Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 2 | Opponent: Negs | Judge: Judges
Part 1

Resource extraction for conflict minerals has fueled violence AND environmental threats

Marisa Buxbaum11, Student at State University of New York College at Purchase; Department of Natural Resources and Social Sciences, ¶ "Behind the Screens: Conflict Minerals and Toxic Waste," InsipirationGreen, 2011, GHSMM
Consumers in developed nations live in a world dominated by gadgets. In our pockets
AND
where this extraction is most significant, and what materials are sought after:

UNREGULATED MINING UNIQUELY DAMAGES THE ENVIRONMENT. A lack of government regulations perpetuates social and environmental injustices

Weiss et al12: Benjamin P. Weiss Associate Professor at the Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, with help from his select students at MIT: Aisha Wang¶ Amanda Parry¶ Anna Walsh ¶ Arica Wyche ¶ Augustine Zvinavashe ¶ Beckett Colson ¶ Bennett Cyphers ¶ Camila Ramirez-Arau ¶ Catherine Yunis ¶ Cimran Virdi ¶ Corinn Herrick ¶ Darcy Thompson ¶ Dion Low ¶ Dirk Stahlecker¶ Elena De La Paz ¶ Emily Shorin ¶ Eric Bartell ¶ Erwin Hilton ¶ Farah Attia ¶ Flora Tan¶ Francesca Schembri ¶ Harlin Lee¶ Heather Sweeney¶ Holly Josephs ¶ Jacqueline Nava ¶ Jamar Brooks¶ Jordan A. Smith ¶ Julia Longmate ¶ June Park¶ Jyotishka Biswas¶ Katherine Adler ¶ Kathrine Bretl ¶ Kathryn Buggs¶ Kaylee Brent¶ Kyle Yuan¶ Laura Standley ¶ Lena Yang¶ Lydia Anzures¶ Margaret Lattanzi-Silveus¶ Marie Elimbi Moudio¶ Martin Lopez¶ Nisha Dalvie ¶ Patience Stevens¶ Rachel Davis ¶ Rebecca Corcillo ¶ Robert Radway ¶ Ruben Amaez¶ Samantha Bray ¶ Samantha Harper ¶ Victoria Stivanello,¶ "Environmental Risks of Mining," The Future of Strategic Natural Resources: Mission 2016, published in 2012, GHSMM
Unregulated mining has the potential to release harmful substances into the soil, air,
AND
to increase government involvement in the regulation of dirty mining practices.

Unregulated mineral extraction encourages smugglers who want to reap economic benefits of the minerals use sexual violence to secure this goal

Burrow and Warda2k: Sharon Burrow ITUC General Secretary and Manfred Warda ICEM General Secretary, "Violence Against Women in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo: Whose Responsibility? Whose Complicity?" ITUC International Trade Union Confederation and ICEM International Federation of Chemical, Energy, Mine and General Workers' Union, 2000, GHSMM
Control of Congo's natural resources and minerals has always been contested, and these vast
AND
¶ make a difference for the women of the Democratic Republic of Congo.

THE STATUS QUO PROVES THAT THE CAPITALIST MINDSET IN CONGO DEALING WITH MINING HAS PERPETUATED SEXUAL VIOLENCE

Anne DeVoe11¶ Seattle University School of Law, "Carrying a Piece of Congo in Our Pockets: Global¶ Complicity to Congo’s Sexual Violence and the¶ Conflict Minerals Trade," Seattle Journal for Social Justice, Volume 10, Issue 1, Article 30, Fall Winter 2011, GHSMM
In the current conflict in Congo, it is mineral-wealth that provides armed
AND
fourteen years has fractured these ¶ structures and impeded the country’s development.39 

In addition to sexual harassment, mining has engendered a culture where rebel groups force rape victims into an insidious form of slavery

Diane Taylor11 Freelance Journalist and author with a interest in human rights, racism, and civil liberties, "Congo Rape Victims Face Slavery in Gold and Mineral Mines," The Guardian, World News, September 2011, GHSMM
Rape victims in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo are being forced to work in conditions
AND
minerals. I just want peace and my husband back, that's all."
                       
Part 2

SEXUAL VIOLENCE IS THE MOST INSIDIOUS CRIME AND MAKES BODIES A BATTLEFIELD

UNSC13: Ban Ki-moon and United Nations Security Council representatives: Cho Tae-Yul, Rosemary Dicarlo, Li Baodong, Gert Rosenthal, Maria Cristina Perceval, Masood Khan, Martin Briens, Limbiye Kadangha-Bariki, Vitaly Churkin, Mohammed Loulichki, SSylvie Lucas, Gary Quinlan, Mark Lyall Grant, Agshin Mehdiyev, Louise Mushikiwabo, Espen Barth Eide, Vanda Pignato, Thomas Mayr-Harting, Mate J Marn, Francis Chullikatt, Georg Sparber, Gullermo E. Rishchynski, Charles T Ntwaagae, Kazuyoshi Umemoto, Bashar Ja'Afari, Byrganym Aitmova, Doctor Mashanbane, Maria Luiza Ribeiro Viotti, Robert G. Aisi, Colin Beck, Le Hoai Trung, Paul Seger, Juan Manuel Gonzalez De Linares Palou, Osama Abdelkhalek Mahmoud, Herman Schaper, Margus Kolga, Hussein Haniff, Yusra Khan, Kyaw Tin, Cesare Maria Ragaglini, Ocavio Errazuriz, Raimonda Murmokaite, Talaibek Kydyrov, Justin N Seruhere, Anne Anderson, Peter Thomson, Mohamed Ibrahim Elbahi, Peter Wittig, Alvaro De Mendonca E Moura, Jim McLay, Yousef Sutan Laram, Benedicte Frankinet, Mirsada Colakovic, Nestor Osorio, Asoke Mukerji, Zahir Tanin, Burc Ceylan, UN Security Council representatives and representatives on Sexual Violence in Conflict, "SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN CONFLICT ONE OF WORLD’S MOST VICIOUS CRIMES; GLOBAL COMMUNITY MUST USE ALL ITS TOOLS TO END IT, SAYS SECRETARY-GENERAL IN SECURITY COUNCIL," Security Council 6948th Meeting, Apr 17, 2013, GHSMM
Despite success in cracking the silence around the systematic use of sexual violence as a
AND
a world where the bodies of women are no longer considered a battlefield”.

TURNING A BLIND EYE TO SEXUAL VIOLENCE ALLOWS FOR THE CONTINUATION OF ABUSE

Shelly Whitman10 Deputy Director, Centre for Foreign Policy Studies at Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scoties, "Chapter 7: Critical Environmental Security: Rethinking the Links between Natural Resources and Political Violence," New Issues in Security #5, Centre for Foreign Policy Studies, Dalhousie University, 2010, GHSMM
Before we discuss how conflict, coltan and sexual violence intersect in DRC, we
AND
violence, then we have a much better chance of ending this abuse.

The environment and social conflicts are linked. Ignoring these questions of exclusion and discrimination reinforces western power structures

Sylvia Wynter 03 (“Unsettling the Coloniality of Being/Power/Truth/Freedom: Towards the Human, After Man, Its Overrepresentation--An Argument,” CR: The New Centennial Review, Volume 3, Number 3,257-337) ghsVA
The argument proposes that the struggle of our new millennium will be one between the
AND
and implemented by its celibate clergy (See Le Goff guide-quote).

Part 3
PLAN: The countries of the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region (hereafter referred to as the ICGLR) should prioritize environmental protection over resource extraction by implementing the environmental protection certification provisions of the Regional Initiative Against the Exploitation of Natural Resources (hereafter referred to as the RINR) by setting up a Mineral Chains Auditor.

Certification ensures that mining was originated in a socially and environmentally sound manner

SRO13: Sub-Regional Office for Eastern Africa Collects data and analyzes statistics on various development and challenges of the region, "Special Report on the ICGLR Regional Initiative against the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and other Certification Mechanisms in the Great Lakes Region," UN Economic Commission for Africa, 2013, GHSMM
Minerals such as tin, tantalum, tungsten and to a lesser degree gold1 ¶
AND
of transparency and complex structure ¶ and relationships in particular metals supply chains. 

