankind. Dilworth ‘01
Dilworth, Acting secretary for HOPE: Helping Our Peninsula’s Environment, 2001  (David, “Sanctuary Management Plan Requested Improvements”, December 8, http://www.1hope.org/sancplan.htm)
We urge changing all use of the term "Natural Resources" to "Natural Phenomena" because "resources" strongly implies things to be used whereas phenomena may be things which are simply left alone.
The negative doesn’t deny that the action of the affirmative is a bad one but rather that we should separate the merits of the action from their discourse – the 1AC is conceptually tied to their view of “resources;” the debate is no longer a question of the whether the AC is good, but rather whether the affirmative’s characterization of nature is better than ours.
Regardless, the kritik outweighs the case, four warrants:

It outweighs on magnitude – the resourcist label promotes the culture of consumption. Extinction is inevitable unless we change our relationship with nature. Murphy ‘03
Murphy, Andrew. Environmental Ethics "Environmentalism, Antimodermsm, an Recurrent Rhetoric of Decline" vol.25. 2003. (Assistant Professor of Political Philosophy and Humanities in Christ College, the honors college of Valparaiso University) p82.
(1) What is wrong? Twenty-first century society has "transgressed
AND
the environment has resulted in an ecological catastrophe that threatens our very existence.
2. Turns case because they might create a short term change but the problem will inevitably resurface as long as society views nature as a resource—they store nature in a jar with a label “to be used by future generations.”
3. They debase the value of life, our Evernden evidence says that we devalue life because all value is monetized and equated to the money that we can buy it with. Dillon ‘99
Dillon, professor of politics at the University of Lancaster, 1999  (Michael, Political Theory, April, ingenta select)
Quite the reverse. The subject was never a firm foundation for justice, much
AND
Justice, is integral to the lack constitutive of the humanway of being.
4. The case also turns in the short-term because exploitation will occur whenever its politically expedient. Evernden ‘85
Evernden, professor of environmental studies at York University, 1985  (Neil, The Natural Alien, p. 9-10)
But something is lost or compromised in this change of emphasis.  This much has
AND
want, without having to contend with the attitudes embraced by the majority.

Tournament: CPS | Round: 4 | Opponent: X | Judge: X
A) Uniqueness: US support prevents Saudi Arabia from acquiring a bomb—if relations fail they will develop nuclear weapons. Guzansky 13’
Yoel Guzansky is a fellow at the Institute for National Security Studies, Tel Aviv University. His main research area is Gulf security. He has also served as Iran coordinator at Israel's National Security Council. His recent publications include The Gulf States in a Changing Strategic Environment (2012), One Year of the Arab Spring: Global and Regional Implications, and The Gulf States: Between Iran and the West – Middle East Quarterly¶ Spring 2013, pp. 59-64 – available at: http://www.meforum.org/3512/saudi-arabia-pakistan-nuclear-weapon
Continued Iranian progress toward a nuclear weapon, Iraq's increasing alignment with Tehran, and
AND
, to reduce risks and ensure the continuity of the House of Saud.
B) Link: oil imports from Saudi Arabia uniquely key for Saudi-US relations. Arab America Giving writes,
Arab American Giving, The Importance of Saudi Arabia to the US Economy, http://www.arabamericangiving.org/the-importance-of-saudi-arabia-to-the-us-economy.php
The US economy is highly dependent on oil, relying on oil for about 40
AND
to make it possible for the US to trade with other Arab countries.
C) Impact: Saudi prolif causes nuclear war. Edelman 11’
Edelman ‘11
(Eric –Distinguished Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments and Former U.S. Undersecretary of Defense for Policy, Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67162/eric-s-edelman-andrew-f-krepinevich-jr-and-evan-braden-montgomer/the-dangers-of-a-nuclear-iran)
There is, however, at least one state that could receive significant outside support
AND
Middle East could lead to a new Great Game, with unpredictable consequences.

