Tournament: Barkley Forum | Round: 1 | Opponent: University SJ | Judge: Clay Stewart

Kreeft explains what an argument requires.

Kreeft,  (Peter Peter John Kreeft is a professor of philosophy at Boston College and The King's College. He is the author of numerous books as well as a popular writer of Christian philosophy, theology and apologetics. PeterPro life Philosphy Transcript. http://www.peterkreeft.com/audio/19_prolife-philosophy/prolife-philosophy_transcription.htm)ghs//GB
Finally, the criteria
AND
to anybody's argument.

Thus all arguments have a proactive burden to explain how they meet these parts then it has no warrant. Independent of meeting this burden the argument is incoherent.  Thus all arguments must have a clear connection between a major and minor premise and from that derive a coherent conclusion. Thus arguments are articulated in terms of a syllogism.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 6 | Opponent: Saratoga RK | Judge: Tiffany Sam

1~ In context in of the environment, state-of-affairs questions are necessary – moral abstractions are insufficient.

Elliot 03 – (Herschel ~Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at the University of Florida~ "The Revolutionary Import of Garrett Hardin’s Work" http://www.garretthardinsociety.org/tributes/tr_elliot_2003jul.html) GHSGB
As I pointed out in A General Statement of Hardin’s Tragedy of the Commons (
AND
pass environmental and factual tests. Nature can veto moral beliefs and theories.

====2~ Definition- Oxford Dictionary defines should as: indicating a desirable or expected state. This means that definitionally the resolution forces us to use a state of affairs and a consequentialist framework.====

3~ The act-omission makes no sense, which means allowing people to die is just as bad as killing them, which means you should act to prevent mass death

Richard Chappell 06. ~Professor of Philosophy, Princeton~, Doing And Allowing, Philosophy Etc. http://www.philosophyetc.net/2006/01/doing-and-allowing.html-http://www.philosophyetc.net/2006/01/doing-and-allowing.html. JMN
No, even in this extreme case, when MET is properly understood, it
AND
", "doing" or "allowing", it’s really all the same.

4~ Deontology is just status quo bias, which is irrational.

Richard Chappell 06. ~Professor of Philosophy, Princeton~, "The Conservatism of Deontology." Philosophy Etc. http://www.philosophyetc.net/2006/04/conservatism-of-deontology.html. JMN
People simply assume that the status quo involves a just distribution. (Witness the
AND
exhibit an unthinking deference to the status quo. Conservatism at its worst. 

5~ Reduction- clearly there are cases in which we can violate people for a greater good.

Derek Parfit 11 ~Oxford~, On What Matters (OUP: 2011), p. 216.
Consider next some Egoist, who treats others in whatever way he believes would be
AND
this child’s life, this man acts wrongly. That is clearly false. 

6~ Treating someone as a mere means only makes your attitude wrong, not the act.

Derek Parfit 11 ~Oxford~, On What Matters (OUP: 2011), p. 216.
That may not be true. Consider some gangster who, unlike my mother’s principled
AND
. In buying his cup of coffee, he does not act wrongly. 

7~ Deontology is paradoxical because whether we do something or nothing, people are inevitably going to be used as means to an end. The only way to resolve the conflict is by minimizing the harm.

8~ DEONTOLOGY LOCKS US INTO A DEADLOCK WHEN VALUES CONFLICT, ONLY WAY TO RESOLVE THAT IS BY USING CONSEQUENTIALISM

Person 07, 1997 ¶ (lngmar. Lund University. Three Methods of Ethics: a debate. Eds. Baron, Marcia, Philip Petit, and Michael Stole. Pg 13-14. uwwej)
   Now the natural rights theorist maintains, of course, that. the  presence
AND
unless we transcend the natural rights framework in favour of a consequentialist one.

9~ Deontic evaluations are binary but our morality must be scalar. This disproves non-consequentialism because it requires evaluations based on degree. Only consequentialism meets this ethical burden.

Tim Mulgan 04, "Critical Notice of Jeff McMahon, The Ethics of Killing: Problems at the Margin of Life," Canadian Journal of Philosophy 34 (2004). Larry Alexander, "Scalar Properties, Binary Judgments," Journal of Applied Philosophy 25 (2008).
In the moral realm, our deontic judgments are usually (always?) binary.
AND
answers to the normative ones. But they surely lurk in the background. 

All the morally relevant features come in degrees- culpability, severity- even the resolution asks which goal we should value over the other- when things come in degrees, we can’t have absolutist statements

10~ Kantian and contract morality yield consequentialism.

Parfit 11, Derek. ~Oxford, Rutgers~ On What Matters, vol. 1, Oxford University Press, 2011.
When we apply the Kantian Formula, we ask which principles each person could rationally
AND
principles whose universal acceptance everyone would have the strongest impartial reasons to choose.

11~ THERE IS NO REASON TO THINK THAT HUMANITY HAS AN INHERENTLY RATIONAL NATURE, SO RATIONALITY CANNOT BE THE BASIS OF RESPECT FOR PERSONS.

Jeff McMahan 08 Rutgers~, "Challenges to Human Equality," The Journal of Ethics (2008).
I believe, as I argued in The Ethics of Killing, that there are
AND
with the most extensive forms of assistance that we are currently able to provide

12~ Rationality cannot have infinite value. Parfit:

Derek Parfit 11 ~Oxford~, On What Matters (June 11, 2011 version), 241-242.
On Kant’s view, like having a good will, rationality is in part an
AND
people from any amount of pain. That conclusion would also be insane.

13~ KANTIANS ARE WRONG TO ATTACH ABSOLUTE VALUE TO OUR RATIONAL CAPACITY.

Richard Arneson 05 ~University of California, San Diego~, "Joel Feinberg and the Justification of Hard Paternalism," Legal Theory (2005).
Moreover, part of what has gone wrong is the Kantian extravagance that Feinberg pinpoints
AND
value. The basic idea of the no-exchange constraint is misguided. 

14~ Kant’s formula fails b/c of the rarity objection.

Derek Parfit 11, ~Research Fellow at All Soul’s College Oxford; visiting professor of philosophy at NYU/Harvard/Rutgers~, On What Matters Volume 1, Oxford University Press.  
Suppose that I wrongly steal some wallet from some woman dressed in white who is
AND
mistakenly permit these wrong acts. We can call this the Rarity Objection.

15~ Kant’s formula falls to the non-reversibility objection.

Derek Parfit 11, ~Research Fellow at All Soul’s College Oxford; visiting professor of philosophy at NYU/Harvard/Rutgers~, On What Matters Volume 1, Oxford University Press.  
Kant’s question is not, however, enough. In many cases, if we
AND
to us. So we can call this the Non-Reversibility Objection.

16~ Kant’s formula has insane implications.

Derek Parfit 11, ~Research Fellow at All Soul’s College Oxford; visiting professor of philosophy at NYU/Harvard/Rutgers~, On What Matters Volume 1, Oxford University Press.  
Kant’s formula is also, in part, (H) It is wrong to
AND
be wrong both to refuse bribes and to give generously to the poor.

Tournament: Colleyville | Round: 5 | Opponent: Crowley BB | Judge: Daniel Becker

A Link – the aff regards animals as resources that are up for human use.

PETER Singer 85 Philosopher, “In Defense of Animals”, New York: Basil Blackwell, 1985, pgs. 13-26, BE
What's wrong — fundamentally
AND
commercial animal agriculture.

B Impact – they destroy any equality between animals and humans—destroying inherent value to life.

PETER Singer 2 Philosopher, “In Defense of Animals”, New York: Basil Blackwell, 1985, pgs. 13-26, BE
What to do?
AND
This means that it turns the case—the anthropocentric view of animals as resources is exactly what justifies exploitation of nature and humans in the first place.

Bell and Russell 2k, Anne C. Bell graduate student in the Faculty of Environmental Studies and Constance L. Russell graduate student at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, “Beyond Human, Beyond Words: Anthropocentrism, Critical Pedagogy, and the Poststructuralist Turn”, Canadian Journal of Education, Vol 25 No 3, 2000, BE

For this reason
AND
1988, p. 592).

C Alt – Recognize the intrinsic value of animals as well as humans. This is mutually exclusive with the aff because the methodology that they have chosen to adopt is already one that prescribes animals as resources—saying otherwise would be severance.

Katz 93, Eric Katz Vice President of the International Society for Environmental Ethics and Lauren Oechsli undergraduate biology major at Columbia University, “Moving beyond Anthropocentrism: Environmental Ethics, Development, and the Amazon”, Discussion Papers, Spring 1993, BE
Can an environmentalist
AND
based ethic cannot.13

And, we must include animals in our moral contracts.

Humphreys 08 – (Rebekah Rebekah completed her BA, MA, and PhD at Cardiff University. Before working at TSD, she worked as a Tutor of Philosophy at Cardiff University and as a Visiting Lecturer at University of Wales, Newport.  She also taught A-Level Philosophy at Cardiff and the Vale College. “Contractarianism: On the Incoherence of the Exclusion of Non-Human Beings 2008) GHSGB
By restricting members
AND
modern day practices.

