Tournament: TOC | Round: 2 | Opponent: Harvard-Westlake | Judge: Mike Shackelford

A Link - the aff regards animals as resources. Singer 85

PETER Singer 85 Philosopher, “In Defense of Animals”, New York: Basil Blackwell, 1985, pgs. 13-26, BE
What's wrong — fundamentally wrong — with the way animals are treated
AND
it requires the total dissolution of commercial animal agriculture.

B Impact - they destroy any equality between animals and humans—destroying inherent value to life. Singer 2

PETER Singer 2 Philosopher, “In Defense of Animals”, New York: Basil Blackwell, 1985, pgs. 13-26, BE
What to do? Where to begin anew? The place to
AND
value is to act immorally, to violate the individual's rights.

This means that it turns the case—the anthropocentric view of animals as resources is exactly what justifies exploitation of nature and humans in the first place. Bell and Russell 2k

Bell and Russell 2k, Anne C. Bell graduate student in the Faculty of Environmental Studies and Constance L. Russell graduate student at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, “Beyond Human, Beyond Words: Anthropocentrism, Critical Pedagogy, and the Poststructuralist Turn”, Canadian Journal of Education, Vol 25 No 3, 2000, BE
For this reason, the various movements against oppression need to
AND
social being is reserved for humans (Haraway, 1988, p. 592).

C Alt - Recognize the intrinsic value of animals as well as humans. This is mutually exclusive with the aff because the methodology that they have chosen to adopt is already one that prescribes animals as resources—saying otherwise would be severance. Katz 93

Katz 93, Eric Katz Vice President of the International Society for Environmental Ethics and Lauren Oechsli undergraduate biology major at Columbia University, “Moving beyond Anthropocentrism: Environmental Ethics, Development, and the Amazon”, Discussion Papers, Spring 1993, BE
Can an environmentalist defend a policy of preservation in the
AND
problems in environmental policy that a human-based ethic cannot.13

Tournament: Woodward | Round: 2 | Opponent: Sequoyah | Judge: Jordan Lamothe

A Link: Ecology and environmental protection are just a capitalist guise used by the bourgeoisie; it is a form of capitalism used to create distinction between the rich and the poor and perpetuating class divisions. Coupat et al 07

Coupat et al 07 – (Julien Coupat (born June 4, 1974, Bordeaux) is a French political activist at the centre of a controversial investigation. As one of the Tarnac Nine, he was accused of plotting the sabotage of train lines in November 2008, which the French government decided to define as terrorism, and spent over six months in jail before being released on bail. The centerpiece of the case against him was that he wrote the Coming Insurrection; he was the ringleader. All of the other authors names have not been released. The Coming Insurrection, La Fabrique) GHSGB
Managing the phasing out of nuclear power, excess CO2 in
AND
to gag every objection to the exorbitant progress of control. 

The 1AC politicizes nature by using apocalyptic rhetoric and human suffering as an issue to motivate action, their methodology creates a “real Nature” who they try to speak for; this is the post-politics method that is entrenched in capitalist ideologies. Swyngedouw 06

(I read this card round 6 of NDCA against Los Altos)
Swyngedouw 06 - (Erik Erik Achille Marie Swyngedouw is professor of geography at the University of Manchester in its School of Environment and Development. "Impossible “Sustainability” and the Post-Political Condition" Sustainable Development Guilford Press, New York) GHSGB
I have not been able to find a single source
AND
in the guise of a more or less universal consensus. 

B Impact: The aff’s promotion of sustainability doesn’t question capitalism, so it fails to solve the root cause of the environmental harms they criticize, turning case. McGregor 13

McGregor 13 – (Warren member of the Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front “Linking Environment Activism and Other Struggles: An Anarchist Analysis” http://zabalaza.net/2013/02/11/linking-environment-activism-and-other-struggles-an-anarchist-analysis/) GHSGB
We argue for a decentralisation and collectivisation of decision-making
AND
an automatic solution to ecological and social degradation (Steele, 2002).

C The alternative is to completely withdraw from the logic of capital. Only a complete rejection of the fetishizing of capitalism can destroy the capitalist system. Johnston 04

Johnston 04 – (Adrian interdisciplinary research fellow in psychoanalysis at Emory University, “The Cynic’s Fetish: Slavoj Žižek and the Dynamics of Belief” Psychoanalysis, Culture and Society, December p259) GHSGB
Perhaps the absence of a detailed political roadmap in Zizek's
AND
because subjects, whether consciously or unconsciously, "internally" believe in it. 

You as the judge have an ethical obligation to reject the violence of global capitalism--pure body count utilitarian decisions are based on an economic rationale that cannot account for the degraded life chances of billions of people all over the world. Zizek and Daly 04

Zizek and Daly 04- (Glyn Senior Lecturer in Politics at University College in Northampton, Slajov Slavoj Žižek is a Slovenian Marxist philosopher, psychoanalyst and cultural critic. He is a senior researcher at the Institute for Sociology and Philosophy, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia “Conversations with Zizek”, p. 14-16) GHSGB
For Zizek it is imperative that we cut through this
AND
and to absorb them within a culture of differential affirmation.

Tournament: FloMo | Round: 4 | Opponent: Mansfield | Judge: Ryan Graham

Framework

The role of the judge is to endorse the debater whose discourse does not justify the oppression of others--discourse comes first. Hardy and Palmer 98

Hardy and Palmer 98, Cynthia Hardy Dept of Management @ UMelbourne and Ian Palmer School of Management and Business at University of Tech @ Sydney, “Discourse as a Strategic Resource”, Number 12, December 1998, BE
We draw explicitly from critical discourse theory (Parker, 1992; Fairclough
AND
oriented to real, material social structures” (F airclough, 1992, p. 66).

We must question issues of structural violence. Winter and Leighton 99

Winter and Leighton 99 |Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter|Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and ustice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice “Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century.” Pg 4-5 ghsVA
Finally, to recognize the operation of structural violence forces us 

Kritik

A Link: The affirmative creates a distinction between western “developed” countries and “undeveloped” countries. Esteva 93

Esteva 93 – (Gustavo Gustavo Esteva is a Mexican activist, "deprofessionalized intellectual" and founder of the Universidad de la Tierra in the Mexican city of Oaxaca. He is one of the best known advocates of Post-Development. Wikipedia “The Development Dictionary”, p.9, 1993) GHSGB
Development cannot delink itself from the words with which it
AND
they need to be enslaved to others' experiences and dreams.

B Impact: The word is attached to a history of meanings which it implies. Esteva 2

Esteva 2 – (Gustavo Gustavo Esteva is a Mexican activist, "deprofessionalized intellectual" and founder of the Universidad de la Tierra in the Mexican city of Oaxaca. He is one of the best known advocates of Post-Development. Wikipedia “The Development Dictionary”, p.9, 1993) GHSGB
To say 'yes', to approve, to accept, the Brazilians say 'no'
AND
the opportunity to define the forms of their social life. 

This perpetuates imperialism and colonialism--it also turns the case. Berger 12

Berger 12 – (Jamie writer at the Intellectualyst “The Harmful Discourse of Development: A Look at India” http://intellectualyst.com/the-harmful-discourse-of-development-a-look-at-india-534/) GHSGB
In a speech at the Congress of Black African Writers
AND
pains and will place considerable strain on the world’s resources.

C Alternative: Reject development discourse. Escobar 95

Escobar 95, - (Arturo Arturo Escobar is a Colombian-American anthropologist primarily known for his contribution to postdevelopment theory and political ecology. “Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World) GHSGB
Above all, however, it is about how the “Third World"
AND
is the task the present book sets out to accomplish.

The alt is the only way to escape the impacts. Cleaver 95

Cleaver 95 – (Harry M., Jr., professor of economics at UT-Austin, May 3, 1995 http://www.cs.unb.ca/~alopez-o/politics/NAFTAmail/msg00023.html) GHSGB
I agree that, at least at level of the choice
AND
well to scrap jetison the old jargon and start fresh.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 2 | Opponent: Milpitas | Judge: Jonathan McGuire

A Link – the aff endorses that we become one with nature.

B Impact – this turns the aff—colonization and totalization of the self just results in further perpetuation of violence and domination of the other. Plumwood 93

Val Plumwood 93 Australian ecofeminist intellectual and activist, “Feminism and the Mastery of Nature”, published in the Taylor and Francis e-Library, 2003, originally published 1993, BE
As in the account of the relational self, the individual
AND
conquest, its incorporation into the empire of same (Turner 1986:131).9

C Alt - Reject the aff’s notion that humans and nature are the same by recognizing distinctions between moral beings but maintaining a continuity that respects otherness of the nature. Plumwood 93

Val Plumwood 93 Australian ecofeminist intellectual and activist, “Feminism and the Mastery of Nature”, published in the Taylor and Francis e-Library, 2003, originally published 1993, BE
As a structure of self and other, features 1–5 fall
AND
master identity embedded in the western construction of the human.

Tournament: Colleyville | Round: Octas | Opponent: Kempner | Judge: Jonathan Wei, Seneca Okere, DeMarcus Powell

Counterplan text: Developing countries should prioritize resource extraction over environmental protection by implementing a law than creates an environmental impact assessment program to detect threats, set guidelines for resource extraction, and offer advice for policymakers.

Environmental impact assessment is an effective policy tool that serves as an early warning to balance the environment with development. Modak and Biswas 99

Modak and Biswas99: Prasad Modak Executive President of Environmental Management Centre LLP and Asit K. Biswas PhD (Engineering), D.Tech. (Honoris Causa), University of Lund, Sweden; founder of the Third World Centre for Water Management in Mexico, “Conducting Environmental Impact Assessment in Developing Countries,” United Nations University Press, Jan 1, 1999 - Business and Economics - 364 pages, GHSMM
Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is a policy and management tool
AND
In Chapter 3, the EIA¶ process is introduced in detail.

