Tournament: Colleyville | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Woodlands College Park | Judge: Jane Boyd, Jonathan Wei, Clement Agho-Otoghile

Definitions

Development is an ongoing process that no country has completed. We are all developing countries. Payne 13

Tony Payne 13 Tony Payne joined the Scheffield department of Politics in 1985 and was promoted to Professor in 1993. He was Chairman of the Department between 1992 and 1995 and again between 1998 and 2001. He was the Director of the Political Economy Research Centre (PERC) from 1996 to 1999 and Co-Director from 2002 to 2004. He was Pro-Vice-Chancellor for the Social Sciences from June 2008 until August 2012. He is now co-director (with Colin Hay) of the Sheffield Political Economy Research Institute (SPERI)., “We are all developing countries now!”, The University of Scheffield, 7 Jan 2013, BE
One of the puzzles (to me at least) of much
AND
functioning, and indeed improving, society back home, as it were.

Framework

I value morality.

The value of the environment is infinite – a utilitarian environmental ethic is the best because it is non-anthropocentric and values nature as an end in itself. Wolff 09

Wolff 09 - (Brian G. M.S. in Environmental Biology from the University of Minnesota, Duluth, and a Ph.D. in Conservation Biology from the University of Minnesota. He has been teaching biology, environmental biology, and ecology at the University of Minnesota and Normandale Community College since 1994. "Environmental Studies and Utilitarian Ethics" http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ889705.pdf) GHSGB
Human beings and other sentient organisms depend on the ecological
AND
fields, utilitarianism has its proponents and utilitarian arguments are common.

And, in the context of the environment we must question state of affairs—appealing to abstract moral theories is insufficient. This means that we have to consider the consequences of our actions on the environment and humans. Elliot 03

Elliot 03 – (Herschel Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at the University of Florida “The Revolutionary Import of Garrett Hardin's Work” http://www.garretthardinsociety.org/tributes/tr_elliot_2003jul.html) GHSGB
As I pointed out in A General Statement of Hardin's
AND
and factual tests. Nature can veto moral beliefs and theories.

Thus, the standard is maximizing expected well-being.

PLAN TEXT: All developing countries in the world will prioritize environmental protection over resource extraction by halting all offshore drilling in the Arctic.

And, the plan is inherent because Russia literally just started drilling in the Arctic. Radyuhin 12/22

VLADIMIR RADYUHIN 12/22, “Russia upstages West in Arctic oil rush, begins pumping from offshore platform”, The Hindu, 22 Dec 2013, BE
Russia has announced the start of offshore oil production in
AND
Russian companies in exploration for hydrocarbons in the Arctic region”.

Advantage 1 is spills

Top experts say that the chance of a spill is completely certain to happen if in the arctic drilling continues. Harvey and Walker 13

Harvey and Walker 13 – (Fiona Fiona Harvey is an award-winning environment journalist for the Guardian. Prior to this, she worked for the Financial Times for more than a decade. She has reported on every major environmental issue, from as far afield as the Arctic and the Amazon, and her wide range of interviewees include Ban Ki-moon, Tony Blair, Al Gore and Jeff Immelt Shaun Shaun Walker is Moscow Correspondent for the Guardian. He has lived in Russia for several years and was previously Moscow Correspondent for The Independent. “Arctic oil spill is certain if drilling goes ahead, says top scientist” http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/19/arctic-oil-drilling-russia) GHSGB
A serious oil spill in the Arctic is a "dead
AND
species would be devastating and long-lasting," the group said. 

There’s no way to clean up a spill—it will destroy the arctic. Banerjee 12

Banerjee 12 – (Subhankar Subhankar Banerjee is an artist, educator and activist whose images of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge and other Alaskan wild lands have captured international attention “Walking the Waters: How to Bring the Major Oil Companies Ashore and Halt the Destruction of Our Oceans” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/subhankar-banerjee/shell-arctic-drilling_b_1732835.html) GHSGB
While the blues were feeding in Monterey Bay, Shell’s drill
AND
to human health and will degrade the Arctic’s clean atmosphere.

Spill means extinction- either quickly through the release of methane or slowly and painfully—also causes tsunamis. Young 10

Young 10 –( Elizabeth M Bachelors Degree with Honors in Sociology: University Of California, Berkeley “How the BP Oil Spill Disaster could trigger a future mass-extinction”, http://www.helium.com/items/1906371-how-the-bp-oil-spill-disaster-could-trigger-a-future-mass-extinction)GHS//GB
The most disturbing element of deep water oil extraction is
AND
news cycles, because there may be much more to come.

The aftermath of tsunamis also causes huge disease outbreaks that would kill and spread quickly. Isidore et al 12

Isidore et al 12, Alijunid, Kamigaki, Hammad, Oshitani – (Kouadio Dr. Kouadio Koffi Isidore is a Postdoctoral Fellow at United Nations University International Institute for Global Health Syed Dr. Syed Aljunid is a Professor of Health Economics and Senior Research Fellow at UNU International Institute for Global Health. Taro Dr. Taro Kamigaki is an Assistant Professor, at the Department of Virology of Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, in Sendai, Japan. Karen Karen Hammad is an Australian emergency nurse and Lecturer at the School of Nursing and Midwifery, Flinders University, South Australia. Hitoshi Dr. Hitoshi Oshitani is a Professor of Virology at Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, in Sendai Japan. Between 1999 and 2005 he was a regional advisor for Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response at the World Health Organization (WHO) Western Pacific Regional Office in Manila, the Philippines. “Preventing and controlling infectious diseases after natural disasters” http://unu.edu/publications/articles/preventing-and-controlling-infectious-diseases-after-natural-disasters.html#) GHSGB
Over the past few decades, the incidence and magnitude of
AND
present a much more substantial reservoir for potential infectious diseases.

Advantage 2 is warming

Drilling for oil in the Arctic causes arctic sea ice to melt and global warming. Banerjee 13

Banerjee 13 – (Subhankar Subhankar Banerjee is an artist, educator and activist whose images of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge and other Alaskan wild lands have captured international attention “Destabilization of Arctic Sea Ice Would Be Game Over for Climate” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/subhankar-banerjee/destabilization-of-arctic_b_4000445.html) GHSGB
"Arctic sea ice extent certainly is continuing the long-term
AND
end-Permian extinction, a bit sooner than we have to.

And, this Arctic ice melting would plunge Europe into an ice age. RSE 07

RSE 07 Religion, Science and the Environment, Symposium VII: ‘The Arctic: Mirror of Life’, RSE Symposium, http://www.rsesymposia.org/more.php?catid=170andpcatid=162
If the Arctic is one of the first victims of
AND
of us has a moral obligation to take urgent action.

Ice age would cause extinction—the tropics would be the only possible place to live, but it would become too crowded. Life would be impossible. Taylor 02

Brian Taylor 02 Professor, Department of Geology and Geophysics Acting Associate Dean of Research, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology University of Hawai'i at Manoa, “Ice Age”, The Weather Outlook, 2002, XYZ
During the last ice age, the ice cover was believed
AND
her/himself scenario, where laws and society would become meaningless.

Advantage 3 is militarism

Drilling in the Arctic is starting US-Russia conflict; the Arctic countries are militarizing and preparing for war. Macalister 11

Macalister 11 – (Terry Terry Macalister is energy editor of the Guardian. He has been employed at the paper and website for 12 years and previously worked for the Independent and other national titles “US and Russia stir up political tensions over Arctic” http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/06/us-russia-political-tensions-arctic)GHS//GB
The seventh ministerial meeting of the Arctic Council in May
AND
but mainly for specialist assistance around commercial and other interests.

This militarism is on the brink now—countries are investing more and more in military control of the Arctic. Salbuchi 13

Adrian Salbuchi 13 political analyst, author, speaker and radio/TV commentator, “Global Arctic wars already started”, RT, 19 Dec 2013, BE
So President Putin has very prudently ordered his military starting
AND
Paraguay, Argentina, Chile, Colombia and other countries in the region.

The US is probably going to drill in the Arctic very soon, almost certainly in 2014—this’ll be the brink for the conflict. Ryan 12/31

John Ryan 12/31 Reporter, won national awards for KUOW as a freelancer, “Shell Still Aims For Arctic Oil Drilling Despite Mishaps”, Kuow, 31 Dec 2013, BE
The setbacks and delays have not dampened Shell's enthusiasm for
AND
the biggest prize," Henry said. "That's the multibillion-barrel prize."

Any risk of Russian conflict or instability could cause use of nuclear weapons, escalating to all-out nuclear war across Eurasia and involving the US. Oliker and Charlick-Paley 02

Oliker and Charlick-Paley 02 Olga and Tanya, (RAND Analysts) Assessing Russia’s Decline, RAND Books, p. online wyo-tjc
The preceding chapters have illustrated the ways in which Russia’s
AND
at one of Russia’s nuclear power plants or other facilities.

Russia nuke use causes US-Russia War—this is THE ONLY war scenario for extinction. Bostrom 02

Bostrom 02 Nick, PhD and Professor at Oxford University, “Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards,” March
A much greater existential risk emerged with the build-up
AND
since it would not destroy or thwart humankind’s potential permanently.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 2 | Opponent: Rowland Hall | Judge: Ashley Hellebuick

Definitions

Development is an ongoing process that no country has completed; this era of globalization requires that we redefine the term of art that is “developing countries”. Development is a process, not a destination. Payne 13

Tony Payne 13 Tony Payne joined the Scheffield department of Politics in 1985 and was promoted to Professor in 1993. He was Chairman of the Department between 1992 and 1995 and again between 1998 and 2001. He was the Director of the Political Economy Research Centre (PERC) from 1996 to 1999 and Co-Director from 2002 to 2004. He was Pro-Vice-Chancellor for the Social Sciences from June 2008 until August 2012. He is now co-director (with Colin Hay) of the Sheffield Political Economy Research Institute (SPERI)., “We are all developing countries now!”, The University of Scheffield, 7 Jan 2013, BE
One of the puzzles (to me at least) of much
AND
functioning, and indeed improving, society back home, as it were.

Prefer this interpretation:

A Vagueness
B Semantic Accuracy
C Ground

Framework

1 A utilitarian ethic is the best environmental ethic because it is non-anthropocentric and values nature as an end in itself. Wolff 09

Wolff 09 - (Brian G. M.S. in Environmental Biology from the University of Minnesota, Duluth, and a Ph.D. in Conservation Biology from the University of Minnesota. He has been teaching biology, environmental biology, and ecology at the University of Minnesota and Normandale Community College since 1994. "Environmental Studies and Utilitarian Ethics" http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ889705.pdf) GHSGB
Human beings and other sentient organisms depend on the ecological
AND
fields, utilitarianism has its proponents and utilitarian arguments are common.

2 In context in of the environment, state-of-affairs questions are necessary – moral abstractions are insufficient. Elliot 03

Elliot 03 – (Herschel Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at the University of Florida “The Revolutionary Import of Garrett Hardin's Work” http://www.garretthardinsociety.org/tributes/tr_elliot_2003jul.html) GHSGB
As I pointed out in A General Statement of Hardin's
AND
and factual tests. Nature can veto moral beliefs and theories.

3 This topic focuses around policy-making ethics—additionally, the use of the word “should” means that util is the best standard. Babb 13

Stephen Babb 13 Babb has well over a decade's worth of involvement with LD debate, experiencing success as a competitor and coach alike. When debating for TMI in San Antonio, he was the Texas State Champion and twice finished in the top 10 at NFL Nationals. He was invited to the Greenhill and MBA Round Robins and twice broke at both Greenhill and Emory. More recently, he directed the Archer program and has worked with a number of schools including Harvard-Westlake, Brentwood, Grapevine and Highland Park. Babb has also served as a summer instructor at a number of institutes including VBI, UNT, NDF, UT and Stanford. He's worked with elite debaters in every setting and judged thousands of debates. After spending two years blogging about the NBA for Bleacher Report, Babb continues to dabble in writing when he isn't doing debate things, “Topic Analysis by Stephen Babb”, Environment v Resource Extraction, Victory Briefs, 2013, BE
Fortunately, this topic at least centers around a question with
AND
attempt to apply ill-fitting ethical paradigms to state policy.

4 Definition – Oxford Dictionary defines should as: indicating a desirable or expected state. This means that definitionally the resolution forces us to use a state of affairs and a consequentialist framework since should is based on END STATES—not the means or intent.

Thus, the standard is maximizing expected well-being.

PLAN TEXT: Developing countries should prioritize environmental protection over resource extraction by banning offshore Arctic drilling.

And, the plan is inherent because Russia literally just started drilling in the Arctic. Radyuhin 13

VLADIMIR RADYUHIN 13, “Russia upstages West in Arctic oil rush, begins pumping from offshore platform”, The Hindu, 22 Dec 2013, BE
Russia has announced the start of offshore oil production in
AND
Russian companies in exploration for hydrocarbons in the Arctic region”.

Advantage 1 is Spills

Top experts say that the chance of a spill is completely certain to happen if in the Arctic drilling continues. Harvey and Walker 13

Harvey and Walker 13 – (Fiona Fiona Harvey is an award-winning environment journalist for the Guardian. Prior to this, she worked for the Financial Times for more than a decade. She has reported on every major environmental issue, from as far afield as the Arctic and the Amazon, and her wide range of interviewees include Ban Ki-moon, Tony Blair, Al Gore and Jeff Immelt Shaun Shaun Walker is Moscow Correspondent for the Guardian. He has lived in Russia for several years and was previously Moscow Correspondent for The Independent. “Arctic oil spill is certain if drilling goes ahead, says top scientist” http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/19/arctic-oil-drilling-russia) GHSGB
A serious oil spill in the Arctic is a "dead
AND
species would be devastating and long-lasting," the group said. 

There’s no way to clean up a spill—it will destroy the Arctic. Banerjee 12

Banerjee 12 – (Subhankar Subhankar Banerjee is an artist, educator and activist whose images of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge and other Alaskan wild lands have captured international attention. He has also done work in the American southwest that addresses desert ecology, and forest deaths from climate change. His current research focuses on the intersection of ecocultural activism and environmental humanities—environmental philosophy, environmental history and ecocriticism. “Walking the Waters: How to Bring the Major Oil Companies Ashore and Halt the Destruction of Our Oceans” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/subhankar-banerjee/shell-arctic-drilling_b_1732835.html) GHSGB
While the blues were feeding in Monterey Bay, Shell’s drill
AND
to human health and will degrade the Arctic’s clean atmosphere.

Spill means extinction- either quickly through the release of methane or slowly and painfully—also causes tsunamis. Young 10

Young 10 – (Elizabeth M Bachelors Degree with Honors in Sociology: University Of California, Berkeley “How the BP Oil Spill Disaster could trigger a future mass-extinction”, http://www.helium.com/items/1906371-how-the-bp-oil-spill-disaster-could-trigger-a-future-mass-extinction) GHSGB
The most disturbing element of deep water oil extraction is
AND
news cycles, because there may be much more to come.

Advantage 2 is Warming

Drilling for oil in the Arctic causes Arctic sea ice to melt and global warming. Banerjee 13

Banerjee 13 – (Subhankar Subhankar Banerjee is an artist, educator and activist whose images of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge and other Alaskan wild lands have captured international attention. He has also done work in the American southwest that addresses desert ecology, and forest deaths from climate change. His current research focuses on the intersection of ecocultural activism and environmental humanities—environmental philosophy, environmental history and ecocriticism. “Destabilization of Arctic Sea Ice Would Be Game Over for Climate” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/subhankar-banerjee/destabilization-of-arctic_b_4000445.html) GHSGB
"Arctic sea ice extent certainly is continuing the long-term
AND
end-Permian extinction, a bit sooner than we have to.

And, this Arctic ice melting would plunge Europe into an ice age—it’ll be a real-life day after tomorrow. RSE 07

RSE 07 Religion, Science and the Environment, Symposium VII: ‘The Arctic: Mirror of Life’, RSE Symposium, http://www.rsesymposia.org/more.php?catid=170andpcatid=162
If the Arctic is one of the first victims of
AND
of us has a moral obligation to take urgent action.

Ice age would cause extinction—the tropics would be the only possible place to live, but it would become too crowded. Life would be impossible. Taylor 02

Brian Taylor 02 Professor, Department of Geology and Geophysics Acting Associate Dean of Research, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology University of Hawai'i at Manoa, “Ice Age”, The Weather Outlook, 2002, XYZ
During the last ice age, the ice cover was believed
AND
her/himself scenario, where laws and society would become meaningless.