Tournament: VBT | Round: 1 | Opponent: X | Judge: X
Both externalism and internalism fail. Katsafanas 1,
Paul Katsafanas, Deriving Ethics from Action: A Nietzschean Version of Constitutivism, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research
Internalism provides a ... decidedly odd property

Therefore, morality is constitutive, that is, it flows from the aim of activities. Katsafanas 2,
Paul Katsafanas, Deriving Ethics from Action: A Nietzschean Version of Constitutivism, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research
So what's special .... practicality and questions

The will to power is the best constitution of action. First, action always constitutively aims at overcoming because any object of action is an object of a drive for power. Katsafanas 3,
Paul Katsafanas, Deriving Ethics from Action: A Nietzschean Version of Constitutivism, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research
So, while a ... of overcoming resistance

Second, the will to power is our constitution of action. Striving for power is a pre-requisite to acting in the first place. Katsafanas 4,
Paul Katsafanas, Deriving Ethics from Action: A Nietzschean Version of Constitutivism, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research
What is interesting ... were a constitutivist

Thus, the standard is the adherence to the Will to Power. Exploitation of the world around us is a mechanism of overcoming resistance. Conrad,
Mark T. Conard, 2007, Marymount Manhattan College, NY, The Philosophy of Stanley Kubrick
This is all ... unhealthy and degenerate

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: X | Judge: X
The role of the ballot and judge as an educator is to reject arguments based on asymmetrical power relations—because pedagogical contexts are inherently political, we have a unique opportunity to promote real change.  Trifonas 03,
PETER PERICLES TRIFONAS. PEDAGOGIES OF DIFFERENCE: RETHINKING EDUCATION FOR SOCIAL CHANGE/ RoutledgeFalmer. New York, London. 2003. Questia.
Just as objective social...and the ends of schooling.

Trifonas 03 Continues,
If we superimpose my formulation...and for our children.

First, the affirmative treats the shortcoming of existing laws, like the harms of overly expansive attorney-client privilege, as problems that can be solved through minor adjustments in other legal statutes. As a result, the law comes to be seen as a perfect and necessary structure that legitimizes the existence of exploitation and suffering.  Gordon ’87,
Robert W. Gordon, Professor of Law at Stanford University, 1987 “Unfreezing Legal Reality: Critical Approaches To Law,” Florida State University Law Review (15 Fla. St. U.L. Rev. 195), Summer
Now a central tenet...evil of despotic power.

Second, the affirmative attempts to resolve a legal dispute in the squo over the use of attorney-client privilege through the application of supposedly objective values like the affirmative standard, thereby legitimating the entire system and the system’s exclusion of certain groups from the political process. Schegel 01,  
Henry Schegel, Professor of Law, State University of New York at Buffalo, 2001 (CARDOZO LAW REVIEW, March, SYMPOSIUM CRITICAL LEGAL HISTORIES: OF DUNCAN, PETER, AND THOMAS KUHN p. 1067-8)
From the judge's perspective...part of political theory.

First is link to the role of the ballot. Gordon states the discourse of the AC emphasizes submission to the law over personal action—strongest internal link to trifonas and Singer as our role in a legal topic is active criticism. 

Second, their form of legal interpretation is violent, ensures dominance and destroys frames of thinking. Henderson ’91,
Lynne Henderson, Professor of Law at the Indiana University School of Law at Bloomington, 1991 “Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law,” Indiana Law Journal (66 Ind. L.J. 379), Spring, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via Lexis-Nexis
The lack of scholarly acknowledgment...common meaning and law.

Third, the kritik is a reason to question their epistemic origins – their authors are suspect, they’re written to frame the debate in one that only lawyers and judges can access. Kairys ’84,
Kairys, (Law Professor at Temple) 84 (36 Suffolk U. L. Rev. 307,  ARTICLE: Searching for the Rule of Law, David).
Law claims to resolve...and power relations.

The negative advocates a rejection of the faith the affirmative places in the laws ability to solve social problems in favor of critical analysis of the laws purported objectivity and its violent exclusion of alternative perspectives criticize. Singer ’94,
“The Player and the Cards: Nihilism and Legal Theory,” Yale Law Journal (94 Yale L.J. 1), November, http://www.jstor.org/stable/796315
What shall we do then abouthave to answer that question ourselves.

This is a pre-requisite to the ethical decision making of the affirmative case—revealing the bankruptcy of the affirmative’s legal thought is key. Singer 84,
Joseph William Singer, Associate Professor of Law at Boston University, 1984
“The Player and the Cards: Nihilism and Legal Theory,” Yale Law Journal (94 Yale L.J. 1), November, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via Lexis-Nexis
The way out of this...choice is always the same.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: X | Judge: X
A) Uniqueness: the country’s fiscal position is improving because of tax revenue. Kyodo News on October 30th.
“U.S. FY 2013 deficit down 37.5 on tax revenue rise, outlay cut” Kyodo News International, October 30, 2013.
http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/kyodo-news-international/131030/us-fy-2013-deficit-down-375-tax-revenue-rise-outlay-cu
The U.S. budget deficit...end of last year.