EIA can be used at multiple stages of projects. So I can solve BEFORE as well as DURING. This is reason the counterplan solves better than the aff and is net beneficial. Modak and Biswas 99

Modak and Biswas99: Prasad Modak Executive President of Environmental Management Centre LLP and Asit K. Biswas PhD (Engineering), D.Tech. (Honoris Causa), University of Lund, Sweden; founder of the Third World Centre for Water Management in Mexico, “Conducting Environmental Impact Assessment in Developing Countries,” United Nations University Press, Jan 1, 1999 - Business and Economics - 364 pages, GHSMM
EIA can be done sequentially. i.e.. it may be conducted
AND
probably maximize its effectiveness and minimize delays in project¶ implementation.

EIA is net beneficial because it prevents losses in environmental resources as well as resources to create the project. Modak and Biswas 99

Modak and Biswas99: Prasad Modak Executive President of Environmental Management Centre LLP and Asit K. Biswas PhD (Engineering), D.Tech. (Honoris Causa), University of Lund, Sweden; founder of the Third World Centre for Water Management in Mexico, “Conducting Environmental Impact Assessment in Developing Countries,” United Nations University Press, Jan 1, 1999 - Business and Economics - 364 pages, GHSMM
The major benefit of using EIA in project planning is
AND
environmental deterioration may require costly rectification. remedia-¶ tion. or replacement.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: Triples | Opponent: Flintridge Sacred Heart | Judge: Emma Purvance, Ryan Fink, Erik Legried

A Interpretation

The affirmative must defend that countries implement a policy that only prioritizes environmental protection over resource extraction.

B Violation

C Net Benefits

Limits

D Implication

Drop the debater

Topicality based arguments or theory grounded in the topic outweighs other theory

Tournament: Woodward | Round: 6 | Opponent: Walt Whitman | Judge: Michelle Keohane

The role of the judge is to reward the debater whose performance and discourse do not justify oppression. We must question what our discourse in round justifies. Vincent 13

Christopher Vincent 13 currently the Graduate Assistant for the University of Louisville Debate Team and Director of Debate at the James Graham Brown School in Louisville, KY.  He debated at the University of Louisville, reaching the double-octafinals of both the National Debate Tournament and Cross-Examination Debate Tournament. He has also been coaching high school Lincoln Douglas debate for the past five years, with debaters reaching elims at tournaments such as Harvard, Emory, Newark, and others, “Re-Conceptualizing Our Performances: Accountability In Lincoln Douglas Debate”, Victory Briefs, 26 Oct 2013, BE
It is becoming increasingly more apparent in Lincoln Douglas debate
AND
in turn destroy the transformative potential this community could have.

A Link - S/he uses gendered, male dominated language like "man" and "he" to refer to all persons. Writing Center 10

The Writing Center 10 ( The Writing Center, University of North Carolina. “Gender-Sensitive Language.” February 11, 2010. http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/gender.html. MR. I DON’T ADVOCATE POTENTIALLY GENDERED LANGUAGE IN THE SMALL TEXT)
Like gendered pronouns, gendered nouns can also provide a stumbling
AND
for alternatives to gendered nouns not included in this list.  

B The impact is that this gendered language allows for perpetuations of male supremacy. Saul 12

Jennifer Saul 12 philosopher working in the philosophy of language and in the philosophy of feminism. Saul is the head of the Philosophy Department at the University of Sheffield, "Feminist Philosophy of Language", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Winter 2012 Edition, BE
Some feminists (e.g. Penelope 1990; Spender 1985) argue that English
AND
establish ‘he’ as the gender-neutral third-person English pronoun.

C Alternative - we should reject gendered language and instead engage in gender-neutral language such as "human" instead of "man".

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Brentwood | Judge: Alex Smith, Todd Newkirk, Bryan Chiou

Text: The United State federal government should exempt capital holding requirements for microfinance institutions in order to facilitate access to financial agency for womyn in developing countries vocationally pursuing resource extraction.

The Counterplan is key to the microlending industry. Richardson 09

Richardson 2k9 (Molly, writer for the journal of corporation law “Increasing Microlending Potential in the United States Through a ¶ Strategic Approach to Corporate Regulations”, http://www.allbusiness.com/government/government-bodies-offices-¶ us-federal-government/12325094-1.html)
Capital holding requirements present another obstacle to U.S. microlenders reaching
AND
to enact, and the most realistic ways of enacting them. 

Advancing the economic field is the best way to empower womyn because it gives them decision making power. Kali 08

Kali 2k8 (Sanjay "Economic Empowerment of womyn womyn ." Economic Empowerment of womyn womyn  womyn EzineArticles.com. http://ezinearticles.com/?Economic-Empowerment-of-womyn womyn andid=1608058) CARD ALTERED FOR GENDERED LANGUAGE
It is ironical and sad to note that that there
AND
beginning at the economic front is the best step forward.

Tournament: TOC | Round: 4 | Opponent: Travis | Judge: Chris Vincent

Text: The United States Federal government should exempt capital holding requirements for microfinance institutions in order to facilitate access to financial agency for people in developing countries vocationally pursuing resource extraction and developing countries should ban corporate resource extraction.

1 The Counterplan is key to the microlending industry. Richardson 09

Richardson 2k9 (Molly, writer for the journal of corporation law “Increasing Microlending Potential in the United States Through a ¶ Strategic Approach to Corporate Regulations”, http://www.allbusiness.com/government/government-bodies-offices-¶ us-federal-government/12325094-1.html)
Capital holding requirements present another obstacle to U.S. microlenders reaching
AND
to enact, and the most realistic ways of enacting them. 

2 Microlending solves their environmental impacts through renewable resources and clean tech—I engage in protection of the environment while still having resource extraction. Anderson et al 2k

C. Leigh Anderson et al 2k, Laura Locker, Rachel Nugent Graduate School of Public Affairs, U Washington, “Microcredit, Social Capital, and Common Pool Resources”, 2000, BE
There is also a small, but growing group of MFOs
AND
and bioorganic fertilizer production that reduce the harm to watersheds.

3 One microlending industry alone has helped hundreds of thousands out of poverty—the counterplan is net beneficial. Gaille 11

S. Scott Gaille 11 Managing Director of the Sequent Group and an Adjunct Professor at Rice University?s Jesse H. Jones Graduate School of Business, where he teaches International Energy Development. Mr. Gaille has spent much of his career in the developing world working on petroleum concessions in Africa, South America, and Asia. He holds a Doctor of Law Degree with High Honors from the University of Chicago, where he was an Olin Fellow in Law and Economics, “MITIGATING THE RESOURCE CURSE: A PROPOSAL FOR A MICROFINANCE AND EDUCATIONAL LENDING ROYALTY LAW”, Energy Law Journal, Vol 32:81, 2011, BE
One “bottoms-up” approach that has a well-established track record
AND
stimulate other sectors of the economy in resource- rich nations.61

Tournament: McMillen | Round: 1 | Opponent: Colleyville | Judge: Sarah Whithers

A Uniqueness

Oil drilling in Middle East high now. Makan 13

Ajay Makan 13 works at FT, the global source of business news and analysis, “Gulf oil production hits record”, FT, 13 Oct 2013, BE
The Gulf states are producing more oil than ever before
AND
time to come,” Fatih Birol, the IEA’s chief economist said.

B Link

Extraction of oil is always in conflict with the environment. Dabbs 96

Dabbs 96 – (Corbett American University “Oil Production and Environmental Damage” http://www1.american.edu/ted/projects/tedcross/xoilpr15.htm) GHSGB
Although much of the world depends on the production or
AND
years (compared to the 10.8 million-gallon Exxon Valdez spill).

C Internal Link

China relies on Middle Eastern oil. Beng and Li 05

Beng and Li 05 Phar Kim Beng is an independent consultant and Vic Li is a MPhil candidate in International Relations at the University of Hong Kong, “China’s Energy Dependence on the Middle East: Boon or Bane for Asian Security?”, THE CHINA AND EURASIA FORUM QUARTERLY · Volume 3, No. 3, 2005, BE
China is now increasingly sensitive to events in the Middle
AND
that is within the ambit of what they are predicting.

D Impact

Chinese energy insecurity risks multiple scenarios for resource conflict. Bajpaee 05

Chietigj Bajpaee 05 Risk Analyst and Researcher for the Civic Exchange (political think-tank) and for the International Institute for Strategic Studies, Graduate degree in IR from the London School of Economics and an undergraduate degree in economics and government from Wesleyan and Oxford Universities, “China fuels energy cold war”, Asia Times, 2 Mar 2005, BE
Nevertheless, in the face of sporadic power shortages, growing car
AND
a warning to China's increasingly aggressive posturing in the region.

Tournament: Woodward | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Meadows | Judge: Courtney Nunley, Steven Zhang, Nate Zerbib

A Uniqueness

Nigerian economy is strong now but heavily dependent on oil. Aderinokun 13

Kunle Aderinokun 13, “Nigerian Economy Remains Strong, IMF Predicts 7.4 GDP growth in 2014”, New Nigeria News, 9 Oct 2013, BE
Notwithstanding the insecurity in the northern part of Nigeria and
AND
volatility, although financial conditions have since stabilised,” it further explained.

B Link

Oil is key to the Nigerian economy, environmental protection will destroy and collapse it. Ikeme 01

Jekwu Ikeme 01 Environmental economist, poet and public affairs commentator. He obtained his MSc and PhD from Oxford and De Montfort University, “Assessing the Future of Nigeria’s Economy: Ignored Threats from the Global Climate Change Debacle”, 2001, BE
Policies adopted globally to mitigate climate change (global warming) will
AND
review of the connection between fossil fuels and climate change.

C Internal Link

Nigeria is the largest economy in Africa—their stability is key. Akwei 03

Akwei 03 Adotei, Africa Director @ Amnesty International, “Adotei Akwei gives an update on the current situation in Nigeria”, NPR, April 7, ln uwyo-kn
Ms. AKWEI: Well, Nigeria is absolutely critical to West Africa
AND
of its size and its resources. And we're still waiting.