Only Rwanda has begun to act -~-- no other countries have begun to regulate mining. The countries of the ICGLR should certify mineral extraction through the RINR

Hall and Lezhnev13: Aaron Hall a Policy Analyst at the Enough Project focusing on the Democratic Republic of Congo. Prior to joining Enough he was an analyst for the Foundation for Environmental Security and Sustainability focusing on the socio-economic and environmental impacts of small-scale mining in Sierra Leone and the Great Lakes region of Africa and Sasha Lezhnev Senior Policy Analyst at Enough, where he focuses on peace and conflict minerals in the Democratic Republic of Congo. He is also Executive Director and Co-Founder of the Grassroots Reconciliation Group; worked as Policy Adviser at Global Witness on U.S. conflict resources and energy policy, "Coming Clean: A Proposal for Getting Conflict Minerals Certification on Track," Enough: The Project to end genocide and crimes against humanity, Getting Conflict Minerals Certification on Track, November 2013, GHSMM
However, the progress in certifying minerals from the Great Lakes region as conflict-
AND
buying many minerals from Rwanda, Congo, and/or the region.

The ICGLR should set up an Independent Auditor to implement the RINR

SRO13: Sub-Regional Office for Eastern Africa Collects data and analyzes statistics on various development and challenges of the region, "Special Report on the ICGLR Regional Initiative against the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and other Certification Mechanisms in the Great Lakes Region," UN Economic Commission for Africa, 2013, GHSMM
A way forward for ICGLR RINR will be to review its operational structure and undertake
AND
acquire a means to regularly communicate with ¶ them at the national level. 

The GOVERNMENTS of the countries in conflict MUST TAKE actions to promote safe extraction, otherwise campaigns will merely be lip service

Shelly Whitman10 Deputy Director, Centre for Foreign Policy Studies at Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scoties, "Chapter 7: Critical Environmental Security: Rethinking the Links between Natural Resources and Political Violence," New Issues in Security #5, Centre for Foreign Policy Studies, Dalhousie University, 2010, GHSMM
The international community must design strategies to stop the direct and indirect financing of¶
AND
violence it is difficult¶ to call this a priority for the mission.

Tournament: TOC | Round: 1 | Opponent: Brentwood JC | Judge: Scott Wheeler
Part 1 are the WAR BONDS

Resource extraction for conflict minerals has fueled violence AND environmental threats

Marisa Buxbaum11, Student at State University of New York College at Purchase; Department of Natural Resources and Social Sciences, ¶ "Behind the Screens: Conflict Minerals and Toxic Waste," InsipirationGreen, 2011, GHSMM
Consumers in developed nations live in a world dominated by gadgets. In our pockets
AND
where this extraction is most significant, and what materials are sought after:

UNREGULATED MINING UNIQUELY DAMAGES THE ENVIRONMENT. A lack of government regulations perpetuates social and environmental injustices

Weiss et al12: Benjamin P. Weiss Associate Professor at the Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, with help from his select students at MIT: Aisha Wang¶ Amanda Parry¶ Anna Walsh ¶ Arica Wyche ¶ Augustine Zvinavashe ¶ Beckett Colson ¶ Bennett Cyphers ¶ Camila Ramirez-Arau ¶ Catherine Yunis ¶ Cimran Virdi ¶ Corinn Herrick ¶ Darcy Thompson ¶ Dion Low ¶ Dirk Stahlecker¶ Elena De La Paz ¶ Emily Shorin ¶ Eric Bartell ¶ Erwin Hilton ¶ Farah Attia ¶ Flora Tan¶ Francesca Schembri ¶ Harlin Lee¶ Heather Sweeney¶ Holly Josephs ¶ Jacqueline Nava ¶ Jamar Brooks¶ Jordan A. Smith ¶ Julia Longmate ¶ June Park¶ Jyotishka Biswas¶ Katherine Adler ¶ Kathrine Bretl ¶ Kathryn Buggs¶ Kaylee Brent¶ Kyle Yuan¶ Laura Standley ¶ Lena Yang¶ Lydia Anzures¶ Margaret Lattanzi-Silveus¶ Marie Elimbi Moudio¶ Martin Lopez¶ Nisha Dalvie ¶ Patience Stevens¶ Rachel Davis ¶ Rebecca Corcillo ¶ Robert Radway ¶ Ruben Amaez¶ Samantha Bray ¶ Samantha Harper ¶ Victoria Stivanello,¶ "Environmental Risks of Mining," The Future of Strategic Natural Resources: Mission 2016, published in 2012, GHSMM
Unregulated mining has the potential to releases harmful substances into the soil
AND
to increase government involvement in the regulation of dirty mining practices.

WE ARE TOO PRIVILEGED TO SEE THOSE WHO EXTRACT THE RESOURCES WE CONSUME

Burrow and Warda2k: Sharon Burrow ITUC General Secretary and Manfred Warda ICEM General Secretary, "Violence Against Women in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo: Whose Responsibility? Whose Complicity?" ITUC International Trade Union Confederation and ICEM International Federation of Chemical, Energy, Mine and General Workers' Union, 2000, GHSMM
Control of Congo's natural resources and minerals has always been contested, and these vast
AND
¶ make a difference for the women of the Democratic Republic of Congo.

The ideology of exploitation inherent in the capitalist mindset has invaded the Congo, laying waste to persons through violent domination

Anne DeVoe11¶ Seattle University School of Law, "Carrying a Piece of Congo in Our Pockets: Global¶ Complicity to Congo’s Sexual Violence and the¶ Conflict Minerals Trade," Seattle Journal for Social Justice, Volume 10, Issue 1, Article 30, Fall Winter 2011, GHSMM
In the current conflict in Congo, it is mineral-wealth that provides armed
AND
fourteen years has fractured these ¶ structures and impeded the country’s development.39 

48 people are raped per hour as a result of the unregulated mines

Diane Taylor11 Freelance Journalist and author with a interest in human rights, racism, and civil liberties, "Congo Rape Victims Face Slavery in Gold and Mineral Mines," The Guardian, World News, September 2011, GHSMM
Rape victims in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo are being forced to work in conditions
AND
minerals. I just want peace and my husband back, that's all."
                       
Part 2 is the BATTLEFIELD

SEXUAL VIOLENCE IS THE MOST INSIDIOUS CRIME AND MAKES BODIES A BATTLEFIELD

UNSC13: Ban Ki-moon and United Nations Security Council representatives: Cho Tae-Yul, Rosemary Dicarlo, Li Baodong, Gert Rosenthal, Maria Cristina Perceval, Masood Khan, Martin Briens, Limbiye Kadangha-Bariki, Vitaly Churkin, Mohammed Loulichki, SSylvie Lucas, Gary Quinlan, Mark Lyall Grant, Agshin Mehdiyev, Louise Mushikiwabo, Espen Barth Eide, Vanda Pignato, Thomas Mayr-Harting, Mate J Marn, Francis Chullikatt, Georg Sparber, Gullermo E. Rishchynski, Charles T Ntwaagae, Kazuyoshi Umemoto, Bashar Ja'Afari, Byrganym Aitmova, Doctor Mashanbane, Maria Luiza Ribeiro Viotti, Robert G. Aisi, Colin Beck, Le Hoai Trung, Paul Seger, Juan Manuel Gonzalez De Linares Palou, Osama Abdelkhalek Mahmoud, Herman Schaper, Margus Kolga, Hussein Haniff, Yusra Khan, Kyaw Tin, Cesare Maria Ragaglini, Ocavio Errazuriz, Raimonda Murmokaite, Talaibek Kydyrov, Justin N Seruhere, Anne Anderson, Peter Thomson, Mohamed Ibrahim Elbahi, Peter Wittig, Alvaro De Mendonca E Moura, Jim McLay, Yousef Sutan Laram, Benedicte Frankinet, Mirsada Colakovic, Nestor Osorio, Asoke Mukerji, Zahir Tanin, Burc Ceylan, UN Security Council representatives and representatives on Sexual Violence in Conflict, "SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN CONFLICT ONE OF WORLD’S MOST VICIOUS CRIMES; GLOBAL COMMUNITY MUST USE ALL ITS TOOLS TO END IT, SAYS SECRETARY-GENERAL IN SECURITY COUNCIL," Security Council 6948th Meeting, Apr 17, 2013, GHSMM
Despite success in cracking the silence around the systematic use of sexual violence as a
AND
a world where the bodies of women are no longer considered a battlefield”.
AND -~-- The environment and social conflicts are intertwined. Ignoring these questions of exclusion and discrimination reinforces western power structures.
Sylvia Wynter 03 (“Unsettling the Coloniality of Being/Power/Truth/Freedom: Towards the Human, After Man, Its Overrepresentation--An Argument,” CR: The New Centennial Review, Volume 3, Number 3,257-337) ghsVA
The argument proposes that the struggle of our new millennium will be one between the
AND
and implemented by its celibate clergy (See Le Goff guide-quote).