Tournament: Colleyville | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Winston Churchill MW | Judge: Wei, Agho-Otoghile, Boyd

A: Counterplan Text: insert aff actor will prioritize resource extraction over environmental protection and will evenly distribute income to all persons. The government will then tax these revenues. They will engage in the economic ideology of capitalism.

Moss 11 – (Todd Todd Moss is chief operating officer and senior fellow at the Center for Global Development. “Oil to Cash: Fighting the Resource Curse through Cash Transfers” http://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/1424714_file_Oil2Cash_primer_FINAL.pdf) GHSGB

1. Incentives to tax
   AND
   accountable (Fasano 2000).

That solves corruption AND helps break out of the resource curse, which means that it is the only solvency for the aff's poverty impact.

Moss 11 – (Todd Todd Moss is chief operating officer and senior fellow at the Center for Global Development. “Oil to Cash: Fighting the Resource Curse through Cash Transfers” http://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/1424714_file_Oil2Cash_primer_FINAL.pdf) GHSGB
4. Good for the
AND
than cash transfers.

Can't Perm

1 Severence

2 Net Benefits function as disads to your perm

Net Benefits

1Capitalism saves the environment: causes mindset shift in favor of conservation, innovation decreases resource inputs, property rights solve tragedy of the commons, and wealth allows better pollution control technology—*this means that the counterplan is the only ruse of solvency for the AC impacts

Taylor 03 – (Jerry, Director of Natural Resource Studies at CATO, April 23, 2003 “Happy Earth Day? Thank Capitalism”, http://www.cato.org/dailys/04-23-03-2.html) GHSGB
Indeed, we wouldn't
AND
environmental organizations combined.

2 Free markets generate wealth that cause environmental protection; history proves alternatives to capitalism destroy the environment more

Radley Balko, freelance writer, 2000, Backgrounders: free trade and the environment, http://www.aworldconnected.org/article.php/558.html
In his book
AND
takes for granted.

3. The Disad functions as a net benefit

Tournament: Woodward | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Lake Highland MC | Judge: Nunley, Zhang, Zerbib

A: Link:

Ecology and environmental protection are just a capitalist guise used by the bourgeoisie; it is a form of capitalism used to create distinction between the rich and the poor and perpetuating class divisions.

Coupat et al 07 – (Julien Coupat (born June 4, 1974, Bordeaux) is a French political activist at the centre of a controversial investigation. As one of the Tarnac Nine, he was accused of plotting the sabotage of train lines in November 2008, which the French government decided to define as terrorism, and spent over six months in jail before being released on bail. The centerpiece of the case against him was that he wrote the Coming Insurrection; he was the ringleader. All of the other authors names have not been released. The Coming Insurrection, La Fabrique) GHSGB
Managing the phasing
AND
progress of control. 

The 1AC politicizes nature by using apocalyptic rhetoric and human suffering as an issue to motivate action, their methodology creates a “real Nature” who they try to speak for; this is the post-politics method that is entrenched in capitalist ideologies.

Swyngedouw 06 - (Erik Erik Achille Marie Swyngedouw is professor of geography at the University of Manchester in its School of Environment and Development. "Impossible “Sustainability” and the Post-Political Condition" Sustainable Development Guilford Press, New York) GHSGB
I have not
AND
less universal consensus. 

Impacts

The aff’s promotion of sustainability doesn’t question capitalism, so it fails to solve the root cause of the environmental harms they criticize, turning case.

McGregor 13 – (Warren member of the Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front “Linking Environment Activism and Other Struggles: An Anarchist Analysis” http://zabalaza.net/2013/02/11/linking-environment-activism-and-other-struggles-an-anarchist-analysis/) GHSGB
We argue for
AND
degradation (Steele, 2002).

The competition that comes from capitalism is the root cause of nuclear proliferation.

 Koulouris 06 - (Bryan writer for the socialist alternative "North Korea Goes Nuclear" http://socialistalternative.me/news/article11.php?id=457) GHSGB
The Bush administration
AND
without corporate domination.

Nuclear proliferation destroys international stability and causes escalatory nuclear wars.

Quester and Utgoff 94 – (George Professor of Government and Politics at the University of Maryland and Victor Deputy Director of the Strategy, Forces, and Resources Division of the Institute for Defense Analysis "U.S. Arms Reductions and Nuclear Proliferation: The Counterproductive Possibilities," The Washington Quarterly 16 pg 129-140) GHSGB
If Americans ask
AND
or UN involvement.

alt

The alternative is to completely withdraw from the logic of capital. Only a complete rejection of the fetishizing of capitalism can destroy the capitalist system.

Johnston 04 – (Adrian interdisciplinary research fellow in psychoanalysis at Emory University, “The Cynic’s Fetish: Slavoj Žižek and the Dynamics of Belief” Psychoanalysis, Culture and Society, December p259) GHSGB
Perhaps the absence
AND
 believe in it. 

You as the judge have an ethical obligation to reject the violence of global capitalism--pure body count utilitarian decisions are based on an economic rationale that cannot account for the degraded life chances of billions of people all over the world.

Zizek and Daly 04- (Glyn Senior Lecturer in Politics at University College in Northampton, Slajov Slavoj Žižek is a Slovenian Marxist philosopher, psychoanalyst and cultural critic. He is a senior researcher at the Institute for Sociology and Philosophy, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia “Conversations with Zizek”, p. 14-16) GHSGB
For Zizek it
AND
of differential affirmation.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: Octas | Opponent: College Prep CL | Judge: Courtney Nunley, Alex Smith, Marc Okrent

A Link – the aff’s endorsement of a deep ecology  drives an effort to eliminate differences and distinctions between moral beings, resulting in a colonization of the self.

Val Plumwood 93 Australian ecofeminist intellectual and activist, “Feminism and the Mastery of Nature”, published in the Taylor and Francis e-Library, 2003, originally published 1993, BE
The analysis of
AND
satisfactory environmental philosophy.

B Impact – this turns the aff—colonization and totalization of the self just results in further perpetuation of violence and domination of the other.

Val Plumwood 93 Australian ecofeminist intellectual and activist, “Feminism and the Mastery of Nature”, published in the Taylor and Francis e-Library, 2003, originally published 1993, BE
As in the
AND
same (Turner 1986:131).9

Deep ecology’s focus on the ecological self also turns the case because its focus on a whole self destroys the notion of the importance of individual organisms.

Colette Sciberras 02 Colette Sciberras is a postdoctoral researcher @ Durham University. Her research lies at the intersection of two broad fields in philosophy, namely, Buddhism and environmental philosophy, “DEEP ECOLOGY AND ECOFEMINISM: THE SELF IN ENVIRONMENTAL PHILOSOPHY”, A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MA in Values and the Environment, Lancaster University, 2002, BE
The first problem
AND
of individual beings. 

C Alternative – Reject the aff’s adoption of deep ecology by recognizing distinctions between moral beings but maintaining a continuity that respects otherness of the other.

Val Plumwood 93 Australian ecofeminist intellectual and activist, “Feminism and the Mastery of Nature”, published in the Taylor and Francis e-Library, 2003, originally published 1993, BE
As a structure
AND
of the human.

Tournament: McMillen | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Liberty Christian BS | Judge: Panel

The role of the judge is to reward the debater who’s performance and discourse does not perpetuate the oppression of people. We must question what our discourse in round justifies.

Vincent 13 – (Christopher Debate Coach, former college NDT debater “Re-Conceptualizing Our Performances: Accountability In Lincoln Douglas Debate” http://victorybriefs.com/vbd/2013/10/re-conceptualizing-our-performances-accountability-in-lincoln-douglas-debate) GHSGB
Charles Mills argues
AND
community could have.

We as debaters cannot separate ourselves from our discourse -- that’s problematic because that would ignore the practical implications of our rhetoric.

Michael Karlberg 05 Professor in the Department of Communication at Western Washington University. Wrote: Beyond the Culture of Contest: From Adversarialism to Mutualism in an Age of Interdependence. Ted Talks “The Power of Discourse and the Discourse of Power: Pursuing Peace through Discourse Intervention.” http://www.gmu.edu/programs/icar/ijps/vol10_1/Karlberg_101IJPS.pdf ghsVA
The ways we
AND
left and right.

A: Link: The affirmative creates a distinction between western “developed” countries and “undeveloped” countries. This development rhetoric is inherently connected to the cultural enslavement of other peoples.

Esteva 93 – (Gustavo Gustavo Esteva is a Mexican activist, "deprofessionalized intellectual" and founder of the Universidad de la Tierra in the Mexican city of Oaxaca. He is one of the best known advocates of Post-Development. Wikipedia “The Development Dictionary”, p.9, 1993) GHSGB
Development cannot delink
AND
experiences and dreams.

Impacts: The word is attached to a history of meanings which it implies.  No matter their caveats, it’s inevitably attached to that history.

Esteva 93 – (Gustavo Gustavo Esteva is a Mexican activist, "deprofessionalized intellectual" and founder of the Universidad de la Tierra in the Mexican city of Oaxaca. He is one of the best known advocates of Post-Development. Wikipedia “The Development Dictionary”, p.9, 1993) GHSGB
To say 'yes'
AND
their social life. 