Nigerian oil is uniquely key in this case. Sengupta 03

SOMINI SENGUPTA 03 overs the United Nations. She was previously The Times’ bureau chief in Dakar and New Delhi and most recently wrote about technology and the law. She was born in Calcutta, grew up in Canada and California and graduated from the University of California, Berkeley. She is the recipient of the 2004 George Polk Award for foreign reporting “Challenger in Nigeria Warns of Protests if Election Is Fradulent” April 17, 2003 http://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/17/world/challenger-in-nigeria-warns-of-protests-if-election-is-fradulent.html
So far, foreign observer groups from the European Union, the
AND
in Nigeria could further destabilize the volatile region, analysts say. 

D Impact

African instability risks nuclear war. Deutsch 02

Deutsch 02 (PhD, founder, Rabid Tiger Project) 11/18/02 Jeffrey, Rabid Tiger Newsletter, v. 2 n. 9, www.rabidtigers.com/rtn/newsletterv2n9.html
SETTING THE STAGE FOR WORLD WAR III ¶ The Rabid Tiger
AND
of troubled waters, and some people love to go fishing.

Tournament: Woodward | Round: 4 | Opponent: Harker | Judge: Courtney Nunley

A Uniqueness

Output in Peru has been DECLINING because of a lack in drilling. Peruvian Times 14

Peruvian Times 14 Pioneering newspaper in Peru, "Peru Sees 10 Percent Increase in Oil Production in 2014," Business Section, January 7, 2014, GHSMM
Peru’s oil production has fallen from less than 200,000 barrels
AND
conflicts that have has prevented preventing plans to increase drilling.

B Link

The aff stops an increase of oil drilling in Peru, which China requires for energy security. Matthew 13

Jerin Matthew 13 Business correspondent at the International Business Times. Holds a master's degree in Business Administration from Mahatma Gandhi University, India, "PetroChina Buys $2.6bn of Oil and Gas Assets in Peru," International Business Times, Economy, November 13, 2013, GHSMM
PetroChina, China's largest oil and gas producer, said it agreed
AND
country's total consumption, according to China National Petroleum Corp (CNPC).

C Impact

Chinese energy insecurity risks international conflict. Bajpaee 05

Chietigj Bajpaee 05 Risk Analyst and Researcher for the Civic Exchange (political think-tank) and for the International Institute for Strategic Studies, Graduate degree in IR from the London School of Economics and an undergraduate degree in economics and government from Wesleyan and Oxford Universities, “China fuels energy cold war”, Asia Times, 2 Mar 2005, BE
Nevertheless, in the face of sporadic power shortages, growing car
AND
a warning to China's increasingly aggressive posturing in the region.

Resource wars go nuclear—no society will be able to escape conflict—this is the largest risk of extinction. Klare 06

Michael T. Klare 06 professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College and Author of Blood and Oil, “The Coming Resource Wars”, AlterNet, 9 Mar 2006, BE
It's official: the era of resource wars is upon us.
AND
however affluent, will escape involvement in these forms of conflict.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: Semis | Opponent: Harker | Judge: Courtney Nunley, Bryan Chiou, Erik Legried

A Counterplan Text

The Ecuadorian government should institute a ban on drilling oil in the Amazonian rainforest in Ecuador’s 11th round oil development areas and Yasuni National Park, and NOT ban oil drilling in Peru.

Current laws solves harms to indigenous groups. Oxfam America 11

Oxfam America11¶ "Peru's Congress passes precedent-setting Consultation Law," The Politics of Poverty, Ideas and analysis from Oxfam America's policy experts, September 2, 2011, GHSMM
All eyes are on Peru’s new president, Ollanta Humala, in
AND
Informed Consent. For more information, please visit our campaign website.

B Competition

1 I PIC out

2 Perm isn't topical

3 Net benefits

C Net Benefits

1 CHINA DISAD

Output in Peru has been DECLINING because of a lack in drilling. Peruvian Times 14

Peruvian Times14 Pioneering newspaper in Peru, "Peru Sees 10 Percent Increase in Oil Production in 2014," Business Section, January 7, 2014, GHSMM
Peru’s oil production has fallen from less than 200,000 barrels
AND
conflicts that have has prevented preventing plans to increase drilling.

China needs increasing oil from Peru. Matthews 13

Jerin Matthew 13Business correspondent at the International Business Times. Holds a master's degree in Business Administration from Mahatma Gandhi University, India, "PetroChina Buys $2.6bn of Oil and Gas Assets in Peru," International Business Times, Economy, November 13, 2013, GHSMM
PetroChina, China's largest oil and gas producer, said it agreed
AND
country's total consumption, according to China National Petroleum Corp (CNPC).

Oil prevents collapse of CCP. Malaquias 06

Malaquias 06 - (Assis Associate Professor of Government at St. Lawrence University, “Thirsty Powers: The United States, China, and Africa’s Energy Resources,” Paper for 3rd FLAD-IPRI International Conference on Portugal, the U.S. and Southern Africa, http://www.ipri.pt/eventos/pdf/FLAD05_AMalaquias.pdf)GHS//GB
China is destined to become the world’s next superpower in the
AND
America’s orbit and was therefore susceptible to China’s oil courtship. 

And, CCP collapse means nuclear war. Renxin 05

Renxin 05 - (San Journalist, “CCP Gambles Insanely to Avoid Death,” Epoch Times, www.theepochtimes.com/news/5-8-3/30931.html) GHSGB
Since the Party’s life is “above all else,” it would
AND
hold one billion people hostage and gamble with their lives. 

2 POVERTY DISAD

Peru is dependent on the extractive industry to reduce poverty. Kirby 13

Alex Kirby13 Editor of the Climate News Network, "Climate Change Threatens Peru's Economic Progress as Amazon Becomes Net Emitter of Co2," EcoNews Network, December 26, 2013, GHSMM
Peru has more than halved its poverty rate in the
AND
mining,” said Francisco Santa Cruz, another of the report’s authors.

The impact to poverty is a structural war on the poor as bad as nuclear war. Abu-Jamal 98

Mumia Abu-Jamal, 98. (activist, radio journalist and former president of the Philadelphia Association of Black Journalistsjh) “A Quiet and Deadly Violence” September 19th, 1998, http://www.angelfire.com/az/catchphraze/mumiaswords.html
It has often been observed that America is a truly
AND
that their great and terrible violence passes away with them.

3 PERU DRILLING GOOD

Here’s a history lesson – historically, oil drilling in Peru has been very beneficial by boosting the economy – at every step, environmental and human rights standards have been put in place. Spencer 10

Nicole Spencer10  Marketing and Communications Consultant at Speek¶ Marketing Consultant at Zoobean¶ Marketing and Strategic Development Consultant at WeddingWire¶ Content Strategist at CHIEF | Advanced Brand Strategists¶ Director at Americas Society/Council of the Americas¶ Associate to the President at Inter-American Dialogue¶ Democracy Specialist at Partners of the Americas¶ Research Assistant to the President at Kettering Foundation¶ Program Assistant and Haiti Project Coordinator at CEDPA¶ see less¶ Education¶ Georgetown University¶ University of Chicago¶ , "Energy in Peru: Opportunities and Challenges," Americas Society and Council of the Americas, June 2010, GHSMM
Oil dominated the hydrocarbon sector in Peru for most of
AND
2008, CONAM was¶ subsumed by the new Ministry of Environment.

4 EMPIRICS PROVE

Currently, oil extraction in Peru has been effective and has complied with social and environmental laws. Spencer 10

Nicole Spencer10  Marketing and Communications Consultant at Speek¶ Marketing Consultant at Zoobean¶ Marketing and Strategic Development Consultant at WeddingWire¶ Content Strategist at CHIEF | Advanced Brand Strategists¶ Director at Americas Society/Council of the Americas¶ Associate to the President at Inter-American Dialogue¶ Democracy Specialist at Partners of the Americas¶ Research Assistant to the President at Kettering Foundation¶ Program Assistant and Haiti Project Coordinator at CEDPA¶ see less¶ Education¶ Georgetown University¶ University of Chicago¶ , "Energy in Peru: Opportunities and Challenges," Americas Society and Council of the Americas, June 2010, GHSMM
Before they left the project, the Shell-Mobil consortium had
AND
had had little to no ¶ relations with the outside world).

5 EMISSIONS

Oil Extraction in Peru reduces emissions from energy. Spencer 10

Nicole Spencer10  Marketing and Communications Consultant at Speek¶ Marketing Consultant at Zoobean¶ Marketing and Strategic Development Consultant at WeddingWire¶ Content Strategist at CHIEF | Advanced Brand Strategists¶ Director at Americas Society/Council of the Americas¶ Associate to the President at Inter-American Dialogue¶ Democracy Specialist at Partners of the Americas¶ Research Assistant to the President at Kettering Foundation¶ Program Assistant and Haiti Project Coordinator at CEDPA¶ see less¶ Education¶ Georgetown University¶ University of Chicago¶ , "Energy in Peru: Opportunities and Challenges," Americas Society and Council of the Americas, June 2010, GHSMM
Natural gas produces about 40 percent fewer carbon emissions than
AND
an attractive option. This bodes well for ¶ Peru’s LNG exports.

Tournament: Woodward | Round: 4 | Opponent: Harker | Judge: Courtney Nunley

Text: The Ecuadorian government should institute a ban on drilling oil in the Amazonian rainforest in Ecuador’s 11th round oil development areas and Yasuni National Park and the Peruvian government should make no change to current oil extraction laws.