TURNING A BLIND EYE TO SEXUAL VIOLENCE ALLOWS FOR THE CONTINUATION OF ABUSE. Inaction is not an option

Shelly Whitman10 Deputy Director, Centre for Foreign Policy Studies at Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scoties, "Chapter 7: Critical Environmental Security: Rethinking the Links between Natural Resources and Political Violence," New Issues in Security #5, Centre for Foreign Policy Studies, Dalhousie University, 2010, GHSMM
Before we discuss how conflict, coltan and sexual violence intersect in DRC, we
AND
violence, then we have a much better chance of ending this abuse.

THE ROLE OF THE JUDGE is to endorse a methodology that resists structural oppression. Marginalization and the violence discussed in the aff will continue unless we take a stance

Tim Wise 08 (Race Relations Specialist, Activst, Orator), “White Like Me,” 2008   96 - 97 ghsVA
Until the voices of economically and racially marginalized persons are given equal weight in debate
AND
. Lucky for me, in other words, that I was white. 

Part 3 is SHATTERING THE SILENCE

PLAN: The countries of the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region (hereafter referred to as the ICGLR) should prioritize environmental protection over resource extraction by implementing the environmental protection certification provisions of the Regional Initiative Against the Exploitation of Natural Resources (hereafter referred to as the RINR) by setting up a Mineral Chains Auditor.

The environmental provisions of certification ensure that mining was originated in a socially and environmentally sound manner

SRO13: Sub-Regional Office for Eastern Africa Collects data and analyzes statistics on various development and challenges of the region, "Special Report on the ICGLR Regional Initiative against the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and other Certification Mechanisms in the Great Lakes Region," UN Economic Commission for Africa, 2013, GHSMM
Minerals such as tin, tantalum, tungsten and to a lesser degree gold1 ¶
AND
of transparency and complex structure ¶ and relationships in particular metals supply chains. 

Only Rwanda has begun to act -~-- no other countries have begun to regulate mining

Hall and Lezhnev13: Aaron Hall a Policy Analyst at the Enough Project focusing on the Democratic Republic of Congo. Prior to joining Enough he was an analyst for the Foundation for Environmental Security and Sustainability focusing on the socio-economic and environmental impacts of small-scale mining in Sierra Leone and the Great Lakes region of Africa and Sasha Lezhnev Senior Policy Analyst at Enough, where he focuses on peace and conflict minerals in the Democratic Republic of Congo. He is also Executive Director and Co-Founder of the Grassroots Reconciliation Group; worked as Policy Adviser at Global Witness on U.S. conflict resources and energy policy, "Coming Clean: A Proposal for Getting Conflict Minerals Certification on Track," Enough: The Project to end genocide and crimes against humanity, Getting Conflict Minerals Certification on Track, November 2013, GHSMM
However, the progress in certifying minerals from the Great Lakes region as conflict-
AND
buying many minerals from Rwanda, Congo, and/or the region.

The ICGLR should set up an Independent Auditor to implement the environmental provisions of the RINR

SRO13: Sub-Regional Office for Eastern Africa Collects data and analyzes statistics on various development and challenges of the region, "Special Report on the ICGLR Regional Initiative against the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and other Certification Mechanisms in the Great Lakes Region," UN Economic Commission for Africa, 2013, GHSMM
A way forward for ICGLR RINR will be to review its operational structure and undertake
AND
acquire a means to regularly communicate with ¶ them at the national level. 

THE AFF SOLVES FOR SEXUAL VIOLENCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPLOITATION since red flags imply an immediate shutdown of the mines

RNRA and GMDA12: Rwanda Natural Resources Authority (RNRA) ¶ Geology and Mines Department (GMD), “MINE INSPECTION REPORT,” http://rnra.rw/fileadmin/fileadmin/user_upload/documents/Rwanda_Mine_Inspection_Report2.pdf 31 July 2012, GHSMM
This section summarizes red and yellow flag standards of the Regional Certification Mechanism of ¶
AND
within this grace period, ¶ he shall immediately be assigned a red flag

The GOVERNMENTS of the countries in conflict MUST TAKE actions to promote safe extraction, otherwise campaigns to end violence will merely be lip service

Shelly Whitman10 Deputy Director, Centre for Foreign Policy Studies at Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scoties, "Chapter 7: Critical Environmental Security: Rethinking the Links between Natural Resources and Political Violence," New Issues in Security #5, Centre for Foreign Policy Studies, Dalhousie University, 2010, GHSMM
The international community must design strategies to stop the direct and indirect financing of¶
AND
violence it is difficult¶ to call this a priority for the mission.

Tournament: Colleyville | Round: 1 | Opponent: Prelim Negs | Judge: Some judges
Part 1: Zones of Sacrifice

Resource Extraction in developing countries is just a capitalist guise for a modern day version of slavery.
Darren Kazemi 13 International News Reporter Extractive World Order: Plundering Planet Earth, Seizing Resources and Erasing Cultures” 2013-12-21 http://news-beacon-ireland.info/?p=15356 ghsVA
Plundering the world’s
AND
against their domination.

Having a values debate before recognizing the importance of structural violence is moot
Winter and Leighton 99 |Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter|Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and ustice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice “Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century.” Pg 4-5 ghsVA
Finally, to recognize
AND
of social existence. 

Our investigation of structures of power and privilege must begin with the way we socially construct zones of sacrifice
Sylvia Wynter 03 (“Unsettling the Coloniality of Being/Power/Truth/Freedom: Towards the Human, After Man, Its Overrepresentation--An Argument,” CR: The New Centennial Review, Volume 3, Number 3,257-337) ghsVA
The argument proposes
AND
Goff guide-quote).

Part 2: The War Waged on Africa

Diamond Mining allows Africa to be a zone of sacrifice.
Penny Hess 12 Apart of the African People’s Solidarity Committee, organizer who speaks throughout the U.S. and Europe in an effort to educate people that white society everywhere owes its affluence and democracy to the enslavement and colonization of African and oppressed, wrote The Culture of Violence in 1991 and an updated edition, Overturning the Culture of Violence in 2000 “HARD TRUTH: ALL DIAMONDS ARE CONFLICT DIAMONDS” http://www.guerrillafunk.com/thoughts/doc002012conflictdiamonds.html ghsVA
These myths about
AND

Pretending to present diamond mining as anything but destructive ignores the material reality of those who have to live through it on a daily basis.
Taline Khansa 13 wonprofit peace education organization called Childrens International Summer Villages, study Aerospace Engineering and spent six years working in the industry. While she gained professional experience in manufacturing and engineering, she continued to follow global affairs “The Curse of Diamond Mining in Sierra Leone” May 2, 2013 http://fellowsblog.kiva.org/fellowsblog/2013/05/02/the-curse-of-diamond-mining-in-sierra-leone ghsVA
During my second
AND
the mining industry.

AND -- Diamond mining perpetuates poverty and exploits children.

Beth Gerstein and Eric Grossberg 13 (Brilliant Earth: Ethical Origin of Fine Jewelry) Organization intent on informing the world about conflict diamonds. Advocates for the use of synthetic diamonds. Has writers with PHD’s from Harvard, Stanford, Princeton, and more writing about these issues “Conflict Diamonds: Labor and Community” http://www.brilliantearth.com/conflict-diamond-child-labor/http://www.brilliantearth.com/confict-diamond-trade/ ghsVA
Many of the
AND
Turkey or Mexico. 