B) Link: The effectiveness of the U.S. tax system depends upon maintaining ACP protections. ACP is uniquely necessary in the context of Tax Law. Voltz 09,
William H. Volz Professor of Business Law and Ethics, Wayne State University and Theresa Ellis Associate Attorney, Garrison LawHouse. An Attorney-Client Privilege For Embattled Tax Practitioners: A Legislative Response To Uncertain Legal Counsel Hofstra Law Review, Vol. 38:213, 2009.
The powerful argument behind...on voluntary compliance.226

C) Impact: Sustained budget deficits will cause economic collapse Atman et al. 12,   
“Reforming Our Tax System, Reducing Our Deficit.” Roger Altman, William Daley, John Podesta, Robert Rubin, Leslie Samuels, Lawrence Summers, Neera Tanden, Antonio Weiss, with Michael Ettlinger, Seth Hanlon, and Michael Linden. December 4, 2012.
http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/tax-reform/report/2012/12/04/46689/reforming-our-tax-system-reducing-our-deficit/
There are very few things...the debt-to-GDP ratio.

Economic collapse causes global nuclear war. Friedberg and Schoenfeld 08,
Friedberg and Schoenfeld, 2008  Aaron, Prof. Politics. And IR @ Princeton’s Woodrow Wilson School and Visiting Scholar @ Witherspoon Institute, and Gabriel, Senior Editor of Commentary and Wall Street Journal, “The Dangers of a Diminished America” http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html
Then there are the dolorous...with external adventures.

Tournament: Greenhill RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Opponent | Judge:
Uniqueness: Beef consumption on the decline—steady trends for the last decade. Davis writes,
Meredith Davis. Where's the Beef: U.S. beef consumption in decline. 2011. Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/12/22/us-usa-beef-consumption-idUSTRE7BL1MI20111222
(Reuters) – For… beef on average.

Link: The affirmative reduces income inequality by enacted compulsory voting programs. Chong writes,
Alberto Chong Inter-American Development Bank. Mauricio Olivera George Mason University.  On Compulsory Voting and Income Inequality in a Cross Section of Countries. Inter-American Bank Research Department. 2005.
In general, a…on income distribution.

And, increasing income leads to greater beef demand, Models prove. Mintert et al write,
Mintert et al. 2 (James Mintert, Ted Schroeder, and Tom Marsh, Professor of Agricultural Economis at Kansas State University, “Focus on Beef Demand,” March, http://ag.arizona.edu/arec/wemc/cattlemarket/Focusonbeefdemand.pdf, AD: 7-7-9) BL
Beef demand was… impact on beef demand. 

Higher demand will lead to increased beef production. Mintert writes,
Mintert, Professor @ KSTATE, 2009 James Mintert, Professor in the department of agriculture at kstate, January 2009 “Beef Demand Drivers” Kansas State University http://www.beefboard.org/news/files/factsheets/Beef_Demand_Drivers_January_2009.pdf
Large shifts in…2005 through 2008.

Impact: Beef consumption is directly tied to a massive loss of biodiversity. Dauvergne writes,
Dauvergne 8 (Peter, Professor of Political Science and Canada Research Chair in Global Environmental Politics at the University of British Columbia, The Shadows of Consumption, p. 166, AD: 7-7-9) BL
Consuming so much… Europe to Egypt to China. 

And, Loss of biodiversity leads to human extinction. Diner writes,
Diner 94 (David N. J.D. Recipient. College of Law. Ohio State University. “The Army and the Endangered Species Act: Who’s Endangering Whom?” Military Law Review. 143 Mil. L. Rev. 161. Winter, 1994, gender edited) BL
No species has… to the abyss.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 2 | Opponent: Opponent | Judge: Judge
Part 1 is Framework. 

The judge should assume the position of a critical intellectual, interrogating the discourses and unnoticed assumptions behind arguments. This intellectual criticism outweighs policy proposals. Jones writes,
Richard Wyn Jones, 1999, Professor International Politics at Aberystwyth University, Security, Strategy, and Critical Theory, p. 155-163
The central political …critical security studies.