The CP solves the entirety of the aff and its impacts

1 All of the links are specific to Yasuni, not Peru, and drilling is stopped in Yasuni in the world of the counterplan.
2 Extraction in Peru is environmentally sound—even without strict regulations, drilling is consistent with environmental needs. Spencer 10
Nicole Spencer10  Marketing and Communications Consultant at Speek¶ Marketing Consultant at Zoobean¶ Marketing and Strategic Development Consultant at WeddingWire¶ Content Strategist at CHIEF | Advanced Brand Strategists¶ Director at Americas Society/Council of the Americas¶ Associate to the President at Inter-American Dialogue¶ Democracy Specialist at Partners of the Americas¶ Research Assistant to the President at Kettering Foundation¶ Program Assistant and Haiti Project Coordinator at CEDPA¶ see less¶ Education¶ Georgetown University¶ University of Chicago¶ , "Energy in Peru: Opportunities and Challenges," Americas Society and Council of the Americas, June 2010, GHSMM
Before they left the project, the Shell-Mobil consortium had
AND
had had little to no ¶ relations with the outside world)

And, the CP competes

1 I PIC out
2 Perm isn't T
3 Net benefits

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 7 | Opponent: Doughtery Valley | Judge: Manisha Priyadarshini

A Link – pirates were part of the slave trade. Gabrielsen 03

Vincent Gabrielsen 03, “Piracy and the Slave-Trade”, In Andrew Erskine, A Companion to the Hellenistic World, Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2003, BE
‘The pirate’, Tarn remarked, ‘had a most useful place in
AND
2-4) and the¶ historical structures defining its character (section 5).

Pirates literally ran slave markets—they were the main merchants of slaves. While the aff may be right that pirates were a sign of freedom for the rich Whites, it was a huge part of the enslavement of the Black body. Gabrielsen 03

Vincent Gabrielsen 03, “Piracy and the Slave-Trade”, In Andrew Erskine, A Companion to the Hellenistic World, Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2003, BE
That all these slave markets, small and great, were also
AND
choice was another and equally important branch of the market.

B Impact - we cannot detach ourselves from the historical oppression—racism and the slave are the root of exclusion and structural violence. Curry 13

Dr. Tommy J. Curry 13 Assistant Prof Dept of Phil, Affiliate Prof Dept of African Studies @ TAMU, "In the Fiat of Dreams: The Delusional Allure of Hope, the Reality of Anti-Black Violence and the Demands of the Anti-Ethical", 2013, BE
In America, Blackness and the racism that continues to condemn
AND
warming, and distribution of world resources, will remain status quo.”

C Alternative - reject the aff’s notion that the debate community should endorse the legacy of pirates because of its racist history.

Tournament: Colleyville | Round: Octas | Opponent: Kempner | Judge: Jonathan Wei, Seneca Okere, DeMarcus Powell

Counterplan Text: Developing countries will prioritize resource extraction over environmental protection and will evenly distribute income to all persons. The government will then tax these revenues. Moss 11 explains the advocacy and solvency

Moss 11 – (Todd Todd Moss is chief operating officer and senior fellow at the Center for Global Development. “Oil to Cash: Fighting the Resource Curse through Cash Transfers” http://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/1424714_file_Oil2Cash_primer_FINAL.pdf) GHSGB

1. Incentives to tax. After giving cash to its citizens, the
   AND
   incentives for citizens to hold their governments accountable (Fasano 2000).

That solves corruption AND helps break out of the resource curse. Moss 11

Moss 11 – (Todd Todd Moss is chief operating officer and senior fellow at the Center for Global Development. “Oil to Cash: Fighting the Resource Curse through Cash Transfers” http://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/1424714_file_Oil2Cash_primer_FINAL.pdf) GHSGB
4. Good for the poor. Importantly, cash transfers would have immediate
AND
of, say 10, to the poor other than cash transfers.

Tournament: TOC | Round: 5 | Opponent: PV Peninsula | Judge: Lawrence Grandpre

TEXT: The United States Federal government should not prioritize environmental protection over resource extraction, but instead exempt capital holding requirements for microfinance institutions in order to facilitate access to financial agency for people in developing countries vocationally pursuing sand mining and developing countries should ban corporate sand mining.

The Counterplan is key to the microlending industry. Richardson 09

Richardson 09 (Molly, writer for the journal of corporation law “Increasing Microlending Potential in the United States Through a ¶ Strategic Approach to Corporate Regulations”, http://www.allbusiness.com/government/government-bodies-offices-¶ us-federal-government/12325094-1.html)
Capital holding requirements present another obstacle to U.S. microlenders reaching
AND
to enact, and the most realistic ways of enacting them. 

Microfinancing is necessary to prevent poverty from resource extraction. Gaille 11

S. Scott Gaille 11 Managing Director of the Sequent Group and an Adjunct Professor at Rice University?s Jesse H. Jones Graduate School of Business, where he teaches International Energy Development. Mr. Gaille has spent much of his career in the developing world working on petroleum concessions in Africa, South America, and Asia. He holds a Doctor of Law Degree with High Honors from the University of Chicago, where he was an Olin Fellow in Law and Economics, “MITIGATING THE RESOURCE CURSE: A PROPOSAL FOR A MICROFINANCE AND EDUCATIONAL LENDING ROYALTY LAW”, Energy Law Journal, Vol 32:81, 2011, BE
One “bottoms-up” approach that has a well-established track record
AND
stimulate other sectors of the economy in resource- rich nations.61

Sand mining is critical to sand art and other parts of indigenous cultures. Lenzo no date

Amy Lenzo no date, “Sandart- Ancient and Modern”, Gatherings, no date, BE
Each of three forms uses the representation of space, whether
AND
the connection between humans and the spirits of the ancestors.

Colonization is the destruction of CIVILIZATION and outweighs ANY possible benefits. Cesaire 72

CESAIRE African-Martinican francophone poet, author and politician. He was "one of the founders of the négritude movement  1972 Aime – DISCOURSE ON COLONIALISM; translated by Joan Pinkham.  This version published by Monthly Review Press:  New York and London, 1972.  Originally published as Discours sur le colonialism by Ediions Presence Africaine, 1955.
Truly, there are stains that it is beyond the power
AND
I make a systematic defense of the non-European civilizations.

Tournament: Coppell | Round: 1 | Opponent: Hockaday | Judge: Laura Spector

Framework

I value morality.

Structural violence is based in moral exclusion that must be stopped. Ofreneo and de Vela 06

Ofreneo and de Vela 06, Mira Alexis P. Ofreneo teaches at the Ateneo de Manila University where she also earned her Ph.D. in Social Psychology. She is the current female representative for Asia to the International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA) and head of Can't Live in the Closet (CLIC) Philippines and Tesa C. de Vela Master of Arts degree in Women and Development from the University of the Philippines in Diliman, and is currently the Associate Director of Isis International-Manila. She teaches Gender and Society at the International Studies Department at Miriam College Philippines, “Political Violence as Moral Exclusion: Linking Peace Psychology to Feminist Critical Theory”, WOMEN IN ACTION, No.2 2006, BE
Galtung points to another type of violence that is relatively permanent
AND
of psychological and cultural processes in the analysis of violence.

Thus, the standard is minimizing structural violence.

Contention

Resource extraction key to preventing poverty. Thondhlana 13

Gladman Thondhlana 13 Rhodes University, Department of Environmental Science and Edwin Muchapondwa University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa, “Dependence on Environmental Resources and Implications for Household Welfare: Evidence from the Kalahari Drylands, South Africa”, 9 Sep 2013, Economic Research Southern Africa (ERSA) is a research programme funded by the National Treasury of South Africa, BE
Overall, environmental resources provide more subsistence “in kind” income than
AND
marginalisation of the poor by the relatively better capacitated households.

The impact to poverty is a war on the poor that outweighs a nuclear holocaust. Abu-Jamal 98

Mumia Abu-Jamal, 98. (activist, radio journalist and former president of the Philadelphia Association of Black Journalistsjh) “A Quiet and Deadly Violence” September 19th, 1998, http://www.angelfire.com/az/catchphraze/mumiaswords.html
It has often been observed that America is a truly
AND
that their great and terrible violence passes away with them.

Additional Substance

I read these round 4 of Marcus against Colleyville.

Fishing key to stop poverty. Allison 11

Edward H Allison 11 Principal Scientist Policy, Economics and Social Sciences The WorldFish Center Penang, Malaysia, “Aquaculture, Fisheries, Poverty and Food Security”, WorldFish Center, 2011, BE
Employment in fisheries and aquaculture has grown substantially in the
AND
that the linkages are most direct (Bene et al., 2007).

Mangroves prevent poverty. Walters et al 08

Walters et al 08 Rönnbäck, Kovacs, Crona, Hussian, Badola, Primavera, Barbier, Dahdouh-Guebas– (Bradley Professor of Environmental Studies, Mount Allison College, Patrick Systems Ecology, Stockholm University, John Geography, Nipissing University, Beatrice Wildlife Institute of India, Syed Ainul Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Ruchi Wildlife Institute of India Jurgenne Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Edward Biocomplexity Research Focus, Farid Biocomplexity Research Focus c/o Laboratory of Plant Biology and Nature Management, Mangrove Management Group,  “Ethnobiology, socio-economics and management of mangrove forests: A review”) GHSGB
Non-timber forest products are recognized as important economic resources, particularly
AND
honey bees and hunted wildlife (see Table 1; Fig. 1G).

Tournament: TOC | Round: 4 | Opponent: Travis | Judge: Chris Vincent

Interpretation

Your decision should answer the resolutional question: Is the enactment of topical action better than the status quo or a competitive option?

This does NOT mean he must defend a government action–he just needs to prove that a world in which developing countries prioritize environmental protection is better than a world in which they do not.

Violation

Reasons to Prefer

1 Focusing debate on arguments about the consequences of institutional action is a revolutionary view of the political that re-orients citizen action and invigorates social interdependence. Gunderson 2k

Adolf G. Gundersen 2k, Associate Professor, Political Science, Texas AandM University, POLITICAL THEORY AND PARTISAN POLITICS, 2K p. 108-109.
Will deliberation work the same way among ordinary citizens? Yes
AND
must be resuscitated as an allegiance to democratic deliberation.