AND -- Diamonds are key to maintaining zones of sacrifice.
BLAINE HARDEN 2k Journalism awards include the Ernie Pyle Award for coverage of the siege of Sarajevo during the Bosnian War, the American Society of Newspaper Editors Award for Nondeadline Writing (stories about Africa), and the Livingston Award for International Reporting (stories about Africa). Written multiple award winning books and has been internationally published “Africa's Gems: Warfare's Best Friend” http://www.nytimes.com/library/world/africa/040600africa-diamonds-article1.html ghsVA
The rough stone
AND
controls diamond mining. 

Part 3: Ending the Trade

Plan: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Angola, Tanzania, Namibia, Botswana, South Africa, and Lesotho will end the mining of diamonds and institute embargos on all diamond related trade.
 

Only the AC’s method can truly end this war on the people of Africa
ASC 13 (African Studies Center) Fill in cites later “Diamonds and Warfare: The Africa Connection” http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/students/events/diamondwar.php ghsVA
Have you heard
AND
funded by diamonds.

Current restrictions on diamond trade such as the Kimberly Process fail and are outdated

Teri Schure 12 Fill In cites later “Blood Diamonds” April 15, 2012 http://worldpress.org/Africa/3903.cfm ghsVA
Consensus decision-making
AND
law as well. 

Diamonds are worth absolutely nothing.
Vivienne Walt 06 award-winning foreign correspondent, based in Paris, who has written for TIME Magazine since 2003. published in The New York Times, The Washington Post, Slate, The Wall Street Journal, National Geographic, BusinessWeek, Fortune, and others.won the ASTMH Media Excellence award for her investigation into maternal mortality in Africa, and she was twice nominated for the Pulitzer for her work on Africa while a staff writer for Newsday. She is a regular guest on CNN, NPR, WGBH “The World” and France 24 “Diamonds aren't forever” December 7 2006 http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2006/12/11/8395442/ ghsVA
Sahr Amara is
AND
for a dream.

Tournament: TFA STATE | Round: 1 | Opponent: Negs | Judge: Judges

Framework

Impacts back to oppression and structural violence come first because they determine the scope of our moral sphere. Winter and Leighton 99
Winter and Leighton 99 |Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter|Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and ustice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice “Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century.” Pg 4-5 ghsVA
Finally, to recognize the operation of structural violence forces us
AND
will be our most surefooted path to building lasting peace.

COLONIALISM HAS ENGENDERED OPPRESSION, DEHUMANIZATION, AND CONSTANT SEPERATION. A history of Western imperialism in Africa demonstrates the crippling effects and unjustifiability of colonialism. Ekeh 75
Peter P. Ekeh 75 University of Ibadam in Nigeria, "Colonialism and the Two Publics in Africa: A Theoretical Statement," Comparative Studies in Society and History, Volume 17, No. 1, January 1975, pp 91-112, GHSMM
Colonial Ideologies of Legitimation ¶ The late nineteenth- and early twentieth
AND
rulers. I shall call these post-colonial ideologies of legitimation

Thus, the standard is minimizing oppression.

Political conditionality can refer to good governance conditions. Uvin and Biagiotti 96
Uvin and Biagiotti 96,Peter Uvin I have written extensively on development, food, NGO scaling up, and the intersection between human rights, development, and conflict resolution. My area of interest is mainly Africa, and especially Burundi and Rwanda. I have been a frequent consultant to bilateral and multilateral agencies working in Africa on these very same issues; indeed, the desire to bridge theory and practice is at the very heart of my work and Isabelle Biagiotti, Global Governance 2, 1996, BE
Properly speaking, the subject of this article, political conditionality, like
AND
impregnated with their ideology, subject to much dissension and conflict.

Thus, I advocate that the “good governance” political conditions placed on humanitarian aid by the United States and European Union on Africa are unjust and should be repealed.

Contention 1 is Selectivity

Conditioning aid to countries with a “good policy environment” is a guise for Western Imperialism, which ignores countries that need aid the most. Owusu 03
Francis Owusu 03 Department of Community and Regional Planning Iowa State University, “Pragmatism and the Gradual Shift from Dependency to Neoliberalism: The World Bank, African Leaders and Development Policy in Africa”, World Development vol 31 no 10, 2003, BE
The distinction between CDF and SAPs, however, should not be
AND
All these are, however, done within a neoliberal framework.

Selectivity of aid and who deserves it is rooted in racist justifications for genocide—inconsistent and conditioned use of humanitarian aid perpetuate exclusion. Agbakwa 05
Shedrack C. Agbakwa 05 Adjunct Professor of Law and SSHRC Doctoral Fellow, Osgoode Hall Law School, Toronto, Canada, “Genocidal Politics and Racialization of Intervention: From Rwanda to Darfur and Beyond”, German Law Review Vol 6 No 2, 2005, BE
The elephant in the room, therefore, is racism: Africans are
AND
those with whom the west has an axe to grind.

And, the good governance condition is uniquely bad in this instance because it unjustly holds the suffering individuals accountable for government actions. Fox 01
Fiona Fox 01 Fiona became Head of Media at CAFOD, one of the UK's leading aid agencies. She founded the Jubilee 2000 press group, which helped to force serious Third World issues onto the media and political agendas, “New humanitarianism: does it provide a moral banner for the 21st century?”, Disasters, December 2001, BE
There are several populations who have at different times been
AND
in every agency manual does not stand up in practice. 

Contention 2 is imperialism

Africans have constantly been MANIPULATED and COERCED into following a WESTERN MODEL OF DEMOCRATIZATION AND IMPERIALISM. Historically, Africa has only gotten support if they endorse Western perspectives. Owusu 03
Francis Owusu 03 Works at the Department of Community and Regional Planning at Iowa State University, "Pragmatism and the Gradual Shift from Dependency to Neoliberalism: The World Bank, African Leaders and Development Policy in Africa," World Development 31.10 (2003): 1655-1672, GHSMM
In the hope that it might win them aid and
AND
to leaders with¶ legitimacy and the mandate of the people. 

And, you have a moral obligation to reject every instance of capitalist ideology. Status quo modes of thought only serve to legitimize the system. Zizek and Daly 04
Zizek and Daly 04- (Glyn Senior Lecturer in Politics at University College in Northampton, Slajov Slavoj Žižek is a Slovenian Marxist philosopher, psychoanalyst and cultural critic. He is a senior researcher at the Institute for Sociology and Philosophy, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia “Conversations with Zizek”, p. 14-16) GHSGB
For Zizek it is imperative that we cut through this
AND
and to absorb them within a culture of differential affirmation.

The threat of removing foreign aid perpetuates colonialism and gives the givers of aid complete control. Nyatoro 08
Nyatoro 08 - (Tinashe African Author on the impact of Aid; she also wrote the book “The Impact of Aid Dependence on Social Development” "The History of Foreign Aid Dependency: Challenges for Africa" http://www.afesis.org.za/index.php/local-governance/93-local-governance-articles/1120-the-history-of-foreign-aid-dependency-challenges-for-africa) GHSGB
The general attribute of African countries is not poverty, stagnation
AND
a national derangement or functional incompleteness of a national economy.

Aid conditionality is UNSUCCESSFUL – only an approach without conditions has hope. Fraser and Whitfield 08
Fraser and Whitfield 08 Alastair Fraser Researches the relationship between Africa and the West and Lindsay Whitfield The Junior Research Fellow at the Global Economic Governance Programme; Got a doctorate in 2005 in Politics at the University of Oxford on the political economy of aid, "The Politics of Aid: African Strategies for Dealing with Donors," Global Economic Governance Programme, July 2008, GHSMM
Widespread deference to ownership disguises the fact that the concept
AND
donors to accept and support them without¶ onerous conditions.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Jessica Levy | Judge: Eric
V: Morality

Ought = State of affairs
Finlay and Sendegar 12, Finlay, S. Associate Professor of Philosophy at USC and Snedegar, J. PhD candidate in philosophy at the University of Southern California, (2012). One Ought Too Many. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. JMN
‘Ought’ sentences seem
AND
and explain them.

We must reject epistemologies that don't see us in context of nature.

