Tournament: TOC | Round: 1 | Opponent: X | Judge: X
Plan Text: All developing countries should¬¬ ban all forms of asbestos mining.
We have a solvency advocate, a global ban has been approved by hundreds of organizations. CBC News ‘12
CBC News. Scientists press for global asbestos ban. 2012. http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/scientists-press-for-global-asbestos-ban-1.1264260
A call for the global ban on all forms of asbestos was made today by
AND
devastating impact of past use and we want to stop a continuing epidemic.
First, it’s topical—asbestos mining causes environmental harm. Ripley ‘96
Earl A. Ripley, Robert E. Redmann, Adele A. Crowder. Environment Effects of Mining. Google Books. 1996.
The main environmental effects of the mining process are surface disturbance, solid wastes,
AND
relatively safely (Hoskin 1993; Morel-a-l'Huissier I994b).
Second, Inherency—developing countries are uniquely responsible for asbestos mining. Developed countries are already instituting bans. Gupta ‘04
ASBESTOS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: MAGNITUDE OF RISK AND ITS PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS TUSHAR K. JOSHI and ROHIT K. GUPTA Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health Lok Nayak Hospital New Delhi, India. 2004.
Its high tensile strength, chemical and thermal stability, high flexibility, low electrical
AND
their backyards, or in the form of regular household garbage 21.
Third, Asbestos exposure in developing countries kills 10 million in the next two decades. Morris ‘10
Jim Morris. Human Toll Reaches Millions as Asbestos Industry Expands Worldwide. 2010. http://www.fairwarning.org/2010/08/exporting-an-epidemic-human-toll-reaches-millions-as-asbestos-industry-expands-worldwide/
Health officials warn that widespread asbestos exposures, much as they did in the West
AND
-asbestos-industry-expands-worldwide/#sthash.SjdxWeXR.dpuf

Tournament: CPS | Round: 1 | Opponent: Opponent | Judge: Judge
1AC
Part 1: Framework
The standard is consequentialism. First, the intended-foreseen distinction ought not be applied to questions of the morality of action for two reasons:

a. The causal structure of action, or the temporal entity that separates intended ends and foreseen ends, is not intrinsically morally relevant. Enoch ‘07,
Enoch, David (Professor of the Hebrew University at Jerusalem). Intending, Foreseeing, and the State. Legal Theory, Vol. 13, No. 2. 2007. Pgs. 9-10. NN.
Let us apply this …. it does not.

b. Mental states, such as intention, are key to the evaluation of agents, but have no bearing on the evaluation of action. Enoch ‘07 summarizes Thomson,
Enoch, David (Professor of the Hebrew University at Jerusalem). Intending, Foreseeing, and the State. Legal Theory, Vol. 13, No. 2. 2007. Pgs. 9-10. NN.
Think about a …. more general conclusion.

If the intended-foreseen distinction is flawed, absolutist theories collapse into consequentialism. Enoch ’07,
Enoch, David (Professor of the Hebrew University at Jerusalem). Intending, Foreseeing, and the State. Legal Theory, Vol. 13, No. 2. 2007. Pgs. 9-10. NN.
In order to …. hard to resist67.

Second, the obligation of the state is to protect citizen interest. The goal is implicit in its very existence. Kennan ’00,
Kennan, George (Professor Emeritus at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton). “Morality and Foreign Policy”. Foreign Affairs, Vol. 64, No. 2. 1985. P. 205-218. NN.
Second, let us …. basis of them.

And, our obligation as debaters is to act in a way that mirrors the deciscion of policy makers. This allows us to engage in policy-making role-playing, which is the most educational part of debate. Shaw writes,
PEDAGOGY IN INTERNATIONAL STUDIES Using Role-Play Scenarios in the IR Classroom: An Examination of Exercises on Peacekeeping Operations and Foreign Policy Decision Making CAROLYN M. SHAW Wichita State University
The use of role-playing …. our ‘‘national interest.’’

Part 2: Plan
Plan Text – The Cuban and Mexican Governments should stop all drilling operations in the Gulf of Mexico in recognition of the environmental costs. Martinez ’11 contextualizes the plan,
Guillermo L. Martinez, Obama inconsistent to OK offshore drilling off Brazil, but not off U.S. coast, March 31, 2011, Sun Sentinel
Do we not … the planet everywhere?

And, it’s topical – the plan text defends countries choosing not to drill for environmental concerns. And, Cuba and Mexico are developing countries. ISI uses the World Bank definition for 2013-14,
The International Statistical Institute, http://www.isi-web.org/component/content/article/5-root/root/81-developing, Developing Countries, List based off World Bank definition for 2013-2014
The list of developing … Pakistan Grenada Palau

It’s inherent too – oil production has already begun and will ramp up in the next three years. Gonzalez ’13,
Gonzalez 13¶ (May 6, “A Future in Oil for Cuba”, Interview with Pinon, Piñón has worked in the oil industry and was president for Latin America of AMOCO Oil Co. At present, he is a researcher for the Center for Energy and Environmental Resources of the University of Texas at Austin. http://progreso-weekly.com/ini/index.php/cuba/3922-a-future-in-oil-for-cuba)
Finding oil in …the next generations.

And, Mexican lawmakers just granted companies access to the Gulf – the brink is now. Bloomberg 12/4,
Adam Williams and Eric Martin, 12/4/13, Big Oil to get Brazil-Like Terms in Mexico Energy Plan, Bloomberg News article on the new terms in Mexico
Global oil majors from …companies and Pemex.”

Part 3A: Oil Prices Advantage

Oil prices high now – OPEC meeting will keep them high and consumption is growing. Washington Post 12/2,
Washington Post, Steven Mufson, 12/2/13, OPEC scrambling to keep oil prices stable (and high) as it meets Wednesday
The Organization of …a decade ago.

But, drilling in the Gulf of Mexico lowers oil prices – two specific links. First is Mexico. Cekerevac 6/21,
Cekerevac 6/21/13 — Sasha Cekerevac, BA Economics with Finance specialization, a Senior Editor at Lombardi Financial, 2013 (“Oil in Mexico: A Once in 80 Years Investment Opportunity?,” Investment Contrarians, Econ Matters, LexisNexis, 6-21-13, Available Online
Even though people … natural gas.¶ PEMEX

Second is Cuba. Increased production in Cuba would flood the market with Venezuelan oil. Bertran ’12,
International Business Times, Pierre, 2/14/12, International Business Times, “Reversal of Fortune: Venezuela Could Be Biggest Beneficiary of New Cuban Oil”,
Which OPEC member …countries, Pinon said.

And, lower oil prices kill renewables investment, leads to warming. Huag’ 11,
Haug, Harvard Graduate, 11 Marianne, Former Director at the International Energy Agency, chairs Advisory Group on Energy of the EC, and is Senior Research Advisor at the Oxford Institute of Energy Studies, 2011, Oxford Journals, “Clean energy and international oil,”
Developing and commercializing … technologies for oil.

Warming is human caused and leads to extinction—prefer qualified science.
Deibel ‘7,
Deibel, Professor of IR at National War College, 7 ¶ Terry L., Foreign Affairs Strategy, 2007, “Conclusion: American Foreign Affairs Strategy Today Anthropogenic – caused by CO2”
Finally, there is … on this planet.  

Part 3B: Cuban Biotech Advantage
Cuban biotech industry is on the rise, but continued support from the government is required. Global Times 4/25,
Global Times, Cuban Biotech Industry expected to double in five years: officials, 4/25/2013,
Cuba's biotechnology …year in Cuba.

