Tournament: TOC | Round: 2 | Opponent: Trinity Valley PK | Judge: Nicholas Durr
TEXT: Developing countries should not utilize grants from developed nations and instead direct their current resources to creating biotechnology that will solve environmental harms to allow for resource extraction in the future.

Resistant crops are ESPECIALLY KEY TO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. They solve for agricultural production BETTER
Mary Lynne Kupchella 01 received her B.A. in Biology from Franklin and Marshall College in 1998¶ and expects to receive her J.D. from the College of William and Mary School of Law in¶ 2001, “Agricultural Biotechnology: Why It Can Save the¶ Environment and Developing Nations, But May¶ Never Get a Chance,” William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review¶ Volume 25 | Issue 3 Article 5, 2001, GHSMM
Aside from greater...be addressed in Part I

Tournament: Colleyville | Round: 2 | Opponent: Koshak | Judge: Aaron Marshall
Framework

I value morality.
Structural violence is based in moral exclusion that must be stopped. Ofreneo and de Vela 06
Ofreneo and de Vela 06, Mira Alexis P. Ofreneo teaches at the Ateneo de Manila University where she also earned her Ph.D. in Social Psychology. She is the current female representative for Asia to the International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA) and head of Can't Live in the Closet (CLIC) Philippines and Tesa C. de Vela Master of Arts degree in Women and Development from the University of the Philippines in Diliman, and is currently the Associate Director of Isis International-Manila. She teaches Gender and Society at the International Studies Department at Miriam College Philippines, “Political Violence as Moral Exclusion: Linking Peace Psychology to Feminist Critical Theory”, WOMEN IN ACTION, No.2 2006, BE
Galtung points to another type of violence that is relatively permanent
AND
of psychological and cultural processes in the analysis of violence.

Thus, the standard is minimizing structural violence.
Contention

Resource extraction key to preventing poverty. Thondhlana 13
Gladman Thondhlana 13 Rhodes University, Department of Environmental Science and Edwin Muchapondwa University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa, “Dependence on Environmental Resources and Implications for Household Welfare: Evidence from the Kalahari Drylands, South Africa”, 9 Sep 2013, Economic Research Southern Africa (ERSA) is a research programme funded by the National Treasury of South Africa, BE
Overall, environmental resources provide more subsistence “in kind” income than
AND
marginalisation of the poor by the relatively better capacitated households.

The impact to poverty is a war on the poor that outweighs a nuclear holocaust. Abu-Jamal 98
Mumia Abu-Jamal, 98. (activist, radio journalist and former president of the Philadelphia Association of Black Journalistsjh) “A Quiet and Deadly Violence” September 19th, 1998, http://www.angelfire.com/az/catchphraze/mumiaswords.html
It has often been observed that America is a truly
AND
that their great and terrible violence passes away with them.

Additional Substance

I read these round 4 of Marcus against Colleyville.

Fishing key to stop poverty. Allison 11
Edward H Allison 11 Principal Scientist Policy, Economics and Social Sciences The WorldFish Center Penang, Malaysia, “Aquaculture, Fisheries, Poverty and Food Security”, WorldFish Center, 2011, BE
Employment in fisheries and aquaculture has grown substantially in the
AND
that the linkages are most direct (Bene et al., 2007).

Mangroves prevent poverty. Walters et al 08
Walters et al 08 Rönnbäck, Kovacs, Crona, Hussian, Badola, Primavera, Barbier, Dahdouh-Guebas– (Bradley Professor of Environmental Studies, Mount Allison College, Patrick Systems Ecology, Stockholm University, John Geography, Nipissing University, Beatrice Wildlife Institute of India, Syed Ainul Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Ruchi Wildlife Institute of India Jurgenne Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Edward Biocomplexity Research Focus, Farid Biocomplexity Research Focus c/o Laboratory of Plant Biology and Nature Management, Mangrove Management Group,  “Ethnobiology, socio-economics and management of mangrove forests: A review”) GHSGB
Non-timber forest products are recognized as important economic resources, particularly
AND
honey bees and hunted wildlife (see Table 1; Fig. 1G).

Tournament: TOC | Round: 2 | Opponent: Trinity Valley PK | Judge: Nicholas Durr
A Interpretation – Resource extraction is coal mining, gas and oil, and mineral mining, so the aff may only defend prioritizing environmental protection over one of those three forms of extraction.