2 Focusing debate is vital to politically relevant dialogue and structured communication. Lutz 2k

Donald S. Lutz 2k, Professor, Political Science, University of Houston, POLITICAL THEORY AND PARTISAN POLITICS, 2K, p. 39-40.
Aristotle notes in the Politics that political theory simultaneously proceeds
AND
theory, not in the moral vision of the non-theorist.

3 Manipulating the topic to access their thing allows them to skirt debate about the implementation of government policies—this distrust of institutional study may arise from noble motives, but is complicit in fascist totalitarianism. Lewis 92

Martin Lewis 92, Assistant Professor, George Washington University, GREEN DELUSIONS, 1992, p. 258.
A majority of those born between 1960 and 1980 seem
AND
a kind of immorality, and constitutional refinements become inconvenient niceties.

4 Real-world applicability is critical to create education and produce real social change—solves all of his offense because he can still read his eco-pedagogy arguments, just with application to the real world. Esbert and Sagan 12

Esberg and Sagan 12, Jane She graduated from Stanford in 2009 with a BA in International Relations and Scott D. Caroline S.G. Munro professor of Political Science at Stanford University and co-director of Stanford's Center for International Security and Cooperation, “NEGOTIATING NONPROLIFERATION: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy”, 17 Feb 2012, BE
Governments have long used simulations and war game exercises to
AND
is as much about failure as it is about success.’’16

Reject the team

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: Triples | Opponent: Flintridge Sacred Heart | Judge: Emma Purvance, Ryan Fink, Erik Legried

A Interpretation

Environmental protection refers to the protection from toxic substances, air pollution, and water pollution- that’s different from resource conservation. Arruda 13

Arruda 13– (Joe I teach introductory biology courses and mid- and upper-division courses in environmental science and field ecology. Arruda works at the Pittsburg State University “Careers With an Environmental Spin”) GHSGB
The two traditional areas of environmental jobs are environmental protection
AND
to the management of soils, lands, forests, fish, and wildlife.

Prefer my definition on face because its by a professor of biology which means he’s more qualified and grounded in topic literature.

B Violation

C Net Benefits

1 Limits

2 Advocacy Skills

D Implication

Drop the debater on T

Tournament: Woodward | Round: 4 | Opponent: Harker | Judge: Courtney Nunley

A Interpretation

Development is defined by the HDI of a country—developing countries have low to moderate HDIs. EPI 10

EPI 10 Education Pathways International, scholarship platform in Ghana, “What is a Developing Country”, 2010, BE
There are significant social and economic differences between developed and
AND
continuous, self-sustaining economic growth and high standards of living.

Thus, the aff may only defend countries whose HDI is moderate to low.

B Violation

Ecuador’s HDI falls in the high range. UNDP 13

UNDP 13 United Nations Development Programme, “The Rise of the South: Human Progress in a Diverse World”, Human Development Report 2013, BE Human Development Report 2013
Ecuador’s HDI value for 2012 is 0.724—in the high
AND
capita increased by about 36 percent between 1980 and 2012.

And, Peru also has a high HDI—it has recently become developed. UNDP 13

UNDP 13 United Nations Development Programme, “The Rise of the South: Human Progress in a Diverse World”, Human Development Report 2013, BE Human Development Report 2013
Peru’s HDI value for 2012 is 0.741—in the high
AND
28 percent or average annual increase of about 0.8 percent.

C Net Benefits

1 Clarity

2 Predictability. Galloway 07

Galloway 07 (Ryan Galloway, Samford Debate Coach, Professor of Communication Studies at Samford, Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28, 2007, LEQ)
A common rejoinder is that debaters should think on their
AND
the benefits of the dialogical exchange which competitive debate allows.

D Implication

Drop the debater on T.

Tournament: Coppell | Round: 4 | Opponent: Colleyville | Judge: Shalott Cecchini

A Interpretation

Black’s Law Dictionary defines environmental protection as:

(Black’s Law Dictionary: http://thelawdictionary.org/environmental-protection/#ixzz2oXRpGivq)
Environmental guardianship based on policies and procedures. Objectives are (1)
AND
and, (3) where possible, repairing damage and reversing trends.
This means that the aff must defend guarding the environment through policy initiatives—not just by defending the general concept. Thus, on this topic, the aff must defend implementation of a policy that prioritizes environmental guardianship over resource extraction.

B Violation

C Net Benefits

1 Real-world applicability. Esbert and Sagan 12

Esberg and Sagan 12, Jane She graduated from Stanford in 2009 with a BA in International Relations and Scott D. Caroline S.G. Munro professor of Political Science at Stanford University and co-director of Stanford's Center for International Security and Cooperation, “NEGOTIATING NONPROLIFERATION: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy”, 17 Feb 2012, BE
Governments have long used simulations and war game exercises to
AND
as much about failure as it is about success.’’16

2 Advocacy skills. Snider 06

Alfred Snider 06 and Maxwell Schnurer Snider has been a powerful advocate of academic debate for more than 30 years. A nationally prominent intercollegiate debate coach, his experience in pioneering debate education for inner city students through the Urban Debate League national curricular reform movement has been applied to the international debate community. He has pioneered the use of the Internet to promote debating everywhere. He has person- ally helped to promote discussion and debate in the People’s Republic of China, Chile, South Korea, Serbia, and many of the former Soviet Union satellite countries. Many of the concepts in this book were field tested at his internationally recognized World Debate Institute at the University of Vermont.¶ Maxwell Schnurer, a former student of Snider’s, has developed his own reputation as a nationally ranked intercollegiate debate coach and pioneer in classroom applications of competitive debate. As an assistant coach at Wake Forest and the University of Pittsburgh, as the director of debate at Marist College, and now at Humboldt State University, Schnurer committed to working with novice and beginning debaters, emphasizing the transformative nature of the debate activity., “Many Sides: Debate Across the Curriculum” Published by International Debate Education Association, 2006, BE
Advocacy is vital, because active, engaged citizens are the most
AND
and advocating, skills that are fantastic primers for public advocacy.

3 Predictability. Galloway 07

Galloway 07 (Ryan Galloway, Samford Debate Coach, Professor of Communication Studies at Samford, Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28, 2007, LEQ)
A common rejoinder is that debaters should think on their feet
AND
the benefits of the dialogical exchange which competitive debate allows.

4 Anti-politics. Small 06

Jonathan Small 06, former Americorps VISTA for the Human Services Coalition,  “Moving Forward,” The Journal for Civic Commitment,  Spring, http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/other/engagement/Journal/Issue7/Small.jsp
What will be the challenges of the new millennium? And
AND
stages of a project that seeks to do just that.
(I read the anti-politics standard in finals of FloMo)

D Implication

Drop the debater on T

Tournament: Woodward | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Meadows | Judge: Courtney Nunley, Steven Zhang, Nate Zerbib

A Interpretation

The aff must advocate a policy where more than one developing country is the actor instead of one sole country. Library of Congress 08

The Library of Congress 08 The Library's mission is to support the Congress in fulfilling its constitutional duties and to further the progress of knowledge and creativity for the benefit of the American people, “Developing Countries,” LIBRARY OF CONGRESS COLLECTIONS POLICY STATEMENTS, Revised November 2008, GHSMM
This Collection Policy Statement is based on the third of
AND
basic ¶ public services–than the population in highly-industrialized countries.1 

B Violation

S/he only defends one country as the actor.

C Net Benefits

Textuality

D Implication

Drop the debater on T

Tournament: Woodward | Round: Finals | Opponent: Marlborough | Judge: Stephen Babb, Martin Sigalow, Michelle Keohane

A Interpretation

Resource extraction doesn’t deal water or timber. Almance County Board of Commissioners 11

Alamance County Board of Commissioners 11 “ALAMANCE COUNTY HEAVY INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORDINANCE” http://www.alamance-nc.com/commissioners/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2013/10/HIDO_Ordinance-October_3_2011.pdf) GHSGB
Resource Extraction means the removal of any naturally occurring substance
AND
include timber, surface or subsurface water, or any renewable resource.

B Violation

C Net Benefits

1 Limits

2 Predictability. Galloway 07

Galloway 07 (Ryan Galloway, Samford Debate Coach, Professor of Communication Studies at Samford, Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28, 2007, LEQ)
A common rejoinder is that debaters should think on their
AND
the benefits of the dialogical exchange which competitive debate allows.

D Implication

Drop the debater on T.

Tournament: TFA State | Round: Finals | Opponent: Katy Taylor | Judge: Halli Tripe, Stephen Babb, Eric Emerson

Text: The United States federal government should remove conditions on aid OTHER than how the aid is spent.

And, USFG should remove conditions on aid other than on how aid is spent – the counterplan solves – Pakistan will agree and their solvency deficits don’t assume the counterplan. Ibrahim 2k9

Ibrahim 2k9 (International Security Program Harvard Kennedy School, “U.S. Aid to Pakistan— U.S. Taxpayers Have Funded Pakistani Corruption,” pg online @ http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/Final_DP_2009_06_08092009.pdf ghs-ef)
There is widespread agreement that aid to Pakistan has not
AND
used as leverage to impose positive collateral requirements on Pakistan. 

The funds are stolen by the Pakistani army – turns their terror and stability arguments. Ibrahim 2k9

Ibrahim 2k9 (International Security Program Harvard Kennedy School, “U.S. Aid to Pakistan— U.S. Taxpayers Have Funded Pakistani Corruption,” pg online @ http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/Final_DP_2009_06_08092009.pdf ghs-ef)
Since 2001, there have been significant concerns over the funding: a
AND
not using U.S. funds to further U.S. foreign policy objectives.

Corruption leads to economic instability, threatens peace, and fosters poverty. American Chronicle 06

American Chronicle- 4/13/06 (Kamala Sarup, “Corruption Threat to Peace and Democracy,” http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/viewArticle.asp?articleID=8057)
Corruption has a direct or indirect role in political instability,
AND
Nation have to take a stern step against corrupt leaders. 