And, Cuba’s oil industry collapses their economy, destroys biotech investment. Orro ‘9,
Orro 9 (Roberto, Board memeber of the Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy (ASCE), member of the Puerto Rico Chamber of Commerce, “ Petrolism In Cuba And Implications Of U.S. Investment In The Cuban Oil Sector”
After a plethora of … let others stagnate.

Cuban biotech key to solve disease—other countries cannot solve Gutierrez ’13,
Gutierrez 13 (Aramis Sanchez, “The Convergence of Biotech and Public Health” microbiologist with a master’s degree in infectious diseases MEDICC Review, January 2013, Vol 15, No 1http:medicc.org/mediccreview/articles/mr_286.pdf)
 Cuba’s case, resource … industry after nickel.4

Tournament: VBT | Round: 1 | Opponent: X | Judge: X
The standard is consequentialism. First, the intended-foreseen distinction ought not be applied to questions of the morality of action for two reasons:
a. The causal structure of action, or the temporal entity that separates intended ends and foreseen ends, is not intrinsically morally relevant. Enoch ‘07,
Enoch, David (Professor of the Hebrew University at Jerusalem). Intending, Foreseeing, and the State. Legal Theory, Vol. 13, No. 2. 2007. Pgs. 9-10. NN.
Let us apply this test, then, in order to check whether causal order
AND
the answer that seems to me overwhelmingly plausible is that it does not.
b. Mental states, such as intention, are key to the evaluation of agents, but have no bearing on the evaluation of action. Enoch ‘07 summarizes Thomson,
Enoch, David (Professor of the Hebrew University at Jerusalem). Intending, Foreseeing, and the State. Legal Theory, Vol. 13, No. 2. 2007. Pgs. 9-10. NN.
Think about a hard medical decision – say, whether to give a suffering patient
AND
these factors together strongly suggest, I think, the more general conclusion.
If the intended-foreseen distinction is flawed, absolutist theories collapse into consequentialism. Enoch ’07,
Enoch, David (Professor of the Hebrew University at Jerusalem). Intending, Foreseeing, and the State. Legal Theory, Vol. 13, No. 2. 2007. Pgs. 9-10. NN.
In order to see that this is nevertheless so, think of an example of
AND
(my or others’) future lyings, consequentialism is hard to resist67.
Second, the obligation of the state is to protect citizen interest. The goal is implicit in its very existence. Kennan ’00,
Kennan, George (Professor Emeritus at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton). “Morality and Foreign Policy”. Foreign Affairs, Vol. 64, No. 2. 1985. P. 205-218. NN.
Second, let us recognize that the functions, commitments and moral obligations of governments
AND
need it accept any moral reproach for acting on the basis of them.
And, our obligation as debaters is to act in a way that mirrors the deciscion of policy makers. This allows us to engage in policy-making role-playing, which is the most educational part of debate. Shaw writes,
PEDAGOGY IN INTERNATIONAL STUDIES Using Role-Play Scenarios in the IR Classroom: An Examination of Exercises on Peacekeeping Operations and Foreign Policy Decision Making CAROLYN M. SHAW Wichita State University
The use of role-playing in the classroom provides an alternative method for presenting
AND
the challenge of clearly defining what is in our ‘‘national interest.’’
Plan Text: The governments of Iran and Niger should ban all uranium mining facilities in recognition of their environmental costs. I reserve the right to clarify – the affirmative doesn’t deny that other countries ought not stop uranium mining, but rather identifies these as the largest risks.
And, it’s topical – uranium mineshave massive environmental harms. Thorpe ’08,
David Thorpe, Extracting a Disaster, Writer for the Guardian, a free-lance environmental journalist. http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/dec/05/nuclear-greenpolitics, 2008.
The increased sourcing of raw uranium that will arise from nuclear new build is an
AND
enrichment even may be worse, says the World Information Service on Energy.

Congress will pass new sanctions on Iran in the coming weeks. Lobe December 27th
Jim Lobe. Iran sanctions bill: Big test of Israel lobby power. December 27th 2013. http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/index.php?mod=articleandcat=Worldandarticle=8046
WASHINGTON - This week’s introduction by a bipartisan group of 26 senators of a new
AND
, they’re terrified they’re going to lose their major fund-raising appeal.”
These sanctions will drive Tehran to accelerate nuclear proliferation. Mostaghim ‘13
Ramin Mostaghim. Most Iranian lawmakers back nuclear speedup if U.S. adds sanctions. December 29th 2013. http://www.latimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-iran-parliament-nuclear-sanctions-20131229,0,4436778.story#axzz2pDCdTjjY
TEHRAN — More than two-thirds of the Iranian parliament has signed on to
AND
no doubt,” Araqchi said, according to the Iranian Student News Agency.
Iranian nuclear programs are entirely dependent on their mining, and it’s a directly caused by foreign relations. Torbati and Dahl ‘13
Yeganeh Torbati and Frederik Dahl, Dubai/Vienna, Reuters, Iran announces uranium mining after nuclear talks fail. http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/09/us-iran-nuclear-idUSBRE93804L20130409
(Reuters) - Iran said on Tuesday operations had begun at two uranium mines
AND
self-sufficient in the production of nuclear fuel, despite tightening sanctions.
A nuclear Iran risks extinction. Dershowitz ’10
Harvard Law School Professor Alan Dershowitz “Obama’s legacy and the Iranian Bomb” 3/23/2010 Wall Street Journalhttp://www.law.harvard.edu/news/2010/03/23_dershowitz.html
The gravest threat faced by the world today is a nuclear-armed Iran.
AND
the French and British to prevent the Nazis from rebuilding Germany's war machine.
The threat of nuclear terror is real – nuclear experts say terrorist groups can make the bomb now with sales from uranium mines. Freilich ’10,
Freilich 10 Chuck, The author was a Deputy National Security Adviser in Israel and is now a Senior Fellow at the Harvard Kennedy School, where he has just completed a book on national security decision making processes in Israel. He is also an Adjunct Professor at New York University, Peer Reviewed Lit, , “The Armageddon Scenario: Israel and the Threat of Nuclear Terrorism”, The Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies AND the International Advisory Board, April 2010.
Nuclear experts assess that a capable and well-organized terrorist group will be able
AND
of a terrorist group acquiring a nuclear device can no longer be ignored.
Niger’s mines are unstable and already being targeted by AQAP – it’s only a matter of time before uranium is stolen. Massalatchi ’13
Massalatchi, Abdoulaye. “Uranium Mine, Military Barracks Attacked by Suicide Bombers in Niger”. May 23, 2013. NBC News. http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/05/23/18441000-uranium-mine-military-barracks-attacked-by-suicide-bombers-in-niger?lite
Suicide bombers struck a mine run by French nuclear group Areva and a military barracks
AND
were the first in Niger since the offensive in northern Mali drove Islamist groups
And, even a failed nuclear terrorist attack would result in extinction. Sid-Ahmed ’04,
Sid-Ahmed, political analyst 04 (Mohamed, Managing Editor for Al-Ahali, “Extinction!” August 26-September 1, Issue no. 705, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/705/op5.htm)
What would be the consequences of a nuclear attack by terrorists? Even if it
AND
nuclear pollution infects the whole planet, we will all be losers.?
The Niger government is abusing local populations– only the Taureg lands are being violated. Tchinagen Assocation ‘09
Tchinagen Assocation, The Uranium Curse: The Northern Niger’s suffering from it’s wealth, www.tchinagen.org, A news file that was released about the dangers of uranium mining in Northern Niger, written to increase awareness for the Taureg plight
Nowadays a large part of the Tuareg people is threatened with death because of world
AND
Nations Declaration regarding autochthonous populations’ rights, ratified on ¶ last September 10th.
And, it’s not just land removal; the state military authorizes war crimes and abuse against the Taureg people. Tchinagen Assocation ‘09
Tchinagen Assocation, The Uranium Curse: The Northern Niger’s suffering from it’s wealth, www.tchinagen.org, A news file that was released about the dangers of uranium mining in Northern Niger, written to increase awareness for the Taureg plight
Extrajudicial executions, rape, destruction of vital livestock necessary for the survival of civilian
AND
discrimination, hostility or violence is and should be prohibited by law9.?
Niger uranium mining is causing civil conflict—kills thousands. Human Rights Watch ‘07
Human Rights Watch, Niger: Warring Sides Must End Abuses of Civilians – Combatants Engaged in Executions, Rape, and Theft, http://www.hrw.org/news/2007/12/19/niger-warring-sides-must-end-abuses-civilians
Niger's armed forces and the rebel Nigerien Movement for Justice should end abuses against civilians
AND
of the laws of war carried out intentionally or recklessly are war crimes.
?
First, Extinction must matter under any framework. Traditional ethics must be abandoned in the face of extinction in order to ensure that deliberation over the alternatives can continue. Bostrom,
Nick Bostrom ‘11, “The Concept of Existential Risk”, 2011, Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford Martin School and Faculty of Philosophy http://www.existential-risk.org/concept.html
These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential
AND
the process of getting there (but rather, if possible, improved).