Underview

1 Aff gets RVIs on I meets and offense back to counter-interps:

A It makes theory a two way street
B You shouldn’t allow the NC more than one kickable or conditional position
C Advocacy skills 

2 Prefer reasonable aff interps:

A Time Skew
B Strat Skew
C Topic Education
D Competing interps is infinitely regressive

3 Neg must weigh theory against the amount of education lost by not discussing the topic—topic comes first:

A Topic education outweighs
B Predictability

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 3 | Opponent: Harvard-Westlake | Judge: Oliver Gappmayer

Definitions

Development is an ongoing process that no country has completed; this era of globalization requires that we redefine the term of art that is “developing countries”. Development is a process, not a destination. Payne 13

Tony Payne 13 Tony Payne joined the Scheffield department of Politics in 1985 and was promoted to Professor in 1993. He was Chairman of the Department between 1992 and 1995 and again between 1998 and 2001. He was the Director of the Political Economy Research Centre (PERC) from 1996 to 1999 and Co-Director from 2002 to 2004. He was Pro-Vice-Chancellor for the Social Sciences from June 2008 until August 2012. He is now co-director (with Colin Hay) of the Sheffield Political Economy Research Institute (SPERI)., “We are all developing countries now!”, The University of Scheffield, 7 Jan 2013, BE
One of the puzzles (to me at least) of much
AND
functioning, and indeed improving, society back home, as it were.

Prefer this interpretation:

A Vagueness
B Semantic Accuracy
C Ground

Framework

1 A utilitarian ethic is the best environmental ethic because it is non-anthropocentric and values nature as an end in itself. Wolff 09

Wolff 09 - (Brian G. M.S. in Environmental Biology from the University of Minnesota, Duluth, and a Ph.D. in Conservation Biology from the University of Minnesota. He has been teaching biology, environmental biology, and ecology at the University of Minnesota and Normandale Community College since 1994. "Environmental Studies and Utilitarian Ethics" http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ889705.pdf) GHSGB
Human beings and other sentient organisms depend on the ecological
AND
fields, utilitarianism has its proponents and utilitarian arguments are common.

2 In context in of the environment, state-of-affairs questions are necessary – moral abstractions are insufficient. Elliot 03

Elliot 03 – (Herschel Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at the University of Florida “The Revolutionary Import of Garrett Hardin's Work” http://www.garretthardinsociety.org/tributes/tr_elliot_2003jul.html) GHSGB
As I pointed out in A General Statement of Hardin's
AND
and factual tests. Nature can veto moral beliefs and theories.

3 This topic focuses around policy-making ethics—additionally, the use of the word “should” means that util is the best standard. Babb 13

Stephen Babb 13 Babb has well over a decade's worth of involvement with LD debate, experiencing success as a competitor and coach alike. When debating for TMI in San Antonio, he was the Texas State Champion and twice finished in the top 10 at NFL Nationals. He was invited to the Greenhill and MBA Round Robins and twice broke at both Greenhill and Emory. More recently, he directed the Archer program and has worked with a number of schools including Harvard-Westlake, Brentwood, Grapevine and Highland Park. Babb has also served as a summer instructor at a number of institutes including VBI, UNT, NDF, UT and Stanford. He's worked with elite debaters in every setting and judged thousands of debates. After spending two years blogging about the NBA for Bleacher Report, Babb continues to dabble in writing when he isn't doing debate things, “Topic Analysis by Stephen Babb”, Environment v Resource Extraction, Victory Briefs, 2013, BE
Fortunately, this topic at least centers around a question with
AND
attempt to apply ill-fitting ethical paradigms to state policy.

4 Definition – Oxford Dictionary defines should as: indicating a desirable or expected state. This means that definitionally the resolution forces us to use a state of affairs and a consequentialist framework since should is based on END STATES—not the means or intent.

Thus, the standard is maximizing expected well-being.

PLAN TEXT: Developing countries should prioritize environmental protection over resource extraction by banning offshore Arctic drilling.

Advantage 1 is Spills

Top experts say that the chance of a spill is completely certain to happen if in the Arctic drilling continues. Harvey and Walker 13

Harvey and Walker 13 – (Fiona Fiona Harvey is an award-winning environment journalist for the Guardian. Prior to this, she worked for the Financial Times for more than a decade. She has reported on every major environmental issue, from as far afield as the Arctic and the Amazon, and her wide range of interviewees include Ban Ki-moon, Tony Blair, Al Gore and Jeff Immelt Shaun Shaun Walker is Moscow Correspondent for the Guardian. He has lived in Russia for several years and was previously Moscow Correspondent for The Independent. “Arctic oil spill is certain if drilling goes ahead, says top scientist” http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/19/arctic-oil-drilling-russia) GHSGB
A serious oil spill in the Arctic is a "dead
AND
species would be devastating and long-lasting," the group said. 

There’s no way to clean up a spill—it will destroy the Arctic. Banerjee 12

Banerjee 12 – (Subhankar Subhankar Banerjee is an artist, educator and activist whose images of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge and other Alaskan wild lands have captured international attention. He has also done work in the American southwest that addresses desert ecology, and forest deaths from climate change. His current research focuses on the intersection of ecocultural activism and environmental humanities—environmental philosophy, environmental history and ecocriticism. “Walking the Waters: How to Bring the Major Oil Companies Ashore and Halt the Destruction of Our Oceans” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/subhankar-banerjee/shell-arctic-drilling_b_1732835.html) GHSGB
While the blues were feeding in Monterey Bay, Shell’s drill
AND
to human health and will degrade the Arctic’s clean atmosphere.

Spill means extinction- either quickly through the release of methane or slowly and painfully—also causes tsunamis. Young 10

Young 10 – (Elizabeth M Bachelors Degree with Honors in Sociology: University Of California, Berkeley “How the BP Oil Spill Disaster could trigger a future mass-extinction”, http://www.helium.com/items/1906371-how-the-bp-oil-spill-disaster-could-trigger-a-future-mass-extinction) GHSGB
The most disturbing element of deep water oil extraction is
AND
news cycles, because there may be much more to come.

The aftermath of tsunamis also causes huge disease outbreaks that would kill and spread quickly. Isidore et al 12

Isidore et al 12, Alijunid, Kamigaki, Hammad, Oshitani – (Kouadio Dr. Kouadio Koffi Isidore is a Postdoctoral Fellow at United Nations University International Institute for Global Health Syed Dr. Syed Aljunid is a Professor of Health Economics and Senior Research Fellow at UNU International Institute for Global Health. Taro Dr. Taro Kamigaki is an Assistant Professor, at the Department of Virology of Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, in Sendai, Japan. Karen Karen Hammad is an Australian emergency nurse and Lecturer at the School of Nursing and Midwifery, Flinders University, South Australia. Hitoshi Dr. Hitoshi Oshitani is a Professor of Virology at Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, in Sendai Japan. Between 1999 and 2005 he was a regional advisor for Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response at the World Health Organization (WHO) Western Pacific Regional Office in Manila, the Philippines. “Preventing and controlling infectious diseases after natural disasters” http://unu.edu/publications/articles/preventing-and-controlling-infectious-diseases-after-natural-disasters.html#) GHSGB
Over the past few decades, the incidence and magnitude of
AND
present a much more substantial reservoir for potential infectious diseases.

Diseases that spread from tsunamis could result in extinction of the human race. Daswani 96

Kavita Daswani 96 meets a scientist working on a super vaccine to fight AIDS—Dr. Avi Ben-Abraham—Involved in research in the fields of low temperature medicine, cryogenics, and human and stem cell cloning, “Leading the way to a cure for AIDS”, South China Morning Post, 4 Jan 1996, BE
If this makes Dr Ben-Abraham sound like a prophet
AND
and imperil the survival of the human race,' he said.

Advantage 2 is Warming

Drilling for oil in the Arctic causes Arctic sea ice to melt and global warming. Banerjee 13

Banerjee 13 – (Subhankar Subhankar Banerjee is an artist, educator and activist whose images of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge and other Alaskan wild lands have captured international attention. He has also done work in the American southwest that addresses desert ecology, and forest deaths from climate change. His current research focuses on the intersection of ecocultural activism and environmental humanities—environmental philosophy, environmental history and ecocriticism. “Destabilization of Arctic Sea Ice Would Be Game Over for Climate” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/subhankar-banerjee/destabilization-of-arctic_b_4000445.html) GHSGB
"Arctic sea ice extent certainly is continuing the long-term
AND
end-Permian extinction, a bit sooner than we have to.

And, this Arctic ice melting would plunge Europe into an ice age—it’ll be a real-life day after tomorrow. RSE 07

RSE 07 Religion, Science and the Environment, Symposium VII: ‘The Arctic: Mirror of Life’, RSE Symposium, http://www.rsesymposia.org/more.php?catid=170andpcatid=162
If the Arctic is one of the first victims of
AND
of us has a moral obligation to take urgent action.

Ice age would cause extinction—the tropics would be the only possible place to live, but it would become too crowded. Life would be impossible. Taylor 02

Brian Taylor 02 Professor, Department of Geology and Geophysics Acting Associate Dean of Research, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology University of Hawai'i at Manoa, “Ice Age”, The Weather Outlook, 2002, XYZ
During the last ice age, the ice cover was believed
AND
her/himself scenario, where laws and society would become meaningless.

This is uniquely true because of globalization – even if the collapse was small, it could be catastrophic—there’s no way that humans could survive a sudden ice age in the modern day. Gagosian 03

Gagosian 03 (Pres. and Director, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution) 1/27/03 Dr. Robert B. Abrupt Climate Change: Should We Be Worried, Prepared for a Panel at the World Economic Forum, www.whoi.edu/home/about/whatsnew_abruptclimate.html wndi03
We could downplay the relevance of past abrupt events and
AND
least we can still take steps to adapt to them.

Underview

1 Aff gets RVIs on I meets and offense back to counter-interps--advocacy skills.

2 Prefer reasonable aff interps:

A Topic Education
B Strat Skew

3 Neg must weigh theory against the amount of education lost by not discussing the topic—topic comes first:

A Topic education outweighs
B Predictability

Tournament: Woodward | Round: 1 | Opponent: Marlborough | Judge: Rikhav Shah

Definitions

Development is an ongoing process that no country has completed; this era of globalization requires that we redefine the term of art that is “developing”. Development is a process, not a destination. Payne 13

Tony Payne 13 Tony Payne joined the Scheffield department of Politics in 1985 and was promoted to Professor in 1993. He was Chairman of the Department between 1992 and 1995 and again between 1998 and 2001. He was the Director of the Political Economy Research Centre (PERC) from 1996 to 1999 and Co-Director from 2002 to 2004. He was Pro-Vice-Chancellor for the Social Sciences from June 2008 until August 2012. He is now co-director (with Colin Hay) of the Sheffield Political Economy Research Institute (SPERI)., “We are all developing countries now!”, The University of Scheffield, 7 Jan 2013, BE
One of the puzzles (to me at least) of much
AND
functioning, and indeed improving, society back home, as it were.

Framework

1 A utilitarian ethic is the best environmental ethic because it is non-anthropocentric and values nature as an end in itself. Wolff 09

Wolff 09 - (Brian G. M.S. in Environmental Biology from the University of Minnesota, Duluth, and a Ph.D. in Conservation Biology from the University of Minnesota. He has been teaching biology, environmental biology, and ecology at the University of Minnesota and Normandale Community College since 1994. "Environmental Studies and Utilitarian Ethics" http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ889705.pdf) GHSGB
Human beings and other sentient organisms depend on the ecological
AND
fields, utilitarianism has its proponents and utilitarian arguments are common.

2 In the context of the environment we must question state of affairs—appealing to abstract moral theories is insufficient. This means that we have to consider the consequences of our actions on the environment and humans. Elliot 03

Elliot 03 – (Herschel Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at the University of Florida “The Revolutionary Import of Garrett Hardin's Work” http://www.garretthardinsociety.org/tributes/tr_elliot_2003jul.html) GHSGB
As I pointed out in A General Statement of Hardin's
AND
and factual tests. Nature can veto moral beliefs and theories.

3 This topic focuses around policy-making ethics—additionally, the use of the word “should” means that util is the best standard. Babb 13

Stephen Babb 13 Babb has well over a decade's worth of involvement with LD debate, experiencing success as a competitor and coach alike. When debating for TMI in San Antonio, he was the Texas State Champion and twice finished in the top 10 at NFL Nationals. He was invited to the Greenhill and MBA Round Robins and twice broke at both Greenhill and Emory. More recently, he directed the Archer program and has worked with a number of schools including Harvard-Westlake, Brentwood, Grapevine and Highland Park. Babb has also served as a summer instructor at a number of institutes including VBI, UNT, NDF, UT and Stanford. He's worked with elite debaters in every setting and judged thousands of debates. After spending two years blogging about the NBA for Bleacher Report, Babb continues to dabble in writing when he isn't doing debate things, “Topic Analysis by Stephen Babb”, Environment v Resource Extraction, Victory Briefs, 2013, BE
Fortunately, this topic at least centers around a question with
AND
attempt to apply ill-fitting ethical paradigms to state policy.

Thus, the standard is maximizing expected well-being.

PLAN TEXT: Developing countries should prioritize environmental protection over resource extraction by banning offshore Arctic drilling.

The solvency advocate is save the Arctic. Save the Arctic

Save the Arctic writes (Save the Arctic, http://www.savethearctic.org, BE)
Sign the petition to join the millions who believe in
AND
and ban offshore drilling and destructive industry in the Arctic.

And, the plan is inherent because Russia literally just started drilling in the Arctic. Radyuhin 12/22

VLADIMIR RADYUHIN 12/22, “Russia upstages West in Arctic oil rush, begins pumping from offshore platform”, The Hindu, 22 Dec 2013, BE
Russia has announced the start of offshore oil production in
AND
Russian companies in exploration for hydrocarbons in the Arctic region”.

Advantage 1 is Spills

Top experts say that the chance of a spill is completely certain to happen if in the arctic drilling continues. Harvey and Walker 13

Harvey and Walker 13 – (Fiona Fiona Harvey is an award-winning environment journalist for the Guardian. Prior to this, she worked for the Financial Times for more than a decade. She has reported on every major environmental issue, from as far afield as the Arctic and the Amazon, and her wide range of interviewees include Ban Ki-moon, Tony Blair, Al Gore and Jeff Immelt Shaun Shaun Walker is Moscow Correspondent for the Guardian. He has lived in Russia for several years and was previously Moscow Correspondent for The Independent. “Arctic oil spill is certain if drilling goes ahead, says top scientist” http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/19/arctic-oil-drilling-russia) GHSGB
A serious oil spill in the Arctic is a "dead
AND
species would be devastating and long-lasting," the group said. 

There’s no way to clean up a spill—it will destroy the arctic. Banerjee 12

Banerjee 12 – (Subhankar Subhankar Banerjee is an artist, educator and activist whose images of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge and other Alaskan wild lands have captured international attention “Walking the Waters: How to Bring the Major Oil Companies Ashore and Halt the Destruction of Our Oceans” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/subhankar-banerjee/shell-arctic-drilling_b_1732835.html) GHSGB
While the blues were feeding in Monterey Bay, Shell’s drill
AND
to human health and will degrade the Arctic’s clean atmosphere.

Spill means extinction- either quickly through the release of methane or slowly and painfully—also causes tsunamis. Young 10

Young 10 –( Elizabeth M Bachelors Degree with Honors in Sociology: University Of California, Berkeley “How the BP Oil Spill Disaster could trigger a future mass-extinction”, http://www.helium.com/items/1906371-how-the-bp-oil-spill-disaster-could-trigger-a-future-mass-extinction)GHS//GB
The most disturbing element of deep water oil extraction is
AND
news cycles, because there may be much more to come.

And, oil spills are detrimental to the economy and increase poverty. Watson 10

Tim Watson 10, “Oil spill kills jobs, shrinks incomes and hurts industry”, USA Today, 5 Aug 2010, BE
• Fishing. The region's fish, shrimp, crab and shellfish sales are
AND
and more than $2.1 billion in economic activity this year.

Advantage 2 is Warming

Drilling for oil in the Arctic causes arctic sea ice to melt and global warming. Banerjee 13

Banerjee 13 – (Subhankar Subhankar Banerjee is an artist, educator and activist whose images of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge and other Alaskan wild lands have captured international attention “Destabilization of Arctic Sea Ice Would Be Game Over for Climate” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/subhankar-banerjee/destabilization-of-arctic_b_4000445.html) GHSGB
"Arctic sea ice extent certainly is continuing the long-term
AND
end-Permian extinction, a bit sooner than we have to.

And, this Arctic ice melting would plunge Europe into an ice age. RSE 07

RSE 07 Religion, Science and the Environment, Symposium VII: ‘The Arctic: Mirror of Life’, RSE Symposium, http://www.rsesymposia.org/more.php?catid=170andpcatid=162
If the Arctic is one of the first victims of
AND
of us has a moral obligation to take urgent action.

Ice age would cause extinction—the tropics would be the only possible place to live, but it would become too crowded. Life would be impossible. Taylor 02

Brian Taylor 02 Professor, Department of Geology and Geophysics Acting Associate Dean of Research, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology University of Hawai'i at Manoa, “Ice Age”, The Weather Outlook, 2002, XYZ
During the last ice age, the ice cover was believed
AND
her/himself scenario, where laws and society would become meaningless.

Advantage 3 is Militarism

Drilling in the Arctic is starting US-Russia conflict; the Arctic countries are militarizing and preparing for war. Macalister 11

Macalister 11 – (Terry Terry Macalister is energy editor of the Guardian. He has been employed at the paper and website for 12 years and previously worked for the Independent and other national titles “US and Russia stir up political tensions over Arctic” http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/06/us-russia-political-tensions-arctic)GHS//GB
The seventh ministerial meeting of the Arctic Council in May
AND
but mainly for specialist assistance around commercial and other interests.