Henning 09 (Brian; Associate Professor of Philosophy at Gonzaga University; “Trusting in the 'Efficacy of Beauty: A Kalocentric Approach to Moral Philosophy”; Ethics and the Environment- Volume 14, Number 1)RSW
Final truths (whether
AND
form of existence.

Restricting the spheres to solely humans denies moral considerations to animals and nature. Nature must be included – animals have interests as well.
Humphreys 08 – (Rebekah Rebekah completed her BA, MA, and PhD at Cardiff University. Before working at TSD, she worked as a Tutor of Philosophy at Cardiff University and as a Visiting Lecturer at University of Wales, Newport.  She also taught A-Level Philosophy at Cardiff and the Vale College. “Contractarianism: On the Incoherence of the Exclusion of Non-Human Beings 2008) GHSGB
By restricting members
AND
modern day practices.

Ethics come before knowledge
Anthony Weston09, Professor of Philosophy at Elon University, 2009¶ The Incompleat Eco-Philosopher p. 9-11
If the world
AND
knowledge but relationship.

Standard: Preventing Environmental destruction

Mobil oil corp hid stuff through ACP
Levin 91 – (Myron LA Times Staff Writer “Pipeline Spills Aren't Only Problems to Plague Mobil” http://articles.latimes.com/1991-07-18/news/we-3590_1_environmental-problems) GHSGB
Mobil Oil Corp
AND
which was dismissed.

More stuff about ACP and escalation of threats
James R. Arnold92 the Harold C. Urey Professor of Chemistry (emeritus), and a noted pioneer in the field of planetary and space chemistry at the University of California at San Diego (UCSD), “The Impact of Environmental Law on Real Estate and Other Commercial¶ Transactions: U.S./Europe,” American Law Institute - American Bar Association Continuing Legal Education,¶ Fifth Annual ALI-ABA Advanced Course of Study, ¶ September 24, 1992, MM
One of the
AND
of¶ professional conduct.

Pollution = extinction
UCCEE 06 – (United Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environment http://www.uccee.org/Environmental_Pollution.html)GHS//GB
One of the
AND
and astronomical interference.

Have caused loss of bioD
Powell 2k (Corey S. COREY S. POWELL is a science writer and a Senior Editor at Discover magazine “20 Ways the World Could End Swept away” http://www.ldolphin.org/twentyways.html oct 2000loghry)GHSGB
10. Ecosystem collapse
AND
it's too late.

Loss of ocean biodiversity collapses the ecosystem
Biomedicine 07 (“Deep-sea species' loss could lead to oceans' collapse, study suggests” http://www.bio-medicine.org/biology-news-1/Deep-sea-species-loss-could-lead-to-oceans-collapse~-~-study-suggests-1739-1//greenhill-cp)
The loss of
AND
of undiscovered species.

Plan: No ACP for violations of RCRA act
Nicholas Targ 96 – (Attorney Client Confidentiality in the Criminal Environmental Law Context: Blowing the Whistle on the Toxic Client, 14 Pace Envtl. L. Rev. 227 (1996)) GHSGB
The Resource Conservation
AND
inappropriate for disclosure.

Alan Knauf 10 – He is the past Chairperson of the Environmental Law Section of the New York State Bar Association, and has been Chair of the Section's Petroleum Spills, Toxic Torts, and Internet Committees. Mr. Knauf has been the Chair of the Real Estate Section, and was the founding Chair of the Environmental Law Committee of the Monroe County Bar Association. He is also the former Chairman of the Center for Environmental Information, Inc. Mr. Knauf is listed by Best Lawyers in America and Superlawyers in the fields of Environmental Law and Land Use and Zoning Law. He has been a professor of Environmental Law at both the University of Rochester and RIT, and is a frequent lecturer at continuing legal education seminars. Mr. Knauf earned a B.S. in Environmental Engineering from MIT, and is a graduate of University of Michigan Law School. “Should I report my clients Spill” http://www.nyenvlaw.com/Data/Documents/Should20I20Report.pdf) GHSGB
However, an attorney
AND
make a report.

Rule 1.6 doesn't work
Russell 97 – (Irma S. University of Montana School of Law Cries and Whispers: Environmental Hazards, Model Rule 1.6, and the Attorney's Conflicting Duties to Clients and Others , 72 Wash. L. Rev. 409 (1997))GHSGB
If the legal
AND
in extreme cases.

Tournament: Isadore Newman | Round: 1 | Opponent: Negs | Judge: Judges
“All I can tell you is please learn to see. Please give me a moment just for me - before you beat me. All I know is what I feel, the pain is real as I feel the skin start to peel. The whip cracks in the night as I feel the real fright. How can you stand there tall and true when I have been beaten black and blue. Please be fair when reading this all I want is you to be aware and learn to care” -- Henry Brenton

Part 1 are the cycles of violence

Child abuse is uniquely damaging because children are the most vulnerable members of society.
Mundaly and Goddard06: Neerosh Mudaly Senior Research Fellow with Child Abuse Prevention Research
AND
," Jessica Kingsley Publishers, London and Philadelphia, 2006, GHSMM
Children’s developmental vulnerability also prevents them from being able to ’retaliate or deter victimisation
AND
protective adults, can understand how exquisitely vulnerable they are’ (p.73

AND —- Child abuse perpetuates cycles of violence. For two reasons
1 Empirics. Abused children often engage in delinquency, and continue to promote cycles of violence.
Widom 92 – (Cathy Spatz John Jay college of psychology "The Cycle of Violence" http://www.bgsu.edu/downloads/cas/file77085.pdf-http://www.bgsu.edu/downloads/cas/file77085.pdf) GHSGB
Abused and neglected children have a higher likelihood of arrests for delinquency, adult criminality
AND
criminal behavior as the demographic characteristics of sex, race, and age.

2 It’s proven neurologically that children who experience abuse develop more violent behaviors as they grow up engendering them in a cycle of criminality and abuse.
Bruce D. Perry 97 M.D., Ph.D. Psychology and Neurology, is the Senior Fellow of The ChildTrauma Academy "Children in a Violent Society"http://books.google.com/books?hl=en26lr=26id=6hxNhVZkSIUC26oi=fnd26pg=PA12426dq=abused+kids+grow+up+to+be+violent26ots=nAmmUq7uoE26sig=KO-XC5IJVyUcAqjs4F1s7EfVbn0~~23v=onepage26q=abused20kids20grow20up20to20be20violent26f=true-http://books.google.com/books?hl=en26lr=26id=6hxNhVZkSIUC26oi=fnd26pg=PA12426dq=abused+kids+grow+up+to+be+violent26ots=nAmmUq7uoE26sig=KO-XC5IJVyUcAqjs4F1s7EfVbn0 ghsVA
There is no more specific "biological" determinant than a relation- ship.
AND
need to understand the organization and functioning of its birthplace-the brain.

Part 2 is the locked door

A historical example proves that attorney client privilege has been USED to prevent truth seeking investigations in cases of child abuse.
SANDRA T.E., et al vs SOUTH BERWYN SCHOOL DISTRICT 100 Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. No. 05-CV-473—William J. Hibbler, Judge. http://jenner.com/system/assets/assets/996/original/T.E._v._South_Berwyn_School.pdf?1317154590-http://jenner.com/system/assets/assets/996/original/T.E._v._South_Berwyn_School.pdf?1317154590 ghsVA
SYKES, Circuit Judge. An elementary-school music teacher in the South Berwyn
AND
services, and ordered the firm to produce the documents. Sidley appealed. 

THE ABA DOESN’T ALLOW DISCLOSURE.
Lisa Hansen 05 American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers, Mandatory Reporting, "Comment, ATTORNEYS’ DUTY TO REPORT CHILD ABUSE", Vol. 19, 2004, Journal of the American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers, 12 April 05, BE
The change to the rule in italics appears to make it easier for an attorney
AND
party, whom they do not represent, that is being abused.62

Part 3

PLAN: In the United States Criminal Justice System, all relevant jurisdiction levels should adopt a mandatory reporting statue governing instances of child abuse that prioritizes truth seeking over attorney client privilege.
1 An obligation to disclose is the ONLY way to fight back and break the attorney’s culture of silence.
Robert P. Mosteller 92 Prof of Law at Duke. He went to Yale, Harvard, and Duke, "Child Abuse Reporting Laws and Attorney-Client Confidences: The Reality and the Specter of Lawyer as Informant", Duke Law Journal, Vol 42 Num 2, Nov 1992, BE
Child abuse is a societal problem of tragic proportions in America. On a yearly
AND
or requires attorneys to reveal their clients’ intention to commit a future crime.