Tournament: CPS | Round: 1 | Opponent: X | Judge: X
The standard is consequentialism. First, the intended-foreseen distinction ought not be applied to questions of the morality of action for two reasons:
a. The causal structure of action, or the temporal entity that separates intended ends and foreseen ends, is not intrinsically morally relevant. Enoch ‘07,
Enoch, David (Professor of the Hebrew University at Jerusalem). Intending, Foreseeing, and the State. Legal Theory, Vol. 13, No. 2. 2007. Pgs. 9-10. NN.
Let us apply this test, then, in order to check whether causal order
AND
the answer that seems to me overwhelmingly plausible is that it does not.
b. Mental states, such as intention, are key to the evaluation of agents, but have no bearing on the evaluation of action. Enoch ‘07 summarizes Thomson,
Enoch, David (Professor of the Hebrew University at Jerusalem). Intending, Foreseeing, and the State. Legal Theory, Vol. 13, No. 2. 2007. Pgs. 9-10. NN.
Think about a hard medical decision – say, whether to give a suffering patient
AND
these factors together strongly suggest, I think, the more general conclusion.
If the intended-foreseen distinction is flawed, absolutist theories collapse into consequentialism. Enoch ’07,
Enoch, David (Professor of the Hebrew University at Jerusalem). Intending, Foreseeing, and the State. Legal Theory, Vol. 13, No. 2. 2007. Pgs. 9-10. NN.
In order to see that this is nevertheless so, think of an example of
AND
(my or others’) future lyings, consequentialism is hard to resist67.
Second, the obligation of the state is to protect citizen interest. The goal is implicit in its very existence. Kennan ’00,
Kennan, George (Professor Emeritus at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton). “Morality and Foreign Policy”. Foreign Affairs, Vol. 64, No. 2. 1985. P. 205-218. NN.
Second, let us recognize that the functions, commitments and moral obligations of governments
AND
need it accept any moral reproach for acting on the basis of them.
And, our obligation as debaters is to act in a way that mirrors the deciscion of policy makers. This allows us to engage in policy-making role-playing, which is the most educational part of debate. Shaw writes,
PEDAGOGY IN INTERNATIONAL STUDIES Using Role-Play Scenarios in the IR Classroom: An Examination of Exercises on Peacekeeping Operations and Foreign Policy Decision Making CAROLYN M. SHAW Wichita State University
The use of role-playing in the classroom provides an alternative method for presenting
AND
the challenge of clearly defining what is in our ‘‘national interest.’’
?
Plan Text: The Peruvian and Ecuadorian governments should institute a ban on drilling oil in the Amazonian rainforest in Northern Peru and Ecuador’s 11th round oil development areas and Yasuni National Park, respectively. Chican 07’
ERIC CHIVIAN AND RIGOBERTA MENCHU, 7 October 2007, Testing the world's resolve to save the Amazon, http://www.abc.net.au/environment/articles/2011/10/07/3334447.htm
A drilling ban in Yasuní would have tremendous benefits for both Ecuador and the world
AND
the new energy systems would then be invested in social and environmental programs.
Inherency: Ecuador has just approved drilling in the Yasuni area—the plan is at the top of the world’s agenda. Jacome 13’
Jose Jacome, October 4, 2013, Ecuador’s Parliament Gives the Green Light to Oil Drilling in Yasuni, http://beforeitsnews.com/alternative/2013/10/ecuadors-parliament-gives-the-green-light-to-oil-drilling-in-yasuni-2783732.html
Ecuador’s parliament has authorised drilling of the nation’s largest oil fields in part of the
AND
after attracting only a small fraction of the $3.6bn sought.
And, Yasuni is the best example of the conflict between resource extraction and environmental protection. Johnson 13;
STANLEY JOHNSON, Sunday 10 March 2013, Saving Yasuni: Can a revolutionary plan protect the rainforest from commercial exploitation?, http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/green-living/saving-yasuni-can-a-revolutionary-plan-protect-the-rainforest-from-commercial-exploitation-8523192.html
The country faces an impossible dilemma, she continues. The Yasuni National Park is
AND
out?" Can Ecuador somehow manage to have its cake and eat it?