This militarism is on the brink now—countries are investing more and more in military control of the Arctic. Salbuchi 13

Adrian Salbuchi 13 political analyst, author, speaker and radio/TV commentator, “Global Arctic wars already started”, RT, 19 Dec 2013, BE
So President Putin has very prudently ordered his military starting
AND
Paraguay, Argentina, Chile, Colombia and other countries in the region.

The US is probably going to drill in the Arctic very soon, almost certainly in 2014—this’ll be the brink for the conflict. Ryan 12/31

John Ryan 12/31 Reporter, won national awards for KUOW as a freelancer, “Shell Still Aims For Arctic Oil Drilling Despite Mishaps”, Kuow, 31 Dec 2013, BE
The setbacks and delays have not dampened Shell's enthusiasm for
AND
the biggest prize," Henry said. "That's the multibillion-barrel prize."

Any risk of Russian conflict or instability could cause use of nuclear weapons, escalating to all-out nuclear war across Eurasia and involving the US. Oliker and Charlick-Paley 02

Oliker and Charlick-Paley 02 Olga and Tanya, (RAND Analysts) Assessing Russia’s Decline, RAND Books, p. online wyo-tjc
The preceding chapters have illustrated the ways in which Russia’s
AND
at one of Russia’s nuclear power plants or other facilities.

Underview

Aff gets RVIs

1 Competing interps means RVIs
2 Reciprocity
3 Theory is conditional
4 Deterrence
5 If I'm actually abusive then you should win theory

Absent environmental regulations, increases in poverty are inevitable. Provost 13

Claire Provost 13 Works on the Guardian's Global Development Website, "Environmental Threats could Push Billions into Extreme Poverty, warns UN," The Guardian: Global Development, March 14, 2013, GHSMM
The number of people living in extreme poverty could increase
AND
growth and societal change for the first time in centuries."

Tournament: Woodward | Round: 3 | Opponent: Mountain Brooke | Judge: Stephen Babb

Definitions

Development is an ongoing process that no country has completed; this era of globalization requires that we redefine the term of art that is “developing”. Development is a process, not a destination. Payne 13

Tony Payne 13 Tony Payne joined the Scheffield department of Politics in 1985 and was promoted to Professor in 1993. He was Chairman of the Department between 1992 and 1995 and again between 1998 and 2001. He was the Director of the Political Economy Research Centre (PERC) from 1996 to 1999 and Co-Director from 2002 to 2004. He was Pro-Vice-Chancellor for the Social Sciences from June 2008 until August 2012. He is now co-director (with Colin Hay) of the Sheffield Political Economy Research Institute (SPERI)., “We are all developing countries now!”, The University of Scheffield, 7 Jan 2013, BE
One of the puzzles (to me at least) of much
AND
functioning, and indeed improving, society back home, as it were.

Framework

1 A utilitarian ethic is the best environmental ethic because it is non-anthropocentric and values nature as an end in itself. Wolff 09

Wolff 09 - (Brian G. M.S. in Environmental Biology from the University of Minnesota, Duluth, and a Ph.D. in Conservation Biology from the University of Minnesota. He has been teaching biology, environmental biology, and ecology at the University of Minnesota and Normandale Community College since 1994. "Environmental Studies and Utilitarian Ethics" http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ889705.pdf) GHSGB
Human beings and other sentient organisms depend on the ecological
AND
fields, utilitarianism has its proponents and utilitarian arguments are common.

2 In the context of the environment we must question state of affairs—appealing to abstract moral theories is insufficient. This means that we have to consider the consequences of our actions on the environment and humans. Elliot 03

Elliot 03 – (Herschel Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at the University of Florida “The Revolutionary Import of Garrett Hardin's Work” http://www.garretthardinsociety.org/tributes/tr_elliot_2003jul.html) GHSGB
As I pointed out in A General Statement of Hardin's
AND
and factual tests. Nature can veto moral beliefs and theories.

3 Definition – Oxford Dictionary defines should as

indicating a desirable or expected state.

This means that definitionally the resolution forces us to use a state of affairs and a consequentialist framework since policy state of affairs questions are utilitarian. Goodin 90

Robert Goodin 90, professor of philosophy at the Australian National University college of arts and social sciences, “The Utilitarian Response,” pgs 141-142, BE
My larger argument turns on the proposition that there is
AND
use it at all – to choose general rules or conduct.

Thus, the standard is maximizing expected well-being.

PLAN TEXT: Developing countries should prioritize environmental protection over resource extraction by banning offshore Arctic drilling.

The solvency advocate is save the Arctic. Save the Arctic

Save the Arctic writes (Save the Arctic, http://www.savethearctic.org, BE)
Sign the petition to join the millions who believe in
AND
and ban offshore drilling and destructive industry in the Arctic.

And, the plan is inherent because Russia literally just started drilling in the Arctic. Radyuhin 12/22

VLADIMIR RADYUHIN 12/22, “Russia upstages West in Arctic oil rush, begins pumping from offshore platform”, The Hindu, 22 Dec 2013, BE
Russia has announced the start of offshore oil production in
AND
Russian companies in exploration for hydrocarbons in the Arctic region”.

Advantage 1 is Spills

Top experts say that the chance of a spill is completely certain to happen if in the arctic drilling continues. Harvey and Walker 13

Harvey and Walker 13 – (Fiona Fiona Harvey is an award-winning environment journalist for the Guardian. Prior to this, she worked for the Financial Times for more than a decade. She has reported on every major environmental issue, from as far afield as the Arctic and the Amazon, and her wide range of interviewees include Ban Ki-moon, Tony Blair, Al Gore and Jeff Immelt Shaun Shaun Walker is Moscow Correspondent for the Guardian. He has lived in Russia for several years and was previously Moscow Correspondent for The Independent. “Arctic oil spill is certain if drilling goes ahead, says top scientist” http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/19/arctic-oil-drilling-russia) GHSGB
A serious oil spill in the Arctic is a "dead
AND
species would be devastating and long-lasting," the group said. 

There’s no way to clean up a spill—it will destroy the arctic. Banerjee 12

Banerjee 12 – (Subhankar Subhankar Banerjee is an artist, educator and activist whose images of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge and other Alaskan wild lands have captured international attention “Walking the Waters: How to Bring the Major Oil Companies Ashore and Halt the Destruction of Our Oceans” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/subhankar-banerjee/shell-arctic-drilling_b_1732835.html) GHSGB
While the blues were feeding in Monterey Bay, Shell’s drill
AND
to human health and will degrade the Arctic’s clean atmosphere.

Spill means extinction- either quickly through the release of methane or slowly and painfully—also causes tsunamis. Young 10

Young 10 –( Elizabeth M Bachelors Degree with Honors in Sociology: University Of California, Berkeley “How the BP Oil Spill Disaster could trigger a future mass-extinction”, http://www.helium.com/items/1906371-how-the-bp-oil-spill-disaster-could-trigger-a-future-mass-extinction)GHS//GB
The most disturbing element of deep water oil extraction is
AND
news cycles, because there may be much more to come.

And, oil spills are detrimental to the economy and increase poverty. Watson 10

Tim Watson 10, “Oil spill kills jobs, shrinks incomes and hurts industry”, USA Today, 5 Aug 2010, BE
• Fishing. The region's fish, shrimp, crab and shellfish sales are
AND
and more than $2.1 billion in economic activity this year.

Advantage 2 is Warming

Drilling for oil in the Arctic causes arctic sea ice to melt and global warming. Banerjee 13

Banerjee 13 – (Subhankar Subhankar Banerjee is an artist, educator and activist whose images of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge and other Alaskan wild lands have captured international attention “Destabilization of Arctic Sea Ice Would Be Game Over for Climate” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/subhankar-banerjee/destabilization-of-arctic_b_4000445.html) GHSGB
"Arctic sea ice extent certainly is continuing the long-term
AND
end-Permian extinction, a bit sooner than we have to.

And, this Arctic ice melting would plunge Europe into an ice age. RSE 07

RSE 07 Religion, Science and the Environment, Symposium VII: ‘The Arctic: Mirror of Life’, RSE Symposium, http://www.rsesymposia.org/more.php?catid=170andpcatid=162
If the Arctic is one of the first victims of
AND
of us has a moral obligation to take urgent action.

Ice age would cause extinction—the tropics would be the only possible place to live, but it would become too crowded. Life would be impossible. Taylor 02

Brian Taylor 02 Professor, Department of Geology and Geophysics Acting Associate Dean of Research, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology University of Hawai'i at Manoa, “Ice Age”, The Weather Outlook, 2002, XYZ
During the last ice age, the ice cover was believed
AND
her/himself scenario, where laws and society would become meaningless.

Advantage 3 is Militarism

Drilling in the Arctic is starting US-Russia conflict; the Arctic countries are militarizing and preparing for war. Macalister 11

Macalister 11 – (Terry Terry Macalister is energy editor of the Guardian. He has been employed at the paper and website for 12 years and previously worked for the Independent and other national titles “US and Russia stir up political tensions over Arctic” http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/06/us-russia-political-tensions-arctic)GHS//GB
The seventh ministerial meeting of the Arctic Council in May
AND
but mainly for specialist assistance around commercial and other interests.

This militarism is on the brink now—countries are investing more and more in military control of the Arctic. Salbuchi 13

Adrian Salbuchi 13 political analyst, author, speaker and radio/TV commentator, “Global Arctic wars already started”, RT, 19 Dec 2013, BE
So President Putin has very prudently ordered his military starting
AND
Paraguay, Argentina, Chile, Colombia and other countries in the region.

The US is probably going to drill in the Arctic very soon, almost certainly in 2014—this’ll be the brink for the conflict. Ryan 12/31

John Ryan 12/31 Reporter, won national awards for KUOW as a freelancer, “Shell Still Aims For Arctic Oil Drilling Despite Mishaps”, Kuow, 31 Dec 2013, BE
The setbacks and delays have not dampened Shell's enthusiasm for
AND
the biggest prize," Henry said. "That's the multibillion-barrel prize."

Any risk of Russian conflict or instability could cause use of nuclear weapons, escalating to all-out nuclear war across Eurasia and involving the US. Oliker and Charlick-Paley 02

Oliker and Charlick-Paley 02 Olga and Tanya, (RAND Analysts) Assessing Russia’s Decline, RAND Books, p. online wyo-tjc
The preceding chapters have illustrated the ways in which Russia’s
AND
at one of Russia’s nuclear power plants or other facilities.

Russia nuke use causes US-Russia War—this is THE ONLY war scenario for extinction. Bostrom 02

Bostrom 02 Nick, PhD and Professor at Oxford University, “Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards,” March
A much greater existential risk emerged with the build-up of
AND
since it would not destroy or thwart humankind’s potential permanently.

Underview

Aff gets RVIs

1 Competing interps means RVIs
2 Reciprocity

Absent environmental regulations, increases in poverty are inevitable. Provost 13

Claire Provost 13 Works on the Guardian's Global Development Website, "Environmental Threats could Push Billions into Extreme Poverty, warns UN," The Guardian: Global Development, March 14, 2013, GHSMM
The number of people living in extreme poverty could increase
AND
growth and societal change for the first time in centuries."

Extinction outweighs all other impacts

A Reversibility
B Scope
C Anthropocentrism

Tournament: McMillen | Round: 2 | Opponent: Colleyville | Judge: Rereddy

Framework

I value morality.

Agent neutrality is how we make moral decisions. Regan 83

Donald H. Regan 83, “Against Evaluator Relativity: A Response to Sen” Philosophy and Public Affairs”, 12:2 (Spring, 1983), pp. 93-112: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2265308 GHSGB
A further problem with evaluator-relative theories is that they generate
AND
would have if both had followed an evaluator-neutral morality

Agent neutrality means util. Darwall 86

Stephen Darwall 86 professor of philosophy, Yale university, “Agent-Centered Restrictions from the inside out” Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic¶ Tradition, Vol. 50, No. 3, Symposium on Rationality and Moral Values (Nov., 1986), pp. 291-¶ 319 GHSGB
Consequentialism holds that an agent ought to do what will
AND
intrinsically good state of affairs of people keeping ¶ their promises.

S – Maximizing expected well-being

Also prefer this:

1 Morality is grounded in empirical reality. Schwartz

Stephen P. Schwartz Ithaca College, “A Defense of Naïve Empiricism: It is Neither Self-Refuting Nor Dogmatic”, Ithaca College, pgs 1-14, BE
The empirical support for the fundamental principle of empiricism is
AND
knowledge would be made possible. This is an empirical claim

2 Governments are util. Goodin 90

Robert Goodin 90, professor of philosophy at the Australian National University college of arts and social sciences “The Utilitarian Response,” pgs 141-142, BE
My larger argument turns on the proposition that there is something
AND
use it at all – to choose general rules or conduct.

3 No act-omission distinction. Rachels 05

James Rachels 01, Encyclopedia of Ethics, 2nd edition, ed. Lawrence Becker and Charlotte Becker (New York: Routledge, 2001), vol. 2, pp. 947-50
So what is the difference between causing and allowing? What
AND
running away, I may be moving my body very rapidly.

4 Extinction first. Bostrom 13

Nick Bostrom 13 Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School, Oxford, “Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority”, Global Policy, Vol 4, Issue 1 (2013): 15-31, BE
These reflections on moral uncertainty suggests an alternative, complementary way
AND
makes humanity more likely to want to realize human values.

Links

1 Palm oil growth in Indonesia and Malaysia is really really bad. Fitzherbert et al. 09

Fitzherbert et al 09, Struebig, Morel, Danielsen, Brühl, Donald, Phalan – (Emily Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Matthew Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Alexandra School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, Finn Environmental Change Institute, Oxford University Centre for the Environment, Carsten NORDECO Paul Institute for Environmental Sciences Ben Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge “How will oil palm expansion affect biodiversity?” Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 2009, vol. 23, no. 10, pp 529-588) GHSGB
Expansion and intensification of agriculture is the greatest current threat
AND
biodiversity value and complement the species in larger reserves 50,51,53.

2 Biofuels erode topsoil, pollute oceans, kill biodiversity, and aid warming.

Calder 08 (Christopher specialist in meditation, advocate for world food supply security “Smug US Congress says, "Let them eat biofuels!" http://newsgroups.derkeiler.com/Archive/Alt/alt.religion.christian/2008-01/msg00138) GHSGB
3) Biofuel production harms the environment by needlessly eroding topsoil and
AND
forests which naturally clean and rejuvenate the air we breathe

Impacts

1 Biodiversity loss means extinction. Noss 09

Reed F Noss 09,  Research Associate, Center for Conservation Biology, Stanford University. Courtesy Associate Professor, Fisheries and Wildlife Department, Oregon State University. Editor of Conservation Biology. Editor of Conservation Biology, “Endangered Species” http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761557586/endangered_species.html
Endangered Species, plant and animal species that are in danger
AND
there—that is, species that live nowhere else—are endangered.

2 Global warming means extinction. Flournoy 12

Flournoy 12 (Citing Dr. Feng Hsu, a NASA scientist at the Goddard Space Flight Center, in 2012, Don Flournoy, PhD and MA from the University of Texas, Former Dean of the University College @ Ohio University, Former Associate Dean @ State University of New York and Case Institute of Technology, Project Manager for University/Industry Experiments for the NASA ACTS Satellite, Currently Professor of Telecommunications @ Scripps College of Communications @ Ohio University, Citing Dr. "Solar Power Satellites," Chapter 2: What Are the Principal Sunsat Services and Markets?, January, Springer Briefs in Space Development, Book)
In the Online Journal of Space Communication, Dr. Feng Hsu
AND
and we will take most of the biosphere with us.

3 Ocean destruction means extinction. Craig 03

Craig 03 Associate Prof Law, Indiana U School Law, 2003¶ (McGeorge Law Review, 34 McGeorge L. Rev. 155 Lexis)
Biodiversity and ecosystem function arguments for conserving marine ecosystems also
AND
and we will take most of the biosphere with us.

Solvency

PLAN: Malaysia and Indonesia will prioritize environmental protection over resource extraction by stopping the growth of all biofuel plants.

Stopping biofuels solves for the harms of the AC. Knudson 09

Knudson 09 – (Tom Tom Knudson has been honored many times for his journalism. His notable work for The Sacramento Bee includes "State of Denial," about the ways California's strict environmental policies conflict with its use of resources from environmentally fragile parts of the planet. That series can be found online at www.sacbee.com/denial. Knudson also is a two-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize. In 1992, his Bee series about the Sierra Nevada received a Pulitzer for public service; in 1985, he won the national reporting prize while working at The Des Moines (Iowa) Register “The Cost of the Biofuel Boom: Destroying Indonesia’s Forests” http://e360.yale.edu/feature/the_cost_of_the_biofuel_boom_destroying_indonesias_forests/2112/) GHSGB
As a child, Matt Aman grew up in the lush tropical
AND
of plant, insect, bird, and animal species on the planet.