VDEQ10: Virginia Department of Environmental Quality protect the environment in Virginia, “Section 9: Resource Extraction,” Revision of the Chesapeake Bay Nutrient ¶ and Sediment Reduction Tributary Strategy ¶ ¶ November 29, 2010, GHSMM
In Virginia, resource...point source discharges. 

B Violation: The resource extraction from the 1AC is grounded in agriculture—not any of the forms of mining.

C Net Benefits: Limits and Heart of the Topic
WTO 10 World Trade Report, “B. Natural resources: definitions, trade patterns and globalization”, in Trade in Natural Resources, 2010, BE
A useful definition...case of fish.

D Drop the debater on T

Tournament: Colleyville | Round: Octas | Opponent: Karman | Judge: a panel

A Link – the aff regards animals as resources that are up for human use

PETER Singer 85 Philosopher, “In Defense of Animals”, New York: Basil Blackwell, 1985, pgs. 13-26, BE
What's wrong — fundamentally wrong — with the way animals are treated isn't the details
AND
methods 'more humane'; it requires the total dissolution of commercial animal agriculture.

B Impact – they destroy any equality between animals and humans—destroying inherent value to life

PETER Singer 2 Philosopher, “In Defense of Animals”, New York: Basil Blackwell, 1985, pgs. 13-26, BE
What to do? Where to begin anew? The place to begin, I
AND
other's independent value is to act immorally, to violate the individual's rights.

This means that it turns the case—the anthropocentric view of animals as resources is exactly what justifies exploitation of nature and humans in the first place

Bell and Russell 2k, Anne C. Bell graduate student in the Faculty of Environmental Studies and Constance L. Russell graduate student at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, “Beyond Human, Beyond Words: Anthropocentrism, Critical Pedagogy, and the Poststructuralist Turn”, Canadian Journal of Education, Vol 25 No 3, 2000, BE
For this reason, the various movements against oppression need to be aware of and
AND
being is reserved for humans (Haraway, 1988, p. 592).

C Alt – Recognize the intrinsic value of animals as well as humans. This is mutually exclusive with the aff because the methodology that they have chosen to adopt is already one that prescribes animals as resources—saying otherwise would be severance

Katz 93, Eric Katz Vice President of the International Society for Environmental Ethics and Lauren Oechsli undergraduate biology major at Columbia University, “Moving beyond Anthropocentrism: Environmental Ethics, Development, and the Amazon”, Discussion Papers, Spring 1993, BE
Can an environmentalist defend a policy of preservation in the Amazon rain forest without violating
AND
avoiding problems in environmental policy that a human-based ethic cannot.13

And, we must include animals in our moral contracts

Humphreys 08 – (Rebekah Rebekah completed her BA, MA, and PhD at Cardiff University. Before working at TSD, she worked as a Tutor of Philosophy at Cardiff University and as a Visiting Lecturer at University of Wales, Newport.  She also taught A-Level Philosophy at Cardiff and the Vale College. “Contractarianism: On the Incoherence of the Exclusion of Non-Human Beings 2008) GHSGB
By restricting members of the contract to rational humans capable of moral agency it would
AND
that should be asked about our treatment of them in modern day practices.

Tournament: NOV-DEC tourneys | Round: 1 | Opponent: affs | Judge: judges
please see graham's wiki

Tournament: Apple Valley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Affs | Judge:
First is the political justification.
Dennis C. Mueller Phd in Economics from Princeton University, Professor of Economics “Constitutional Democracies” Oxford University Press (1996) VA
The specter has been raised that a government once created will turn upon its creators
AND
who will someday have the authority to enforce it, abide by it.

Second is the philosophicalq justification.
Mark Graber 1, Why Interpret? Political Justification and American Constitutionalism, 56 The Review of Politics 415, 426-27 (1983).
Philosophy justifications of constitutionalism treat constitutions as blueprints of the good society. The Constitution
AND
citizens should enjoy "the greatest liberty consistent with an equality of liberty."

On this view, the Constitution is a platform for compromise
The arbiter is the Supreme Court.
Jay M. Feinman10 Distinguished professor at Rutgers school of law; Professor Feinman received his B.A. degree summa cum laude from American University and his J.D. degree cum laude from the University of Chicago, where he was a member of the Order of the Coif and Comment Editor of the University of Chicago Law Review,“Law 101: Everything You Need to Know About American Law,” Oxford University Press, May 13, 2010 – Law, MM
The federal courts have experienced great difliculty determining¶ which employees in a corporation who
AND
states, has the authority to conclusively determine what¶ the Constitution means.