Allowing oil drilling causes the destruction of the park and massive deforestation—both technologically and culturally. Fields 12’
R. Douglas Fields, March 17, 2012, Drilling for Oil in Eden: Initiative to Save Amazon Rainforest in Ecuador Is Uncertain, An internationally recognized authority on neuron-glia interactions, brain development, and the cellular mechanisms of memory, Douglas Fields serves on the editorial board of several neuroscience journals and is the author of over 150 articles and the book The Other Brain. ,http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/2012/03/17/drilling-for-oil-in-eden-initiative-to-save-amazon-rainforest-in-ecuador-is-uncertain/
“The question of conservation in Yasuní is not as simple as saying we are
AND
stop deforestation not only in the park, but on a national level.”
Oil drilling destroys the most biodiverse area in the world. Clippard 10’
Lee Clippard, Peter English, Matt Finer, Jan. 19, 2010, Scientists Identify Ecuador’s Yasuní National Park As One of Most Biodiverse Places on Earth, http://www.utexas.edu/news/2010/01/19/ecuador_biodiversity/
AUSTIN, Texas — A team of scientists has documented that Yasuní National Park,
AND
rainforest conditions as climate change-induced drought intensifies in the eastern Amazon."
Empirically proven--History shows that oil drilling destroys the environment. Fields 12’
R. Douglas Fields, March 17, 2012, Drilling for Oil in Eden: Initiative to Save Amazon Rainforest in Ecuador Is Uncertain, An internationally recognized authority on neuron-glia interactions, brain development, and the cellular mechanisms of memory, Douglas Fields serves on the editorial board of several neuroscience journals and is the author of over 150 articles and the book The Other Brain. ,http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/2012/03/17/drilling-for-oil-in-eden-initiative-to-save-amazon-rainforest-in-ecuador-is-uncertain/
The problems developing countries are now struggling with are the same ones that industrialized countries
AND
plan asks the developed world to meet Ecuador half way in the costs.
Intruding upon indigenous land ramps up deforestation if oil drilling is allowed—turns ethics NCs. Fields 12’
R. Douglas Fields, March 17, 2012, Drilling for Oil in Eden: Initiative to Save Amazon Rainforest in Ecuador Is Uncertain, An internationally recognized authority on neuron-glia interactions, brain development, and the cellular mechanisms of memory, Douglas Fields serves on the editorial board of several neuroscience journals and is the author of over 150 articles and the book The Other Brain. ,http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/2012/03/17/drilling-for-oil-in-eden-initiative-to-save-amazon-rainforest-in-ecuador-is-uncertain/
Many feel that preserving the way of life of the indigenous people in the Amazon
AND
40 years, but now they can live to their 70?s.
Oil drilling in Yasuni wrecks biodiversity and deforestation. Bass et. Al. 10
Margot S. Bass,  Matt Finer, Clinton N. Jenkins, Holger Kreft, Diego F. Cisneros-Heredia, Shawn F. McCracken, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Peter H. English, Kelly Swing, Gorky  Oil development destroys biodiversity, ramps up deforestation, and harms the environment.
Villa, Anthony Di Fiore, Christian C. Voigt, Thomas H. Kunz, January 19, 2010, Global Conservation Significance of Ecuador's Yasuní National Park, http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0008767
Explicit in the messaging of the Yasuní-ITT Initiative was the recognition of the
AND
to one of the most intact portions of the Ecuadorian Amazon 13.
Plan key to prevent water pollution. Fields 12;
R. Douglas Fields, March 17, 2012, Drilling for Oil in Eden: Initiative to Save Amazon Rainforest in Ecuador Is Uncertain, An internationally recognized authority on neuron-glia interactions, brain development, and the cellular mechanisms of memory, Douglas Fields serves on the editorial board of several neuroscience journals and is the author of over 150 articles and the book The Other Brain. ,http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/2012/03/17/drilling-for-oil-in-eden-initiative-to-save-amazon-rainforest-in-ecuador-is-uncertain/
The environmental standards and technology for oil extraction have advanced greatly in 50 years since
AND
extraction is a serious problem. “The environmental risk is too high.”
Yasuni is uniquely key to long term solvency for the environment.
Margot S. Bass,  Matt Finer, Clinton N. Jenkins, Holger Kreft, Diego F. Cisneros-Heredia, Shawn F. McCracken, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Peter H. English, Kelly Swing, Gorky Villa, Anthony Di Fiore, Christian C. Voigt, Thomas H. Kunz, January 19, 2010, Global Conservation Significance of Ecuador's Yasuní National Park, http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0008767
Yasuní National Park is one of the most biodiverse places on Earth, whether assessed
AND
corridors would be needed between Yasuní and these parks to allow upslope migrations.

?
First, Biodiversity. Amazonian deforestation kills global biodiversity. AIRR 2K’
AIRR 2000 (Amazon International Rainforest Reserve, 2K, "The Amazon Stands As A Wonderous Testimony To Its Glorious Creator," www.amazonrainforest.org/community/articles/article2.asp)
The Amazon Rainforest, the largest and richest ecosystem on earth, has stood inviolate
AND
of its like and activity. It affords protection to all living beings."
Amazon biodiversity loss causes extinction. Takacs 96’
Takacs ‘96 (David, The Idea Of Diversity: Philosophies Of Paradise, 1996, p. 200-1.)
So biodiversity keeps the world running. It has value and of itself, as
AND
end of the next century - not with a bang but a whimper. 

Second, Disease. Amazon deforestation causes the releases thousands of airborne viral diseases. Chivian 93’
Chivian, 93 (International Labour Organization, http://www.ilo.org/encyclopedia/?docandnd=857100187andnh=0andssect=1)
Recently in Brazil, malaria has reached epidemic proportions as a consequence of massive settlement
AND
become the most serious public health consequence from environmental disruption of the rainforests.
Release of these pathogens risk Human extinction—spread can happen within hours. Rhett 04’
Butler, 04 (Rhett, “Impact of Deforestation—Species Loss, Extinction, and Disease,” http://rainforests.mongabay.com/0904.htm)
The emergence of tropical diseases and outbreaks of new diseases, including nasty hemorrhagic fevers
AND
can unknowingly carry the pathogen home to their native countries around the world.
All frameworks, consequence based or not, must be filtered through the realities of environmental constraints.  There are practical constraints on our moral reasoning. Five reasons.
1) Anthropocentrism- limitless ethics ignores practical environmental constraints, infinite obligation requires destruction of ecosystems to fulfill. This makes them normatively undesirable and descriptively illogical- an obligation that can never be fulfilled is a meaningless platitude.
2) Future generations- their obligation fails because it only accounts for existing duties- it ignores our obligations to future generations. An immediate obligation to assist mortgages the future where more people, and thus greater obligations, will exist. All ethical systems must account for the long run or they are inadequate.
3) Opportunity cost- real world constraints mean there are tradeoffs that need to be considered. The case links to their framework for the round. Adopting their ethic trades off with ecologically sustainable moral systems.
4) Defectors-universal ethical systems are normative not descriptive, and thus are subject to the tragedy of the commons. People gain materially by deciding to opt out of the obligation, which causes the system to collapse. Elliott 02,
Elliott and Lamm, 2 - *Emeritus Associate Professor of Philosophy at the University of Florida and former Governor of Colorado, Professor at the University of Denver, Executive Director of the University of Denver’s Center for Public Policy and Contemporary Issues
(Herschel and Richard D, “A Moral Code for a Finite World,” The Chronicle Review, Volume 49, Issue 12, Page B0, The Chronicle of Higher Education, November 15, 2002, http://chronicle.com/free/v49/i12/12b00701.htm)
What if global warming is a reality, and expanding human activity is causing irreparable
AND
distribute scarce resources, and we must propose and debate new ethical principles.
5) Dynamic equilibrium- the existence of all living organisms is dependent upon their natural environment- making decisions that ignore this constraint illogical. Elliot 97,
Elliott, 97 – Professor Emeritus of Philosophy @ University of Florida
(Herschel, “A General Statement of the Tragedy of the Commons,” http://dieoff.org/page121.htm)
Correct ethical behavior can no longer be deduced from a set of principles, rights
AND
are the means necessary to prevent the tragic breakdown of the Earth's biosystem.

Tournament: CPS | Round: 1 | Opponent: X | Judge: X
Cuba and Mexico Affirmative
1AC
Part 1: Framework
The standard is consequentialism. First, the intended-foreseen distinction ought not be applied to questions of the morality of action for two reasons:

a. The causal structure of action, or the temporal entity that separates intended ends and foreseen ends, is not intrinsically morally relevant. Enoch ‘07,
Enoch, David (Professor of the Hebrew University at Jerusalem). Intending, Foreseeing, and the State. Legal Theory, Vol. 13, No. 2. 2007. Pgs. 9-10. NN.
Let us apply this …. it does not.

b. Mental states, such as intention, are key to the evaluation of agents, but have no bearing on the evaluation of action. Enoch ‘07 summarizes Thomson,
Enoch, David (Professor of the Hebrew University at Jerusalem). Intending, Foreseeing, and the State. Legal Theory, Vol. 13, No. 2. 2007. Pgs. 9-10. NN.
Think about a …. more general conclusion.

If the intended-foreseen distinction is flawed, absolutist theories collapse into consequentialism. Enoch ’07,
Enoch, David (Professor of the Hebrew University at Jerusalem). Intending, Foreseeing, and the State. Legal Theory, Vol. 13, No. 2. 2007. Pgs. 9-10. NN.
In order to …. hard to resist67.