There’s no disadvantage to getting rid of biofuels. Dizikes 13

Peter Dizikes 13 reporter for the MIT news office – in this he is citing a study by two MIT professors of economics “Study: Ethanol not a major factor in reducing gas prices” http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2013/study-ethanol-not-a-major-factor-in-reducing-gas-prices-1009.html) GHSGB
If you have stopped at a gas station recently, there
AND
only going to set up policymakers for disappointment,” Knittel says.

Tournament: Colleyville | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Woodlands College Park | Judge: Jonathan Wei, Daniel Becker, Brian Hodge

Part 1

I value morality and the standard is mitigating structural violence.

1 Structural violence is based in moral exclusion, which is fundamentally flawed because exclusion is not based on dessert but rather on arbitrarily perceived differences. Opotow 01

Susan Opotow 01 Susan Opotow is a social and organizational psychologist. Her work examines the intersection of conflict, justice, and identity as they give rise to moral exclusion -- seeing others as outside the scope of justice and as eligible targets of discrimination, exploitation, hate, or violence. She studies moral exclusion and moral inclusion in such everyday contexts as schooling, environmental and public policy conflict, and in more violent contexts, such as deadly wars and the post-war period. She has guest edited The Journal of Social Issues and Social Justice Research and co-edited Identity and the Natural Environment: The Psychological Significance of Nature (MIT Press, 2003). She is associate editor of Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology and Past President of the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, “Social Injustice”, Peace, Conflict, and Violence: Peace Psychology for the 21st Centuryl Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 2001, BE
Both structural and direct violence results from moral justifications and
AND
or one’s group at the expense of others (Tajfel, 1982).

2 Questions of structural violence come first because they determine the scope of morality. Winter and Leighton 99

Winter and Leighton 99 |Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter|Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and ustice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice “Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century.” Pg 4-5 ghsVA
Finally, to recognize the operation of structural violence forces us
AND
will be our most surefooted path to building lasting peace.

3 Prevention of structural violence is necessary to ever achieve rights—protecting indigenous, cultural rights are uniquely important for this. Lykes 01

M. Brinton Lykes 01 Ph.D., Boston College¶ M.Div., Harvard University¶ EXPERTISE/INTERESTS¶ Psychosocial effects of state-sponsored terror and organized violence; human rights policy and mental health interventions; participatory action research and community-based strategies for change; immigration and effects of deportation on families and communities; gender, culture, and theories of the self, “HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS AS STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE” Peace, Conflict, and Vio- lence: Peace Psychology for the 21st Century. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 2001, BE
There are many other examples of concrete experiences among indigenous
AND
world, particularly in zones of ongoing or recent armed conflict.

Part 2

1 Cultures are literally destroyed by the development of palm oil in forests—the loss of intangible heritage is devastating to local populations. Marti 08

Serge Marti 08 LifeMosaic, A research report for Friends of the Earth, “Losing Groun d: The human impacts of palm oil expansion”, Friends of Earth, February 2008, BE
One of the most striking aspects of oil palm plantation
AND
Villagers said ‘if the forest goes, we are gone’”. 355

2 Ancestral graves and other cultural sites are BULLDOZED in the attempt to expand palm oil plantations into forests—this means nothing to the corporations but everything to the local peoples. Local cultures and ceremonies aren’t worth a useless plant. Marti 2

Serge Marti 2 LifeMosaic, A research report for Friends of the Earth, “Losing Ground: The human impacts of palm oil expansion”, Friends of Earth, February 2008, BE
A frequently reported cultural impact of oil palm expansion is
AND
proof of long-term community occupation of the land.364

3 Women, who traditionally hold positions of power in indigenous groups, are subjugated and marginalized by the growth of the palm oil industry. Sirait 09

Martua T. Sirait 09 This report has been commissioned by the Amsterdam University Law Faculty and financed by Cordaid, The Hague, “Indigenous Peoples and Oil Palm Plantation Expansion in West Kalimantan, Indonesia”, University Van Amsterdam, May 2009, BE
Julia (2008) through her research of the Hibun IPs, indicated
AND
at 4 AM, hoping to return home the same day.

4 Expansion into indigenous communities HAS to be stopped—destruction of forests displaces and destroys the culture of local people for something we don’t even need. King no date

Thomas King no date In the past 2 years I have committed myself to a number of projects, organisations and fundraising events aimed to protect the forests and wildlife of South-East Asia:¶ * Was the keynote speaker at the 2011 "Year of the Forest" Jane Goodall Youth Summit at Melbourne Zoo¶ * Begun volunteering for the The Orangutan Project (TOP) in August 2010¶ * Have helped raise over $25,000 through TOP fundraisers in the past 3 years¶ * Created and help manage the TOP Facebook Page - click here¶ * Was chosen to be TOP's 'Youth Ambassador'¶ * Became the Operations Manager at ATAAC (Australian Teens Against Animal Cruelty) - click here¶ * Was given the title of a Melbourne Zoo 'Wild Activist' in 2011 - click here¶ * Was awarded "Junior Green Hero" at the Green Lifestyle Awards 2012, featuring Bob Brown - click here¶ * Wrote to over 50 companies about their use of palm oil ¶ * Wrote to 136 Australian Federal MPs to persuade them to support the palm oil labeling bill¶ * Featured in the 2011 October/November issue of G Magazine¶ * Had my article "The Borneo Journey" published on the G Magazine website - click here¶ * Spoke on SYN (Student Youth Network) radio to raise awareness about the cause¶ * Became an active member of the DeforestACTION Project - click here¶ * Rallied at the Melbourne Parliament for the mandatory labeling of palm oil in Australia, “SAY NO TO PALM OIL: HOME”, no date, BE
Around 50 million tons of palm oil is produced annually
AND
and start thinking long-term, this is only a vision.

5 Indigenous peoples are displaced by palm oil expansion—taking away their land rights and the culture that they’ve had for thousands of years. Brown and Jacobson 05

Brown and Jacobson 05 Ellie Brown, Ph.D., and Michael F. Jacobson, Ph.D., “CRUEL OIL How Palm Oil Harms Health, Rainforest and Wildlife”, Center for Science in the Public Interest, May 2005, BE
Oil palm agriculture can annihilate not just wildlife, but also
AND
was forcibly occupied by Indonesia in the early 1960s.130

6 Those that work on palm oil plantations are trapped in an endless cycle of poverty. Accenture 13

Accenture 13, “Exploitative Labor Practices in the Global Palm Oil Industry”, Prepared by Accenture for Humanity United, 2013, BE
Governments and commercial plantations have been recognized for developing smallholder
AND
and poor in smallholder areas, especially in parts of Indonesia152.

7 Practices employed in palm oil plantations parallel a modern kind of slavery—children are systematically exploited. Maulia 08

Erwida Maulia 08 Reporter, “RI workers, children 'enslaved' in Malaysia, commission says”, The Jakarta Post, 17 Sep 2008, BE
"Slavery practices" at palm oil plantations in Sabah, Malaysia, have
AND
by Malaysian security officers who checked their documents, Arist said.

Part 3

PLAN TEXT: Malaysia and Indonesia will prioritize environmental protection over resource extraction by stopping the expansion of palm oil plantations into forests.

1 This solves back for the harms of the AC because the most direct harms of biofuels come from palm oil growth in forests. Knudson 09

Knudson 09 – (Tom Tom Knudson has been honored many times for his journalism. His notable work for The Sacramento Bee includes "State of Denial," about the ways California's strict environmental policies conflict with its use of resources from environmentally fragile parts of the planet. That series can be found online at www.sacbee.com/denial. Knudson also is a two-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize. In 1992, his Bee series about the Sierra Nevada received a Pulitzer for public service; in 1985, he won the national reporting prize while working at The Des Moines (Iowa) Register “The Cost of the Biofuel Boom: Destroying Indonesia’s Forests” http://e360.yale.edu/feature/the_cost_of_the_biofuel_boom_destroying_indonesias_forests/2112/) GHSGB
As a child, Matt Aman grew up in the lush
AND
of plant, insect, bird, and animal species on the planet.

2 There’s no disadvantage to getting rid of biofuels—we don’t actually need them that badly. Dizikes 13

Peter Dizikes writes in ‘13 reporter for the MIT news office – in this he is citing a study by two MIT professors of economics “Study: Ethanol not a major factor in reducing gas prices” http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2013/study-ethanol-not-a-major-factor-in-reducing-gas-prices-1009.html) GHSGB
If you have stopped at a gas station recently, there
AND
only going to set up policymakers for disappointment,” Knittel says.

Underview

Dehumanization from structural violence impacts to any framework because it justifies any atrocity. Berube 97

David Berube 97 Professor. English University of South Carolina “Nanotechnological Prolongevity: The Down Side”, 1997, BE
Assuming we are able to predict who or what are
AND
epoch has evil and dehumanization is evil's most powerful weapon.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: Octas | Opponent: Harvard-Westlake | Judge: Ryan Fink, Tim Alderete, Oliver Gappmayer

Part 1

First, Black’s Law Dictionary defines environmental protection as:

(Black’s Law Dictionary: http://thelawdictionary.org/environmental-protection/#ixzz2oXRpGivq)
Environmental guardianship based on policies and procedures. Objectives are (1)
AND
environment and, (3) where possible, repairing damage and reversing trends.

Thus, the aff burden is to defend a policy that prioritizes environmental protection over resource extraction.

I value morality and the standard is mitigating structural violence.

1 Structural violence is based in moral exclusion, which is fundamentally flawed because exclusion is not based on dessert but rather on arbitrarily perceived differences. Opotow 01

Susan Opotow 01 Susan Opotow is a social and organizational psychologist. Her work examines the intersection of conflict, justice, and identity as they give rise to moral exclusion -- seeing others as outside the scope of justice and as eligible targets of discrimination, exploitation, hate, or violence. She studies moral exclusion and moral inclusion in such everyday contexts as schooling, environmental and public policy conflict, and in more violent contexts, such as deadly wars and the post-war period. She has guest edited The Journal of Social Issues and Social Justice Research and co-edited Identity and the Natural Environment: The Psychological Significance of Nature (MIT Press, 2003). She is associate editor of Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology and Past President of the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, “Social Injustice”, Peace, Conflict, and Violence: Peace Psychology for the 21st Centuryl Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 2001, BE
Both structural and direct violence results from moral justifications and
AND
or one’s group at the expense of others (Tajfel, 1982).

2 Questions of structural violence come first because they determine the scope of morality. Winter and Leighton 99

Winter and Leighton 99 |Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter|Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and ustice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice “Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century.” Pg 4-5 ghsVA
Finally, to recognize the operation of structural violence forces us
AND
will be our most surefooted path to building lasting peace.

3 Prevention of structural violence is necessary to ever achieve rights—protecting indigenous, cultural rights are uniquely important for this. Lykes 01

M. Brinton Lykes 01 Ph.D., Boston College¶ M.Div., Harvard University¶ EXPERTISE/INTERESTS¶ Psychosocial effects of state-sponsored terror and organized violence; human rights policy and mental health interventions; participatory action research and community-based strategies for change; immigration and effects of deportation on families and communities; gender, culture, and theories of the self, “HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS AS STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE” Peace, Conflict, and Vio- lence: Peace Psychology for the 21st Century. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 2001, BE
There are many other examples of concrete experiences among indigenous
AND
world, particularly in zones of ongoing or recent armed conflict.

AND—these issues will always matter no matter what framework shenanigans are read. Doing nothing is the same as being complicit in doing evil. There is always at least a 1 chance that my impacts matter. We can and should have a debate about who best solves for that impact—but there is no argument that could justify a ballot for doing nothing.

Part 2

1 Cultures are literally destroyed by the development of palm oil in forests—the loss of intangible heritage is devastating to local populations. Marti 08

Serge Marti 08 LifeMosaic, A research report for Friends of the Earth, “Losing Groun d: The human impacts of palm oil expansion”, Friends of Earth, February 2008, BE
One of the most striking aspects of oil palm plantation
AND
Villagers said ‘if the forest goes, we are gone’”. 355

2 Ancestral graves and other cultural sites are BULLDOZED in the attempt to expand palm oil plantations into forests—this means nothing to the corporations but everything to the local peoples. Local cultures and ceremonies aren’t worth a useless plant. Marti 2

Serge Marti 2 LifeMosaic, A research report for Friends of the Earth, “Losing Ground: The human impacts of palm oil expansion”, Friends of Earth, February 2008, BE
A frequently reported cultural impact of oil palm expansion is
AND
proof of long-term community occupation of the land.364

3 Women, who traditionally hold positions of power in indigenous groups, are subjugated and marginalized by the growth of the palm oil industry. Sirait 09

Martua T. Sirait 09 This report has been commissioned by the Amsterdam University Law Faculty and financed by Cordaid, The Hague, “Indigenous Peoples and Oil Palm Plantation Expansion in West Kalimantan, Indonesia”, University Van Amsterdam, May 2009, BE
Julia (2008) through her research of the Hibun IPs, indicated
AND
at 4 AM, hoping to return home the same day.

4 Expansion into indigenous communities HAS to be stopped—destruction of forests displaces and destroys the culture of local people for something we don’t even need. King no date

Thomas King no date In the past 2 years I have committed myself to a number of projects, organisations and fundraising events aimed to protect the forests and wildlife of South-East Asia:¶ * Was the keynote speaker at the 2011 "Year of the Forest" Jane Goodall Youth Summit at Melbourne Zoo¶ * Begun volunteering for the The Orangutan Project (TOP) in August 2010¶ * Have helped raise over $25,000 through TOP fundraisers in the past 3 years¶ * Created and help manage the TOP Facebook Page - click here¶ * Was chosen to be TOP's 'Youth Ambassador'¶ * Became the Operations Manager at ATAAC (Australian Teens Against Animal Cruelty) - click here¶ * Was given the title of a Melbourne Zoo 'Wild Activist' in 2011 - click here¶ * Was awarded "Junior Green Hero" at the Green Lifestyle Awards 2012, featuring Bob Brown - click here¶ * Wrote to over 50 companies about their use of palm oil ¶ * Wrote to 136 Australian Federal MPs to persuade them to support the palm oil labeling bill¶ * Featured in the 2011 October/November issue of G Magazine¶ * Had my article "The Borneo Journey" published on the G Magazine website - click here¶ * Spoke on SYN (Student Youth Network) radio to raise awareness about the cause¶ * Became an active member of the DeforestACTION Project - click here¶ * Rallied at the Melbourne Parliament for the mandatory labeling of palm oil in Australia, “SAY NO TO PALM OIL: HOME”, no date, BE
Around 50 million tons of palm oil is produced annually
AND
and start thinking long-term, this is only a vision.

5 Practices employed in palm oil plantations parallel a modern kind of slavery—children are systematically exploited. Maulia 08

Erwida Maulia 08 Reporter, “RI workers, children 'enslaved' in Malaysia, commission says”, The Jakarta Post, 17 Sep 2008, BE
"Slavery practices" at palm oil plantations in Sabah, Malaysia, have
AND
by Malaysian security officers who checked their documents, Arist said.

Part 3

PLAN TEXT: Malaysia and Indonesia will prioritize environmental protection over resource extraction by stopping the expansion of palm oil plantations into forests.

This solves back for the harms of the AC because the most direct harms of biofuels come from palm oil growth in forests. Knudson 09

Knudson 09 – (Tom Tom Knudson has been honored many times for his journalism. His notable work for The Sacramento Bee includes "State of Denial," about the ways California's strict environmental policies conflict with its use of resources from environmentally fragile parts of the planet. That series can be found online at www.sacbee.com/denial. Knudson also is a two-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize. In 1992, his Bee series about the Sierra Nevada received a Pulitzer for public service; in 1985, he won the national reporting prize while working at The Des Moines (Iowa) Register “The Cost of the Biofuel Boom: Destroying Indonesia’s Forests” http://e360.yale.edu/feature/the_cost_of_the_biofuel_boom_destroying_indonesias_forests/2112/) GHSGB
As a child, Matt Aman grew up in the lush
AND
of plant, insect, bird, and animal species on the planet.

Underview

1 Aff gets RVIs on offense back to counter-interps:

A It makes theory a two way street
B You shouldn’t allow the NC more than one kickable or conditional position
C Advocacy Skills

2 Prefer reasonable aff interps:

A Topic Education
B Strat Skew

3 Neg must weigh theory against the amount of education lost by not discussing the topic:

A Topic education outweighs
B Predictability

4 Palm oil expansion causes widespread pollution—the two are in conflict. Fitzherbert et al 09

Fitzherbert et al 09, Struebig, Morel, Danielsen, Brühl, Donald, Phalan – (Emily Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Matthew Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Alexandra School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, Finn Environmental Change Institute, Oxford University Centre for the Environment, Carsten NORDECO Paul Institute for Environmental Sciences Ben Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge “How will oil palm expansion affect biodiversity?” Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 2009, vol. 23, no. 10, pp 529-588) GHSGB
Following plantation establishment, the greatest environmental impacts are likely to
AND
unit of output than other oil crops 4,7.2

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 5 | Opponent: Trinity Prep | Judge: Jonathan Alston

Part 1

“He who passively accepts evil is as much involved in it as he who helps to perpetrate it. He who accepts evil without protesting against it is really cooperating with it.”