-AND- Development rhetoric perpetuates colonialism and imperialism and turns all the aff impacts because it increases environmental destruction

Berger 12 – (Jamie writer at the Intellectualyst “The Harmful Discourse of Development: A Look at India” http://intellectualyst.com/the-harmful-discourse-of-development-a-look-at-india-534/) GHSGB
In a speech
AND
the world’s resources.

Alt: Reject the development discourse.  Rejecting development discourse is a prerequisite to imagine alternatives and stop colonization.

Escobar 95, - (Arturo Arturo Escobar is a Colombian-American anthropologist primarily known for his contribution to postdevelopment theory and political ecology. “Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World) GHSGB
Above all, however,
AND
out to accomplish.

My argument turns the case. Naming actions development is always counterproductive. My alternative is the only escape

Cleaver 95 – (Harry M., Jr., professor of economics at UT-Austin, May 3, 1995 http://www.cs.unb.ca/~alopez-o/politics/NAFTAmail/msg00023.html) GHSGB
I agree that,
AND
and start fresh.

Tournament: Colleyville | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Winston Churchill MW | Judge: Wei, Agho-Otoghile, Boyd

The role of the judge is to reward the debater who’s performance and discourse does not perpetuate the oppression of people. We must question what our discourse in round justifies.

Vincent 13 – (Christopher Debate Coach, former college NDT debater “Re-Conceptualizing Our Performances: Accountability In Lincoln Douglas Debate” http://victorybriefs.com/vbd/2013/10/re-conceptualizing-our-performances-accountability-in-lincoln-douglas-debate) GHSGB
Charles Mills argues
AND
community could have.

I choose to argue that the affirmative’s willingness to affirm the resolution perpetuates a culture of silence in context of what we justify; conversations of the discourse of use of the world developing are necessary to understand the implications of our speech acts.

A: Link: The affirmative creates a distinction between western “developed” countries and “undeveloped” countries. This development rhetoric is inherently connected to the cultural enslavement of other peoples.

Esteva 93 – (Gustavo Gustavo Esteva is a Mexican activist, "deprofessionalized intellectual" and founder of the Universidad de la Tierra in the Mexican city of Oaxaca. He is one of the best known advocates of Post-Development. Wikipedia “The Development Dictionary”, p.9, 1993) GHSGB
Development cannot delink
AND
experiences and dreams.

Impacts: The word is attached to a history of meanings which it implies.  No matter their caveats, it’s inevitably attached to that history. Esteva 2.

Esteva 93 – (Gustavo Gustavo Esteva is a Mexican activist, "deprofessionalized intellectual" and founder of the Universidad de la Tierra in the Mexican city of Oaxaca. He is one of the best known advocates of Post-Development. Wikipedia “The Development Dictionary”, p.9, 1993) GHSGB
To say 'yes',
AND
their social life. 

Alt: Reject the development discourse.  Rejecting development discourse is a prerequisite to imagine alternatives and stop colonization.

Escobar 95, - (Arturo Arturo Escobar is a Colombian-American anthropologist primarily known for his contribution to postdevelopment theory and political ecology. “Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World) GHSGB
Above all, however
AND
out to accomplish.

Tournament: Barkley Forum | Round: 1 | Opponent: University SJ | Judge: Clay Stewart

The role of the judge is to reward the debater who’s performance and discourse does not perpetuate the oppression of people. We must question what our discourse in round justifies.

Vincent 13 – (Christopher Debate Coach, former college NDT debater “Re-Conceptualizing Our Performances: Accountability In Lincoln Douglas Debate” http://victorybriefs.com/vbd/2013/10/re-conceptualizing-our-performances-accountability-in-lincoln-douglas-debate) GHSGB
Charles Mills argues
AND
community could have.

The discourse that we use shapes our realities.

Michael Karlberg 05 Professor in the Department of Communication at Western Washington University. Wrote: Beyond the Culture of Contest: From Adversarialism to Mutualism in an Age of Interdependence. Ted Talks “The Power of Discourse and the Discourse of Power: Pursuing Peace through Discourse Intervention.” http://www.gmu.edu/programs/icar/ijps/vol10_1/Karlberg_101IJPS.pdf ghsVA
The ways we
AND
left and right.

the affirmative’s willingness to affirm the resolution perpetuates a culture of silence in context of what we justify; conversations of the discourse of use of the world developing are necessary to understand the implications of our speech acts.

A: Link: The affirmative creates a distinction between western “developed” countries and “undeveloped” countries. This development rhetoric is inherently connected to the cultural enslavement of other peoples.

Esteva 93 – (Gustavo Gustavo Esteva is a Mexican activist, "deprofessionalized intellectual" and founder of the Universidad de la Tierra in the Mexican city of Oaxaca. He is one of the best known advocates of Post-Development. Wikipedia “The Development Dictionary”, p.9, 1993) GHSGB
Development cannot delink
AND
experiences and dreams

Impacts: The word is attached to a history of meanings which it implies.  No matter their caveats, it’s inevitably attached to that history. Esteva 2.

Esteva 93 – (Gustavo Gustavo Esteva is a Mexican activist, "deprofessionalized intellectual" and founder of the Universidad de la Tierra in the Mexican city of Oaxaca. He is one of the best known advocates of Post-Development. Wikipedia “The Development Dictionary”, p.9, 1993) GHSGB
To say 'yes',
AND
their social life. 

Alt: Reject the development discourse.  Rejecting development discourse is a prerequisite to imagine alternatives and stop colonization.

Escobar 95, - (Arturo Arturo Escobar is a Colombian-American anthropologist primarily known for his contribution to postdevelopment theory and political ecology. “Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World) GHSGB
Above all, however
AND
out to accomplish.

My argument turns the case. Naming actions development is always counterproductive. My alternative is the only escape

Cleaver 95 – (Harry M., Jr., professor of economics at UT-Austin, May 3, 1995 http://www.cs.unb.ca/~alopez-o/politics/NAFTAmail/msg00023.html) GHSGB
I agree that,
AND
and start fresh.

Tournament: McMillen | Round: 1 | Opponent: Newman Smith TS | Judge: Jacob Arnett

Uniqueness: Ecuador and the rest of the Amazon are drilling now or planning on it

Dudenhoefer 13 –(David David Dudenhoefer is a freelance journalist and communications consultant based in Lima, Peru, from where he covers several South American countries “Ecuador’s Amazon Drilling Plan Raises Concerns Over Environment, Oil Dependency” October 8th, 2013) GHSGB
On Aug. 15
AND
primarily from China.

Link- Drilling in any forest setting causes deforestation- that means that environmental protection and resource extraction are always in conflict.

Finer et al 08, Jenkins, Pimm, Keane, and Ross – (Matt Dr. Finer is a Project Scientist in CIEL's Biodiversity Program. The project focuses on protecting the primary forests, biodiversity, and indigenous territories in the Loreto Region of the Peruvian Amazon by promoting strategic planning at the regional and national levels., Clinton Dr. Clinton Jenkins earned his doctorate in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology from the University of Tennessee, Staurt Doris Duke Professor of Conservation Ecology, Brian Advisor to the United States AID program (USAID), Carl  Save America's Forests, Washington D. C., United States of America “Oil and Gas Projects in the Western Amazon: Threats to Wilderness, Biodiversity, and Indigenous Peoples” August 13th, 2008 http://www.plosone.org/article/info3Adoi2F10.13712Fjournal.pone.0002932#pone.0002932-Greenberg1) GHSGB
Oil and gas
AND
over seven years 38.

Impact- oil prevents collapse of Chinese government

Malaquias 06 - (Assis Associate Professor of Government at St. Lawrence University, “Thirsty Powers: The United States, China, and Africa’s Energy Resources,” Paper for 3rd FLAD-IPRI International Conference on Portugal, the U.S. and Southern Africa, http://www.ipri.pt/eventos/pdf/FLAD05_AMalaquias.pdf)GHS//GB
China is destined
AND
China’s oil courtship. 

Regime collapse means global nuclear war

Renxin 05 - (San Journalist, “CCP Gambles Insanely to Avoid Death,” Epoch Times, www.theepochtimes.com/news/5-8-3/30931.html) GHSGB
Since the Party’s
AND
with their lives.

Tournament: Barkley Forum | Round: 4 | Opponent: Monticello LS | Judge: Nick Monteclavo

Uniqueness: Ecuador and the rest of the Amazon are drilling now or planning on it

Dudenhoefer 13 –(David David Dudenhoefer is a freelance journalist and communications consultant based in Lima, Peru, from where he covers several South American countries “Ecuador’s Amazon Drilling Plan Raises Concerns Over Environment, Oil Dependency” October 8th, 2013) GHSGB
On Aug. 15
AND
primarily from China. 

Link- Drilling in any forest setting causes deforestation- that means that environmental protection and resource extraction are always in conflict.