2 Only mandating that lawyers disclose and break attorney client privilege can uncover truth. Our Plan makes failing to disclose child abuse a criminal offense.
Robert P. Mosteller92 Professor of Law at Duke University, B.A. 1970, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; J.D. at Yale University, and M.P.P at Harvard University, "Child Abuse Reporting Laws and Attorney Client Confidences: The Reality and the Specter of Lawyer as Informant," Duke Law Journal, Volume 42, Number 2, November 1992, GHSMM
Although extension of the attorney-client privilege to out-of-¶ court reporting
AND
¶ the ethics rules that might otherwise preclude disclosure are ap-¶ plied.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 1 | Opponent: Negatives | Judge:
Part 1 is the framework
Ethical agnosticism should lead us to default towards preventing extinction
Nick Bostrom 12, Nick Bostrom¶ Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School¶ University of Oxford “Existential Risk Prevention as the Most Important Task for Humanity”, , http://www.existential-risk.org/concept.html
“These reflections on moral uncertainty suggests an alternative, complementary way
AND
us to increase the probability that the future will contain a lot of value

And, normative uncertainty demands that we take existential risks seriously
Nick Bostrom 12, Nick Bostrom¶ Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School¶ University of Oxford, “Existential Risk Prevention as the Most Important Task for Humanity”, http://www.existential-risk.org/concept.html
“There will be some types of putative existential risks for which the main uncertainty
AND
X is bad in at least the subjective sense relevant to decision making.”
This pre-empts skep

PART 2 is the Culture of Deceit

Historical examples prove that companies lie about environmental violations to attorneys:
1 BP purposefully concealed and underestimated the amount of oil spilled from the US government
Michael Kundelman13, Writer for the Boston Globe, “BP trial looks at how much oil spilled from well,” The Boston Globe, OCTOBER 01, 2013, GHSGB
NEW ORLEANS — BP lied to the US government and withheld information about the amount
AND
. But the penalties can be assessed at amounts lower than those caps. 

2 Mobil Oil Corp has taken heat for spills
Levin 91 – (Myron LA Times Staff Writer “Pipeline Spills Aren't Only Problems to Plague Mobil” http://articles.latimes.com/1991-07-18/news/we-3590_1_environmental-problems) GHSGB
Mobil Oil Corp. has taken considerable heat for spills from its crude oil pipeline
AND
Olson filed his own age discrimination suit against Mobil, which was dismissed.

Due to the threat of hazardous waste on the environment, and attorneys keeping environmental violations a secret, threats have escalated.
James R. Arnold92 the Harold C. Urey Professor of Chemistry (emeritus), and a noted pioneer in the field of planetary and space chemistry at the University of California at San Diego (UCSD), “The Impact of Environmental Law on Real Estate and Other Commercial¶ Transactions: U.S./Europe,” American Law Institute - American Bar Association Continuing Legal Education,¶ Fifth Annual ALI-ABA Advanced Course of Study, ¶ September 24, 1992, MM
One of the most A difficult areas for environmental attorneys is counseling their
AND
, illustrate the need for attention to the standards of¶ professional conduct.

Environmental threats lead to global warming
UCCEE 06 – (United Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environment http://www.uccee.org/Environmental_Pollution.html)GHS//GB
One of the greatest problems that the world is facing today is that of environmental
AND
. Light Pollution includes light trespass, over-illumination and astronomical interference.

Advantage 1 is biodiversity
The brink is NOW - Collapse of biodiversity causes global extinction – every species is important.
Powell 2k (Corey S. COREY S. POWELL is a science writer and a Senior Editor at Discover magazine “20 Ways the World Could End Swept away” http://www.ldolphin.org/twentyways.html oct 2000loghry)GHSGB
10. Ecosystem collapse - Images of slaughtered elephants and burning rain forests capture people's
AND
consequences might be something we'd never think of, until it's too late.

Part 3 is the search for truth

PLAN: In the United States Criminal Justice System, truth seeking ought to take precedence over attorney client privilege in cases where a violation of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act has occurred.
1 Lawyer’s should disclose in the face of violations of the RCRA act and break attorney client privilege to prevent serious harm in the future. 

Nicholas Targ 96 – (Attorney Client Confidentiality in the Criminal Environmental Law Context: Blowing the Whistle on the Toxic Client, 14 Pace Envtl. L. Rev. 227 (1996)) GHSGB
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)50 Is the primary federal law
AND
of a release's severity, then the circumstances are likely inappropriate for disclosure.

2 Attorney’s should be obligated to disclose their clients spills in order to protect human life. Knauf 10 continues to explain the advocacy. 

Alan Knauf 10 – He is the past Chairperson of the Environmental Law Section of the New York State Bar Association, and has been Chair of the Section's Petroleum Spills, Toxic Torts, and Internet Committees. Mr. Knauf has been the Chair of the Real Estate Section, and was the founding Chair of the Environmental Law Committee of the Monroe County Bar Association. He is also the former Chairman of the Center for Environmental Information, Inc. Mr. Knauf is listed by Best Lawyers in America and Superlawyers in the fields of Environmental Law and Land Use and Zoning Law. He has been a professor of Environmental Law at both the University of Rochester and RIT, and is a frequent lecturer at continuing legal education seminars. Mr. Knauf earned a B.S. in Environmental Engineering from MIT, and is a graduate of University of Michigan Law School. “Should I report my clients Spill” http://www.nyenvlaw.com/Data/Documents/Should20I20Report.pdf) GHSGB
Most of the spill reporting requirements clearly do not include an attorney. The rules
AND
, in the author’s opinion, the lawyer probably must make a report.

Tournament: Greenhill Round Robin | Round: 2 | Opponent: Negatives | Judge:
Voter apathy in democracies has created a class of individuals whose voices are marginalized. 

Marginalization is the act of exclusion. This is harmful to a democracy.

Iris Marion Young02 Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago, and affiliated with the Center for Gender Studies and the Human Rights program there, “Inclusion und Democracy,” Oxford University Press, 2002, MM
No existing democracy is as just as that. Our democracies contain¶ structural inequalities
AND
must be more particularistic than argument from shared¶ prcmisscs can bc.

Thus, the standard is increasing democratic inclusion 

Prefer the standard:
1 strongest link to the resolution
2 it protects the marginal groups that abstain from voting because of inequalities 

The impact of marginalization is structural violence – creating a War against the Poor and perpetuating an ongoing genocide against the lower class. 

Mumia Abu-Jamal, 98. (activist, radio journalist and former president of the Philadelphia Association of Black Journalistsjh) “A Quiet and Deadly Violence” September 19th, 1998, http://www.angelfire.com/az/catchphraze/mumiaswords.html
It has often been observed that America is a truly violent nation, as shown
AND
away, so that their great and terrible violence passes away with them.

Contention 1 is the illusion of inclusion

1 The current system is harmful to democracies because it perpetuates inequalities.  
Jan Rovenský08¶ Faculty of Political Sciences¶ PhD in Political Theory, “Voting: A Citizen’s Right, or Duty? ¶ The Case against Compulsory Voting,” PhD thesis, LUISS Guido Carli, Academic year 2007 – 2008, MM

I will first address the socioeconomic factors. Political scientists have proven quite ¶ clearly
AND
to attend elections and ¶ vote, their voices become even more marginalised.

2 The excuse that we have the right to vote is a façade that covers up the political inequalities destroying democratic legitimacy.  

Holloway Sparks03, Assistant professor of political science at Penn State “Queens, Teens, and Model Mothers Race and the Politics of Welfare Reform,” (Paperback) by¶ Sanford F. Schram (Editor), Joe Soss (Editor), Richard C. Fording (Editor), ¶ 2003

In spite of the participatory principles embodied in these theories, some deliberative democrats have
AND
people, large groups of citizens face the devaluation of their political participation.