Second, the obligation of the state is to protect citizen interest. The goal is implicit in its very existence. Kennan ’00,
Kennan, George (Professor Emeritus at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton). “Morality and Foreign Policy”. Foreign Affairs, Vol. 64, No. 2. 1985. P. 205-218. NN.
Second, let us …. basis of them.

And, our obligation as debaters is to act in a way that mirrors the deciscion of policy makers. This allows us to engage in policy-making role-playing, which is the most educational part of debate. Shaw writes,
PEDAGOGY IN INTERNATIONAL STUDIES Using Role-Play Scenarios in the IR Classroom: An Examination of Exercises on Peacekeeping Operations and Foreign Policy Decision Making CAROLYN M. SHAW Wichita State University
The use of role-playing …. our ‘‘national interest.’’

Plan Text: The Peruvian and Ecuadorian governments should institute a ban on drilling oil in the Amazonian rainforest in Northern Peru and Ecuador’s 11th round oil development areas and Yasuni National Park, respectively. Twist ‘14
Bill Twist, Stopping Oil Exploration in the Ecuadorian Amazon, http://www.bioneers.org/stopping-oil-exploration-in-the-ecuadorian-amazon/
Just as global warming is heating up the planet, events are heating up in
AND
models that will sustain the rainforest, the native peoples and the world.

Inherency: Ecuador has just approved drilling in the Yasuni area—the plan is at the top of the world’s agenda. Jacome 13’
Jose Jacome, October 4, 2013, Ecuador’s Parliament Gives the Green Light to Oil Drilling in Yasuni, http://beforeitsnews.com/alternative/2013/10/ecuadors-parliament-gives-the-green-light-to-oil-drilling-in-yasuni-2783732.html
Ecuador’s parliament has authorised drilling of the nation’s largest oil fields in part of the
AND
after attracting only a small fraction of the $3.6bn sought.

Northern Peru is not protected. Bass ‘10
Bass MS, Finer M, Jenkins CN, Kreft H, Cisneros-Heredia DF, et al. (2010) Global Conservation Significance of Ecuador's Yasuní National Park. PLoS ONE 5(1): e8767. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008767
To the west of Yasuní are the foothills of the Andes, where the species
AND
, 31, suggesting that its legal designation has significant conservation value.

And, Yasuni is the best example of the conflict between resource extraction and environmental protection. Johnson 13;
STANLEY JOHNSON, Sunday 10 March 2013, Saving Yasuni: Can a revolutionary plan protect the rainforest from commercial exploitation?, http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/green-living/saving-yasuni-can-a-revolutionary-plan-protect-the-rainforest-from-commercial-exploitation-8523192.html
The country faces an impossible dilemma, she continues. The Yasuni National Park is
AND
out?" Can Ecuador somehow manage to have its cake and eat it?
?
Part 3: Advantages

First, Amazon Biodiversity. The Yasuni is one of the most bio diverse regions in the world and uniquely key to preserving the Amazon’s biodiversity. Jenkins ‘10.
Bass MS, Finer M, Jenkins CN, Kreft H, Cisneros-Heredia DF, et al. (2010) Global Conservation Significance of Ecuador's Yasuní National Park. PLoS ONE 5(1): e8767. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008767
Peres 143 argues that large (at least 10,000 km2)
AND
, 31, suggesting that its legal designation has significant conservation value.

Amazon biodiversity loss causes extinction. Takacs 96’
Takacs ‘96 (David, The Idea Of Diversity: Philosophies Of Paradise, 1996, p. 200-1.)
So biodiversity keeps the world running. It has value and of itself, as
AND
end of the next century - not with a bang but a whimper. 

Second, Disease. Amazon deforestation causes the release of viral diseases. Harvard School of Public Health,
Biodiversity and Infectious Diseases. http://chge.med.harvard.edu/topic/biodiversity-and-infectious-diseases
While deforestation typically reduces forest mosquito diversity, the species that survive and become dominant
AND
these pathogens risk Human extinction—spread can happen within hours. Rhett 04’

Disease outbreaks cause extinction. Butler ‘04
Butler, 04 (Rhett, “Impact of Deforestation—Species Loss, Extinction, and Disease,” http://rainforests.mongabay.com/0904.htm)
The emergence of tropical diseases and outbreaks of new diseases, including nasty hemorrhagic fevers
AND
can unknowingly carry the pathogen home to their native countries around the world.

And, independently, loss of biodiversity in the rainforest hampers important medical research that is key to solve for disease. Baki ‘11
“The Yasuní-ITT Initiative Is a Practical Climate Solution That Must Be Embraced at Durban.”  Ivonne Baki,previously served as Ambassador of Ecuador to the United States and as Ecuador’s Minister of Foreign Trade, Industry, Regional Integration, Fisheries, and Competitiveness. NewSecurity Beat/ Wilson Center. November 28, 2011. http://www.newsecuritybeat.org/2011/11/the-yasuni-itt-initiative-is-a-practical-climate-solution-that-must-be-embraced-at-durban/#.Uq_hkpFwcs0
This incredible biodiversity also holds the potential for scientific and medical breakthroughs. “Yasuní’s
AND
that is coming down the pike,” he warns (see video above). 

Part 4: Solvency

Oil extraction necessitates deforestation and environmental degradation that destroys biodiversity. Bass et al ‘10
Bass MS, Finer M, Jenkins CN, Kreft H, Cisneros-Heredia DF, et al. (2010) Global Conservation Significance of Ecuador's Yasuní National Park. PLoS ONE 5(1): e8767. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008767
Explicit in the messaging of the Yasuní-ITT Initiative was the recognition of the
AND
an additional role played by indigenous peoples' farming of commercial crops 174.

Yasuni will be a haven for species afflicted by climate change and necessary for the preservation of the Amazon’s biodiversity in the coming decades. Bass et al ‘10
Bass MS, Finer M, Jenkins CN, Kreft H, Cisneros-Heredia DF, et al. (2010) Global Conservation Significance of Ecuador's Yasuní National Park. PLoS ONE 5(1): e8767. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008767
Furthermore, Yasuní may serve as a refuge for Amazonian species responding to climate change
AND
corridors would be needed between Yasuní and these parks to allow upslope migrations.

And, Demand for oil is on the decline—means no oil disads. Wachman ‘12
Wachman, 1-18-’12 (Richard, “Shale oil and gas will help make western hemisphere self-sufficient” The Guardian, http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2012/jan/18/shale-oil-gas-us-energy-self-sufficient)
Growth in shale oil and gas supplies, along with other fuel sources, will
AND
depend increasingly on the Middle East in particular for its growing oil requirements."

And, there’s no need to drill for oil in the Yasuni, it’s not sustainable, doesn’t provide any benefits. Fields 12’
R. Douglas Fields, March 17, 2012, Drilling for Oil in Eden: Initiative to Save Amazon Rainforest in Ecuador Is Uncertain, An internationally recognized authority on neuron-glia interactions, brain development, and the cellular mechanisms of memory, Douglas Fields serves on the editorial board of several neuroscience journals and is the author of over 150 articles and the book The Other Brain. ,http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/2012/03/17/drilling-for-oil-in-eden-initiative-to-save-amazon-rainforest-in-ecuador-is-uncertain/
The money from the Yasuní Initiative would be used to develop a sustainable future while
AND
that the Yasuní Park is still 90 undisturbed, according to Larrea.
?
Part 5: Underview

First, Extinction must matter under any framework. Traditional ethics must be abandoned in the face of extinction in order to ensure that deliberation over the alternatives can continue. Bostrom,
Nick Bostrom ‘11, “The Concept of Existential Risk”, 2011, Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford Martin School and Faculty of Philosophy http://www.existential-risk.org/concept.html
These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential
AND
the process of getting there (but rather, if possible, improved).