We must examine the discourses and assumptions that go unnoticed behind our arguments. This enables an ethical intellectual self-constitution which avoids how their commitment to legal reform short-circuits the efficacy of their criticism. Foucault writes,
Foucault, 1980 (Michel, “Questions of Method,” in “The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality,” (1991), by Michel Foucault, Graham Burchell, and Colin Gordon, p. 82-85)
You're quite right … realized their ideas.
This means that even if the aff arguments are true, the alternative is the only one that actually achieves true reform. The affirmative advocacy of prescribing one route of policy limits further criticism from taking place, and paralyzes social workers. Opening up space for deliberation ensures that the best option is taken. They have to prove their advocacy actually causes real change for any of their other arguments to even matter. If we win Foucault, we win the round, since we ensure the most preferable reform to take place.

And, analysis of in round discourse comes first because it precedes any normative or political discussion of the merits of the resolution. Bleiker writes,
Bleiker, Roland. professor of IR @ U of Queensland “Discourse and Human Agency.” Contemporary Political Theory, 2003
‘It is within …thereby becomes improbable.’

Part 2 is the Links.

Our democracy is a sham. Our votes mean NOTHING. Status quo activism taking the wrong approach. Silver writes,
Tim Silver, June 23, 2013, An Analysis of the One Party State: At the top of the political pyramid, there is not a constant trade-off between Liberal and Conservative agendas, there is only THE Agenda, The people’s history, http://www.thepeopleshistory.net/2013/06/an-analysis-of-one-party-state-at-top.html
Globalization A key …. behind the curtain?'

Compulsory voting is the exact sort of wrong that capitalism brings about. Compulsory voting is a way to entrench capitalism even deeper in our society by removing capacities for social rebellion. Tad writes,
Dr. Tad, Januar 23,2011, Compulsory voting: More to do with legitimating state rule than democracy, Left Flank, http://left-flank.org/2011/01/23/compulsory-voting-more-to-do-with-legitimating-state-rule-than-democracy/
One progressive argument …. the state’s class nature.

The affirmative is a way to mask the truth and distracts the middle class from revolting by granting them small steps. CV represents the EXACT harms that silver outlines. The rebels must recognize the truth before we can take any sort of rebellious action. Tad writes,
Dr. Tad, Januar 23,2011, Compulsory voting: More to do with legitimating state rule than democracy, Left Flank, http://left-flank.org/2011/01/23/compulsory-voting-more-to-do-with-legitimating-state-rule-than-democracy/

Despite claims that …. set by our rulers.

Part 3 is the Impact.

Realizing that the epistemology of capitalism manipulates our understanding of policy, it is imperative that we critique first. Marsh writes,
Marsh 95- Professor of Philosophy at Fordham University, PhD from Northwestern University (James, Critique Action and Liberation, p 331-2)
Is it reasonable, … such a judgment.
(Optional Extinction Impact) Capitalist territorialization and oppression of minorities causes the death of the biosphere and nuclear conflicts over resource optimization – that’s extinction. Massumi writes,
Massumi 92, (Brian, pHD in Philosophy @ Yale, A user’s guide to capitalism and schizophrenia 1992. P 137-8)
"Postmodernity" is not … transcend forced personification).
Part 4 is the Alternative.
The alternative is to do Nothing and practice Nothingness until a proper strategy against capitalism has materialized. Tad and Foucault indicates that we need time to gather our ranks and continually critique. Participation ensures the system is reproduced. Our withdrawal clears the way for revolutionary activity. Vighi and Feldner writes,  
Vighi and Feldner, 2009 (Fabio, PhD, lecturer in Italian at the School of European Studies at Cardiff University, and Heiko, PhD, Lecturer in Modern German History at Cardiff University, “Pathological Attachments: Slavoj Zizek on Anticapitalism and Liberal Democracy,” Rethinking Marxism Volume 21 Number 2, April, p. 295-296, TH)
From this viewpoint, … comes into play.

At best, even if I lose the rest of the critique, Feldner shows that the affirmative can never solve for the impacts they talk about in the AC, since the state will eventually revert back to the old system of doing things, functioning as a roll back argument.  The capitalist system just continues the cycle by trying to make small fixes from time to time, and by appeasing the public by baiting them. We need to jam the cogs of the machine. The perm is just another link—they can’t resist the desire to act.