Finer et al 08, Jenkins, Pimm, Keane, and Ross – (Matt Dr. Finer is a Project Scientist in CIEL's Biodiversity Program. The project focuses on protecting the primary forests, biodiversity, and indigenous territories in the Loreto Region of the Peruvian Amazon by promoting strategic planning at the regional and national levels., Clinton Dr. Clinton Jenkins earned his doctorate in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology from the University of Tennessee, Staurt Doris Duke Professor of Conservation Ecology, Brian Advisor to the United States AID program (USAID), Carl  Save America's Forests, Washington D. C., United States of America “Oil and Gas Projects in the Western Amazon: Threats to Wilderness, Biodiversity, and Indigenous Peoples” August 13th, 2008 http://www.plosone.org/article/info3Adoi2F10.13712Fjournal.pone.0002932#pone.0002932-Greenberg1) GHSGB
Oil and gas
AND
over seven years 38.

Internal Link- China requires Latin American oil—its necessary.

Wang 13 – (Xiaoxia I work within the Department of Politics, Philosophy and Religion to develop distance learning courses and provide technical support for distance learning students on the MA in Diplomacy and International Relations at Lancaster University., "In America's Backyard: China's rising influence in Latin America" World Crunch www.worldcrunch.com/china-2.0/in-america-039-s-backyard-china-039-s-rising-influence-in-latin-america/foreign-policy-trade-economy-investments-energy/c9s11647/) GHSGB
Over the past
AND
destination for China.

Impact- oil prevents collapse of Chinese government

Malaquias 06 - (Assis Associate Professor of Government at St. Lawrence University, “Thirsty Powers: The United States, China, and Africa’s Energy Resources,” Paper for 3rd FLAD-IPRI International Conference on Portugal, the U.S. and Southern Africa, http://www.ipri.pt/eventos/pdf/FLAD05_AMalaquias.pdf)GHS//GB
China is destined
AND
China’s oil courtship. 

Regime collapse means global nuclear war

Renxin 05 - (San Journalist, “CCP Gambles Insanely to Avoid Death,” Epoch Times, www.theepochtimes.com/news/5-8-3/30931.html) GHSGB
Since the Party’s
AND
with their lives.

Tournament: Barkley Forum | Round: 6 | Opponent: Loyola MG | Judge: Jordan Lamothe

A: Plan: The government of India should prioritize resource extraction over environmental protection AND implement an environment impact assessment.

Environmental impact assessment is an effective policy tool that detects environmental threats and offers advice for policymakers.

Modak and Biswas99: Prasad Modak ~Executive President of Environmental Management Centre LLP~ and Asit K. Biswas ~PhD (Engineering), D.Tech. (Honoris Causa), University of Lund, Sweden; founder of the Third World Centre for Water Management in Mexico~, "Conducting Environmental Impact Assessment in Developing Countries," United Nations University Press, Jan 1, 1999 - Business 26 Economics - 364 pages, GHSMM
Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is a policy and management tool¶ for both
AND
. In Chapter 3, the EIA¶ process is introduced in detail.

EIA can be used at multiple stages of projects. So I can solve BEFORE as well as DURING.

Modak and Biswas99: Prasad Modak ~Executive President of Environmental Management Centre LLP~ and Asit K. Biswas ~PhD (Engineering), D.Tech. (Honoris Causa), University of Lund, Sweden; founder of the Third World Centre for Water Management in Mexico~, "Conducting Environmental Impact Assessment in Developing Countries," United Nations University Press, Jan 1, 1999 - Business 26 Economics - 364 pages, GHSMM
EIA can be done sequentially. i.e.. it may be conducted after
AND
¶ would probably maximize its effectiveness and minimize delays in project¶ implementation.

RESOURCE EXTRACTION UNIQUELY NEEDS EIA

Modak and Biswas99: Prasad Modak ~Executive President of Environmental Management Centre LLP~ and Asit K. Biswas ~PhD (Engineering), D.Tech. (Honoris Causa), University of Lund, Sweden; founder of the Third World Centre for Water Management in Mexico~, "Conducting Environmental Impact Assessment in Developing Countries," United Nations University Press, Jan 1, 1999 - Business 26 Economics - 364 pages, GHSMM
Projects defined as environmentally critical and requiring an EIA based on¶ type. regardless of location.¶ 0 Heavy industries: non-ferrous ~are~ metal industries. iron and steel mills.¶ petroleum and petrochemical industries. smelting plants.¶ 0 ~and~ resource extractive industries: ~including~ major mining and quarrying projects.¶ forestry projects. ~and~ fishery projects.¶ 0 ~and~ Infrastructure projects: major dams, major power plants. major¶ reclamation projects, major roads and bridges.

In cases of displacement for locals – EIA solves by providing alternative locations and bringing the issue to attention

Modak and Biswas99: Prasad Modak ~Executive President of Environmental Management Centre LLP~ and Asit K. Biswas ~PhD (Engineering), D.Tech. (Honoris Causa), University of Lund, Sweden; founder of the Third World Centre for Water Management in Mexico~, "Conducting Environmental Impact Assessment in Developing Countries," United Nations University Press, Jan 1, 1999 - Business 26 Economics - 364 pages, GHSMM
~For~ Land acquisition leading to displacement of nearly 5000 local residents¶ it
AND
identified as "alternatives" where the issue of relocation is rather minor.

Tournament: McMillen | Round: Semis | Opponent: Law Magnet DD | Judge: Dylan Cavanaugh, John Sims, Eric Wong

Uniqueness: Drilling in the middle east is only going up

Greenberg 09 – (Jerry Jerry covered worldwide offshore and onshore drilling and production activity and technology beginning in 1980. His articles were published in Offshore, Oil and Gas Journal, World Oil, Hart’s EandP, Journal of Petroleum Technology (JPT), Bassoe Offshore Monthly, AAPG Explorer, Upstream, Subsea Engineering News, Offshore Engineer and Drilling Contractor http://www.drillingcontractor.org/kuwait-oman-boost-middle-east-drilling-activity-with-deep-drilling-steam-flood-projects-84)GHS//GB
KOC’s plans are
AND
$60 or higher.

Link- Extraction of oil and gas is always in conflict with the environment

Dabbs 96 – (Corbett American University “Oil Production and Environmental Damage” http://www1.american.edu/ted/projects/tedcross/xoilpr15.htm) GHSGB
Although much of
AND
Exxon Valdez spill).

Internal Link- Global dependency on Middle East oil is going up- no viable other options.

Luft 09 – (Gal Gal Luft is executive director of the Institute for the Analysis of Global Security (IAGS) “Dependence On Middle East Energy And Its Impact On Global Security” NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security 2009, pp 197-210) GHSGB
The concentration of
AND
under their capacity.

Impact- oil prevents collapse of Chinese government

Malaquias 06 - (Assis Associate Professor of Government at St. Lawrence University, “Thirsty Powers: The United States, China, and Africa’s Energy Resources,” Paper for 3rd FLAD-IPRI International Conference on Portugal, the U.S. and Southern Africa, http://www.ipri.pt/eventos/pdf/FLAD05_AMalaquias.pdf)GHS//GB
China is destined
AND
China’s oil courtship.

Regime collapse means global nuclear war

Renxin 05 - (San Journalist, “CCP Gambles Insanely to Avoid Death,” Epoch Times, www.theepochtimes.com/news/5-8-3/30931.html) GHSGB
Since the Party’s
AND
with their lives.

Tournament: Coppell | Round: 3 | Opponent: Hockaday AH | Judge: Guy who voted for me

CP Text: The developing countries should prioritize Resource extraction over environmental protection and evenly distribute income to all persons. The government will then tax these revenues.

Moss 11 – (Todd Todd Moss is chief operating officer and senior fellow at the Center for Global Development. “Oil to Cash: Fighting the Resource Curse through Cash Transfers” http://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/1424714_file_Oil2Cash_primer_FINAL.pdf) GHSGB

1. Incentives to tax.
   AND
   accountable (Fasano 2000).

That solves corruption AND helps break out of the resource curse.

Moss 11 – (Todd Todd Moss is chief operating officer and senior fellow at the Center for Global Development. “Oil to Cash: Fighting the Resource Curse through Cash Transfers” http://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/1424714_file_Oil2Cash_primer_FINAL.pdf) GHSGB
4. Good for the
AND
than cash transfers.

Tournament: Coppell | Round: 3 | Opponent: Hockaday AH | Judge: Guy who voted for me

A Uniqueness – China controls rare earths right now, and the current reserves they have are sustainable for up to 800 years.

Clifford Coonan 13 reporter for The Independent, based in Beijing, “Spoils of the earth”, Open Knowledge, 27 Aug 2013, BE
Rare earths are
AND
earth in China.” 

Link- rare earth extraction is always in conflict with the environment, not only during its extraction but also after it is put into computers. Rare earth is key to computer creation.