And, AFF Gets RVIs--that is if I win that either a) there is no abuse or b) my counter interp is better than their interp, I should win the round. Prefer this interp for 2 reasons:

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: X | Judge: X
The Standard is Resisting Capitalism. 

First, Ethics. Capitalism destroys the meaning of ethics—uses ethical prescriptions as a means to a financial end. Morgareidge 98,
Morgareidge 98 —Associate Professor of Philosophy at Lewis and Clark College
(Clayton, “Why Capitalism is Evil”, Radio Active Philosophy, Lewis and Clark Educational Papers, http://legacy.lclark.edu/~clayton/commentaries/evil.html )
Well, what is the...seat at the table.

Second, epistemology. Recognizing that the epistemology of capitalism manipulates our understanding of policy is a pre-condition to evaluating the resolution. Marsh 95,
Marsh 95- Professor of Philosophy at Fordham University, PhD from Northwestern University (James, Critique Action and Liberation, p 331-2)
Is it reasonable, therefore... confirm such a judgment.
a
Prefer affirmative evidence- academic structures have been vertically integrated into the machine of capital. Abstract theorizing directly fuels capitalist accumulation by attempting to explain away the clear and present nature of exploitation. Lander 02,
(Edgardo, Prof. of Sociology and Latin American studies at the Venezuelan Central University in Caracas, “Eurocentrism, Modern Knowledges, and the “Natural” Order of Global Capital, Nepantla: Views from South”, 3.2, muse) BSH
The naturalization of...controversies are decided.

Epistemology is logically prior to all other parts of the debate- how we form knowledge informs the conclusions we can draw. Smith 97,
Steve Smith, professor at Aberystwyth, becoming Head of the Department of International Politics at the University of Wales BSc in Politics and International Studies in 1973, an MSc degree in International Studies in 1974 and a PhD degree in International Relations in 1978, all from the University of Southampton. Power and truth: a reply to William Wallace Review of International Studies (19 97 ), 23
My central claim is...of common sense. (508-9)

Third, Value To Life. Capitalism turns people into profits, they become nothing more than commodities to be bought, sold, and destroyed— value to life disappears. International Perspective 2000,
Internationalist Persepective, 2000 – staff writer Issue 36, “Capitalism and Genocide,” Spring – 2000, http://www.geocities.com/wageslavex/capandgen.html
The phenomenon of...ground zero at Hiroshima.

Fourth, Role of the Ballot. The role of the ballot and judge as an educator is to reject arguments based on asymmetrical power relations—because pedagogical contexts are inherently political, we have a unique opportunity to promote real change.  Trifonas 03,
PETER PERICLES TRIFONAS. PEDAGOGIES OF DIFFERENCE: RETHINKING EDUCATION FOR SOCIAL CHANGE/ RoutledgeFalmer. New York, London. 2003. Questia.
Just as objective social...pedagogy addresses both the means and the ends of schooling.

Trifonas 03 Continues,
If we superimpose my formulation...place for us and for our children.

Subpoint A. ACP is the cornerstone of the adversarial system—it hides the truth behind legal “protection.” National Paralegal, ‘03
National Paralegal 2003, Attorney/Client Privilege, http://nationalparalegal.edu/placement/employers/Ethics/courseware_samples/SampleChapter.asp
You may ask why attorneys...then there can be no privilege

And, even if the real impact is minimal, its symbolically the foundation of the adversarial system. NACDL ’05,
NACDL, NACDL STATEMENT ON CORPORATE ATTORNEY-CLIENT PRIVILEGE, www.nacdl.org/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=17538?
The court-protected confidentiality...Sixth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution.1¶
The adversarial features of the system feed the capitalistic system. Pirie,
Madsen Pirie, President of the Adam Smith Institute, the free market think tank which researches policy proposals that work towards a free economy and a free society, The Anglo-Saxon model of capitalism, http://madsen-pirie.com/the-things-that-i-do/communicating/the-anglo-saxon-model-of-capitalism/¶
The British parliamentary system...after decades of epic struggle.

Subpoint B. A trade off with truth for privileges is capitalistic. Karlberg ’03,
Michael Karlberg, July 2003, The Paradox of Protest in a Culture of Contest, PEACE and CHANGE, http://myweb.wwu.edu/karlberg/articles/ParadoxOfProtest.pdf
In practice, however...these rationalizations fail.

And, ACP disadvantages minorities and unorthodox groups, granting those with privilege greater privilege. Godfarb ’09,
Goldfarb 2 in ’09, (Ronald Goldfarb, Attorney, 2009, In Confidence: When to Protect Secrecy and When to Require Disclosure, p. 225)
Some critics have claimed...their clients are the beneficiaries. 

Subpoint C. Corporations use the attorney client privilege to control law and it’s use. Waldman ’87,
Michael L. Waldman, Beyond Upjohn: The Attorney-Client Privilege in the Corporate Context, 28 Wm. and Mary L. Rev. 473 (1987), http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmlr/vol28/iss3/4
Courts developed the more...from the privilege’s protection. 

And, control over law is necessarily control over the capitalist marketplace – only truth-testing solves. Sklar ’88,
Martin J. Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism, 1890-1916, Google Books, political philosopher, editor for the Studies on the Left
The law, in sum...capitalist property and market relations.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 2 | Opponent: THe | Judge: Guy
The standard is consequentialism.

First, the intended-foreseen distinction ought not be applied to questions of the morality of action for two reasons:

a) The causal structure of action, or the temporal entity that separates intended ends and foreseen ends, is not intrinsically morally relevant. Enoch 1 writes,
Enoch, David (Professor of the Hebrew University at Jerusalem). Intending, Foreseeing, and the State. Legal Theory, Vol. 13, No. 2. 2007. Pgs. 9-10. NN.
Let us apply … it does not.

b) Mental states, such as intention, are key to the evaluation of agents, but have no bearing on the evaluation of action. Enoch 2 summarizes Thomson,
Enoch, David (Professor of the Hebrew University at Jerusalem). Intending, Foreseeing, and the State. Legal Theory, Vol. 13, No. 2. 2007. Pgs. 16-17. NN.
Think about a … more general conclusion.

If the intended-foreseen distinction is flawed, absolutist theories collapse into consequentialism. Enoch 3,
Enoch, David (Professor of the Hebrew University at Jerusalem). Intending, Foreseeing, and the State. Legal Theory, Vol. 13, No. 2. 2007. Pgs. 43-44. NN.
In order to … hard to resist67.

Second, the obligation of the state is to protect citizen interest—three reasons.

a) This goal is implicit in the very existence of the state Kennan writes,
Kennan, George (Professor Emeritus at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton). “Morality and Foreign Policy”. Foreign Affairs, Vol. 64, No. 2. 1985. P. 205-218. NN.
Second, let us … the basis of them.

And, our obligation as debaters is to act in a way that mirrors the decision of policy makers. This allows us to engage in policy-making role-playing, which is the most educational part of debate. Shaw writes,
PEDAGOGY IN INTERNATIONAL STUDIES Using Role-Play Scenarios in the IR Classroom: An Examination of Exercises on Peacekeeping Operations and Foreign Policy Decision Making CAROLYN M. SHAW Wichita State University
The use of role-… our ‘‘national interest.’’