3 Marginalization creates a culture of silence that indoctrinates the belief that the oppressed don’t have a voice.
Jocelyn Pena09 Attended University of Phoenix and New York University; Senior Manager and Special Assistant at Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Education Fund PRLDEF, “Five Faces of Oppression,” The following article is adapted from “Five Faces of Oppression” by Iris Young. The article was originally a ¶ chapter in Oppression, Privilege, and Resistance edited by Lisa Heldke and Peg O’Connor (published by ¶ McGraw Hill in Boston, 2004), Assignment for Mr. Devin’s class on Leadership at San Jose, June 15, 2009, MM

Marginalization is the act of relegating or confining a group of people to a lower
AND
as well. Freire calls this process of gaining critical consciousness ¶ conscientization. 

Contention 2 is unlocking the cells of exclusion

{I will read either interp...}
i} I advocate that democracies ought to adopt a system of compulsory voting as a mechanism for alleviating inequalities and promoting democratic legitimacy. 

ii}  I advocate that the US ought to adopt a system of compulsory voting that combines aspects of the Australian model and other successful models
I will clarify in CX

Hannah Alejandro10 Future Law Professors Fellow, Georgetown University Law Center. JD, LLM, Georgetown University Law Center; BFA, New York University,¶ “The Sovereign Obligations of We, the People:¶ An Argument for Compulsory Voting in the United States,” Draft, 1 – Mar – 10, MM 

Today, 32 countries have some form of mandatory voting.58 Registration, enforcement
AND
these penalties are a fair but firm incentive to participate in national elections.

1 Voting is an obligation that is crucial to political contract that defines a democracy since it enables us to self-govern. 

Hannah Alejandro10 Future Law Professors Fellow, Georgetown University Law Center. JD, LLM, Georgetown University Law Center; BFA, New York University,¶ “The Sovereign Obligations of We, the People:¶ An Argument for Compulsory Voting in the United States,” Draft, 1 – Mar – 10, MM

So how does a citizen-sovereign “govern” in our representative democracy?
AND
than enforcement of the political contract that we claim defines our entire system.

2 Compulsory voting effectively dismantles many inequalities and unites the population to become engaged in political affairs. 

Anthoula Malkopoulou09 Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Jyväskylä; Erik Allardt Fellow, scas. ¶ Postdoctoral Researcher, Academy of Finland Centre of Excellence ¶ in Political Thought and Conceptual Change, University of Jyväskylä, “Lost Voters: Participation in EU elections and the case for compulsory voting,” Center of European Policy Studies Working Document No. 317/July 2009, MM

The main rationale behind the system in Belgium was to complement and enforce universal suffrage
AND
who abstain from elections selfish and immoral free riders (p.11).

3 compulsory voting serves as a form of civic education and political stimulation 

Arend Lijphart97 world renowned political scientist specializing in comparative politics, elections and voting systems, democratic institutions, and ethnicity and politics, ¶ “Unequal Participation: Democracyand#39;s Unresolved Dilemma,”¶ The American Political Science Review, Vol. 91, No. 1 (Mar., 1997), pp. 1-14, Published by: American Political Science Association, MM

Having emphasized the advantages of compulsory voting so far, I must also deal with
AND
more attention and work harder to get information to previous non-¶ voters.

4 Democracies ought to adopt a system of compulsory voting since it is the most effective means of increasing turnout. 

Koichi Kato08 BA in Political Science (Waseda); MA in Political Science (Waseda); PhD in Government (LSE, London), and#34;Evaluating Compulsory Voting: Australia in Comparative Perspective,and#34; A thesis submitted to The Department of Government of The London School of Economics and Political Science for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, February 2008, MM

It would be meaningful to extract In seven major industrial democracies from 18
AND
order to identify the proper course of research into the usefulness of CV.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Negatives | Judge:
I value political pluralism. 

Justifying principles in a perfect world trivializes ethics 

Dr. Tommy J. Curry 13, Assistant Professor, Department of Philosophy, Texas AandM, "In the Fiat of Dreams: The Delusional Allure of Hope, the Reality of Anti-Black Violence and the Demands of the Anti-Ethical", 2013. VA

Traditionally we have taken ethics to be, as Henry Sedgwick claims, "any
AND
new teleological/cultural orientation; an endarkening path towards a new humanity. 

This means that reinforcing oppression is an independent voter. 

The standard is maximizing the inclusion of political voice. 

The role of the ballot is to evaluate who best performatively, and methodologically, creates a culture of political participation. 

Contention 1 is The Illusion of inclusion

Certain government functions exist to exclude black, brown, and marginalized bodies from the body politic and DESTROY their image. 

Farley writes Anthony Paul B.A., University of Virginia, J.D., Harvard Law School, Tenured at Boston College, Served as an Assistant United States Attorney with the Office of the United States Attorney for the District of Columbia. (2001) "Lacan and Voting Rights," Yale Journal of Law and the Humanities: Vol. 13: Iss. 1, Article 10. VA

White majorities rarely elect black representatives.2 The black image in the white mind
AND
-black is a form of pleasure akin to S/M.5

The problem with voluntary voting systems is they ignore the attempts by the government to undermine the marginalizeds’ votes 

Roger Bybee writes freelance writer and University of Illinois visiting professor in Labor Education “GOP Reveals Depth of Voter-Exclusion Plan” http://inthesetimes.com/working/entry/11944/gop_reveals_depth_of_its_voter-exclusion_plan/ 9/12/11 VA

A new Department of Transportation memo reveals how thoroughly Wisconsin Republicans intend to make the
AND
policies become apparent, the Wisconsin rebellion is likely to heat up again.

Endorsing the paradigm of exclusion creates an environment in which the oppressed believe they have nothing to vote for. 

C. Jocelyn Pena09 Attended University of Phoenix and New York University; Senior Manager and Special Assistant at Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Education Fund PRLDEF, “Five Faces of Oppression,” The following article is adapted from “Five Faces of Oppression” by Iris Young. The article was originally a ¶ chapter in Oppression, Privilege, and Resistance edited by Lisa Heldke and Peg O’Connor (published by ¶ McGraw Hill in Boston, 2004), Assignment for Mr. Devin’s class on Leadership at San Jose, June 15, 2009, MM

Marginalization is the act of relegating or confining a group of people to a lower
AND
as well. Freire calls this process of gaining critical consciousness conscientization. 

A world in which the voice of the oppressed aren’t heard allows death to wreak havoc among those parts of society. This creates a systemic form of violence which never ends.   

Mumia Abu-Jamal, 98. (activist, radio journalist and former president of the Philadelphia Association of Black Journalistsjh) “A Quiet and Deadly Violence” September 19th, 1998, http://www.angelfire.com/az/catchphraze/mumiaswords.html

It has often been observed that America is a truly violent nation, as shown
AND
away, so that their great and terrible violence passes away with them.

Contention 2: Unlocking the cells of exclusion

The affirmative advocacy is to reverse all attempts by local, state, and federal institutions to restrict voting to citizens within the United States. 

Hannah Alejandro10 Future Law Professors Fellow, Georgetown University Law Center. JD, LLM, Georgetown University Law Center; BFA, New York University,¶ “The Sovereign Obligations of We, the People:¶ An Argument for Compulsory Voting in the United States,” Draft, 1 – Mar – 10, MM 

Today, 32 countries have some form of mandatory voting.58 Registration, enforcement
AND
these penalties are a fair but firm incentive to participate in national elections.

1 Compulsory voting is a crucial component to the political contract that defines the US democracy since it enables us to self-govern and shape the conditions of others’ lives. 

Hannah Alejandro Future Law Professors Fellow, Georgetown University Law Center. JD, LLM, Georgetown University Law Center; BFA, New York University,¶ “The Sovereign Obligations of We, the People:¶ An Argument for Compulsory Voting in the United States,” Draft, 1 – Mar – 10, MM

So how does a citizen-sovereign “govern” in our representative democracy?
AND
than enforcement of the political contract that we claim defines our entire system.

2 Compulsory voting effectively dismantles many inequalities and unites the population to become engaged in political affairs. 