Because I agree with the words of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., I value morality and the standard is mitigating structural violence.

1 Structural violence is based in moral exclusion, which is fundamentally flawed because exclusion is not based on dessert but rather on arbitrarily perceived differences. Opotow 01

Susan Opotow 01 Susan Opotow is a social and organizational psychologist. Her work examines the intersection of conflict, justice, and identity as they give rise to moral exclusion -- seeing others as outside the scope of justice and as eligible targets of discrimination, exploitation, hate, or violence. She studies moral exclusion and moral inclusion in such everyday contexts as schooling, environmental and public policy conflict, and in more violent contexts, such as deadly wars and the post-war period. She has guest edited The Journal of Social Issues and Social Justice Research and co-edited Identity and the Natural Environment: The Psychological Significance of Nature (MIT Press, 2003). She is associate editor of Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology and Past President of the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, “Social Injustice”, Peace, Conflict, and Violence: Peace Psychology for the 21st Centuryl Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 2001, BE
Both structural and direct violence results from moral justifications and
AND
or one’s group at the expense of others (Tajfel, 1982).

2 Questions of structural violence come first because they determine the scope of morality. Winter and Leighton 99

Winter and Leighton 99 |Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter|Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and ustice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice “Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century.” Pg 4-5 ghsVA
Finally, to recognize the operation of structural violence forces us
AND
will be our most surefooted path to building lasting peace.

3 Prevention of structural violence is necessary to ever achieve rights—protecting indigenous, cultural rights are uniquely important for this. Lykes 01

M. Brinton Lykes 01 Ph.D., Boston College¶ M.Div., Harvard University¶ EXPERTISE/INTERESTS¶ Psychosocial effects of state-sponsored terror and organized violence; human rights policy and mental health interventions; participatory action research and community-based strategies for change; immigration and effects of deportation on families and communities; gender, culture, and theories of the self, “HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS AS STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE” Peace, Conflict, and Vio- lence: Peace Psychology for the 21st Century. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 2001, BE
There are many other examples of concrete experiences among indigenous
AND
world, particularly in zones of ongoing or recent armed conflict.

AND—these issues will always matter no matter what framework shenanigans are read. Doing nothing is the same as being complicit in doing evil. There is always at least a 1 chance that my impacts matter. We can and should have a debate about who best solves for that impact—but there is no argument that could justify a ballot for doing nothing.

After all, as Dr. King said, We will remember not the words of our enemies, but the silence of our friends.

Part 2

1 Cultures are literally destroyed by the development of palm oil in forests—the loss of intangible heritage is devastating to local populations. Marti 08

Serge Marti 08 LifeMosaic, A research report for Friends of the Earth, “Losing Groun d: The human impacts of palm oil expansion”, Friends of Earth, February 2008, BE
One of the most striking aspects of oil palm plantation
AND
Villagers said ‘if the forest goes, we are gone’”. 355

2 Ancestral graves and other cultural sites are BULLDOZED in the attempt to expand palm oil plantations into forests—this means nothing to the corporations but everything to the local peoples. Local cultures and ceremonies aren’t worth a useless plant. Marti 2

Serge Marti 2 LifeMosaic, A research report for Friends of the Earth, “Losing Ground: The human impacts of palm oil expansion”, Friends of Earth, February 2008, BE
A frequently reported cultural impact of oil palm expansion is
AND
proof of long-term community occupation of the land.364

3 Women, who traditionally hold positions of power in indigenous groups, are subjugated and marginalized by the growth of the palm oil industry. Sirait 09

Martua T. Sirait 09 This report has been commissioned by the Amsterdam University Law Faculty and financed by Cordaid, The Hague, “Indigenous Peoples and Oil Palm Plantation Expansion in West Kalimantan, Indonesia”, University Van Amsterdam, May 2009, BE
Julia (2008) through her research of the Hibun IPs, indicated
AND
at 4 AM, hoping to return home the same day.

4 Expansion into indigenous communities HAS to be stopped—destruction of forests displaces and destroys the culture of local people for something we don’t even need. King no date

Thomas King no date In the past 2 years I have committed myself to a number of projects, organisations and fundraising events aimed to protect the forests and wildlife of South-East Asia:¶ * Was the keynote speaker at the 2011 "Year of the Forest" Jane Goodall Youth Summit at Melbourne Zoo¶ * Begun volunteering for the The Orangutan Project (TOP) in August 2010¶ * Have helped raise over $25,000 through TOP fundraisers in the past 3 years¶ * Created and help manage the TOP Facebook Page - click here¶ * Was chosen to be TOP's 'Youth Ambassador'¶ * Became the Operations Manager at ATAAC (Australian Teens Against Animal Cruelty) - click here¶ * Was given the title of a Melbourne Zoo 'Wild Activist' in 2011 - click here¶ * Was awarded "Junior Green Hero" at the Green Lifestyle Awards 2012, featuring Bob Brown - click here¶ * Wrote to over 50 companies about their use of palm oil ¶ * Wrote to 136 Australian Federal MPs to persuade them to support the palm oil labeling bill¶ * Featured in the 2011 October/November issue of G Magazine¶ * Had my article "The Borneo Journey" published on the G Magazine website - click here¶ * Spoke on SYN (Student Youth Network) radio to raise awareness about the cause¶ * Became an active member of the DeforestACTION Project - click here¶ * Rallied at the Melbourne Parliament for the mandatory labeling of palm oil in Australia, “SAY NO TO PALM OIL: HOME”, no date, BE
Around 50 million tons of palm oil is produced annually
AND
and start thinking long-term, this is only a vision.

5 Practices employed in palm oil plantations parallel a modern kind of slavery—children are systematically exploited. Maulia 08

Erwida Maulia 08 Reporter, “RI workers, children 'enslaved' in Malaysia, commission says”, The Jakarta Post, 17 Sep 2008, BE
"Slavery practices" at palm oil plantations in Sabah, Malaysia, have
AND
by Malaysian security officers who checked their documents, Arist said.

6 Indigenous peoples are displaced by palm oil expansion—taking away their land rights and the culture that they’ve had for thousands of years. Brown and Jacobson 05

Brown and Jacobson 05 Ellie Brown, Ph.D., and Michael F. Jacobson, Ph.D., “CRUEL OIL How Palm Oil Harms Health, Rainforest and Wildlife”, Center for Science in the Public Interest, May 2005, BE
Oil palm agriculture can annihilate not just wildlife, but also
AND
was forcibly occupied by Indonesia in the early 1960s.130

Part 3

PLAN TEXT: Malaysia and Indonesia will prioritize environmental protection over resource extraction by stopping the expansion of palm oil plantations into forests.

This solves back for the harms of the AC because the most direct harms of biofuels come from palm oil growth in forests. Knudson 09

Knudson 09 – (Tom Tom Knudson has been honored many times for his journalism. His notable work for The Sacramento Bee includes "State of Denial," about the ways California's strict environmental policies conflict with its use of resources from environmentally fragile parts of the planet. That series can be found online at www.sacbee.com/denial. Knudson also is a two-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize. In 1992, his Bee series about the Sierra Nevada received a Pulitzer for public service; in 1985, he won the national reporting prize while working at The Des Moines (Iowa) Register “The Cost of the Biofuel Boom: Destroying Indonesia’s Forests” http://e360.yale.edu/feature/the_cost_of_the_biofuel_boom_destroying_indonesias_forests/2112/) GHSGB
As a child, Matt Aman grew up in the lush
AND
of plant, insect, bird, and animal species on the planet.

Thus, since Martin Luther King Jr. was right that our lives begin to end the day we become silent about things that matter, I affirm.

Tournament: Woodward | Round: Semis | Opponent: Walt Whitman | Judge: Stephen Babb, Julius Pak, Nate Zerbib

Part 1

I value morality and the standard is mitigating structural violence.

1 Structural violence is based in moral exclusion, which is fundamentally flawed because exclusion is not based on dessert but rather on arbitrarily perceived differences. Opotow 01

Susan Opotow 01 Susan Opotow is a social and organizational psychologist. Her work examines the intersection of conflict, justice, and identity as they give rise to moral exclusion -- seeing others as outside the scope of justice and as eligible targets of discrimination, exploitation, hate, or violence. She studies moral exclusion and moral inclusion in such everyday contexts as schooling, environmental and public policy conflict, and in more violent contexts, such as deadly wars and the post-war period. She has guest edited The Journal of Social Issues and Social Justice Research and co-edited Identity and the Natural Environment: The Psychological Significance of Nature (MIT Press, 2003). She is associate editor of Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology and Past President of the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, “Social Injustice”, Peace, Conflict, and Violence: Peace Psychology for the 21st Centuryl Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 2001, BE
Both structural and direct violence results from moral justifications and
AND
or one’s group at the expense of others (Tajfel, 1982).

2 Questions of structural violence come first because they determine the scope of morality. Winter and Leighton 99

Winter and Leighton 99 |Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter|Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and ustice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice “Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century.” Pg 4-5 ghsVA
Finally, to recognize the operation of structural violence forces us
AND
will be our most surefooted path to building lasting peace.

3 Prevention of structural violence is necessary to ever achieve rights—protecting indigenous, cultural rights are uniquely important for this. Lykes 01

M. Brinton Lykes 01 Ph.D., Boston College¶ M.Div., Harvard University¶ EXPERTISE/INTERESTS¶ Psychosocial effects of state-sponsored terror and organized violence; human rights policy and mental health interventions; participatory action research and community-based strategies for change; immigration and effects of deportation on families and communities; gender, culture, and theories of the self, “HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS AS STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE” Peace, Conflict, and Vio- lence: Peace Psychology for the 21st Century. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 2001, BE
There are many other examples of concrete experiences among indigenous
AND
world, particularly in zones of ongoing or recent armed conflict.

Part 2

1 Ancestral graves and other cultural sites are BULLDOZED in the attempt to expand palm oil plantations into forests—this means nothing to the corporations but everything to the local peoples. Local cultures and ceremonies aren’t worth a useless plant. Marti 2

Serge Marti 2 LifeMosaic, A research report for Friends of the Earth, “Losing Ground: The human impacts of palm oil expansion”, Friends of Earth, February 2008, BE
A frequently reported cultural impact of oil palm expansion is
AND
proof of long-term community occupation of the land.364

2 Women, who traditionally hold positions of power in indigenous groups, are subjugated and marginalized by the growth of the palm oil industry. Sirait 09

Martua T. Sirait 09 This report has been commissioned by the Amsterdam University Law Faculty and financed by Cordaid, The Hague, “Indigenous Peoples and Oil Palm Plantation Expansion in West Kalimantan, Indonesia”, University Van Amsterdam, May 2009, BE
Julia (2008) through her research of the Hibun IPs, indicated
AND
at 4 AM, hoping to return home the same day.

3 Expansion into indigenous communities HAS to be stopped—destruction of forests displaces and destroys the culture of local people for something we don’t even need. King no date

Thomas King no date In the past 2 years I have committed myself to a number of projects, organisations and fundraising events aimed to protect the forests and wildlife of South-East Asia:¶ * Was the keynote speaker at the 2011 "Year of the Forest" Jane Goodall Youth Summit at Melbourne Zoo¶ * Begun volunteering for the The Orangutan Project (TOP) in August 2010¶ * Have helped raise over $25,000 through TOP fundraisers in the past 3 years¶ * Created and help manage the TOP Facebook Page - click here¶ * Was chosen to be TOP's 'Youth Ambassador'¶ * Became the Operations Manager at ATAAC (Australian Teens Against Animal Cruelty) - click here¶ * Was given the title of a Melbourne Zoo 'Wild Activist' in 2011 - click here¶ * Was awarded "Junior Green Hero" at the Green Lifestyle Awards 2012, featuring Bob Brown - click here¶ * Wrote to over 50 companies about their use of palm oil ¶ * Wrote to 136 Australian Federal MPs to persuade them to support the palm oil labeling bill¶ * Featured in the 2011 October/November issue of G Magazine¶ * Had my article "The Borneo Journey" published on the G Magazine website - click here¶ * Spoke on SYN (Student Youth Network) radio to raise awareness about the cause¶ * Became an active member of the DeforestACTION Project - click here¶ * Rallied at the Melbourne Parliament for the mandatory labeling of palm oil in Australia, “SAY NO TO PALM OIL: HOME”, no date, BE
Around 50 million tons of palm oil is produced annually
AND
and start thinking long-term, this is only a vision.

4 Indigenous peoples are displaced by palm oil expansion—taking away their land rights and the culture that they’ve had for thousands of years. Brown and Jacobson 05

Brown and Jacobson 05 Ellie Brown, Ph.D., and Michael F. Jacobson, Ph.D., “CRUEL OIL How Palm Oil Harms Health, Rainforest and Wildlife”, Center for Science in the Public Interest, May 2005, BE
Oil palm agriculture can annihilate not just wildlife, but also
AND
was forcibly occupied by Indonesia in the early 1960s.130

5 Practices employed in palm oil plantations parallel a modern kind of slavery—children are systematically exploited. Maulia 08

Erwida Maulia 08 Reporter, “RI workers, children 'enslaved' in Malaysia, commission says”, The Jakarta Post, 17 Sep 2008, BE
"Slavery practices" at palm oil plantations in Sabah, Malaysia, have
AND
by Malaysian security officers who checked their documents, Arist said.

Part 3

PLAN TEXT: Malaysia and Indonesia will prioritize environmental protection over resource extraction by stopping the expansion of palm oil plantations into forests.

1 This solves back for the harms of the AC because the most direct harms of biofuels come from palm oil growth in forests. Knudson 09

Knudson 09 – (Tom Tom Knudson has been honored many times for his journalism. His notable work for The Sacramento Bee includes "State of Denial," about the ways California's strict environmental policies conflict with its use of resources from environmentally fragile parts of the planet. That series can be found online at www.sacbee.com/denial. Knudson also is a two-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize. In 1992, his Bee series about the Sierra Nevada received a Pulitzer for public service; in 1985, he won the national reporting prize while working at The Des Moines (Iowa) Register “The Cost of the Biofuel Boom: Destroying Indonesia’s Forests” http://e360.yale.edu/feature/the_cost_of_the_biofuel_boom_destroying_indonesias_forests/2112/) GHSGB
As a child, Matt Aman grew up in the lush
AND
of plant, insect, bird, and animal species on the planet.

2 There’s no disadvantage to getting rid of biofuels—we don’t actually need them that badly. Dizikes 13

Peter Dizikes writes in ‘13 reporter for the MIT news office – in this he is citing a study by two MIT professors of economics “Study: Ethanol not a major factor in reducing gas prices” http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2013/study-ethanol-not-a-major-factor-in-reducing-gas-prices-1009.html) GHSGB
If you have stopped at a gas station recently, there
AND
only going to set up policymakers for disappointment,” Knittel says.

Underview

1 RVIs on I meets and offense back to counter-interps

A Competing interps
B Reciprocity
C Multiple conditional positions bad

2 Reasonable aff interps

A Time skew
B Strat skew

3 Neg must weigh theory against topic education

A Topic education outweighs
B Predictability

4 Palm oil expansion causes widespread pollution—the two are in conflict. Fitzherbert et al 09

Fitzherbert et al 09, Struebig, Morel, Danielsen, Brühl, Donald, Phalan – (Emily Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Matthew Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Alexandra School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, Finn Environmental Change Institute, Oxford University Centre for the Environment, Carsten NORDECO Paul Institute for Environmental Sciences Ben Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge “How will oil palm expansion affect biodiversity?” Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 2009, vol. 23, no. 10, pp 529-588) GHSGB
Following plantation establishment, the greatest environmental impacts are likely to
AND
per unit of output than other oil crops 4,7.2

Tournament: Coppell | Round: Octas | Opponent: Law Magnet | Judge: Karla Lainez

1 The development of biofuels evicts millions and creates immense poverty; this development destroys the locals way of life. Schott 09

Schott 09 – (Christina Christina Schott graduated in German literature, journalism and psychology from Hamburg University before completing her professional training at the Henri-Nannen School of Journalism. “Socio-economic dynamics of biofuel development in Asia Pacific” pg. 5) GHSGB
This development in
AND
a better life.

2 Worker’s on oil palm plantations live in near slave-like conditions; these plantations allow for and perpetuate gender violence and oppression against women. Schott 2

Schott 09 – (Christina Christina Schott graduated in German literature, journalism and psychology from Hamburg University before completing her professional training at the Henri-Nannen School of Journalism. “Socio-economic dynamics of biofuel development in Asia Pacific” pg. 14-16) GHSGB
Generally speaking, the
AND
Korea become effective.

Tournament: FloMo | Round: 2 | Opponent: Mesquite | Judge: Michala Perreault

Framework

I value morality. The standard is mitigating poverty.

1 Structural violence is fundamentally flawed. Opotow 01

Opotow ‘01 Susan Opotow is a social and organizational psychologist. Her work examines the intersection of conflict, justice, and identity as they give rise to moral exclusion -- seeing others as outside the scope of justice and as eligible targets of discrimination, exploitation, hate, or violence. She studies moral exclusion and moral inclusion in such everyday contexts as schooling, environmental and public policy conflict, and in more violent contexts, such as deadly wars and the post-war period. She has guest edited The Journal of Social Issues and Social Justice Research and co-edited Identity and the Natural Environment: The Psychological Significance of Nature (MIT Press, 2003). She is associate editor of Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology and Past President of the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, “Social Injustice”, Peace, Conflict, and Violence: Peace Psychology for the 21st Centuryl Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 2001, BE
Both structural and direct violence results from moral justifications and
AND
or one’s group at the expense of others (Tajfel, 1982).