Tournament: Voices | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Debater | Judge: Judge
CV further clogs up courts because of fining.
The Economist, Sep 19th 2013, http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2013/09/economist-explains-10, Where is it compulsory to vote?

However, in some … result in left-leaning governments.

Pakistan is trying to make reforms to help court clogging—prevents Jirgas and Taliban support. Turns case because these ad hoc courts are what cause the worst forms of patriarchy and atrocities.
Jibran Ahmad, Aug 28, 2013 , Pakistan launches mobile mediation court to help back logged court, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/08/28/us-pakistan-mobile-courts-idUSBRE97R0QO20130828

Pakistani officials have … violated," Shah said.

And, turns case again because Taliban courts and jirgas deny the strongest link to a legitimate government: a proper justice system. Increases in Taliban power is the root cause of the problem of patriarchy.
SANA HAROON, 14 February 2011, Pakistan: the Taliban's successful marriage of dogma and custom, http://www.opendemocracy.net/5050/sana-haroon/pakistan-talibans-successful-marriage-of-dogma-and-custom
Social acceptance of … anchored in Pakhtun culture.

Jirga justice provides no venues for women to receive true justice or influence politics.
Saferworld, March 2012, The Jirga: justice and conflict transformation, http://www.saferworld.org.uk/downloads/pubdocs/The20Jirga20justice20and20conflict20transformation.pdf
The concerns about … family as whole.”48

And this outweighs the aff because the AC only talks about women having increasing influence in voting for the president while the disad talks about the role of women being diminished within the totality of both social and political spheres.

And, increase in Taliban power will cause Pakistani collapse.
Aryn Baker, Apr. 23, 2009, Taliban Advance: Is Pakistan Nearing Collapse?,  http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1893370,00.html#ixzz2gJaxr3zz
The move by Taliban-backed … of their principal cause. 

Collapse and Taliban takeover guarantees loose nukes triggering global nuclear war. Pitt,
Pitt, William, a New York Times and internationally bestselling author of two books: "War on Iraq: What Team Bush Doesn't Want You to Know" and "The Greatest Sedition Is Silence." 5/8/09, “Unstable Pakistan Threatens the World” http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/index.php?mod=articleandcat=commentaryandarticle=2183

Pakistan is now … So should we all.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 4 | Opponent: Opponent | Judge: Judge
A. Uniqueness-the Supreme Court’s decision on the Voting Rights Act means republicans will control the house. Wilson writes,
Reid Wilson. Voting Rights Decision Means Republicans Could Control House for Decades. June 2013. http://www.nationaljournal.com/columns/on-the-trail/voting-rights-decision-means-republicans-could-control-house-for-decades-20130625

The Supreme Court's …in the House pro

B. Link- Compulsory Voting overwhelming supports the left. Mackerras writes,
Mackerras Department of Politics, University of NSW and McAllister Research School of Social Science, Australian National University. Compulsory Voting, Party Stability and Electoral Advantage in Australia. Electoral Studies 18. 1999.

Levels of turnout .. Liberals and Nationals.

And, CV in the US would mean an overwhelmingly democrat controlled government. The Economist writes,
The Economist. If America had compulsory voting, would Democrats win every election? 2012. http://www.economist.com/blogs/lexington/2012/09/art-voter-turnout

Democrats are pretty … did not agree.

C. Impact: Democratic control of the house would cut the US nuclear arsenal, destroy nuclear deterrence, and cause proliferation. Mazurak writes,
Mazurak 13 (Zbignew, MA – History – defense analyst, http://www.conservativedailynews.com/2013/06/stop-the-democrats-unilateral-cuts-in-the-us-nuclear-deterrent/

The Left never .. room for error.¶ 

And, US Nuclear deterrence is key to prevent nuclear and regional conflict. Barnett writes,
Barnett 9 (Thomas, B.A. in International Relations and Russian Literature, University of Wisconsin, 1984, A.M. in Soviet Union Program, Harvard University, 1986, Ph.D. in Political Science, Harvard University, 1990, “Seven Reasons Why Obama's Nuke-Free Utopia Won't Work”  5/14/09 Esquire Magazine, http://www.esquire.com/the-side/war-room/obama-nuclear-proliferation-051409//chris)

Last month in Prague, … in control of it.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Opponent | Judge: Judge
Counterplan Text: The United States Supreme Court should re-enfranchise felons by declaring the Voting Rights law racially discriminatory. Greenhouse,
Linda Greenhouse, Winner of the 1998 Pulitzer Prize, writer on the Supreme Court http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/07/29/voting-behind-bars/?ref=felonydisenfranchisementand_r=0, Voting Behind Bars

It has been … a position.