Anthoula Malkopoulou09 Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Jyväskylä; Erik Allardt Fellow, scas. ¶ Postdoctoral Researcher, Academy of Finland Centre of Excellence ¶ in Political Thought and Conceptual Change, University of Jyväskylä, “Lost Voters: Participation in EU elections and the case for compulsory voting,” Center of European Policy Studies Working Document No. 317/July 2009, MM

The main rationale behind the system in Belgium was to complement and enforce universal suffrage
AND
who abstain from elections selfish and immoral free riders (p.11).

3 Compulsory voting serves as a form of civic education and political stimulation.
Arend Lijphart97 world renowned political scientist specializing in comparative politics, elections and voting systems, democratic institutions, and ethnicity and politics, ¶ “Unequal Participation: Democracy's Unresolved Dilemma,”¶ The American Political Science Review, Vol. 91, No. 1 (Mar., 1997), pp. 1-14, Published by: American Political Science Association, MM

Having emphasized the advantages of compulsory voting so far, I must also deal with
AND
more attention and work harder to get information to previous non-¶ voters.

4 Confronting the cycles of poverty is necessary to interrupt the systemic destruction of human life. 

Chong and Olivera write, Alberto Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; M.A., Ph.D. in Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, Department of Economics, University of Ottawa Department of Economics, Fedesarrollo, Inter-American Development Bank, Mauricio Fedesarrollo, “DOES COMPULSORY VOTING HELP EQUALIZE INCOMES?”, ECONOMICS and POLITICS Volume 20 November 2008 No. 3, VA

O’Toole and Strobl (1995) further explore the ?ndings of Crain and¶ Leonard
AND
and will have a bearing on the distribution of income.

5 Democracies ought to adopt a system of compulsory voting since it is the most effective means of increasing turnout 

Koichi Kato08 BA in Political Science (Waseda); MA in Political Science (Waseda); PhD in Government (LSE, London), "Evaluating Compulsory Voting: Australia in Comparative Perspective," A thesis submitted to The Department of Government of The London School of Economics and Political Science for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, February 2008, MM

It would be meaningful to extract In seven major industrial democracies from 18
AND
order to identify the proper course of research into the usefulness of CV.

Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 2 | Opponent: Negatives | Judge:
Voter apathy in democracies has created a class of individuals whose voices are marginalized. 

Voting is an obligation that is crucial to political contract that defines a democracy since it enables us to self-govern.
Hannah Alejandro10 Future Law Professors Fellow, Georgetown University Law Center. JD, LLM, Georgetown University Law Center; BFA, New York University,¶ “The Sovereign Obligations of We, the People:¶ An Argument for Compulsory Voting in the United States,” Draft, 1 – Mar – 10, MM
So how does a citizen-sovereign “govern” in our representative democracy?
AND
than enforcement of the political contract that we claim defines our entire system.

Marginalization is the act of exclusion. This is harmful to a democracy.
Iris Marion Young02 Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago, and affiliated with the Center for Gender Studies and the Human Rights program there, “Inclusion und Democracy,” Oxford University Press, 2002, MM
No existing democracy is as just as that. Our democracies contain¶ structural inequalities
AND
must be more particularistic than argument from shared¶ prcmisscs can bc.

Thus, the standard is the promotion of democratic inclusion
To clarify, the standard mandates governments to promote the ideal of a deliberative democracy where all voices can be represented 

Prefer the standard:
1 strongest link to the resultion
2 it protects the marginal groups that abstain from voting because of inequalities 

The impact of marginalization is structural violence – creating a War against the Poor and perpetuating an ongoing genocide against the lower class.
Mumia Abu-Jamal, 98. (activist, radio journalist and former president of the Philadelphia Association of Black Journalistsjh) “A Quiet and Deadly Violence” September 19th, 1998, http://www.angelfire.com/az/catchphraze/mumiaswords.html
It has often been observed that America is a truly violent nation, as shown
AND
away, so that their great and terrible violence passes away with them.

Contention 1 is the problem with the current system of voluntary voting
The current system is harmful to democracies because it perpetuates inequalities.  
Jan Rovenský08¶ Faculty of Political Sciences¶ PhD in Political Theory, “Voting: A Citizen’s Right, or Duty? ¶ The Case against Compulsory Voting,” PhD thesis, LUISS Guido Carli, Academic year 2007 – 2008, MM
I will first address the socioeconomic factors. Political scientists have proven quite ¶ clearly
AND
to attend elections and ¶ vote, their voices become even more marginalised.
Marginalization creates a culture of silence that indoctrinates the belief that the oppressed don’t have a voice.
Jocelyn Pena09 Attended University of Phoenix and New York University; Senior Manager and Special Assistant at Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Education Fund PRLDEF, “Five Faces of Oppression,” The following article is adapted from “Five Faces of Oppression” by Iris Young. The article was originally a ¶ chapter in Oppression, Privilege, and Resistance edited by Lisa Heldke and Peg O’Connor (published by ¶ McGraw Hill in Boston, 2004), Assignment for Mr. Devin’s class on Leadership at San Jose, June 15, 2009, MM
Marginalization is the act of relegating or confining a group of people to a lower
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as well. Freire calls this process of gaining critical consciousness ¶ conscientization. 

Contention 2 is how Compulsory Voting is NECESSARY to alleviate inequalities

I contend that democracies ought to adopt a system of compulsory voting that combines elements from Australia’s compulsory voting system with components of other successful models.
Hannah Alejandro10 Future Law Professors Fellow, Georgetown University Law Center. JD, LLM, Georgetown University Law Center; BFA, New York University,¶ “The Sovereign Obligations of We, the People:¶ An Argument for Compulsory Voting in the United States,” Draft, 1 – Mar – 10, MM
Today, 32 countries have some form of mandatory voting.58 Registration, enforcement
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these penalties are a fair but firm incentive to participate in national elections.

1 Compulsory voting effectively dismantles many inequalities and unites the population to become engaged in political affairs.
Anthoula Malkopoulou09 Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Jyväskylä; Erik Allardt Fellow, scas. ¶ Postdoctoral Researcher, Academy of Finland Centre of Excellence ¶ in Political Thought and Conceptual Change, University of Jyväskylä, “Lost Voters: Participation in EU elections and the case for compulsory voting,” Center of European Policy Studies Working Document No. 317/July 2009, MM
The main rationale behind the system in Belgium was to complement and enforce universal suffrage
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who abstain from elections selfish and immoral free riders (p.11).

2 compulsory voting serves as a form of civic education and political stimulation
Arend Lijphart97 world renowned political scientist specializing in comparative politics, elections and voting systems, democratic institutions, and ethnicity and politics, ¶ “Unequal Participation: Democracyand#39;s Unresolved Dilemma,”¶ The American Political Science Review, Vol. 91, No. 1 (Mar., 1997), pp. 1-14, Published by: American Political Science Association, MM
Having emphasized the advantages of compulsory voting so far, I must also deal with
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more attention and work harder to get information to previous non-¶ voters.

3 compulsory voting gives those who might have never had the opportunity to be free a chance to end their indoctrination and remove this façade of equality.
Chong and Olivera 08, Alberto Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; M.A., Ph.D. in Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, Department of Economics, University of Ottawa Department of Economics, Fedesarrollo, Inter-American Development Bank, Mauricio Fedesarrollo, “DOES COMPULSORY VOTING HELP EQUALIZE INCOMES?”, ECONOMICS and POLITICS Volume 20 November 2008 No. 3, VA
O’Toole and Strobl (1995) further explore the ?ndings of Crain and¶ Leonard
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and will have a bearing¶ on the distribution of income.

AND –Democracies ought to adopt a system of compulsory voting since it is the most effective means of increasing turnout.
Koichi Kato08 BA in Political Science (Waseda); MA in Political Science (Waseda); PhD in Government (LSE, London), and#34;Evaluating Compulsory Voting: Australia in Comparative Perspective,and#34; A thesis submitted to The Department of Government of The London School of Economics and Political Science for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, February 2008, MM
It would be meaningful to extract In seven major industrial democracies from 18
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order to identify the proper course of research into the usefulness of CV.
Since compulsory voting gives a voice to the marginalized groups that are currently excluded from deliberative democracy, I affirm.