Economic collapse leads to nuclear war. Bearden 2k

Tom Bearden, Lieutenant Colonel in the U.S. Army, 6-24-00
http://www.seaspower.com/EnergyCrisis-Bearden.htm
History bears out that desperate nations take desperate actions. Prior
AND
perhaps most of the biosphere, at least for many decades.

Tournament: TFA State | Round: 4 | Opponent: Woodlands College Park | Judge: Halli Tripe

Framework

The role of the judge is to reward the debater whose performance and discourse do not justify oppression. We must question what our discourse in round justifies. Vincent 13

Christopher Vincent 13 currently the Graduate Assistant for the University of Louisville Debate Team and Director of Debate at the James Graham Brown School in Louisville, KY.  He debated at the University of Louisville, reaching the double-octafinals of both the National Debate Tournament and Cross-Examination Debate Tournament. He has also been coaching high school Lincoln Douglas debate for the past five years, with debaters reaching elims at tournaments such as Harvard, Emory, Newark, and others, “Re-Conceptualizing Our Performances: Accountability In Lincoln Douglas Debate”, Victory Briefs, 26 Oct 2013, BE
It is becoming increasingly more apparent in Lincoln Douglas debate
AND
in turn destroy the transformative potential this community could have.

Kritik

A Link – Words with the root “man” such as “human” are gendered. The Resolutional and specific use of the word “humanitarian” makes womyn subsidiary to men. Writing Center 10

The Writing Center 10 ( The Writing Center, University of North Carolina. “Gender-Sensitive Language.” February 11, 2010. http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/gender.html. MR. I DON’T ADVOCATE POTENTIALLY GENDERED LANGUAGE IN THE SMALL TEXT)
Like gendered pronouns, gendered nouns can also provide a stumbling
AND
for alternatives to gendered nouns not included in this list.  

Imposing discursive norms such as “mankind” or “he”, he perpetuates the world into a masculine norm where womyn become invisible. Goueffic 96

Goueffic 96 (Goueffic, Louise. Author, BA graduate studies in France. Breaking the patriarchal code.   Pg. 13-14 : 1996. MR.)—I don’t endorse any potential gendered language that I missed in here.
From the I 960s until today, such-questioning has involved a
AND
one meaning, and language  users' intentions are obscure and unpredictable. 

B The impact is that this gendered language allows for perpetuations of male supremacy. Saul 12

Jennifer Saul 12 philosopher working in the philosophy of language and in the philosophy of feminism. Saul is the head of the Philosophy Department at the University of Sheffield, "Feminist Philosophy of Language", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Winter 2012 Edition, BE
Some feminists (e.g. Penelope 1990; Spender 1985) argue that English
AND
establish ‘he’ as the gender-neutral third-person English pronoun.

This turns the aff—hierarchies of men over womyn are replicated in the political sphere, causing and allowing for colonialism and imperialism. Runyan 94

Anne Runyan 94 Professor and former Head of dept of womyn's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies @ UCincy, “Women womyn, Gender, and World Politics: Perspectives, Policies, and Prospects” 1996, BE
These hierarchies of men over womyn women and officers over
AND
a hierarchy grounded in and perpetuated by sexual dominance." 4

C Alternative – using a ‘Y’ is key to challenging womyn being a subsidiary to men—his discourse only recreates the other. Sciullo 06

Sciullo 06 (Nick, JD @ West Virginia University Colege of Law, " “THIS WOMAN WOMYN’S WORK”? IN A “MAN’S WORLD”??: A FEMINIST ANALYSIS OF THE FARM SECURITY AND RURAL INVESTMENT ACT OF 2002”, SSRN Onlinegreenhill-ak)
I spell “womyn” with a “y” for feminist reasons. Rhetorical
AND
on language, those efforts are likely to fall flat.

Tournament: TFA State | Round: 4 | Opponent: Woodlands College Park | Judge: Halli Tripe

A The Counterplan text

Policymakers should broaden the scope of ownership in the Paris Declaration to make political conditions on humynitarian aid just by creating a balance between political conditions on humynitarian aid and recipient government’s leadership.

Zimmermann 08 explains the advocacy

Felix Zimmermann08 Global Relations Advisor, Education and Skills at the OECD Development Center, "Home-Owned and Home-Grown: Development Policies that can Work," Policy Insights, OECD Development Center, Nomber 71, July 2008, GHSMM
The first of the Declaration's five principles is "ownership".¶ It
AND
If they are¶ serious about making aid effective, they must.

This means counterplan solves all claims of imperialism because the RECIPIENT GOVERNMENT works HAND IN HAND WITH DONORS who give conditional humynitarian aid as opposed to just the recipient government having no input.

B Competition

1 The Counterplan takes the stance that political conditions on humynitarian aid are JUST – a permutation would negate the resolution.

2 The Counterplan USES political conditions to make humynitarian aid effective while the aff takes the stance that these political conditions  are unjust and shouldn’t be used.

3 The Counterplan is exclusive because the aff gets rid of all political conditions while the counterplan keeps them, but promotes more government involvement in them.

4 The Counterplan competes through net benefits

C Net Benefits

1 State Ownership and promoting the responsibilities of states is uniquely key to promote effective humynitarian aid since states can effectively assess their needs – aid agencies alone are insufficient. Harvey 09

Paul Harvey09 Humanitarian humynitarian humynitarian Outcomes sector of the Humanitarian humynitarian Policy Group, "Towards Good Humanitarian humynitarian humynitarian Government: The Role of the Affected State in Disaster Response," Humanitarian humynitarian humynitarian Policy Group Policy Brief 37, September 2009, GHSMM
Broadly speaking, the roles and responsibilities of¶ states in relation
AND
what international aid agencies are¶ doing, and neglects government roles.

2 Conditionality and Ownership go hand in hand, benefiting each other by pursuing multiple interests and making aid more efficient and available -~-- this functions as both competition to the counterplan as well as a net benefit. Drazen 04

Allan Drazen04 Tel-Aviv University, University of Maryland, "Conditionality and Ownership in IMF Lending: A Political Economy Approach," Globalization and the Nation State: The Impact of the IMF and the World Bank (2004): 51, GHSMM
Intricately tied up with the question of reform of conditionality
AND
in explaining the success or failure of World Bank programs.

Tournament: NFL District | Round: 1 | Opponent: Public Forum | Judge: Rachel Stevens

A Uniqueness

Patent reform will pass- its top of the docket and PC is key Hattern 3/5

Hattern, 3-5 – The Hill Correspondent Julian, "Congress gets out club for patent ‘trolls’," The Hill, 3-5-14, thehill.com/blogs/hillicon-valley/technology/199954-lawmakers-look-to-push-patent-troll-bill, 13-14
Proponents of a bill to prevent patent “trolls” from harassing
AND
to hop on board, according to Rep. Jared Polis (D-Colo.).

B Link

Plan kills PC. Lancaster 08

Lancaster 08 (CAROL LANCASTER, non-resident fellow at the Center for Global Development and dean of the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown) “GEORGE BUSH’S FOREIGN AID” CENTER FOR GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT, 2008 AT
No matter how much need there has been for reform
AND
or, for that matter, in any major federal program.

C Internal link

Key to innovation – lynchpin of US tech development and leadership. Goodlatte 3/12

Goodlatte 3/12  (Robert, House Judiciary Committee chair, "Bipartisan Road Map for Protecting and Encouraging American Innovation," Roll Call www.rollcall.com/news/bipartisan_road_map_for_protecting_and_encouraging_american_innovation-231413-1.html?pg=2)
Throughout our nation’s history, great ideas have powered our economic
AND
patent litigation and keeping U.S. patent laws up to date.

D Impact

US competitiveness solves hegemony and great power war. Baru 9

Baru 9 – Sanjaya Baru is a Professor at the Lee Kuan Yew School in Singapore Geopolitical Implications of the Current Global Financial Crisis, Strategic Analysis, Volume 33, Issue 2 March 2009 , pages 163 - 168
Hence, economic policies and performance do have strategic consequences.2 In
AND
growth and military power, the classic 'guns versus butter' dilemma.

Tournament: TFA State | Round: 1 | Opponent: Dawson | Judge: Jared Woods

Framework

First, international law is the foundation for international society—this means that international law is a prior question since in order to determine what a foreign country is, we must appeal to international law. Nardin 92

Terry Nardin 92 professor and head of the Political Science Department at the National University of Singapore, specializing in political theory, history and international political theory, “International Ethics and International Law”, Review of International Studies, Vol 18, No 1, Jan 1992, BE
Any description of the international system as an association of
AND
of states, one that is a morality of coexistence.6

Second, states have an obligation to follow international law as it is a contract they would come to mutual agreement on self-interested terms. Charney 93

Jonathan Charney 93, “Universal International Law”, The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 87, No. 4 (Oct., 1993), pp. 529-551
Be that as it may, the system of international law
AND
but within those limits international law has an important role.

Thus, the standard is consistency with international law.

Contention

Conditionality of assistance and aid programs has a historically strong legal basis as conditions have existed since the 1990’s and are codified in international agreements. Roth 09

Selma Roth 09, “POLITICAL CONDITIONALITY IN EUROPEAN UNION DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE ASSESSING EFFECTIVENESS AND CONSISTENCY”, Academic year 2008 – 2009, Master (M.A) in Advanced European and International Studies Anglophone branch, BE
By looking at these notions, the extent to which a
AND
legal basis in its relations with the signatories of Cotonou.

International law currently allows for suspension of aid on the condition of democratic growth—this political condition is considered just. Rich 01

Roland Rich 01 director of the Centre for Democratic Institutions at the Australian National University, “BRINGING DEMOCRACY INTO INTERNATIONAL LAW”, Journal of Democracy Volume 12, Number 3 July 2001, BE
The Commonwealth’s power to suspend aid programs in response to
AND
the event of an extra- constitutional attack on democratic government.

Tournament: Apple Valley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harrison | Judge: Courtney Nunley

Constitution first.

1 – Political Justification. Mueller.