Downey et al 10 Bonds, Katherine– (Liam Liam Downey (Ph.D., University of Arizona) is an Associate Professor of Sociology, Faculty Associate in the Institute of Behavioral Science, and Faculty Associate in the Environmental Studies Program. Eric Eric Bonds, Assistant Professor of Sociology and Anthropology, earned a Ph.D. (2011) from the University of Colorado, an M.A. (2005) from Minnesota State University and a B.S. (2000) from the University of Wyoming., Clark Katherine Clark earned her Ph.D. from the University of Colorado in 2011 “Natural Resource Extraction, Armed Violence, and Environmental Degradation” Organ Environ. 2010 December ; 23(4): 417–445) GHSGB
The social, political
AND
one such model.

Rare earth metals are key to United States military readiness – we can’t make weapons without them.

Coppel 11 – (Emily Emily Coppel is a former policy analyst at the American Security Project. In 2011, Ms. Coppel earned her Master’s degree in Security Policy Studies from the George Washington University. Ms. Coppel graduated from Miami University in 2009 with a degree in International Studies and French. “Rare Earth Metals and U.S. National Security” http://americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Rare-Earth-Metals-and-US-Security-FINAL.pdf) GHSGB
Rare earth metals
AND
rare earth metals.

Short term perception of US military readiness is vital to mid east and asian conflict

Talent 07 - (Jim talent (former US senator and writer for the Heritage institute) Appeared in the heritage institute “The crying need for a bigger U.S. military” 3/5/07 online at http://nrd.nationalreview.com/article/?q=Yjc5NTQ5YzE5MDFjZDE5ZWU4NjZmODk0YmVmOTY2MDA= ghs ls
 The good news
AND
from breaking out

Tournament: McMillen | Round: Semis | Opponent: Law Magnet DD | Judge: Dylan Cavanaugh, John Sims, Eric Wong

A: Interpretation: The affirmative debater must specify all of the countries that will be placing a precedence on environmental protection over resource extraction if asked in cross examination.

B: Violation: I asked

C: Standards:

1 Ground

2 Stable Advocacy

D: Advocacy skills

Tournament: Coppell | Round: 1 | Opponent: Hockaday LJ | Judge: 

I Value Morality

Structural violence is based in moral exclusion that must be stopped.

Ofreneo and de Vela 06, Mira Alexis P. Ofreneo teaches at the Ateneo de Manila University where she also earned her Ph.D. in Social Psychology. She is the current female representative for Asia to the International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA) and head of Can't Live in the Closet (CLIC) Philippines and Tesa C. de Vela Master of Arts degree in Women and Development from the University of the Philippines in Diliman, and is currently the Associate Director of Isis International-Manila. She teaches Gender and Society at the International Studies Department at Miriam College Philippines, “Political Violence as Moral Exclusion: Linking Peace Psychology to Feminist Critical Theory”, WOMEN IN ACTION, No.2 2006, BE
Galtung points to
AND
analysis of violence.

My sole contention is that resource extraction prevents poverty.

Resource extraction in developing countries is necessary for poverty alleviation—many people rely on it.

Gladman Thondhlana 13 Rhodes University, Department of Environmental Science and Edwin Muchapondwa University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa, “Dependence on Environmental Resources and Implications for Household Welfare: Evidence from the Kalahari Drylands, South Africa”, 9 Sep 2013, Economic Research Southern Africa (ERSA) is a research programme funded by the National Treasury of South Africa, BE
Overall, environmental resources
AND
better capacitated households.

Developing countries rely on use of resources to get energy and avoid poverty.

Bradbrook et al 08, Adrian J Bradbrook Bonython Professor of Law, Law School, University of Adelaide, Australia, Judith G Gardam Professor of Law, Law School, University of Adelaide, Australia and Monique Cormier Research Officer, Law School, University of Adelaide, Australia, “A Human Dimension to the Energy Debate: Access to Modern Energy Services”, 26 J. Energy Nat. Resources L. 526 2008, BE
Until recently the
AND
change and energy.

Lack of access to extracted resources that provide electricity uniquely harms women and children.

Bradbrook et al 08, Adrian J Bradbrook Bonython Professor of Law, Law School, University of Adelaide, Australia, Judith G Gardam Professor of Law, Law School, University of Adelaide, Australia and Monique Cormier Research Officer, Law School, University of Adelaide, Australia, “A Human Dimension to the Energy Debate: Access to Modern Energy Services”, 26 J. Energy Nat. Resources L. 526 2008, BE
The lack of
AND
impossible after nightfall.

The impact to poverty is a structural war on the poor as bad as nuclear war.

Mumia Abu-Jamal, 98. (activist, radio journalist and former president of the Philadelphia Association of Black Journalistsjh) “A Quiet and Deadly Violence” September 19th, 1998, http://www.angelfire.com/az/catchphraze/mumiaswords.html
It has often
AND
away with them.

Tournament: Colleyville | Round: 5 | Opponent: Crowley BB | Judge: Daniel Becker

A: Interpretation: Environmental protection refers to the protection of toxic substances, air pollution, and water pollution- that’s different from environmental protection.

Arruda 13– (Joe I teach introductory biology courses and mid- and upper-division courses in environmental science and field ecology. Arruda works at the Pittsburg State University “Careers With an Environmental Spin”) GHSGB
The two traditional
AND
fish, and wildlife.

B: Violation: They defend the management of fish but that falls under resource conservation.

C: Standards:

1 Limits

Drop the debater

Tournament: Barkley Forum | Round: 6 | Opponent: Loyola MG | Judge: Jordan Lamothe

A: Interpretation: There are more than 100 developing countries. Developing countries are defined by GNP.

The Library of Congress08 ~The Library’s mission is to support the Congress in fulfilling its constitutional duties and to further the progress of knowledge and creativity for the benefit of the American people~, "Developing Countries," LIBRARY OF CONGRESS COLLECTIONS POLICY STATEMENTS, Revised November 2008, GHSMM
This Collection Policy Statement is based on the third of the Library’s three "canons
AND
¶ public services–than the population in highly-industrialized countries.1 

B: Violation: India isn't developing anymore. They are developed. Even in terms of GDP.

Basmanov and Glazkova 12 - (Yevgeny and Tatyana ~Writer’s at the Russia @ India Report~ "Russia and India no longer emerging economies" February 15, 2012) GHSGB
Analysts’ forecasts for the Western economy in 2012 are not comforting: the threat of
AND
a serious impact on the Growth 8 stock market and GDP growth rate.

C: Standards:

1~ Predictability

- Their interpretation of the resolution would allow for the affirmative to defend a ton
AND
is a voter because predictable standards are a prerequisite to having a debate.
Galloway 07 (Ryan Galloway, Samford Debate Coach, Professor of Communication Studies at Samford, Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28, 2007, LEQ)
A common rejoinder is that debaters should think on their feet, and be prepared
AND
order to maximize the benefits of the dialogical exchange which competitive debate allows.

2~ Limits-

they explode the limits of the topic- if we can read any aff that
AND
literally learn nothing by just regurgitating ridiculous theoretical standards that debater’s have memorized.

Implications

Drop the debater on T—if I prove their advocacy shouldn’t be allowed,
AND

make them give you reasons why in this specific situation it’s good.

Tournament: McMillen | Round: Semis | Opponent: Law Magnet DD | Judge: Dylan Cavanaugh, John Sims, Eric Wong

A Interpretation: Black’s Law Dictionary defines environmental protection as:

(Black’s Law Dictionary: http://thelawdictionary.org/environmental-protection/#ixzz2oXRpGivq)
Environmental guardianship
AND
and reversing trends.

B Violation: I asked in CX

C Net Benefits:

1 Real-world applicability

Esberg and Sagan 12, Jane She graduated from Stanford in 2009 with a BA in International Relations and Scott D. Caroline S.G. Munro professor of Political Science at Stanford University and co-director of Stanford's Center for International Security and Cooperation, “NEGOTIATING NONPROLIFERATION: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy”, 17 Feb 2012, BE
Governments have long
AND
about success.’’16

2 Advocacy skills

Alfred Snider 06 and Maxwell Schnurer Snider has been a powerful advocate of academic debate for more than 30 years. A nationally prominent intercollegiate debate coach, his experience in pioneering debate education for inner city students through the Urban Debate League national curricular reform movement has been applied to the international debate community. He has pioneered the use of the Internet to promote debating everywhere. He has person- ally helped to promote discussion and debate in the People’s Republic of China, Chile, South Korea, Serbia, and many of the former Soviet Union satellite countries. Many of the concepts in this book were field tested at his internationally recognized World Debate Institute at the University of Vermont.¶ Maxwell Schnurer, a former student of Snider’s, has developed his own reputation as a nationally ranked intercollegiate debate coach and pioneer in classroom applications of competitive debate. As an assistant coach at Wake Forest and the University of Pittsburgh, as the director of debate at Marist College, and now at Humboldt State University, Schnurer committed to working with novice and beginning debaters, emphasizing the transformative nature of the debate activity., “Many Sides: Debate Across the Curriculum” Published by International Debate Education Association, 2006, BE
Advocacy is vital
AND
for public advocacy.

3 predictability

Galloway 07 (Ryan Galloway, Samford Debate Coach, Professor of Communication Studies at Samford, Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28, 2007, LEQ)
A common rejoinder
AND
competitive debate allows.