Tournament: Greenhill RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: Opponent | Judge:
Uniqueness: Federalism is on the brink now—the bubble has been growing.  
Robb 13 Robert, “Obama and the Death of Federalism” February 20, 2013”

CV violates the constitution-states rights. 

We are a … is badly needed. 

Link: CV violates states rights, and increases federal oversight.

Denniston 12 Lyle, “Constitution Check: Could voting be made mandatory?” Constitution Daily, 2/12/13

No doubt, a … to be conducted.

Impact: Federalism magnifies the impact of natural disasters by making states complicit with basic federal regulations. 

Governing Magazine, 2005 (RISK AND RESPONSIBILITY, October, 2005, LEXIS)

After Hurricane Frances … governments become complacent."

Lack of preparedness and rapid response will allow the new wave of disasters to render the earth uninhabitable

Mohammed Sid-Ahmed,  2005, Al-Ahram Online, Jan 6-12, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/724/op3.htm

The human species … demise of humankind.

Tournament: Greenhill RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: Greenhill RR Opponent | Judge:
Opt-Out CP

Counterplan Text: Democracies will adopt a system of opt-out registration and opt-out voting.  The United States will adopt Opt-Out through courts. Pitts explains opt out registration,
Michael J. Pitts Associate professor, Indiana University School of Law-Indianapolis. Opt-Out Voting. Hofstra Law Review Association. 2011.
“Yet some argue that…None of the Above."

B) Competition:

 First, Opt-out voting is not compulsory—doesn’t force individuals to vote. Pitts writes,
Michael J. Pitts Associate professor, Indiana University School of Law-Indianapolis. Opt-Out Voting. Hofstra Law Review Association. 2011.
“Despite an inability…remain on the sidelines. n77”

C) Solvency/Net-Benefits:

First, Mandatory voter registration solves turnout problems. Halperin writes,
Jason P.W. Halperin NYU School of Law. A Winner at the Polls: A Proposal for Mandatory Vorter Registration. NYU Journal of Legislation and Public Policy. 200.
“Creating the office of voter registration OVR would enable the nation to do away with two other historic drains …surge of interested voters.”

Second, Opt-out voting increases participation and informed voting decisions—four reasons. Pitts writes,  
Michael J. Pitts Associate professor, Indiana University School of Law-Indianapolis. Opt-Out Voting. Hofstra Law Review Association. 2011.
“One of the main problems…extra nudge to cast ballots.”

Tournament: Greenhill RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: RR Opponent | Judge: RR Judge
Congress will pass debt ceiling now. Taylor 9/12,
Taylor 9/12/13  (Andrew, Associated Press, GOP Leaders Confounded on Stopgap Spending Bill")
“The speaker met…havoc with the markets."

But, political capital is key. Blake 9/18,
Aaron Blake. Carney assures that Obama ‘has twisted arms. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2013/09/18/carney-assures-that-obama-has-twisted-arms/
“White House press secretary…Congress does the right thing.” 

And, aff drains political capital – two warrants.

First is neo-libertarians. Badham ’13,
Badham, Van, 2013, The Guardian, Of Course Compulsory Voting Is a Good Thing, http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/aug/21/compulsory-voting-good
“It's a policy that…yet will be so.”

Second is Republicans. Liu ’12,
Liu, Eric, 2012, Time, Should Voting Be Mandatory?, http://ideas.time.com/2012/08/21/should-voting-be-mandatory/?iid=op-main-lede
“Some Republicans will…voting on public issues.”
And, failure to raise the debt ceiling destroys the economy – investor uncertainty. Masters ’13,
Masters 13 (Jonathan, Deputy Editor at the Council on Foreign Relations, Backgrounder, jan 2 2013"US Debt Ceiling. Costs and Consequences")
“Most economists, including…effects on the economy."

And, extinction – econ collapse causes global nuclear war. Freidberg and Schoenfield,
Freidberg and Schoenfield,. The Dangers of a Diminished America. 2008. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html
“Then there are…with external adventures.”