Thus, the standard is consistency with the U.S. Constitution.
The attorney client privilege is protected in the constitution
Joseph L. Daly98 professor of law at Hamline University School of Law in St. Paul, “Attorney-Client Privilege and the¶ Rule of Confidentiality,” Bench Bar of Minnesota, 1998, MM
As various investigations of the 1993 dismissal of White House travel employees were beginning,
AND
No man is" or should be asked to be "an island."

Tournament: Greenhill Round Robin | Round: 1 | Opponent: Democracy Affs | Judge:
Democracies need to recognize freedoms in order to be deemed legitimate.

Coercive Voting Leads To A Population Of Intellectual Slaves Of The State. 

Ellen Frankel Paul 80 Professor of Political Science at Bowling Green State University, the Deputy Director of the Social Philosophy and Policy Center, and a Research Professor at the Freedom Center “HAYEK'S CONCEPTION OF FREEDOM, ¶ COERCION, AND THE RULE OF LAW” Reason Papers No. 6 (Spring 1980) 37-52. http://www.reasonpapers.com/pdf/06/rp_6_4.pdf VA

The corollary to this conception of liberty as instrumentally justifiable because people are largely ignorant
AND
another, our  actions will be similarly controlled." 8. 134) 

Thus the standard Protecting individual freedom

1 Compulsory Voting Violates Human Dignity And Forces A Statement From Those Who Choose Not To Give One. 

Harvard Law Review 13 Membership in the Harvard Law Review is limited to second- and third-year law students who are selected on the basis of their performance on an annual writing competition. Harvard Law School students who are interested in joining the Review must write the competition at the end of their 1L year, even if they plan to take time off during law school or are pursuing a joint degree and plan to spend a year at another Harvard graduate school. “The Case for Compulsory Voting in the United States” http://www.jstor.org/stable/40042668 Vol. 121, No. 2 (Dec., 2007), pp. 591-612 VA

Unlike some rights, the First Amendment right to free speech does ¶ imply an
AND
a write-in candidate, which exists in most ¶ states.70

2 Compulsory voting violates the right to abstain. 

Annabelle Lever08¶ Department of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method London School of Economics and Political Science, “Compulsory voting: a critical perspective,” Forthcoming, British Journal of Political Science, The London School of Economics and Political Science, December, 2008, MM

We have an equally weighted vote regardless of our stakes in a particular election,
AND
do, and how best to act on their respective duties and rights.

Tournament: Greenhill Round Robin | Round: 1 | Opponent: Affs | Judge:
In a culture of media perpetuated military force.
Peter Phillips and Mickey Huff 10 former director of Project Censored, is Professor of Sociology at Sonoma State University. Director of Project Censored and sits on the Board of Directors of the Media Freedom Foundation "TRUTH EMERGENCY: INSIDE THE MILITARY INDUSTRIAL MEDIA EMPIRE" http://www.projectcensored.org/truth-emergency-inside-the-military-industrial-media-empire/-http://www.projectcensored.org/truth-emergency-inside-the-military-industrial-media-empire/ VA
Among the most important Project Censored news stories of the past decade, one is
AND
-war movement in the US despite what the facts show.xxiv

B Link: Compulsory voting INCREASES voters’ media consumption
Loewen et al08:, Loewen, Millner, and Hicks08: Peter John Loewen¶ Departement de science politique, Universit´e de Montr´eal, ¶ and ¶ Henry Milner¶ Departement de science politique, Universit´e de Montr´eal¶ Bruce M. Hicks D´epartement de science politique, Universit´e de Montr´eal, ¶ "Does Compulsory Voting Lead to More Informed and¶ Engaged Citizens? An experimental test," Canadian Journal of Political Science 41.03 (2008): 655-672, MM

A more fair test of Lijphart’s hypotheses¶ would be to exclude those in the
AND
how it makes for better - or at least more informed - citizens.

C Internal Link:
Maxwell McCombs 02 UT Austin,"The Agenda-Setting Role of the Mass Media in the Shaping of Public Opinion", Paper presented at Mass Media Economics 2002 conference, London School of Economics, 2002, BE

By far the best documented consequence of object and issue salience is the priming of
AND
, favored a military rather than a diplomatic solution in the Persian Gulf.

The link is also a solvency deficit. A2 Lijphart – the education they receive is BAD21 

D Impact: Militarism is a response to people’s fears of an attack against national security and is perpetuated by the media. The impacts of militarism turn the aff on 4 levels.