4 Textuality

Drop the debater

Tournament: Barkley Forum | Round: 1 | Opponent: University SJ | Judge: Clay Stewart

A Interpretation: Black’s Law Dictionary defines environmental protection as:

(Black’s Law Dictionary: http://thelawdictionary.org/environmental-protection/#ixzz2oXRpGivq)
Environmental guardianship based
AND
and reversing trends.

Prefer my interpretation- Analytics

B: Violation: He doesn’t defend a policy—I clarified in CX

1 Advocacy skills

Alfred Snider 06 and Maxwell Schnurer Snider has been a powerful advocate of academic debate for more than 30 years. A nationally prominent intercollegiate debate coach, his experience in pioneering debate education for inner city students through the Urban Debate League national curricular reform movement has been applied to the international debate community. He has pioneered the use of the Internet to promote debating everywhere. He has person- ally helped to promote discussion and debate in the People’s Republic of China, Chile, South Korea, Serbia, and many of the former Soviet Union satellite countries. Many of the concepts in this book were field tested at his internationally recognized World Debate Institute at the University of Vermont.¶ Maxwell Schnurer, a former student of Snider’s, has developed his own reputation as a nationally ranked intercollegiate debate coach and pioneer in classroom applications of competitive debate. As an assistant coach at Wake Forest and the University of Pittsburgh, as the director of debate at Marist College, and now at Humboldt State University, Schnurer committed to working with novice and beginning debaters, emphasizing the transformative nature of the debate activity., “Many Sides: Debate Across the Curriculum” Published by International Debate Education Association, 2006, BE
Advocacy is vital
AND
for public advocacy.

2 Predictability

Galloway 07 (Ryan Galloway, Samford Debate Coach, Professor of Communication Studies at Samford, Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28, 2007, LEQ)
A common rejoinder
AND
competitive debate allows.

3 Their strategy allows vagueness

GALLES 2009 (Gary, Professor of Economics at Pepperdine, “Vagueness as a Political Strategy,” March 2, http://blog.mises.org/archives/author/gary_galles/)
The problem with
AND
is the criterion.

D Implication:

Drop the debater on T

Tournament: Coppell | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Hockaday CN | Judge: Dylan Cavanaugh, John Sims, Joseph Reyes

I value morality

The standard is maximizing the greatest good: 4 warrants

1 Non-natural moral facts are epistemology inaccessible. What this means is that we can only sense things through our bodies etc, which means that ethical systems can only deal with what we can feel.

Papineau 07 – (David David Papineau is an academic philosopher. He works as Professor of Philosophy of Science at King's College London, having previously taught for several years at Cambridge University and been a fellow of Robinson College, Cambridge, “Naturalism”. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/naturalism/ 2007) GHSGB
Moore took this
AND
knowledge of them.

Our cognitive systems tell us pain is bad and pleasure is good.

Thomas Nagel 86, The View From Nowhere, HUP, 1986: 156-168. BE
I shall defend
AND
the appearances here.

2 Util is the only moral system available to policy-makers.

Goodin 90 – (Robert fellow in philosophy, Australian National Defense University, “THE UTILITARIAN RESPONSE”, 1990, p. 141-2) GHSGB
My larger argument
AND
rules or conduct.

3 There’s no act-omission distinction.

Gewirth 82 – (Alan (Department of Philosophy, Univ. of Chicago) “Human Rights: Essays on Justification and Applications” 1982, pg 183) GHSGB
To be responsible
AND
harms of cancer.

Tournament: Colleyville | Round: 4 | Opponent: Flowermound JT | Judge: Nathan Johnston

1 Util is the only moral system available to policy-makers.

Goodin 90 – (Robert fellow in philosophy, Australian National Defense University, “THE UTILITARIAN RESPONSE”, 1990, p. 141-2) GHSGB
My larger argument
AND
rules or conduct.

2 There’s no act-omission distinction.

Gewirth 82 – (Alan (Department of Philosophy, Univ. of Chicago) “Human Rights: Essays on Justification and Applications” 1982, pg 183) GHSGB
To be responsible
AND
harms of cancer.

3 In context in of the environment, state-of-affairs questions are necessary – moral abstractions are insufficient.

Elliot 03 – (Herschel Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at the University of Florida “The Revolutionary Import of Garrett Hardin's Work” http://www.garretthardinsociety.org/tributes/tr_elliot_2003jul.html) GHSGB
As I pointed
AND
beliefs and theories.

Tournament: TFA State | Round: 3 | Opponent: Law Magnet DD | Judge: Dylan Cavanaugh

Grounding foreign policy in ethics replicates the danger that they criticize, and leads to a dangerous moral singularity

Mark F.N. Franke, 2k European Journal of International Relations, 6.3) Refusing an Ethical Approach to World Politics in Favour of Political Ethics
It is perhaps
AND
alternative outcome would be impossible.

AND- claims to ethical absolutes enforce a dyadic ethical structure that makes warfare inevitable

Louiza Odysseus 03 (PhD International Relations) March 2003 “ Against Ethics? Iconographies of Enmity and Acts of Obligation in Carl Schmitt’s Theory of the Partisan” http://www.louizaodysseos.org.uk/resources/Odysseos+ISA+2008+Against+Ethics.pdf
A third objection,
AND
(Rasch 2003: 137). 

The Alternative Refuses the 1ACs Demand to Situate Politics In some Ethical Framework.  We Ask You to Embrace a Capacity For Action Without Ground.  This Avoids the Totalitarian Compulsion to Legislate a Harmonious Society into Existence

Dna Richard Villa 94, Prof. of Political Theory @ UC Santa Barbra, ’94 Arendt and Heidegger: The Fate of The Political, p. 159-163
The difference between
AND
Judging for ourselves

AND- realist calculations are crucial for the most reasonably moral policies- knee jerk “ethical” responses replicate the harms

Gvosdev 69, Nikolas K., Russian-American international relations scholar, former Senior Fellow for strategic studies at the Nixon Center, former Adjunct Professor at Georgetown University and George Washington University, 1969- The Value(s) of Realism SAIS Review - Volume 25, Number 1, Winter-Spring 2005, pp. 17-25
U.S. realists of
AND
about negative repercussions.

Tournament: TFA State | Round: 3 | Opponent: Law Magnet DD | Judge: Dylan Cavanaugh

The role of the judge is to reward the debater whose performance and discourse do not justify oppression. We must question what our discourse in round justifies.

Christopher Vincent 13 currently the Graduate Assistant for the University of Louisville Debate Team and Director of Debate at the James Graham Brown School in Louisville, KY.  He debated at the University of Louisville, reaching the double-octafinals of both the National Debate Tournament and Cross-Examination Debate Tournament. He has also been coaching high school Lincoln Douglas debate for the past five years, with debaters reaching elims at tournaments such as Harvard, Emory, Newark, and others, “Re-Conceptualizing Our Performances: Accountability In Lincoln Douglas Debate”, Victory Briefs, 26 Oct 2013, BE
It is becoming
AND
community could have.

A Link – Words with the root “man” such as “human” are gendered. The Resolutional and specific use of the word “humanitarian” makes womyn subsidiary to men.

The Writing Center 10 ( The Writing Center, University of North Carolina. “Gender-Sensitive Language.” February 11, 2010. http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/gender.html. MR. I DON’T ADVOCATE POTENTIALLY GENDERED LANGUAGE IN THE SMALL TEXT)
Like gendered pronouns
AND
in this list.  

B The impact is that this gendered language allows for perpetuations of male supremacy.

Jennifer Saul 12 philosopher working in the philosophy of language and in the philosophy of feminism. Saul is the head of the Philosophy Department at the University of Sheffield, "Feminist Philosophy of Language", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Winter 2012 Edition, BE
Some feminists (e.g.
AND
person English pronoun.

This turns the aff—hierarchies of men over womyn are replicated in the political sphere, causing and allowing for colonialism and imperialism.

Anne Runyan 94 Professor and former Head of dept of womyn's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies @ UCincy, “Women womyn, Gender, and World Politics: Perspectives, Policies, and Prospects” 1996, BE
These hierarchies of
AND
by sexual dominance." 4

C Alternative – using a ‘Y’ is key to challenging womyn being a subsidiary to men.

Mallory 05 (Chaone, PhD @ U of Oregon in Environmental Science, "Ecofeminism and Forest Defense: A Meeting of Theory and Praxis",==== http://envs.uoregon.edu/ecotone/articles/2005W_article.pdf//greenhill-ak)
Note here the
AND
paragraph as well.

His/her discourse only recreates the other—this is the foundation of patriarchy.

Sciullo 06 (Nick, JD @ West Virginia University Colege of Law, " “THIS WOMAN WOMYN’S WORK”? IN A “MAN’S WORLD”??: A FEMINIST ANALYSIS OF THE FARM SECURITY AND RURAL INVESTMENT ACT OF 2002”, SSRN Onlinegreenhill-ak)
I spell “womyn”
AND
to fall flat.