Dennis C. Mueller ~Phd in Economics from Princeton University, Professor of Economics~ "Constitutional Democracies" Oxford University Press (1996) VA
The specter has been raised that a government once created will turn upon its creators
AND
who will someday have the authority to enforce it, abide by it.

2 – Philosophical Justification. Graber 1

Mark Graber ~1~, Why Interpret? Political Justification and American Constitutionalism, 56 The Review of Politics 415, 426-27 (1983).
Philosophy justifications of constitutionalism treat constitutions as blueprints of the good society. The Constitution
AND
citizens should enjoy "the greatest liberty consistent with an equality of liberty."

Supreme Court resolves conflict. Feinman 10.

Jay M. Feinman10 ~Distinguished professor at Rutgers school of law; Professor Feinman received his B.A. degree summa cum laude from American University and his J.D. degree cum laude from the University of Chicago, where he was a member of the Order of the Coif and Comment Editor of the University of Chicago Law Review~,"Law 101: Everything You Need to Know About American Law," Oxford University Press, May 13, 2010 – Law, MM
The federal courts have experienced great difliculty determining¶ which employees in a corporation who
AND
states, has the authority to conclusively determine what¶ the Constitution means.

Thus, the standard is consistency with the U.S. Constitution.

ACP protected by Supreme Court. Daly 98.

Joseph L. Daly98 ~professor of law at Hamline University School of Law in St. Paul~, "Attorney-Client Privilege and the¶ Rule of Confidentiality," Bench Bar of Minnesota, 1998, MM
As various investigations of the 1993 dismissal of White House travel employees were beginning,
AND
No man is" or should be asked to be "an island."

Tournament: Isidore Newman | Round: 3 | Opponent: Northland Christian | Judge: Ibrahim Iqbal

In the United States Criminal Justice System, all relevant jurisdictional levels, should hire more judges and adopt the checking mechanism, described in the court decision of Markowski V. City of Marlin, which requires actors that are identified by the affirmative attorney-client privilege in all instances to prove privilege applies through in camera inspection of privileged documents or communications. As a result of these claims to privilege, judges will rule on whether these claims fall under the scope of attorney client privilege, pursue fact finding as opposed to truth seeking, and promote mandatory reporting requirements of child abuse for everyone EXCEPT attorneys.

Markowski v. City of Marlin 97, Court of Appeals of Texas, Waco. R. John Cullar, Waco, Ron Butler, Marlin, for appellants. 1997
Appellants' fourth point
AND
we overrule point eight.

Solvency advocate is Dickman 99

Dickmann 99 - (Amanda J.D. Candidate, 2000, Indiana University School of Law—Indianapolis; B.A., 1997, Indiana University—Bloomington "IN RE LINDSEY: A NEEDLESS VOID IN THE GOVERNMENT ATTORNEY-CLIENT PRIVILEGE", Indiana Law Review, Volume 33 1999 Number 1)GHSGB
An example of
AND
in camera inspection. 55

Facts are more reliable.

Sheila Jasanoff06 J.D., Ph.D.; a Pforzheimer Professor of Science and Technology Studies at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, "Just Evidence: The Limits of Science in the Legal Process," Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics, 2006, ghsMM
In our time
AND
in legal proceedings

Checking solves child abuse

Katharyn I. Christian 08 she has some profession, “Putting Legal Doctrines to the Test: The Inclusion of Attorneys as Mandatory Reporters of Child Abuse”, THE JOURNAL OF THE LEGAL PROFESSION, 232 J. Legal Prof. 215, BE
Child abuse is
AND
commit a crime." n13

Tournament: Apple Valley | Round: 3 | Opponent: Harrison | Judge: Paul Magyar

A Uniqueness

Patent prosecution high. OECD 04

OECD04 ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT, “PATENTS AND INNOVATION: ¶ TRENDS AND POLICY CHALLENGES,” OECD, 2004, MM
Patents play an increasingly important role in innovation and economic performance.
AND
 biotechnology and software), and more robust ¶ and more valuable patents. 

B Link

ACP key to patents. Musch 03

Jonathan G. Musch03 BA in Chemistry and History, 2000, Illinois Wesleyan University; J.D. Canidate (2003), Washington University School of Law, ¶ "Attorney-Client Privilege and the Patent Prosecution Process in the Post-Spalding World," Washington University Law Quarterly, Volume 81:175:2003, MM
One of the oldest traditions of the Anglo-American judicial system
AND
and ¶ a court may modify the system under certain circumstances.2

C Internal Link

Patents key to innovation and such. Lewis 08

James A. Lewis 08 senior fellow and director of the Technology and Public Policy Program at CSIS, where he writes on technology, security, and the international economy, “Intellectual Property Protection”, January 2008, BE
Policies and processes for issuing and enforcing patents are the most
AND
context of strong IPR will spur innovation and economic growth.

D Impact

IP key to US tech. Mehlman 02

Mehlman 02, Assistant Secretary for Technology Policy at the Department of Commerce, 7-31-2K2 (Bruce, “The Changing Wealth of Nations: Intellectual Property and American Competitiveness in the Age of Innovation,” Remarks delivered to the Licensing Executives Society Silicon Valley Chapter, http://www.technology.gov/speeches/p_BPM_020731_NatlWealth.htm)
Our culture rewards risk, encourages entrepreneurship, celebrates success and upholds
AND
the creative process of bringing ideas from concept to commerce. 

That kills heg. Khalilzad 95

Khalilzad 95, Policy Analyst at the Rand Corporation, 95 (Zalmay, “Losing the Moment?: The United States and the World after the Cold War,” The Washington Quarterly, Spring)
Preserve U.S. Economic Strength The United States is unlikely to preserve
AND
can use tax policy to raise the saviASngs rate. 

Nukes boom bang pow

Khalilzad 95, Policy Analyst at the Rand Corporation, 95 (Zalmay, “Losing the Moment?: The United States and the World after the Cold War,” The Washington Quarterly, Spring)
Under the third option, the United States would seek to
AND
stability than a bipolar or a multipolar balance of power system.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Parkway | Judge: Todd Newkirk

A Counterplan Text: The United States Criminal Justice System should not INSERT AFF and should bolster attorney client privilege by creating a Federal Defender Services Center for public attorneys defending indigent clients which would provide necessary resources and increase the quality of public defense by increasing the amount of baseline training.

AC lacks resources--can't defend people

Charles J. Ogletree 95 Jr. Harvard Law School, J.D., 1978, Stanford University, M.A. in Political Science, 1975, Stanford University, B.A. (With Distinction) in Political Science, 1974Harvard Law School Professor, litigator, educator, and author “AN ESSAY ON THE NEW PUBLIC DEFENDER FOR THE 21ST CENTURY” Vol. 58: No. 1 1995 http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4267andcontext=lcp ghsVA
Unlike most other...prior jurisdictional approval

Solves the aff--gives better representation and justice

Charles J. Ogletree 95 Jr. Harvard Law School, J.D., 1978, Stanford University, M.A. in Political Science, 1975, Stanford University, B.A. (With Distinction) in Political Science, 1974Harvard Law School Professor, litigator, educator, and author “AN ESSAY ON THE NEW PUBLIC DEFENDER FOR THE 21ST CENTURY” Vol. 58: No. 1 1995 http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4267andcontext=lcp ghsVA
The issues raised ...arguments in court

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 4 | Opponent: College Prep | Judge: Eric Beane

A Counterplan

A Counterplan text: The United States Criminal Justice system should abolish attorney client privilege for federal government attorneys in corruption cases, but should recognize attorney client privilege for state-government attorneys in order for the government to be more transparent, and consistent with the US constitution. In a world of the counterplan, attorney client privilege is prioritized due to the net benefits and preventing abolishing ALL ACP.

State ACP key to checking back federal gov’t power and preserving federalism. Whitley 05

Joel D. Whitley05 corporate associate in the Los Angeles office of Munger, Tolles and Olson LLP;¶ Mr. Whitley practices general corporate law. ¶ Mr. Whitley is a graduate of the Georgia Institute of Technology and the University of Chicago, The Law School,¶ “Protecting State Interests: Recognition of the State Government Attorney-Client Privilege,” ¶ The University of Chicago Law Review, Vol. 72, No. 4 (Autumn, 2005), pp. 1533-1562, GHSMM
This Comment argues that the state government attorney-client ¶ privilege
AND
op- ¶ erational mechanics of the state government attorney-client privilege. 

Solves corruption in the federal government and also checks federal power over states.

B Competition

1 Aff abolishes all ACP for government lawyers

2 Can’t conflate state and federal governments. Whitley 05

Joel D. Whitley05 corporate associate in the Los Angeles office of Munger, Tolles and Olson LLP;¶ Mr. Whitley practices general corporate law. ¶ Mr. Whitley is a graduate of the Georgia Institute of Technology and the University of Chicago, The Law School,¶ “Protecting State Interests: Recognition of the State Government Attorney-Client Privilege,” ¶ The University of Chicago Law Review, Vol. 72, No. 4 (Autumn, 2005), pp. 1533-1562, GHSMM
Application of the Garner doctrine should not, however, neces- ¶ sarily
AND
, but it will not keep information from ¶ the state government.35

3 Net benefits compete

C Net Benefits

1 Checks back federal power. Whitley 05

Joel D. Whitley05 corporate associate in the Los Angeles office of Munger, Tolles and Olson LLP;¶ Mr. Whitley practices general corporate law. ¶ Mr. Whitley is a graduate of the Georgia Institute of Technology and the University of Chicago, The Law School,¶ “Protecting State Interests: Recognition of the State Government Attorney-Client Privilege,” ¶ The University of Chicago Law Review, Vol. 72, No. 4 (Autumn, 2005), pp. 1533-1562, GHSMM
This conclusion, however, rests on the assumption that a state ¶ agent's
AND
privilege to help her comply with state ¶ and federal law. 