Part 2: Inherency
In the status quo the majority of criminal and civil courts extend attorney-client privilege protections to cover communications between attorneys or their clients and expert consultants--preventing the legal opposition from knowing about the existence of the expert’s communications. Imwinkelried 90.  
Edward J. Imwinkelried, The Application of the Attorney-Client Privilege to Non-Testifying Experts: Reestablishing the Boundaries Between the Attorney-Client Privilege and the Work Product Protection, 68 Wash. U. L. Q. 19 (1990). Available at: http://digitalcommons.law.wustl.edu/lawreview/vol68/iss1/3
There is, however, … by the opposition.

Thus, PLAN TEXT: For all federal criminal court circuits, the USFG should remove attorney-client privilege protections from all communications with expert consultants except in situations in which (1) consultants serve as necessary interpreters or translators of information exchanged between client and attorney or (2) an external consultant is determined by the court to represent the client in the delivery of the client’s information to the client’s attorney. Imwinkelried ‘11.
“THE APPLICATION OF THE ATTORNEY-CLIENT PRIVILEGE TO INTERACTIONS AMONG CLIENTS, ATTORNEYS, AND EXPERTS IN THE AGE OF CONSULTANTS: THE NEED FOR A MORE PRECISE, FUNDAMENTAL ANALYSIS.” Professor of Law, University of California, at Davis School of Law and Associate, Reed Smith LLP. 48 Hous. L. Rev. 265. Spring 2011.
In some fact … the legal privilege.
?
Part 3: Advantages

First is wrongful conviction.

The current scope of attorney client privilege protections enables opportunistic litigants to exclude unfavorable testimony from both trial and pre-trial investigation. Imwinkelried 11,  
Imwinkelried and Amoroso. “THE APPLICATION OF THE ATTORNEY-CLIENT PRIVILEGE TO INTERACTIONS AMONG CLIENTS, ATTORNEYS, AND EXPERTS IN THE AGE OF CONSULTANTS: THE NEED FOR A MORE PRECISE, FUNDAMENTAL ANALYSIS.” Professor of Law, University of California, at Davis School of Law and Associate, Reed Smith LLP. 48 Hous. L. Rev. 265. Spring 2011.
Several significant practical … a favorable opinion.

This distorts the system toward favoring the wealthiest clients—enabling them to suppress all expert testimony in an effort to have cases dismissed before trial. Imwinkelried 11,   
Imwinkelried and Amoroso. “THE APPLICATION OF THE ATTORNEY-CLIENT PRIVILEGE TO INTERACTIONS AMONG CLIENTS, ATTORNEYS, AND EXPERTS IN THE AGE OF CONSULTANTS: THE NEED FOR A MORE PRECISE, FUNDAMENTAL ANALYSIS.” Professor of Law, University of California, at Davis School of Law and Associate, Reed Smith LLP. 48 Hous. L. Rev. 265. Spring 2011.
Worse still, this … a matter of law. n81

Wrongful convictions bad for legal credibility—diminishes criminal deterrence. Rizzolo 12,
Rizzolo and Stanca 12 (Matteo, Free University of Bozen–Bolzano; and Luca, University of Milan–Bicocca) “Judicial Errors and Crime Deterrence: Theory and Experimental Evidence” Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 55, No. 2 (May 2012), pp. 311-338
Judicial errors against … a guilty individual.

And, US crime rates are high—thousands of deaths every year. The FBI 13,
FBI. Violent Crime. http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2012/crime-in-the-u.s.-2012/violent-crime/violent-crime. 2013.
"In 2012, an … Aggravated Assault Table.) "

Second is legal legitimacy. 

The lack of uniformity in the application of attorney-client privilege protections to the communications of experts creates a legal environment that is arbitrary—kills legal system legitimacy. Beardslee 09,
Michele DeStefano Beardslee: Climenko Fellow and Lecturer on Law, Harvard Law School. “The Corporate Attorney-Client Privilege: Third-Rate Doctrine for Third-Party Consultants.” 62 SMU L. Rev. 727. Spring 2009.
 In addition to …  protection absent waiver. n289

Legal legitimacy is key to compliance with the law and maintaining moral order—turns back ethics based NCs. Robinson 11,
Robinson 11 (Paul, ) “Mercy, Crime Control and Moral Credibility” Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper Series Research Paper No. #10-32
Perhaps the greatest … sufficient credibility. 

And, Legal legitimacy is key to promote peace and prevents future conflict. Ban 04,
Ban, 04, Secretary General of the UN Ki-Moon, “The rule of law and transitional justice in conflict and post-conflict societies”, UN Security Council, August 23, S/2004/616, http://www.unrol.org/files/200420report.pdf
2. The objective of … imperative of justice.

?
Part 4: Underview

First, the ACP restriction in the plan doesn’t impede on effective representation of a client. Imwinkelried 11,
Imwinkelried and Amoroso. “THE APPLICATION OF THE ATTORNEY-CLIENT PRIVILEGE TO INTERACTIONS AMONG CLIENTS, ATTORNEYS, AND EXPERTS IN THE AGE OF CONSULTANTS: THE NEED FOR A MORE PRECISE, FUNDAMENTAL ANALYSIS.” Professor of Law, University of California, at Davis School of Law and Associate, Reed Smith LLP. 48 Hous. L. Rev. 265. Spring 2011.
Beyond these two …  the legal privilege.

Second, Attorney-client privilege is not constitutionally required. ACP protections are derived from common law and statutes rather than Constitutional provisions. This is demonstrated in legal practice by the courts’ refusal to give ACP protections the same status as Constitutional protections. Imwinkelried 90,
Edward J. Imwinkelried, The Application of the Attorney-Client Privilege to Non-Testifying Experts: Reestablishing the Boundaries Between the Attorney-Client Privilege and the Work Product Protection, 68 Wash. U. L. Q. 19 (1990). Available at: http://digitalcommons.law.wustl.edu/lawreview/vol68/iss1/3
This defense argument … of the privilege.

Tournament: Greenhill RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Greenhill RR Opponent | Judge:
The standard is consequentialism.

First, the intended-foreseen distinction ought not be applied to questions of the morality of action for two reasons:

The causal structure of action, or the temporal entity that separates intended ends and foreseen ends, is not intrinsically morally relevant. Enoch 1 writes,
Enoch, David (Professor of the Hebrew University at Jerusalem). Intending, Foreseeing, and the State. Legal Theory, Vol. 13, No. 2. 2007. Pgs. 9-10. NN.
“Let us apply this test, then, in order to check whether causal order is morally significant….is that it does not.”

Mental states, such as intention, are key to the evaluation of agents, but have no bearing on the evaluation of action. Enoch 2 summarizes Thomson,
Enoch, David (Professor of the Hebrew University at Jerusalem). Intending, Foreseeing, and the State. Legal Theory, Vol. 13, No. 2. 2007. Pgs. 16-17. NN.
“Think about a…think, the more general conclusion”

If the intended-foreseen distinction is flawed, absolutist theories collapse into consequentialism. Enoch 3,
Enoch, David (Professor of the Hebrew University at Jerusalem). Intending, Foreseeing, and the State. Legal Theory, Vol. 13, No. 2. 2007. Pgs. 43-44. NN.
“In order to see that this is nevertheless…consequentialism is hard to resist67.”

Second, the obligation of the state is to protect citizen interest

This goal is implicit in the very existence of the state Kennan writes,
Kennan, George (Professor Emeritus at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton). “Morality and Foreign Policy”. Foreign Affairs, Vol. 64, No. 2. 1985. P. 205-218. NN.
“Second, let us recognize that…acting on the basis of them”

And, our obligation as debaters is to act in a way that mirrors the decision of policy makers. This allows us to engage in policy-making role-playing, which is the most educational part of debate. Shaw writes,
PEDAGOGY IN INTERNATIONAL STUDIES Using Role-Play Scenarios in the IR Classroom: An Examination of Exercises on Peacekeeping Operations and Foreign Policy Decision Making CAROLYN M. SHAW Wichita State University
“The use of role-playing…in our ‘‘national interest.’’