Tournament: TFA State | Round: 2 | Opponent: Alief Kerr EN | Judge: Mifflin, Chris

V: Justice

First, international law is the foundation for both ethics and international society—this means that international law is a prior question since in order to determine what a foreign country is, we must appeal to international law.

Terry Nardin 92 professor and head of the Political Science Department at the National University of Singapore, specializing in political theory, history and international political theory, “International Ethics and International Law”, Review of International Studies, Vol 18, No 1, Jan 1992, BE
Any description of
AND
morality of coexistence.6

Second, states have an obligation to follow international law as it is a contract they would come to mutual agreement on self-interested terms.

Jonathan Charney 93, “Universal International Law”, The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 87, No. 4 (Oct., 1993), pp. 529-551
Be that as
AND
an important role.

Third, international principles are key to maintain the rule of law, checking back oppressive regimes.

Michael Lynk 01, Notest for a Presentation on International Law and the Middle East conflict, CEPAL Annual Meeting, Parliament Hill, Ottawa, November 29, 2001, p. 3.  Available from the World Wide Web at: http://www.cepal.ca/documents/OttawaSpeechNov011.pdf, accessed 1/10/05.
First, since the
AND
war and conflict.

Thus, the standard is consistency with international law.

Conditionality of assistance and aid programs has a historically strong legal basis as conditions have existed since the 1990’s and are codified in international agreements.

Selma Roth 09, “POLITICAL CONDITIONALITY IN EUROPEAN UNION DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE ASSESSING EFFECTIVENESS AND CONSISTENCY”, Academic year 2008 – 2009, Master (M.A) in Advanced European and International Studies Anglophone branch, BE
By looking at
AND
signatories of Cotonou.

Tournament: TFA State | Round: 3 | Opponent: Law Magnet DD | Judge: Dylan Cavanaugh

A: Interpretation: the aff must defend more than one country in which with political conditions on humanitarian aid is unjust. That means that it is the burden of the affirmative to prove that it is unjust to two countries.

B: Violation

C: Standards

1 Textuality

2 Ground

Drop the Debater

Tournament: TFA State | Round: 2 | Opponent: Alief Kerr EN | Judge: Mifflin, Chris

A: Interpretation: Placing means taking an action.

Oxford Dictionaries – (http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/placing) GHSGB
The action of putting something in position or the fact of being positioned

B: Violation:

C Net Benefits

1 Advocacy skills –

Alfred Snider 06 and Maxwell Schnurer Snider has been a powerful advocate of academic debate for more than 30 years. A nationally prominent intercollegiate debate coach, his experience in pioneering debate education for inner city students through the Urban Debate League national curricular reform movement has been applied to the international debate community. He has pioneered the use of the Internet to promote debating everywhere. He has person- ally helped to promote discussion and debate in the People’s Republic of China, Chile, South Korea, Serbia, and many of the former Soviet Union satellite countries. Many of the concepts in this book were field tested at his internationally recognized World Debate Institute at the University of Vermont.¶ Maxwell Schnurer, a former student of Snider’s, has developed his own reputation as a nationally ranked intercollegiate debate coach and pioneer in classroom applications of competitive debate. As an assistant coach at Wake Forest and the University of Pittsburgh, as the director of debate at Marist College, and now at Humboldt State University, Schnurer committed to working with novice and beginning debaters, emphasizing the transformative nature of the debate activity., “Many Sides: Debate Across the Curriculum” Published by International Debate Education Association, 2006, BE
Advocacy is vital
AND
for public advocacy.

2 Predictability –

Galloway 07 (Ryan Galloway, Samford Debate Coach, Professor of Communication Studies at Samford, Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28, 2007, LEQ)
A common rejoinder
AND
competitive debate allows.

Drop the debater

Tournament: Hockaday | Round: Octas | Opponent: Grapevine AY | Judge: Ryan Graham, John Sims, Law Magnet Judge
First, ACP = prt. Privacy
Michmerhuizen 07 – (Sue Center for Professional Responsibility “Confidentiality, Privilege: A Basic Value in Two Different Applications” http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/administrative/professional_responsibility/confidentiality_or_attorney.authcheckdam.pdf ) GHSGB
The concepts of
AND
of lawyer confidentiality.
V: Morality
Moral systems must start with engagement with other
Blum 2k – (Peter C. Professor of Philosophy and Culture and Director of the Sociology and Social Thought Program at Hillsdale College “Overcoming Relativism Levinas’s return to Platonism. 200. Journal of Religious Ethics. )GHSGB
The experience of
AND
answer for me: (97).
Ideas can't found ethics
Beavers 90 – (Anthony F professor at the University of Texas “Introducing Levinas to Undergraduate Philosophers”. Undergraduate Philosophy Association at the University of Texas at Austin, 1990) GHSGB
If we can
AND
on the environment.
S: Avoidance of Totalization
Violating Privacy = Totalization
Kupfer 90 – (Joseph Professor of Philosophy at Iowa State University, Autonomy and Social Interaction, Pg. 132 1990 ghsgb
An autonomous self
AND
happens to her.8

Tournament: Meadows forgot to upload | Round: 6 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart AS | Judge: Sean Nadel
CJS will check that privilege applies through an in camera inspection and judge will rule whether it falls under the scope of ACP.

Markowski v. City of Marlin 97, Court of Appeals of Texas, Waco. R. John Cullar, Waco, Ron Butler, Marlin, for appellants. 1997 GHSGB
Appellants' fourth point
AND
overrule point eight.

Dickmann99 is our independent solvency actor.
Dickmann 99 - (Amanda J.D. Candidate, 2000, Indiana University School of Law—Indianapolis; B.A., 1997, Indiana University—Bloomington "IN RE LINDSEY: A NEEDLESS VOID IN THE GOVERNMENT ATTORNEY-CLIENT PRIVILEGE", Indiana Law Review, Volume 33 1999 Number 1)GHSGB
An example of
AND
in camera inspection. 55

Mutually exclusive

1. Still give ACP
   2. I have ACP and u dont
   3. Fact finding not truth seeking
   4. through net benefits

Net Benefits

1. Chilling effect DA
   2. Legitimacy
   3. ACP good
   4. Constitutionality

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 1 | Opponent: Brentwood JP | Judge:
The government is bound to the constitution and under axiomatic principles has a duty to promote it -- IT TOO IS BOUND TO THIS CONTRACT
Dennis C. Mueller 96 Phd in Economics from Princeton University, Professor of Economics “Constitutional Democracies” Oxford University Press VA
The specter has
AND
abide by it.

 AND – The Supreme Court interprets the constitution, which is necessary in a world where it is impossible to interpret based solely on words.
Jay M. Feinman10 Distinguished professor at Rutgers school of law; Professor Feinman received his B.A. degree summa cum laude from American University and his J.D. degree cum laude from the University of Chicago, where he was a member of the Order of the Coif and Comment Editor of the University of Chicago Law Review,“Law 101: Everything You Need to Know About American Law,” Oxford University Press, May 13, 2010 – Law, MM
The federal courts
AND
the Constitution means.

S: Consistancy w/ Supreme Court decisions

The attorney client privilege is protected in the constitution by the 6th amendment and by supreme court rulings.
Joseph L. Daly98 professor of law at Hamline University School of Law in St. Paul, “Attorney-Client Privilege and the¶ Rule of Confidentiality,” Bench Bar of Minnesota, 1998, MM
As various investigations
AND
be "an island."

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 3 | Opponent: Flintridge Sacred Heart SB | Judge: Wheeler- PVP
A. Uniqueness- Patent production increasing
OECD04 ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT, “PATENTS AND INNOVATION: ¶ TRENDS AND POLICY CHALLENGES,” OECD, 2004, MM
Patents play an
AND
more valuable patents. 

B. Link- attorney client privilege- decrease patents
Jonathan G. Musch03 BA in Chemistry and History, 2000, Illinois Wesleyan University; J.D. Canidate (2003), Washington University School of Law, ¶ "Attorney-Client Privilege and the Patent Prosecution Process in the Post-Spalding World," Washington University Law Quarterly, Volume 81:175:2003, MM
One of the
AND
under certain circumstances.21 

C. Link- enforcing patents key to US success
James A. Lewis 08 senior fellow and director of the Technology and Public Policy Program at CSIS, where he writes on technology, security, and the international economy, “Intellectual Property Protection”, January 2008, BE
Policies and processes
AND
and economic growth.

D. Impact-
IP violations undermine U.S. technological competitiveness
Mehlman 02, Assistant Secretary for Technology Policy at the Department of Commerce, 7-31-2K2 (Bruce, “The Changing Wealth of Nations: Intellectual Property and American Competitiveness in the Age of Innovation,” Remarks delivered to the Licensing Executives Society Silicon Valley Chapter, http://www.technology.gov/speeches/p_BPM_020731_NatlWealth.htm)
Our culture rewards
AND
concept to commerce. 