2 Key to good decision making and public interest. Whitley 05

Joel D. Whitley05 corporate associate in the Los Angeles office of Munger, Tolles and Olson LLP;¶ Mr. Whitley practices general corporate law. ¶ Mr. Whitley is a graduate of the Georgia Institute of Technology and the University of Chicago, The Law School,¶ “Protecting State Interests: Recognition of the State Government Attorney-Client Privilege,” ¶ The University of Chicago Law Review, Vol. 72, No. 4 (Autumn, 2005), pp. 1533-1562, GHSMM
Additionally, governments and corporations are frequently sued ¶ for actions of
AND
state to better comply with both federal and state law. 

3 Key to federalism and constitutional ideals.

Joel D. Whitley05 corporate associate in the Los Angeles office of Munger, Tolles and Olson LLP;¶ Mr. Whitley practices general corporate law. ¶ Mr. Whitley is a graduate of the Georgia Institute of Technology and the University of Chicago, The Law School,¶ “Protecting State Interests: Recognition of the State Government Attorney-Client Privilege,” ¶ The University of Chicago Law Review, Vol. 72, No. 4 (Autumn, 2005), pp. 1533-1562, GHSMM
The states' residual sovereignty is derived from the text and ¶
AND
privilege by federal courts as a matter of common law.

Tournament: Hockaday | Round: Semis | Opponent: Law Magnet | Judge: Powell, Graham, Center, Paciotti, Berdugo

A Interpretation

Truth seeking must entail active INVESTIGATION to find the truth. Vroomen 13

Anke Vroomen13 BA in Social Sciences, Tilburg University, ¶ “Truth seeking and truth telling in a transitional society,” Bachelor Thesis - Tilburg University, Liberal Arts and Sciences, Major: Social Sciences, June 2013, MM
Although being just
AND
Gerardi19 was killed.

B Violation

TRCs are not judicial inquiries. Gonzalez and Varney 13

Gonzalez and Varney13: Eduardo González Senior Staff¶ Director, Truth and Memory Program at The International Center for Transitional Justice; Peruvian sociologist, with an M.A. degree from the New School for Social Research (New York) and from the Catholic University of Peru and Howard Varney Senior Staff¶ Senior Program Advisor at The International Center for Transitional Justice “Truth Seeking:¶ Elements of Creating an Effective Truth Commission,” (Brasilia: Amnesty Commission of the Ministry of Justice of Brazil; New York: International Center for Transitional Justice) 2013, MM
Complimentary to criminal
AND
or political responsibility.

C Reasons to Prefer

1 Clash

2 Topic Education

D Implication

Drop the debater on T

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Cy-Falls | Judge: Tara Tate

History of discrimination bad--need to stop electoral capture of minorities. Ross and Smith 09

Bertrall L. Ross II ~Kellis Parker Academic Fellow, Columbia Law School~ and Terry Smith ~Distinguished Research Professor of Law, DePaul College of Law~, "Minimum Responsiveness and the Political Exclusion of the Poor," Law and Contemporary Problems, Volume 72:197, Fall 2009, MM
Representative government is a principal feature of American democracy.¶ The prevailing view is that
AND
of the poor raises¶ important concerns about the representativeness of American democracy.

S-preventing voter capture.

Electoral capture harms the interests of minority groups. Frymer 10

Paul Frymer~Associate professor at the department of politics, Princeton University; writes and teaches about American politics, institutions, law, state theory, and American political development, particularly as they intersect with the issues of democratic representation, race and civil rights, and labor and employment rights~, "Uneasy Alliances: Race and Party Competition in America," Princeton University Press, Sep 5, 2010 - Political Science, MM
This apparent contradiction, that the success of broad-based parties rest on the
AND
have been courted by parties at precisely those moments that blacks were ignored. 

CV/incentives to vote means electoral capture. Frymer 2

Paul Frymer ~Associate professor at the department of politics, Princeton University; writes and teaches about American politics, institutions, law, state theory, and American political development, particularly as they intersect with the issues of democratic representation, race and civil rights, and labor and employment rights~, "Uneasy Alliances: Race and Party Competition in America," Princeton University Press, Sep 5, 2010 - Political Science, MM
I do not offer here a new systematic historical account nor do I detail the
AND
see an unfolding process by which party leaders slowly start following electoral incentives.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 3 | Opponent: Meadows | Judge: Naila Dhurani

A Uniqueness

In a culture of media perpetuated military force.

Peter Phillips and Mickey Huff 10

 former director of Project Censored, is Professor of Sociology at Sonoma State University. Director of Project Censored and sits on the Board of Directors of the Media Freedom Foundation "TRUTH EMERGENCY: INSIDE THE MILITARY INDUSTRIAL MEDIA EMPIRE" http://www.projectcensored.org/truth-emergency-inside-the-military-industrial-media-empire/-http://www.projectcensored.org/truth-emergency-inside-the-military-industrial-media-empire/ VA
Among the most important Project Censored news stories of the past decade, one is
AND
-war movement in the US despite what the facts show.xxiv

B Link

Compulsory voting INCREASES voters’ media consumption

Loewen et al08

:, Loewen, Millner, and Hicks08: Peter John Loewen¶ Departement de science politique, Universit´e de Montr´eal, ¶ and ¶ Henry Milner¶ Departement de science politique, Universit´e de Montr´eal¶ Bruce M. Hicks D´epartement de science politique, Universit´e de Montr´eal, ¶ "Does Compulsory Voting Lead to More Informed and¶ Engaged Citizens? An experimental test," Canadian Journal of Political Science 41.03 (2008): 655-672, MM

A more fair test of Lijphart’s hypotheses¶ would be to exclude those in the
AND
how it makes for better - or at least more informed - citizens.

C Internal Link

Maxwell McCombs 02

 UT Austin,"The Agenda-Setting Role of the Mass Media in the Shaping of Public Opinion", Paper presented at Mass Media Economics 2002 conference, London School of Economics, 2002, BE

By far the best documented consequence of object and issue salience is the priming of
AND
, favored a military rather than a diplomatic solution in the Persian Gulf.

D Impact

Militarism is a response to people’s fears of an attack against national security and is perpetuated by the media. The impacts of militarism turn the aff on 4 levels.

Wright and Rogers09

: Erik Olin Wright Professor Erik Olin Wright ¶ Department of Sociology ¶ University of Wisconsin – Madison, 26 Joel Rogers American academic and political activist. Currently a professor of law, political science, public affairs and sociology at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, "Chapter 20 ¶ Militarism and Empire," ¶ Final Draft, August 2009, MM
After the end of the Cold War this threat disappeared, and with it an
AND
in 1997 or Argentina in 2002. This situation cannot go on forever.

ALTERNATE IMPACT

I broke this in round 1 of Mark's--I probably won't read both impacts.

Militarism means racism. Sutton et al.

Sutton et al Barbara Sutton, Sandra Morgen, and Julie Novkov  Ph.D. Sociology, University of Oregon, M.A. Sociology, University of Oregon, Assistant Professor of Women's Studies at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Department of Political Science Professor of Political Science and Women's Studies. chair of the Department of Political Science “Security Disarmed: Critical Perspectives on Gender, Race, and Militarization” (http://books.google.com/books?hl=enandlr=andid=Or5_3iS-DicCandoi=fndandpg=PA56anddq=racism+is+a+result+of+22militarism22andots=f-rLMnorNOandsig=nD-b3HyPI3FaVf7VwKMlTv6eSgM#v=onepageandq=racism20is20a20result20of2022militarism22andf=false) VA
The twentieth century was a period of profound destructiveness. In
AND
sexual violence in wars. Here are just a few examples.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Cy-Falls | Judge: Tara Tate

A TEXT: To reverse all laws by local, state, and federal institutions to restrict voting to citizens, the USFG will repeal voter ID laws, voter suppression laws, and ENCOURAGE minorities to vote, not through compulsion, but voluntary voting.

B Competition

1 Mutual Exclusivity
2 Net Benefits

C Solvency

Solves race impacts of voter ID laws.

Tournament: Plano West | Round: 1 | Opponent: Law Magnet | Judge: John Sims

A~ Interpretation

Ought is a state of affairs. Finlay and Sendegar 12

Finlay and Sendegar 12, Finlay, S. ~Associate Professor of Philosophy at USC~ 26 Snedegar, J. ~PhD candidate in philosophy at the University of Southern California~, (2012). One Ought Too Many. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. JMN
The nonagential sentences (1) and (2) say that certain states of
AND
but reject the claim that the Uniformity Thesis cannot accommodate and explain them.

B~ Violation

They don’t advocate a state of affairs. Schroeder 11

Mark Schroeder 11 ~Professor of Philosophy, USC~, "Ought, Agents, and Actions," Philosophical Review 2011.
A final hallmark of the deliberative ’ought’ can be illustrated by comparison to obligations
AND
intuitive that we are denying anything like an obligation of Larry to win.

C~ Reasons to Prefer

1~ PREDICTABLE GROUND

Finlay and Sendegar 12, Finlay, S. ~Associate Professor of Philosophy at USC~ 26 Snedegar, J. ~PhD candidate in philosophy at the University of Southern California~, (2012). One Ought Too Many. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. JMN
An obvious reason for using the nonagential sentence would be that the speaker intends to
AND
therefore be warranted just in case a deliberative reading would otherwise be salient. 

Predictability is a voter. Galloway 07

Galloway 07 (Ryan Galloway, Samford Debate Coach, Professor of Communication Studies at Samford, Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28, 2007, LEQ)
A common rejoinder is that debaters should think on their feet, and be prepared
AND
order to maximize the benefits of the dialogical exchange which competitive debate allows.

2~ Decision-making skills. Steve 07

Steve 07  (Anonymous member of Black Block and Active Transformation who lives in East Lansing, MI, Date Last Mod. Feb 8, http://www.nadir.org/nadir/initiativ/agp/free/global/a16dcdiscussion.htm)
What follows is not an attempt to discredit our efforts. It was a powerful
AND
others will be prepared to build up the state or a new state.

D~ Implication:

Drop the debater on T