2 Structural violence comes first. Winter and Leighton 99

Winter and Leighton explain in 1999 |Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter|Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and ustice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice “Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century.” Pg 4-5 ghsVA
Finally, to recognize the operation of structural violence forces us
AND
will be our most surefooted path to building lasting peace.

3 Mitigating poverty precludes well-being. Mock et al 05

Gregory Mock et al 05 explain Editor-in-Chief at World Resources Institute, the authors are the entire team, “The Wealth of the Poort: ?Managing Ecosystems to Fight Poverty”, WORLD RESOURCES, 2005, BE
The persistence of global poverty is both disturbing and humbling
AND
clearly in the self-interest of every nation to confront poverty.

Contention

First, the development of biofuels evicts millions and creates immense poverty; this development destroys the locals way of life. Schott 09

Schott 09 – (Christina Christina Schott graduated in German literature, journalism and psychology from Hamburg University before completing her professional training at the Henri-Nannen School of Journalism. “Socio-economic dynamics of biofuel development in Asia Pacific” pg. 5) GHSGB
This development in of biofuels markets implicates the conversion of
AND
migrate to big cities in search of a better life.

Also, workers on oil palm plantations live in near slave-like conditions; these plantations allow for and perpetuate gender violence and oppression against women. Schott 2

Schott 2– (Christina Christina Schott graduated in German literature, journalism and psychology from Hamburg University before completing her professional training at the Henri-Nannen School of Journalism. “Socio-economic dynamics of biofuel development in Asia Pacific” pg. 14-16) GHSGB
Generally speaking, the living and working conditions on plantations in
AND
the USA, China, India, Japan and South Korea become effective.

In addition to exploitation, job insecurity is rampant—companies claim to give members of the local community jobs but take them away a couple years later, leaving them in poverty. Marti 08

Marti in ‘08 LifeMosaic, A research report for Friends of the Earth, “Losing Ground: The human impacts of palm oil expansion”, Friends of Earth, February 2008, BE
Community testimony offers a different perspective, with community members reporting
AND
of affairs they face a lack of job security.”308

And, poverty caused by palm oil is not only a problem now, but it’s going to get worse! The palm oil industry will doom Malaysia and Indonesia to low-wage jobs. Marti 2

Serge Marti 2 LifeMosaic, A research report for Friends of the Earth, “Losing Ground: The human impacts of palm oil expansion”, Friends of Earth, February 2008, BE
Malaysia is often held up as the model to follow
AND
even less fortunate countries to work on their plantations in future.

PLAN TEXT: Malaysia and Indonesia will prioritize environmental protection over resource extraction by stopping the expansion of palm oil plantations into forests.

1 This solves back for the harms of the AC because the most direct harms of biofuels come from palm oil growth in forests. Knudson 09

Knudson 09 – (Tom Tom Knudson has been honored many times for his journalism. His notable work for The Sacramento Bee includes "State of Denial," about the ways California's strict environmental policies conflict with its use of resources from environmentally fragile parts of the planet. That series can be found online at www.sacbee.com/denial. Knudson also is a two-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize. In 1992, his Bee series about the Sierra Nevada received a Pulitzer for public service; in 1985, he won the national reporting prize while working at The Des Moines (Iowa) Register “The Cost of the Biofuel Boom: Destroying Indonesia’s Forests” http://e360.yale.edu/feature/the_cost_of_the_biofuel_boom_destroying_indonesias_forests/2112/) GHSGB
As a child, Matt Aman grew up in the lush
AND
of plant, insect, bird, and animal species on the planet.

2 There’s no disadvantage to getting rid of biofuels—we don’t actually need them that badly. Dizikes 13

Peter Dizikes writes in ‘13 reporter for the MIT news office – in this he is citing a study by two MIT professors of economics “Study: Ethanol not a major factor in reducing gas prices” http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2013/study-ethanol-not-a-major-factor-in-reducing-gas-prices-1009.html) GHSGB
If you have stopped at a gas station recently, there
AND
only going to set up policymakers for disappointment,” Knittel says.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 6 | Opponent: Brentwood | Judge: Courtney Nunley

The argumentation and methodology of the 1NC has shifted the role of the judge- your job as the educator has become to reward the debater who’s performance and discourse does not perpetuate the oppression of people. We must question what our discourse in round justifies. Vincent 13

Vincent 13 – (Christopher Debate Coach, former college NDT debater “Re-Conceptualizing Our Performances: Accountability In Lincoln Douglas Debate” http://victorybriefs.com/vbd/2013/10/re-conceptualizing-our-performances-accountability-in-lincoln-douglas-debate) GHSGB
Charles Mills argues that “the moral concerns of African Americans
AND
in turn destroy the transformative potential this community could have.

AND, the negative attempts to create a distinction between western developed countries and underdeveloped countries. This development rhetoric is inherently connected to the cultural enslavement of other peoples. Esteva 93

Esteva 93 – (Gustavo Gustavo Esteva is a Mexican activist, "deprofessionalized intellectual" and founder of the Universidad de la Tierra in the Mexican city of Oaxaca. He is one of the best known advocates of Post-Development. Wikipedia “The Development Dictionary”, p.9, 1993) GHSGB
Development cannot delink itself from the words with which it
AND
they need to be enslaved to others' experiences and dreams.

The alternative is to reject the neg’s representation of development and instead adopt the idea that all countries are developing. Escobar 95

Escobar 95, - (Arturo Arturo Escobar is a Colombian-American anthropologist primarily known for his contribution to postdevelopment theory and political ecology. “Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World) GHSGB
Above all, however, it is about how the “Third World
AND
is the task the present book sets out to accomplish.

Tournament: Woodward | Round: 5 | Opponent: Lake Highland | Judge: Clay Stewart

Part 1 is the Story of the Slave

Resource Extraction in developing countries is just a capitalist guise for a modern day version of slavery -- environmental destruction, debt bondage, and child slavery keeps countries in Africa IN THE CYCLE OF VIOLENCE FOREVER. Resource extraction MAINTAINS structures of privilege and cause Africa to be turned into a zone of sacrifice. Kazemi 13

Darren Kazemi 13 International News Reporter Extractive World Order: Plundering Planet Earth, Seizing Resources and Erasing Cultures” 2013-12-21 http://news-beacon-ireland.info/?p=15356 ghsVA
Plundering the world’s natural resources and setting up proxy points
AND
truly populist, non-violent, resistance movement mobilizing against their domination.

YOU AS A JUDGE ARE THE GATEKEEPER TO OUR ACTIVITY. THE ROLE OF THE JUDGE IS to cohere to the demand of the oppressed and dedicate your ballot to resist structural oppression. This question of knowledge production has to come first. Wise 08

Tim Wise 08 (Race Relations Specialist, Activst, Orator), White Like Me, 2008   96 - 97 ghsVA
Until the voices of economically and racially marginalized persons are
AND
Lucky for me, in other words, that I was white. 

The role of the ballot is to evaluate who best methodologically reduces structural violence.

Having a values debate before recognizing the importance of structural violence is moot because structural violence forces us to divide others into categories that are worthy and unworthy of our values, making them meaningless. A prerequisite to those debates is recognizing those in the shadows. Winter and Leighton 99

Winter and Leighton 99 |Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter|Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and ustice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice “Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century.” Pg 4-5 ghsVA
Finally, to recognize the operation of structural violence forces us
AND
will be our most surefooted path to building lasting peace.

Questions of agency and structural inequalities must come first, no other value is accessible while structural violence occurs. Brown 09

Vincent Brown 09 professor of history and of African and African American Studies specializing in Atlantic Slavery “Social Death and Political Life in the Study of Slavery” http://history.fas.harvard.edu/people/faculty/documents/brown-socialdeath.pdf ghsVA
African American history has grown from the kinds of people’s
AND
slaveholders, but the very terms and conditions of social existence. 

Our investigation of structures of power and privilege must begin with the way we socially construct zones of sacrifice and the institutional mechanisms that allow them to be maintained. Ignoring these questions of exclusion and discrimination reinforces western power structures. Wynter 03

Sylvia Wynter 03 (“Unsettling the Coloniality of Being/Power/Truth/Freedom: Towards the Human, After Man, Its Overrepresentation--An Argument,” CR: The New Centennial Review, Volume 3, Number 3,257-337) ghsVA
The argument proposes that the struggle of our new millennium
AND
implemented by its celibate clergy (See Le Goff guide-quote).

Part 2 is the Zones of Sacrifice

Diamond Mining allows Africa to be a zone of sacrifice -- this is the primary example of how the imperialist class MANIPULATES STRUCTURES OF THE STATUS QUO TO PRIVILEGE THEMSELVES AT THE EXPENSE OF OTHERS. Hess 12

Penny Hess 12 Apart of the African People’s Solidarity Committee, organizer who speaks throughout the U.S. and Europe in an effort to educate people that white society everywhere owes its affluence and democracy to the enslavement and colonization of African and oppressed, wrote The Culture of Violence in 1991 and an updated edition, Overturning the Culture of Violence in 2000 “HARD TRUTH: ALL DIAMONDS ARE CONFLICT DIAMONDS” http://www.guerrillafunk.com/thoughts/doc002012conflictdiamonds.html ghsVA
These myths about the diamond trade, however, couldn't be further
AND
diamond trade whatsoever and see no benefits from its profits.

Pretending to present diamond mining as anything but destructive ignores the material reality of those who have to live through it on a daily basis- it causes environmental destitution and destroys any potential for a future a country may have creating a PERMANENT ZONES OF SACRIFICE and chaos. Khansa 13

Taline Khansa 13 wonprofit peace education organization called Childrens International Summer Villages, study Aerospace Engineering and spent six years working in the industry. While she gained professional experience in manufacturing and engineering, she continued to follow global affairs “The Curse of Diamond Mining in Sierra Leone” May 2, 2013 http://fellowsblog.kiva.org/fellowsblog/2013/05/02/the-curse-of-diamond-mining-in-sierra-leone ghsVA
During my second week in Sierra Leone as a Kiva
AND
them to maintain their livelihoods independent of the mining industry.

Diamond mining perpetuates poverty and exploits children allowing the industry to REST UPON THEIR BACKS. Diamond mining condemns people to SLAVERY AND SPREADS DESTITUTION EVERYWHERE. Gernstein and Grossberg 13

Beth Gerstein and Eric Grossberg 13 (Brilliant Earth: Ethical Origin of Fine Jewelry) Organization intent on informing the world about conflict diamonds. Advocates for the use of synthetic diamonds. Has writers with PHD’s from Harvard, Stanford, Princeton, and more writing about these issues “Conflict Diamonds: Labor and Community” http://www.brilliantearth.com/conflict-diamond-child-labor/http://www.brilliantearth.com/confict-diamond-trade/ ghsVA
Many of the world's diamonds are mined using practices that
AND
standard of living comparable to that of Turkey or Mexico. 

Diamonds are key to maintaining zones of sacrifice. The rarity element in diamonds is simply a myth maintained through SLAVE LABOR, EXECUTION, AND GENOCIDE. Diamonds are the KEY CURRENCY. Harden 2k

BLAINE HARDEN 2k Journalism awards include the Ernie Pyle Award for coverage of the siege of Sarajevo during the Bosnian War, the American Society of Newspaper Editors Award for Nondeadline Writing (stories about Africa), and the Livingston Award for International Reporting (stories about Africa). Written multiple award winning books and has been internationally published “Africa's Gems: Warfare's Best Friend” http://www.nytimes.com/library/world/africa/040600africa-diamonds-article1.html ghsVA
The rough stone emerges from the African soil at fortress
AND
chairman of the Strategic Minerals Commission, which controls diamond mining. 

Part 3 is Ending the Trade

Plan: Developing countries should prioritize environmental protection over resource extraction by banning the mining of diamonds.

Only the AC’s method can truly end this war on the people of Africa and the environmental destruction involved. No restrictions can stop it only an all-out rejection of diamonds. It’s time we RECLAIM THE LAND and end the zones of sacrifice- it’s time we JUST SAY NO. ASC 13

ASC 13 (African Studies Center) Fill in cites later “Diamonds and Warfare: The Africa Connection” http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/students/events/diamondwar.php ghsVA
Have you heard the sayings: "Diamonds are our best friend
AND
the Sierra Leonean civil war. A war funded by diamonds.

International attempts to regulate the trade for diamonds will be ineffective -- activists must look for different liberation strategies to end the injustices that diamond mining create. Schure 12

Teri Schure 12 Fill In cites later “Blood Diamonds” April 15, 2012 http://worldpress.org/Africa/3903.cfm ghsVA
Consensus decision-making means that one participant can block
AND
show leadership by putting these standards into law as well. 

Diamonds are worth absolutely nothing -- restrictions don’t solve because enforcement is nearly impossible. You have to destroy the hydra that is the diamond trade cutting off one head only incentivizes organizations like the DeBeers cartel two create to more ways to sustain the diamond trade. Walt 06

Vivienne Walt 06 award-winning foreign correspondent, based in Paris, who has written for TIME Magazine since 2003. published in The New York Times, The Washington Post, Slate, The Wall Street Journal, National Geographic, BusinessWeek, Fortune, and others.won the ASTMH Media Excellence award for her investigation into maternal mortality in Africa, and she was twice nominated for the Pulitzer for her work on Africa while a staff writer for Newsday. She is a regular guest on CNN, NPR, WGBH “The World” and France 24 “Diamonds aren't forever” December 7 2006 http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2006/12/11/8395442/ ghsVA
Sahr Amara is stooped low, knee-deep in a muddy
AND
Africa's 999,999 other diamond diggers still searching for a dream.

Tournament: TFA State | Round: Octas | Opponent: Strake Jesuit | Judge: Jared Woods, Stephen Babb, Alex Joyner

Part 1 is the framework

YOU AS A JUDGE ARE THE GATEKEEPER TO OUR ACTIVITY. THE ROLE OF THE JUDGE IS to cohere to the demand of the oppressed and dedicate your ballot to resist structural oppression. This question of knowledge production has to come first. Wise 08

Tim Wise 08 (Race Relations Specialist, Activst, Orator), White Like Me, 2008   96 - 97 ghsVA
Until the voices of economically and racially marginalized persons are
AND
Lucky for me, in other words, that I was white.

The role of the ballot is to evaluate who best methodologically reduces structural violence.

All ethical theories assume some form of meritocracy between people, but structural violence places people into in-and-out groups, leaving some outside of our moral circles, making the ethical systems broken. Our conversation of structural violence has to come first; we must recognize who are in the shadows. Winter and Leighton 99

Winter and Leighton 99 |Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter|Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and ustice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice “Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century.” Pg 4-5 ghsVA
Finally, to recognize the operation of structural violence forces us
AND
will be our most surefooted path to building lasting peace.

Our study of knowledge has practical historical effects. This is a key site for the opening up of practical space to challenge colonial power. Mignolo 2k

Mignolo 2k (Walter Professor of Literature in Duke University, Joint Appointments in Cultural Anthropology and Romance Studies “Local Histories/Global Designs”, pg. 11-13) GHSGB
Following the previous configuration of the field of knowledge in
AND
in the process of building the modern/ colonial world system.

-AND- Colonialism perpetuates dehumanization and legitimizes human exploitation—it is the most insidious form of structural violence. Hayes 96

Floyd W. Hayes96 III Coordinator of Programs and Undergraduate Studies in the Center for Africana Studies; Senior lecturer in the Department of political science at Johns Hopkins University, “Oppression and Resentment: The Black Experience in the United States,” Fanon: A Critical Reader, Oxford, Blackwell Publishers (1996): 11-23, GHSMM
Fanon points out that in the colonial situation the primary
AND
himself as engaged analytically, critically, in a form of unveiling.

Plan: The United States Federal Government should remove political conditions from humanitarian aid by discontinuing section 620A of the Foreign Assistance Act to remove Cuba from the “State Sponsors of Terrorism” list.

A Inherency- There are no plans for removing Cuba from the state sponsors of terrorism. Haven 13

Haven 13 - (Paul Paul Haven has been appointed The Associated Press chief of bureau in Havana, Cuba, following three years of leading the cooperative's news operations in Spain and Portugal as Madrid bureau chief. "US keeps Cuba on state sponsors of terrorism list" http://news.yahoo.com/us-keeps-cuba-state-sponsors-terrorism-list-203504903.html) GHSGB
HAVANA (AP) — A State Department spokesman said Wednesday that Washington
AND
no plans to alter Cuba's status in the near future.