Wright and Rogers09: Erik Olin Wright Professor Erik Olin Wright ¶ Department of Sociology ¶ University of Wisconsin – Madison, 26 Joel Rogers American academic and political activist. Currently a professor of law, political science, public affairs and sociology at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, "Chapter 20 ¶ Militarism and Empire," ¶ Final Draft, August 2009, MM
After the end of the Cold War this threat disappeared, and with it an
AND
in 1997 or Argentina in 2002. This situation cannot go on forever.

Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 1 | Opponent: Norman NH | Judge: John Sims
Democracies need to recognize freedoms in order to be deemed legitimate.
Democracies must protect negative freedoms such as the freedom of opinion. The concept of democracy fails when negative rights are excluded.
Buhlmann et al08: Marc Bühlmann Political scientist; Ph.D. for an analysis of the influence of ¶ local context on individual participation behavior; has published on political sociology, electoral and ¶ participation behaviour, methods, social capital, democratic theory, and Swiss and comparative ¶ politics, Wolfgang Merkel Doctorate at the University of Heidelberg in political science; Director of the Research Unit: Democracy and Democratization¶ Head of the: WZB Rule of Law Center, and Bernhard Wessels PhD in Political Science, FU Berlin; Senior research fellow¶ Deputy director of the research unit "Democracy: Structures, Performance, Challenges" at the Social Science Research Center Berlin (WZB) “The Quality of Democracy: ¶ Democracy Barometer for Established Democracies,” ¶ NCCR Democracy, University of Zurich ¶ Social Science Research Center Berlin (WZB), Hertie School of Governance - working papers, No. 22, April 2008, MM
Freedom is the second morally and ethically important principle of the modern age. ¶
AND
freedom we would not be ¶ able to speak of democracy at all.

Since the protection of negative rights is a side constraint on a functioning democracy, the standard is protecting negative freedoms that check back state power. 

Compulsory voting violates the right to abstain. Such a right is necessary for the weak to protest in a safe environment. The “none of the above” option and the claim that compulsory voting only mandates doesn’t solve.
Annabelle Lever08¶ Department of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method London School of Economics and Political Science, “Compulsory voting: a critical perspective,” Forthcoming, British Journal of Political Science, The London School of Economics and Political Science, December, 2008, MM
We have an equally weighted vote regardless of our stakes in a particular election,
AND
do, and how best to act on their respective duties and rights.

Affirming violates the standard of protecting negative rights. 

AND – Compulsory voting creates an artificial democracy that uses coercion to put in place democratic ideals that override negative rights.  
Jan Rovenský08¶ Faculty of Political Sciences¶ PhD in Political Theory, “Voting: A Citizen’s Right, or Duty? ¶ The Case against Compulsory Voting,” PhD thesis, LUISS Guido Carli, Academic year 2007 – 2008, MM
It is important to keep in mind that the freedom of choice is an indispensable
AND
better democracy but a step which citizens ¶ must make on their own.

Tournament: Greenhill Round Robin | Round: 3 | Opponent: Alex Yoakum | Judge:
A Text: Insert country should implement a voluntary voting system that provides individuals with a 10 insert currency financial reward for voting 

B Competition:
1 Compulsory voting requires that all individuals vote -- the CP allows people freedom of choice
2 There are no sanctions in voluntary voting while sanctions are key in CV systems
3 Net Benefits

C Net Benefits:

COMPULSORY VOTING VIOLATES HUMAN DIGNITY
Harvard Law Review 13 Membership in the Harvard Law Review is limited to second- and third-year law students who are selected on the basis of their performance on an annual writing competition. Harvard Law School students who are interested in joining the Review must write the competition at the end of their 1L year, even if they plan to take time off during law school or are pursuing a joint degree and plan to spend a year at another Harvard graduate school. “The Case for Compulsory Voting in the United States” http://www.jstor.org/stable/40042668 Vol. 121, No. 2 (Dec., 2007), pp. 591-612 VA

Unlike some rights, the First Amendment right to free speech does ¶ imply an
AND
a write-in candidate, which exists in most ¶ states.70

Voluntary voting given the incentive fulfills the purpose of Compulsory voting without the blatant abuse of state power 

Ben Saunders 09 currently lecturer in philosophy at the University of Stirling, lecturer in philosophy at the University of Oxford (with affiliation to Corpus Christi College).   I completed my BA (2003), MPhil (2005) and DPhil (2008) at Oxford. “Making Voting Pay” POLITICS: 2009 VOL 29(2), 130–136 VA
It seems that we want to encourage turnout in elections but without resorting to legal
AND
and poor, thus doing more to stimulate turnout from groups currently underrepresented.