First, compulsory voting forces people to seek out political knowledge. Milazzo 1 writes,
Caitlin Milazzo University of California, Davis, Department of Political Science. Forced to Vote: The Impact of Compulsory Voting Laws on Political Discussion. March 15, 2008
“The model tested in this…when voting is mandatory”

And, political discussion increases political education—leads to increased civic engagement. Milazzo 2 writes,
Caitlin Milazzo University of California, Davis, Department of Political Science. Forced to Vote: The Impact of Compulsory Voting Laws on Political Discussion. March 15, 2008
“In addition to reducing the…at the national level (Knoke 1990)”

Moreover, Compulsory voting increases civic engagement in political affairs—cross national data from 37 countries prove. Milazzo 3 writes,
Caitlin Milazzo University of California, Davis, Department of Political Science. Forced to Vote: The Impact of Compulsory Voting Laws on Political Discussion. March 15, 2008
“The results provide support for…information through other means.”

And, CV is key to solving for political apathy—multiple reasons. Harvard Law Review writes,
Harvard Law Review. The Case for Compulsory Voting in the United States. Vol 121 No 2. 2007.
“Another indirect benefit of…rather than staying at home on Election Day.44”

Second, compulsory voting increased informed voting—uninformed voting is more likely under a voluntary system. Shineman 1 writes,
Victoria Anne Shineman Visiting Scholar, Center for the Study of Democratic Politics, Princeton University. Compulsory Voting as Compulsory Balloting: How Mandatory Balloting Laws Increase Informed Voting Without Increasing Uninformed Voting.  2010.
“Results – Hypothesis 1: Moving …marginally significant (p = 0.054).”

Shineman 2 explains why this occurs,
Victoria Anne Shineman Visiting Scholar, Center for the Study of Democratic Politics, Princeton University. Compulsory Voting as Compulsory Balloting: How Mandatory Balloting Laws Increase Informed Voting Without Increasing Uninformed Voting.  2010.
“This paper contributes to the research…information and informed voting is deserving of further investigation.”

Third, individuals will not engage in politics if they don’t vote—that means that CV has the only link to meaningful civic engagement. Hill writes,
Lisa Hill Political Science Program, Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University. On the Justifiability of Compulsory Voting: Reply to Lever. British Journal of Political Science. 2010.
“Further, it is rather …democracy would be enriched and deepened.”

Fourth, civic education programs have empirically failed—US proves. McAllister writes,
Ian McAllister. Civic Education and Political Knowledge  in Australia. 2001. http://aphnew.aph.gov.au/binaries/senate/pubs/pops/pop38/mcallister.pdf
“Although these results…the way that it does.”

And, civic engagement solves multiple scenarios for destruction. Small writes,
Small 6 Jonathan, former Americorps VISTA for the Human Services Coalition, “Moving Forward,” The Journal for Civic Commitment,  Spring, http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/other/engagement/Journal/Issue7/Small.jsp
“What will be the challenges of…project that seeks to do just that.”

Fifth, Compulsory voting better for autonomy and liberty.  Lacroix writes,
Justine Lacroix Université libre de Bruxelles, French university in Brussels. A Liberal Defence of Compulsory Voting. Politics Vol 27. 2007.
“The main argument against compulsory…every other adult’ (Shklar, 1989, p. 21)”

And, a right not to vote would undermine liberty as non-domination. Lardy writes,
Heather Lardy University of Aberdeen.. Is There a Right Not to Vote? Oxford Journal of Legal Studies Vol 24 No 2. 2004.
“It might be thought to follow…electors a freedom not to vote at all.”

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 2 | Opponent: Opponent | Judge:
A. Plan Text: The Pakistani Federal Government should implement compulsory voting legislation, enforced by financial sanctions modeled on the Australian system. Yamin explains the plan,
Dr Saira Yamin. The case for compulsory voting. July 23, 2012. http://tribune.com.pk/story/412078/the-case-for-compulsory-voting/

Is there a … and it works.

Yamin also proves the plan is inherent – it lacks a compulsory voting system in the status quo.

B. Topicality: Pakistan is a democracy. World Times 5/18 explains,
World Times, Omar Waraich, Two Cheers for Pakistani Democracy: A Sobering Milestone, http://world.time.com/2013/03/18/two-cheers-for-pakistani-democracy-a-sobering-milestone/

Pakistan passed through … be proud of.”

Advantage 1

Pakistan on the brink of collapse because of rampant terrorism. Daily Bhaskar,
DailyBhaskar, Popular Indian Newspaper, Aug 12, 2013, “Pakistan to become global terror-hub in next 6 months, country on the verge of collapse”

Islamabad: The word terrorism … region in China. 

Compulsory voting key to stability and democracy in Pakistan. Yamin  writes,
  Dr Saira Yamin. The case for compulsory voting. July 23, 2012. http://tribune.com.pk/story/412078/the-case-for-compulsory-voting/
Is there a case...serve its interests 

Democracy and legitimacy in Pakistan solves Pakistani terrorism. Eteraz writes,
Eteraz, Ali. and#34;Pakistanand#39;s Police Problems.and#34; The Guardian. N.p., 22 Feb. 2008.18 Aug. 2013., http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/feb/22/pakistanspoliceproblems.

Yet, when it comes  … to make sure of that

Pakistani collapse guarantees loose nukes triggering global nuclear war. Pitt,
William Pits. Bad Trouble in Pakistan. 2009. http://www.truth-out.org/archive/item/83921:bad-trouble-in-pakistan

Pakistan is now … should we all.

Advantage 2

Women’s suffrage in Pakistan is an ignored international issue and it’s only going to get worse – the Taliban is currently threatening to kill female voters and voter activists. France-Presse 5/11:
France-Presse, Agence. “Pakistani women stopped from voting in Taliban stronghold of Waziristan.” The Raw Story. May 11, 2013.
http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2013/05/11/pakistani-women-stopped-from-voting-in-taliban-stronghold-of-waziristan/

Women were stopped … said the pamphlet, signed by “Mujahedeen” and thrown from vehicles into shops.

Only compulsory voting removes structural barriers that prevent women from going to the voting booth. Zafar continues,
Ali Zafar, Women’s rights and compulsory voting, http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/columns/08-May-2008/Womens-rights-and-compulsory-voting

Imagine living in … in this area.

And, women’s voting prevents Indo-Pak conflict, women are key to the peace movement. Manchada explains,
Rita Manchada, Redefining and Feminising Security, http://www.jstor.org/stable/4410690, Economic and Political Weekly

Internationally, south Asia …. men stayed inside.

Any India/Pakistan conflict will go nuclear. Schram writes,
SCHRAM: India-Pakistan nuclear … in the capitals. 

Even a limited nuclear war between India and Pakistan causes extinction. Fox writes,
Maggie Fox, Reuters, http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/World/Indo-Pak-N-war-may-cause-ozone-hole/Article1-303134.aspx, Indo-Pak N-War may cause ozone hole

WASHINGTON - Nuclear war ….Toon said in a statement.

First, Extinction must matter under any framework. Traditional ethics must be abandoned in the face of extinction in order to ensure that deliberation over the alternatives can continue. Bostrom,
Nick Bostrom ‘11, “The Concept of Existential Risk”, 2011, Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford Martin School and Faculty of Philosophy http://www.existential-risk.org/concept.html
These reflections on … if possible, improved).