B Topicality- The Terror list is a political condition placed on humanitarian aid; being on it restricts or stops the aid a country can receive. Sullivan 05

Sullivan 05 – (Mark USFG Specialist in Latin American Affairs, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division “Cuba and the State Sponsors ¶ of Terrorism List”, CRS Report for Congress, http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/47003.pdf) GHSGB
Under various provisions of law, certain trade benefits, most foreign
AND
government “has repeatedly provided support for acts of international terrorism.”1

This aff is topical—it lifts section 620A of the Foreign Assistance Act which controls who does and who does not receive foreign aid from the U.S., which means that it ends a political condition on all US humanitarian aid.

Part 2 is the Demarcation of Cuba

Imperialist sentiments persist into the present day via Cuba’s inclusion on the US State Sponsors of Terrorism list, a distinction which both delegitimizes Cuba’s government and validates violent intervention from the US. Bolender 13

Bolender 13- ( Keith research fellow at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs (COHA) and author of Voices from the Other Side, An Oral History of Terrorism against Cuba and Cuba Under Siege, “The Terror List, and Terrorism as Practiced Against Cuba”, http://www.coha.org/22355/) GHSGB
While an attentive US audience watched President Obama outline his
AND
to all those who have been actual victims of terrorism.

This demarcation of Cuba as a rogue state is not a neutral gesture – rather, Cuba’s exclusion illuminates a broader matrix of sovereignty wherein any country that deviates from the path laid out by Western imperialism is divested of nationhood and sentenced to die. Gordy and Lee 09

Gordy and Lee 09 (Katherine assistant professor at the Department of Political Science, San Francisco State University and Lee, Research Professor at the Asiatic Research Center at Korea University “Rogue Specters:¶ Cuba and North Korea at the¶ Limits of US Hegemony,” Alternatives 34 (2009), 229-248) GHSGB
¶ In 2007 Cuba and the DPRK appeared yet again on
AND
laws, failing to¶ play by the rules of the system

The designation constructs Cuba as a foil for a fantasy of American innocence and benevolence. Locating blame for terrorism in foreign “others” like Cuba is designed to play to racist predispositions and sanitize brutal American foreign policy. Grosscup 2k

Grosscup 2k – (Beau International Relations Professor at CSU-Chico “Terrorism-at-a-Distance: The Imagery That Serves US Power”, GLOBAL DIALOGUE, Volume 2, Number 4) GHSGB
For nearly two centuries the rationalisation system of American foreign
AND
be highly controversial with the full approval of most Americans.

Part 3 is Just Saying No

Cuba is a crucial starting point. It strikes an unnerving chord because of its persistent, decades-long confrontation with imperialism and potential to set an example of resistance for the global South. Whitney 13

Whitney 13 – (W.T Cuba solidarity activist and member of Veterans for Peace “Reflections on Anti-Cuban Terror”, http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/2013/whitney080513.html) GHSGB
The U.S. government itself is a purveyor of terrorism. Its
AND
worldwide movement is demanding that U.S. President Obama release them.

Tournament: TFA State | Round: 2 | Opponent: McNeil | Judge: Chris Mifflin

Definitions

Political conditionality can refer to good governance conditions. Uvin and Biagiotti 96

Uvin and Biagiotti 96,Peter Uvin I have written extensively on development, food, NGO scaling up, and the intersection between human rights, development, and conflict resolution. My area of interest is mainly Africa, and especially Burundi and Rwanda. I have been a frequent consultant to bilateral and multilateral agencies working in Africa on these very same issues; indeed, the desire to bridge theory and practice is at the very heart of my work and Isabelle Biagiotti, Global Governance 2, 1996, BE
Properly speaking, the subject of this article, political conditionality, like
AND
impregnated with their ideology, subject to much dissension and conflict.

Framework

Impacts back to oppression and structural violence come first because they determine the scope of our moral sphere. Winter and Leighton 99

Winter and Leighton 99 |Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter|Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and ustice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice “Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century.” Pg 4-5 ghsVA
Finally, to recognize the operation of structural violence forces us
AND
will be our most surefooted path to building lasting peace.

COLONIALISM HAS ENGENDERED OPPRESSION, DEHUMANIZATION, AND CONSTANT SEPERATION. A history of Western imperialism in Africa demonstrates the crippling effects and unjustifiability of colonialism. Ekeh 75

Peter P. Ekeh 75 University of Ibadam in Nigeria, "Colonialism and the Two Publics in Africa: A Theoretical Statement," Comparative Studies in Society and History, Volume 17, No. 1, January 1975, pp 91-112, GHSMM
Colonial Ideologies of Legitimation ¶ The late nineteenth- and early twentieth
AND
rulers. I shall call these post-colonial ideologies of legitimation

Thus, the standard is minimizing oppression.

Thus, I advocate that the “good governance” political conditions placed on humanitarian aid by the United States and European Union on Africa are unjust and should be repealed.

Contention 1 is Selectivity

Conditioning aid to countries with a “good policy environment” is a guise for Western Imperialism, which ignores countries that need aid the most. Owusu 03

Francis Owusu 03 Department of Community and Regional Planning Iowa State University, “Pragmatism and the Gradual Shift from Dependency to Neoliberalism: The World Bank, African Leaders and Development Policy in Africa”, World Development vol 31 no 10, 2003, BE
The distinction between CDF and SAPs, however, should not be
AND
All these are, however, done within a neoliberal framework.

Selectivity of aid and who deserves it is rooted in racist justifications for genocide—inconsistent and conditioned use of humanitarian aid perpetuate exclusion. Agbakwa 05

Shedrack C. Agbakwa 05 Adjunct Professor of Law and SSHRC Doctoral Fellow, Osgoode Hall Law School, Toronto, Canada, “Genocidal Politics and Racialization of Intervention: From Rwanda to Darfur and Beyond”, German Law Review Vol 6 No 2, 2005, BE
The elephant in the room, therefore, is racism: Africans are
AND
those with whom the west has an axe to grind.

And, the good governance condition is uniquely bad in this instance because it unjustly holds the suffering individuals accountable for government actions. Fox 01

Fiona Fox 01 Fiona became Head of Media at CAFOD, one of the UK's leading aid agencies. She founded the Jubilee 2000 press group, which helped to force serious Third World issues onto the media and political agendas, “New humanitarianism: does it provide a moral banner for the 21st century?”, Disasters, December 2001, BE
There are several populations who have at different times been
AND
in every agency manual does not stand up in practice. 

Contention 2 is imperialism

Africans have constantly been MANIPULATED and COERCED into following a WESTERN MODEL OF DEMOCRATIZATION AND IMPERIALISM. Historically, Africa has only gotten support if they endorse Western perspectives. Owusu 03

Francis Owusu 03 Works at the Department of Community and Regional Planning at Iowa State University, "Pragmatism and the Gradual Shift from Dependency to Neoliberalism: The World Bank, African Leaders and Development Policy in Africa," World Development 31.10 (2003): 1655-1672, GHSMM
In the hope that it might win them aid and
AND
to leaders with¶ legitimacy and the mandate of the people. 

And, you have a moral obligation to reject every instance of capitalist ideology. Status quo modes of thought only serve to legitimize the system. Zizek and Daly 04

Zizek and Daly 04- (Glyn Senior Lecturer in Politics at University College in Northampton, Slajov Slavoj Žižek is a Slovenian Marxist philosopher, psychoanalyst and cultural critic. He is a senior researcher at the Institute for Sociology and Philosophy, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia “Conversations with Zizek”, p. 14-16) GHSGB
For Zizek it is imperative that we cut through this
AND
and to absorb them within a culture of differential affirmation.

The threat of removing foreign aid perpetuates colonialism and gives the givers of aid complete control. Nyatoro 08

Nyatoro 08 - (Tinashe African Author on the impact of Aid; she also wrote the book “The Impact of Aid Dependence on Social Development” "The History of Foreign Aid Dependency: Challenges for Africa" http://www.afesis.org.za/index.php/local-governance/93-local-governance-articles/1120-the-history-of-foreign-aid-dependency-challenges-for-africa) GHSGB
The general attribute of African countries is not poverty, stagnation
AND
a national derangement or functional incompleteness of a national economy.

Aid conditionality is UNSUCCESSFUL – only an approach without conditions has hope. Fraser and Whitfield 08

Fraser and Whitfield 08 Alastair Fraser Researches the relationship between Africa and the West and Lindsay Whitfield The Junior Research Fellow at the Global Economic Governance Programme; Got a doctorate in 2005 in Politics at the University of Oxford on the political economy of aid, "The Politics of Aid: African Strategies for Dealing with Donors," Global Economic Governance Programme, July 2008, GHSMM
Widespread deference to ownership disguises the fact that the concept
AND
donors to accept and support them without¶ onerous conditions.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Christopher Columbus | Judge: Ryan Fink

Part 1

Ought is a state of affairs Finlay and Sendegar 12

Finlay and Sendegar 12, Finlay, S. Associate Professor of Philosophy at USC and Snedegar, J. PhD candidate in philosophy at the University of Southern California, (2012). One Ought Too Many. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. JMN
Ought’ sentences seem ambiguous in a variety of ways. We can distinguish
AND
the claim that the Uniformity Thesis cannot accommodate and explain them

1 Current epistemological starting point is flawed--must include nature Henning 09

Henning 09 (Brian; Associate Professor of Philosophy at Gonzaga University; “Trusting in the 'Efficacy of Beauty: A Kalocentric Approach to Moral Philosophy”; Ethics and the Environment- Volume 14, Number 1)RSW
Final truths (whether in religion, morality, or science) are unattainable
AND
we relate to and interact with every form of existence

2 Contracts must include animals and nature. Humphreys 08

Humphreys 08 – (Rebekah Rebekah completed her BA, MA, and PhD at Cardiff University. Before working at TSD, she worked as a Tutor of Philosophy at Cardiff University and as a Visiting Lecturer at University of Wales, Newport.  She also taught A-Level Philosophy at Cardiff and the Vale College. “Contractarianism: On the Incoherence of the Exclusion of Non-Human Beings 2008) GHSGB
By restricting members of the contract to rational humans capable
AND
asked about our treatment of them in modern day practices

3 Ethics before knowledge, must adapt knowledge to environment. Weston 09

Anthony Weston09, Professor of Philosophy at Elon University, 2009¶ The Incompleat Eco-Philosopher p. 9-11
If the world is a collection of more or less
AND
world responds.  The great task is not knowledge but relationship

Standard-protecting environment

Part 2

1 Mobil used ACP to hide info. Levin 91

Levin 91 – (Myron LA Times Staff Writer "Pipeline Spills Aren’t Only Problems to Plague Mobil" http://articles.latimes.com/1991-07-18/news/we-3590_1_environmental-problems-http://articles.latimes.com/1991-07-18/news/we-3590_1_environmental-problems) GHSGB
Mobil Oil Corp. has taken considerable heat for spills from its crude oil pipeline
AND
Olson filed his own age discrimination suit against Mobil, which was dismissed.

Threats escalated because companies lie. Arnold 92

James R. Arnold92 the Harold C. Urey Professor of Chemistry (emeritus), and a noted pioneer in the field of planetary and space chemistry at the University of California at San Diego (UCSD), "The Impact of Environmental Law on Real Estate and Other Commercial¶ Transactions: U.S./Europe," American Law Institute - American Bar Association Continuing Legal Education,¶ Fifth Annual ALI-ABA Advanced Course of Study, ¶ September 24, 1992, MM
One of the most A difficult areas for environmental attorneys is counseling their
AND
, illustrate the need for attention to the standards of¶ professional conduct.

Chemicals lead to loss of biodiversity and such. UCCEE 06

UCCEE 06 – (United Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environment http://www.uccee.org/Environmental_Pollution.html)GHS//GB
One of the greatest problems that the world is facing today is that of environmental
AND
. Light Pollution includes light trespass, over-illumination and astronomical interference.

A Biodiversity collapsing now. Powell 2k

Powell 2k (Corey S. COREY S. POWELL is a science writer and a Senior Editor at Discover magazine “20 Ways the World Could End Swept away” http://www.ldolphin.org/twentyways.html oct 2000loghry)GHSGB
10. Ecosystem collapse - Images of slaughtered elephants and burning rain forests
AND
be something we'd never think of, until it's too late.

B Collapse of oceans due to chemicals. Biomedicine 07.

Biomedicine 07 (“Deep-sea species' loss could lead to oceans' collapse, study suggests” http://www.bio-medicine.org/biology-news-1/Deep-sea-species-loss-could-lead-to-oceans-collapse~-~-study-suggests-1739-1//greenhill-cp)
The loss of deep-sea species poses a severe threat
AND
of living things, including a large proportion of undiscovered species

Part 3

PLAN: The American Bar Association ought to require that truth seeking take precedence over attorney client privilege by modifying model rule 1.6 to make disclosing environmental crimes a legal obligation.

1 Lawyers should disclose to stop future harm. Targ 96

Nicholas Targ 96 – (Attorney Client Confidentiality in the Criminal Environmental Law Context: Blowing the Whistle on the Toxic Client, 14 Pace Envtl. L. Rev. 227 (1996)) GHSGB
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)50 Is the primary federal law
AND
of a release’s severity, then the circumstances are likely inappropriate for disclosure.

2 Attorneys should be obligated to disclose disposal of hazardous waste. Knauf 10

Alan Knauf 10 – He is the past Chairperson of the Environmental Law Section of the New York State Bar Association, and has been Chair of the Section’s Petroleum Spills, Toxic Torts, and Internet Committees. Mr. Knauf has been the Chair of the Real Estate Section, and was the founding Chair of the Environmental Law Committee of the Monroe County Bar Association. He is also the former Chairman of the Center for Environmental Information, Inc. Mr. Knauf is listed by Best Lawyers in America and Superlawyers in the fields of Environmental Law and Land Use and Zoning Law. He has been a professor of Environmental Law at both the University of Rochester and RIT, and is a frequent lecturer at continuing legal education seminars. Mr. Knauf earned a B.S. in Environmental Engineering from MIT, and is a graduate of University of Michigan Law School. "Should I report my clients Spill" http://www.nyenvlaw.com/Data/Documents/Should20I20Report.pdf) GHSGB
Most of the spill reporting requirements clearly do not include an attorney. The rules
AND
, in the author’s opinion, the lawyer probably must make a report.

3 Rule 1.6 currently fails--we must create a normative standard for disclosure. Russel 97

Russell 97 – (Irma S. University of Montana School of Law Cries and Whispers: Environmental Hazards, Model Rule 1.6, and the Attorney's Conflicting Duties to Clients and Others , 72 Wash. L. Rev. 409 (1997))GHSGB
If the legal profession is to remain self-regulated, it
AND
standard to encourage attorneys to avert harm in extreme cases

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 6 | Opponent: Northland Christian | Judge: Paige Mackenzie

“All I can tell you is please learn to see. Please give me a moment just for me - before you beat me. All I know is what I feel, the pain is real as I feel the skin start to peel. The whip cracks in the night as I feel the real fright. How can you stand there tall and true when I have been beaten black and blue. Please be fair when reading this all I want is you to be aware and learn to care” -- Henry Brenton

Part 1

Current discourse and model for ethics is adultcentric. Mundaly and Goddard 06

Mundaly and Goddard06: Neerosh Mudaly Senior Research Fellow with Child Abuse Prevention Research Australia at Monash University where she also teaches at undergraduate and postgraduate levels at Monash University, Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences and Chris Goddard BA, PhD, Director of Child Abuse Prevention Research Australia, at Monash University, Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences, "The Truth is Longer than a Lie: Children's Experiences of Abuse and Professional Interventions," Jessica Kingsley Publishers, London and Philadelphia, 2006, GHSMM
Goddard (1996, p.15) states that ‘while children are valued, there are
AND
the experiences and preoccupations specific to this stage of development

Child abuse is uniquely damaging. Mundaly and Goddard 07

Mundaly and Goddard06: Neerosh Mudaly Senior Research Fellow with Child Abuse Prevention Research Australia at Monash University where she also teaches at undergraduate and postgraduate levels at Monash University, Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences and Chris Goddard BA, PhD, Director of Child Abuse Prevention Research Australia, at Monash University, Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences, "The Truth is Longer than a Lie: Children's Experiences of Abuse and Professional Interventions," Jessica Kingsley Publishers, London and Philadelphia, 2006, GHSMM
Children’s developmental vulnerability also prevents them from being able to
AND
as protective adults, can understand how exquisitely vulnerable they are’ 

1 Child abuse empirically creates crime. Widom 92

Widom 92 – (Cathy Spatz John Jay college of psychology “The Cycle of Violence” http://www.bgsu.edu/downloads/cas/file77085.pdf) GHSGB
Abused and neglected children have a higher likelihood of arrests
AND
criminal behavior as the demographic characteristics of sex, race, and age.

2 Neuroscientifically true that abused children become violent. Perry 97

Bruce D. Perry 97 M.D., Ph.D. Psychology and Neurology, is the Senior Fellow of The ChildTrauma Academy “Children in a Violent Society”http:books.google.com/books?hl=enandlr=andid=6hxNhVZkSIUCandoi=fndandpg=PA124anddq=abused+kids+grow+up+to+be+violentandots=nAmmUq7uoEandsig=KO-XC5IJVyUcAqjs4F1s7EfVbn0#v=onepageandq=abused20kids20grow20up20to20be20violentandf=true ghsVA
There is no more specific “biological" determinant than a relation- shi
AND
understand the organization and functioning of its birthplace-the brain

Part 2

ACP historically used to hide abuse. Sandra

SANDRA T.E., et al vs SOUTH BERWYN SCHOOL DISTRICT 100 Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. No. 05-CV-473—William J. Hibbler, Judge. http://jenner.com/system/assets/assets/996/original/T.E._v._South_Berwyn_School.pdf?1317154590 ghsVA
SYKES, Circuit Judge. An elementary-school music teacher in the
AND
and ordered the firm to produce the documents. Sidley appealed

ABA doesn't allow disclosure. Hansen 05

Lisa Hansen 05 American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers, Mandatory Reporting, “Comment, ATTORNEYS’ DUTY TO REPORT CHILD ABUSE”, Vol. 19, 2004, Journal of the American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers, 12 April 05, BE
The change to the rule in italics appears to make
AND
party, whom they do not represent, that is being abused.

Part 3

PLAN: The United States Criminal Justice System, all relevant jurisdiction levels should adopt a mandatory reporting statue governing instances of child abuse that prioritizes truth seeking over attorney client privilege.

1 Child abuse huge problem-~--ACP and reporting conflict. Mosteller 92

Robert P. Mosteller 92 Prof of Law at Duke. He went to Yale, Harvard, and Duke, “Child Abuse Reporting Laws and Attorney-Client Confidences: The Reality and the Specter of Lawyer as Informant”, Duke Law Journal, Vol 42 Num 2, Nov 1992, BE
Child abuse is a societal problem of tragic proportions in
AND
to reveal their clients’ intention to commit a future crime

2 Plan solves. Mosteller 92

Robert P. Mosteller92 Professor of Law at Duke University, B.A. 1970, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; J.D. at Yale University, and M.P.P at Harvard University, "Child Abuse Reporting Laws and Attorney Client Confidences: The Reality and the Specter of Lawyer as Informant," Duke Law Journal, Volume 42, Number 2, November 1992, GHSMM
Although extension of the attorney-client privilege to out-of
AND
ethics rules that might otherwise preclude disclosure are ap-¶ plied

Tournament: Apple Valley | Round: Octas | Opponent: Loyola | Judge: Woods, Rutter, Horowitz

PART 1 IS THE FRAMEWORK

Ethical agnosticism means we default to stopping extinction. Bostrom 12

Nick Bostrom 12, ~Nick Bostrom¶ Faculty of Philosophy 26 Oxford Martin School¶ University of Oxford~ "Existential Risk Prevention as the Most Important Task for Humanity", , http://www.existential-risk.org/concept.html
"These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest~s~ an alternative, complementary way
AND
us to increase the probability that the future will contain a lot of value

Normative uncertainty demands stopping extinction. Bostrom 2

Nick Bostrom 2, ~Nick Bostrom¶ Faculty of Philosophy 26 Oxford Martin School¶ University of Oxford~, "Existential Risk Prevention as the Most Important Task for Humanity", http://www.existential-risk.org/concept.html
"There will be some types of putative existential risks for which the main uncertainty
AND
X is bad in at least the subjective sense relevant to decision making."

This pre-empts skep.

PART 2 is the Culture of Deceit

1~ BP lied to gov’t. Kundleman 13

Michael Kundelman13, ~Writer for the Boston Globe~, "BP trial looks at how much oil spilled from well," The Boston Globe, OCTOBER 01, 2013, GHSGB
NEW ORLEANS — BP lied to the US government and withheld information about the amount
AND
. But the penalties can be assessed at amounts lower than those caps. 

2~ Mobil used ACP to hide info. Levin 91

Levin 91 – (Myron ~LA Times Staff Writer~ "Pipeline Spills Aren’t Only Problems to Plague Mobil" http://articles.latimes.com/1991-07-18/news/we-3590_1_environmental-problems-http://articles.latimes.com/1991-07-18/news/we-3590_1_environmental-problems) GHSGB
Mobil Oil Corp. has taken considerable heat for spills from its crude oil pipeline
AND
Olson filed his own age discrimination suit against Mobil, which was dismissed.

Threats escalated because companies lie. Arnold 92

James R. Arnold92 ~the Harold C. Urey Professor of Chemistry (emeritus), and a noted pioneer in the field of planetary and space chemistry at the University of California at San Diego (UCSD)~, "The Impact of Environmental Law on Real Estate and Other Commercial¶ Transactions: U.S./Europe," American Law Institute - American Bar Association Continuing Legal Education,¶ Fifth Annual ALI-ABA Advanced Course of Study, ¶ September 24, 1992, MM
One of the most ~A~ difficult areas for environmental attorneys is counseling their
AND
, illustrate the need for attention to the standards of¶ professional conduct.

We’re on the brink of extinction—must stop it now. UCCEE 06

UCCEE 06 – (United Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environment http://www.uccee.org/Environmental_Pollution.html)GHS//GB
One of the greatest problems that the world is facing today is that of environmental
AND
. Light Pollution includes light trespass, over-illumination and astronomical interference.

Advantage 1 is Global Warming

Global warming means extinction. Flournoy 12

Flournoy 12 (Citing Dr. Feng Hsu, a NASA scientist at the Goddard
AND
Services and Markets?, January, Springer Briefs in Space Development, Book)
In the Online Journal of Space Communication, Dr. Feng Hsu, a NASA
AND
our Sun" (Hsu 2010) (Fig. 2.1).

Advantage 2 is Oceans

Destruction of the oceans leads to extinction. Craig 03

Craig 03 Associate Prof Law, Indiana U School Law, 2003 (McGeorge Law Review, 34 McGeorge L. Rev. 155 Lexis)
Biodiversity and ecosystem function arguments for conserving marine ecosystems also exist, just as they
AND
kill ourselves, and we will take most of the biosphere with us.

Part 3 is truth-seeking

PLAN: In the United States Criminal Justice System, all relevant jurisdictional levels, truth seeking ought to take precedence over attorney client privilege in cases where a violation of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act has occurred by revoking attorney client privilege over Model Rule 1.6 of the American Bar Association Model Rules of Professional Conduct.

1~ Lawyers should disclose to stop future harm. Targ 96

Nicholas Targ 96 – (Attorney Client Confidentiality in the Criminal Environmental Law Context: Blowing the Whistle on the Toxic Client, 14 Pace Envtl. L. Rev. 227 (1996)) GHSGB
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)50 Is the primary federal law
AND
of a release’s severity, then the circumstances are likely inappropriate for disclosure.

Rule 1.6 discourages disclosure. Russel 98

Irma S. Russel 98 ~Dean of the University of Montana school of law~ "Unreasonable Risk: Model Rule 1.6, Environmental Hazards, and Positive Law" , 55 Wash. 26 Lee L. Rev. 117 (1998) http://scholarship.law.umt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=105726context=faculty_lawreviews)GHS//GB-http://scholarship.law.umt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=105726context=faculty_lawreviews)GHS//GB
Although Rule 1.6 permits disclosure in described exceptions, it appears to advocate
AND
20 to Rule 1.6 states a presumption in favor of nondisclosure.

2~ Attorneys should be obligated to disclose disposal of hazardous waste. Knauf 10

Alan Knauf 10 – ~He is the past Chairperson of the Environmental Law Section of the New York State Bar Association, and has been Chair of the Section’s Petroleum Spills, Toxic Torts, and Internet Committees. Mr. Knauf has been the Chair of the Real Estate Section, and was the founding Chair of the Environmental Law Committee of the Monroe County Bar Association. He is also the former Chairman of the Center for Environmental Information, Inc. Mr. Knauf is listed by Best Lawyers in America and Superlawyers in the fields of Environmental Law and Land Use and Zoning Law. He has been a professor of Environmental Law at both the University of Rochester and RIT, and is a frequent lecturer at continuing legal education seminars. Mr. Knauf earned a B.S. in Environmental Engineering from MIT, and is a graduate of University of Michigan Law School.~ "Should I report my clients Spill" http://www.nyenvlaw.com/Data/Documents/Should20I20Report.pdf) GHSGB
Most of the spill reporting requirements clearly do not include an attorney. The rules
AND
, in the author’s opinion, the lawyer probably must make a report.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Westwood | Judge: John Sims

Framework

V-Justice

Freedom requires action and ending oppression. Freire 70.

Paulo Freire 70 Brazilian educator and philosopher who was a leading advocate of critical pedagogy, Pedagogy of the Oppressed, The Continuum International Publishing Group, translated by Myra Bergman Ramos in 2005, 1970, BE
The "fear of freedom" which afflicts the oppressed, a fear
AND
of the oppressed which their education must take into account.

Liberation requires that the oppressed have their voices heard—breaking the cycle of oppression is the most important step to empowerment. Young 90

Iris Marion Young 90 was Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago, and affiliated with the Center for Gender Studies and the Human Rights program there, “Justice and the Politics of Difference” in Gender and Planning: A Reader, Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data, 2005, Originally published by Princeton U Press in 1990, BE
I have argued that participatory democracy is an element and
AND
the voice of those my privilege otherwise tends to silence. 

Thus, the standard is increasing ability for the oppressed to represent themselves.

Also prefer this because:
1 Oppression bad under any moral theory.
2 Other ethics assume a meritocracy.
3 I talk about democracy.

Contention 1 is the Culture of Silence.

Oppressed and marginalized not voting now—views silenced. Equality of opportunity needs to be participation. Engelen 07

Bart Engelen 07 Research Assistant of the Fund for Scientific Research – Flanders (Belgium), Centre for Economics and Ethics – Institute of Philosophy (K.U.Leuven), “Why Compulsory Voting Can Enhance Democracy”, Acta Politica, 2007, 42, (23–39), 2007 Palgrave Macmillan Ltd 0001-6810/07, BE
To show that low turnout is among the most serious
AND
be extended to a more substantial equality of participation and influence.

Voluntary voting means a culture of silence for the oppressed. Pena 09

C. Jocelyn Pena 09 Attended University of Phoenix and New York University; Senior Manager and Special Assistant at Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Education Fund PRLDEF, “Five Faces of Oppression,” The following article is adapted from “Five Faces of Oppression” by Iris Young. The article was originally a ¶ chapter in Oppression, Privilege, and Resistance edited by Lisa Heldke and Peg O’Connor (published by ¶ McGraw Hill in Boston, 2004), Assignment for Mr. Devin’s class on Leadership at San Jose, June 15, 2009, BE (MM)
Marginalization is the act of relegating or confining a group
AND
the dominant language and other languages are looked down upon.

Contention 2-solvency.

I advocate that the US will implement a compulsory voting that combines Australia and other successful models, explained by Alejandro 10

Hannah Alejandro 10 Future Law Professors Fellow, Georgetown University Law Center. JD, LLM, Georgetown University Law Center; BFA, New York University,¶ “The Sovereign Obligations of We, the People:¶ An Argument for Compulsory Voting in the United States,” Draft, 1 – Mar – 10, MM
Today, 32 countries have some form of mandatory voting.58 Registration,
AND
a fair but firm incentive to participate in national elections.

People are obligated to vote—fulfills voices. Alejandro 2.

Hannah Alejandro 2 Future Law Professors Fellow, Georgetown University Law Center. JD, LLM, Georgetown University Law Center; BFA, New York University,¶ “The Sovereign Obligations of We, the People:¶ An Argument for Compulsory Voting in the United States,” Draft, 1 – Mar – 10, MM
So how does a citizen-sovereign “govern” in our representative
AND
the political contract that we claim defines our entire system.

CV means social norms. Engelen 2

Bart Engelen 2 Research Assistant of the Fund for Scientific Research – Flanders (Belgium), Centre for Economics and Ethics – Institute of Philosophy (K.U.Leuven), “Why Compulsory Voting Can Enhance Democracy”, Acta Politica, 2007, 42, (23–39), 2007 Palgrave Macmillan Ltd 0001-6810/07, BE
This method, however, encounters the problem that the potential impact
AND
and reinforce each other (Keaney and Rogers, 2006, 18–20).

Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 1 | Opponent: PESH | Judge: Erick Berdugo

Framework

I value justice because it’s the social contextualization of morality, implied by the word ought in the resolution.

Justice requires deliberative democracy because it’s the only ethical theory that can solve conflicts of interests and account for everyone’s view. Benhabib 94

Seyla Benhabib 94 Eugene Mayer Professor of Political Science and Philosophy at Yale University, and director of the program in Ethics, Politics, and Economics, and a well-known contemporary philosopher, “Deliberative Rationality and Models of Democratic Legitimacy”, Constellations Volume I, No/, 1994, Published by Blackwell Publishers, BE
Second, the deliberative model of democracy proceeds not only from a conflict of values
AND
of conflicts of interests under conditions of social cooperation mutually acceptable to all.

Communicative ethics require that the oppressed are represented—this means that representing the marginalized is most important in creating ethics. Young 90

Iris Marion Young 90 was Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago, and affiliated with the Center for Gender Studies and the Human Rights program there, “Justice and the Politics of Difference” in Gender and Planning: A Reader, Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data, 2005, Originally published by Princeton U Press in 1990, BE
I have argued that participatory democracy is an element and condition of social justice.
AND
I listen to the voice of those my privilege otherwise tends to silence. 

Thus, the standard is creating representation of marginalized groups.

Also prefer this because:

1 Oppression is bad under any moral theory.
2 Equal representation comes before other moral theories.

My advocacy is the US will implement compulsory voting.

Contention 1 is the war on the poor.

Abstention of the socioeconomically lower class creates massive inequalities and harms the foundation of democracy. The oppressed are continually silenced as representatives stop caring for their concerns. Engelen 07

Bart Engelen 07 Research Assistant of the Fund for Scientific Research – Flanders (Belgium), Centre for Economics and Ethics – Institute of Philosophy (K.U.Leuven), “Why Compulsory Voting Can Enhance Democracy”, Acta Politica, 2007, 42, (23–39), 2007 Palgrave Macmillan Ltd 0001-6810/07, BE
To show that low turnout is among the most serious threats democracies face today,
AND
has to be extended to a more substantial equality of participation and influence.

Currently the uneducated and poor are screaming but not heard. They lack mobilization and a means of collective action. Lutz and Marsh 07

Georg Lutz and Marsh 07, Michael Institute of Political Science, University of Bern, Lerchenweg 36, CH-3000 Berne 9, Switzerland AND Department of Political Science, Trinity College Dublin, 1 College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland—respectively, “Introduction: Consequences of low turnout”, Electoral Studies 26 (2007) 539-547, BE
With its focus on individual elections, this approach allows for the important possibility that
AND
the US but this question is beyond the focus of this special issue.

This classist system creates a systematic war on the poor—causing excess deaths and an unending genocide on the weak. Abu-Jamal 98

Mumia Abu-Jamal 98 activist, radio journalist and former president of the Philadelphia Association of Black Journalists “A Quiet and Deadly Violence” September 19th, 1998
It has often been observed that America is a truly violent nation, as shown
AND
away, so that their great and terrible violence passes away with them.

Contention 2 is ending the war.

Compulsory voting is the only way to fix these inequalities: it stops domination by the most powerful. Lacroix 07

Justine Lacroix 07 Université libre de Bruxelles, “A Liberal Defence of Compulsory Voting”, POLITICS: 2007 VOL 27(3), 190–195, 2007, BE
This leads to a second liberal notion, which may justify the principle of compulsory
AND
domination of the most powerful’ (Magnette, 2006, p. 92).

And, compulsory voting instigates the social norm to vote. This helps represent the oppressed because it breaks the cycle of privilege and instigates a new one of people consistently going out to vote and being represented. Engelen 2

Bart Engelen 2 Research Assistant of the Fund for Scientific Research – Flanders (Belgium), Centre for Economics and Ethics – Institute of Philosophy (K.U.Leuven), “Why Compulsory Voting Can Enhance Democracy”, Acta Politica, 2007, 42, (23–39), 2007 Palgrave Macmillan Ltd 0001-6810/07, BE
This method, however, encounters the problem that the potential impact of compulsory voting
AND
reinforce each other (Keaney and Rogers, 2006, 18–20).

And, non-voting is NOT representation—it’s impossible to determine an intent of nonvoting. Also, CV solves better because it allows those who truly want to abstain to do so on the ballot. Lardy 04

Heather Lardy 04 University of Aberdeen, researches and teaches in public law, “Is there a right not to vote?” Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, Vol 24, No 2, (2004), pg 303-321, BE
Brief answers are possible to these claims. Taking the last first, it is
AND
reason to conclude that that freedom should protect a right not to vote. 

Status quo can’t solve—non-voting isn’t always what the underrepresented want for 4 reasons. Bernhagen and Marsh 07

Patrick Bernhagen and Marsh 07  Department of Political Science and International Relations, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen and Michael Department of Political Science, Trinity College Dublin _{“The partisan effects of low turnout: Analyzing vote abstention as a missing data problem”, Electoral Studies 26 (2007) 548-560, BE
We begin with country-level expectations. The first 1 argument to
AND
limited as thresholds will con- tinue to leave them without parliamentary representation.}    

This means CV is the best way to solve because it serves as an effective coordination method. Those who don’t vote don’t always do it because they choose, but because there’s no point.