Thats key to legitimacy
Coletta 9 (Damon Coletta – Professor of Political Science at the United States Air Force Academy, September 2009, “Science, Technology, and the Quest for International Influence,” http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA536133andLocation=U2anddoc=GetTRDoc.pdf)
Less appreciated is
AND
leadership among nations.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Some | Judge: Some
A Counterplan Text: In the United States Criminal Justice System all relevant jurisdictional levels, should hire more judges and subject all 3rd party expert counsel or legal assistance to a litmus test which requires actors that are identified by the affirmative attorney client privilege to prove the communication is protected by attorney-client privilege on 4 levels.
The attorney-client privilege doctrine should be revised to protect exchanges between attorneys and third-party consultants that pass a four-standard nexus test.
Michele DeStefano Beardslee 09, (Climenko Fellow and Lecturer on Law, Harvard Law School, "The Corporate Attorney-Client Privilege: Third-Rate Doctrine for Third-Party Consultants", SMU Law Review, Vol. 62, 2009.) RFK
This Article contends, therefore, that exchanges between attorneys and third-party consultants
AND
enhance the application of the attorney–client privilege in other contexts.24

Solves the aff—
Michele DeStefano Beardslee 09, (Climenko Fellow and Lecturer on Law, Harvard Law School, "The Corporate Attorney-Client Privilege: Third-Rate Doctrine for Third-Party Consultants", SMU Law Review, Vol. 62, 2009.) RFK
The attorney–client privilege is an exception to the general rule that relevant information
AND
be present (or bill the cli- ent for the time).329
B Competition:
1 The counterplan is mutually exclusive because we still have attorney-client privilege and you don’t
2 We still give all clients attorney client privilege, it just has to be subject to the nexus test - the aff says that we shouldn’t give privilege to them- we are on opposite sides of this issue.
3 The counterplan competes through net benefits
C Net Benefits —
1 Aff results in less informed decision-making
Michele DeStefano Beardslee 09, (Climenko Fellow and Lecturer on Law, Harvard Law School, "The Corporate Attorney-Client Privilege: Third-Rate Doctrine for Third-Party Consultants", SMU Law Review, Vol. 62, 2009.) RFK
Evidence suggests that lawyers, even if they truly need the advice, might not
AND
the legal advice and the client’s best interests may be at risk.198

2 Lack of third party consultation means corporations are less likely to make decisions that comply with the law
Michele DeStefano Beardslee 09, (Climenko Fellow and Lecturer on Law, Harvard Law School, "The Corporate Attorney-Client Privilege: Third-Rate Doctrine for Third-Party Consultants", SMU Law Review, Vol. 62, 2009.) RFK
Lastly, although such a narrow standard may deter corporate miscon- duct, lack
AND
help manage and predict risks that internal employees and consultants might overlook.225

3 Attorney-Client privilege incentivizes a more honest process contributing to the information disclosed during the trial to get a more accurate representation of what happened.
Stephen M. Forte 03 Managing Partner and Chairman of the Executive Committee of Smith, Gambrell 26 Russell, LLP.Mr. Forte received his B.A. from the City University of New York, J.D. from the Emory University School of Law in 1980 "What the Attorney-Client Privilege Really Means" http://www.sgrlaw.com/resources/trust_the_leaders/leaders_issues/ttl5/916/-http://www.sgrlaw.com/resources/trust_the_leaders/leaders_issues/ttl5/916/ VA

As The attorney-client privilege is the oldest privilege recognized by Anglo-American
jurisprudence. In fact, the principles of the testimonial privilege may be traced all
AND
.7 So, what is the privilegee and when does it apply?

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Some | Judge: Some
A Counterplan Text: The United States Criminal Justice System should not INSERT AFF and should bolster attorney client privilege by creating a Federal Defender Services Center

The AC is burdened with a lack of resources which hurts representation.
Charles J. Ogletree 95 Jr. Harvard Law School, J.D., 1978, Stanford University, M.A. in Political Science, 1975, Stanford University, B.A. (With Distinction) in Political Science, 1974Harvard Law School Professor, litigator, educator, and author "AN ESSAY ON THE NEW PUBLIC DEFENDER FOR THE 21ST CENTURY" Vol. 58: No. 1 1995 http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=426726context=lcp-http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=426726context=lcp ghsVA
Unlike most other members of the legal profession, the typical public defender is burdened
AND
clients or witnesses, and they cannot retain experts without prior judicial approval.

I SOLVE BEST — IMPLEMENTING THE COUNTERPLAN WOULD SOLVE ALL OF THE AFF
Charles J. Ogletree 95 Jr. Harvard Law School, J.D., 1978, Stanford University, M.A. in Political Science, 1975, Stanford University, B.A. (With Distinction) in Political Science, 1974Harvard Law School Professor, litigator, educator, and author "AN ESSAY ON THE NEW PUBLIC DEFENDER FOR THE 21ST CENTURY" Vol. 58: No. 1 1995 http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=426726context=lcp-http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=426726context=lcp ghsVA
The issues raised during the public hearings held by the Criminal Justice Act Review Committee
AND
achieved in winning motions, appeals, and other legal arguments in court.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 1 | Opponent: Brentwood JP | Judge:
A: Interp: Attorney client privilege must be between an attorney and a person
Milich 10 – (Paul S. Director of law at Georgia state University Courtroom Handbook on Georgia Evidence 26-32, 2010) GHSGB
There are five
AND
not been waived.
B: Violation: Corporations are not clients
Michael L Waldman Law clerk to Judge Robert Vance, J.D. Harvard Law Schoold, A.B. Harvard University, "Beyond Upjohn: The Attorney-Client Privilege in the Corporate Context," William and Mary Law Review, Volume 28, Issue 3, Article 4, MM
Second, Judge Campbell
AND
afforded the privilege.

C: Standards

1. Clash
   2. Research

D: Implications
Drop the debater

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Some | Judge: Some
A Interpretation: Attorney-Client privilege is not given to all parties, and has to meet certain requirements given by a court.
Milich 10 – (Paul S. Director of law at Georgia state University Courtroom Handbook on Georgia Evidence 26-32, 2010) GHSGB
There are five
AND
not been waived.

B Violation: The attorney client privilege is NOT afforded to governments – they aren’t clients who can claim the privilege.
David B. Rubin09 an attorney specializing in education law, "Who’s Privileged When You Consult the Board Attorney?" The School Administrator, March 2009, Number 3, Vol. 66, MM
Be aware that
AND
grand jury proceedings.

C Reasons to prefer:
1 Clash –
2 Research – 

D Implications
Drop the Debater

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Some | Judge: Some
A. Interp: ACP concerns stuff people must keep private.
Michmerhuizen 07 – (Sue Center for Professional Responsibility “Confidentiality, Privilege: A Basic Value in Two Different Applications” http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/administrative/professional_responsibility/confidentiality_or_attorney.authcheckdam.pdf ) GHSGB
The concepts of
AND
of lawyer confidentiality.

B. Violation: Peremptory challenges = Juror dismissal for no reason
http://dictionary.law.com/Default.aspx?selected=1501
the right of
AND
may be excused."

C. Standards:

1. Ground
   2. Clash

Drop the debater

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: Quads | Opponent: Random | Judge: Random

No impact—slow and stable

Kidd 10 Steve Kidd, June 8 2010. Head of Strategy and Research at the World Nuclear Association, where he has worked since 1995 when it was the Uranium Institute.  (“Nuclear proliferation risk - is it vastly overrated?” June 8, 2010 Nuclear Engineering International, Lexis, )
A significant amount
AND
acquire nuclear weapons.

Prolif is slow and unlikely

Hymans ‘12 Jacques E. C. Hymans, PhD from Harvard, Associate Professor of International Relations at the University of Southern California, his most recent book is Achieving Nuclear Ambitions: Scientists, Politicians, and Proliferation, “Botching the Bomb: Why Nuclear Weapons Programs Often Fail on Their Own-and Why Iran's Might, Too,” Foreign Affairs91. 3 (May/Jun 2012): 44-53, Proquest
The great proliferation
AND
by other people.

Prolif doesn’t cause war

Forsyth ’12 James Wood Forsyth Jr., PhD, currently serves as professor of national security studies, USAF School of Advanced Air and Space Studies, Maxwell AFB, Alabama. He earned his PhD at the Josef Korbel School of International Studies, University of Denver. He has written on great-power war, intervention, and nuclear issues, “The Common Sense of Small Nuclear Arsenals,” Summer, Strategic Studies Quarterly, http://www.au.af.mil/au/ssq/2012/summer/forsyth.pdf
Whatever its logical
AND
deter and dissuade

No impact to prolif---every actor has an incentive to overstate the impact

 
Robert Farley 11, assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce at the University of Kentucky, 11/16/11, “Over the Horizon: Iran and the Nuclear Paradox,” http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/10679/over-the-horizon-iran-and-the-nuclear-paradox
But states and
AND
the policy landscape.

Adds outcome certainty.

Kenneth N. Waltz 03, Adjunct Professor, Columbia University, Professor Emeritus, UC-Berkeley, THE SPREAD OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS:  A DEBATE RENEWED, with Scott D. Sagan, 2003, p.36-37.
Weapons and strategies
AND
pertinent prediction easy.

Deterrence/prolif decreases conventional arms racing that causes destructive wars.

Kenneth N. Waltz 03, Adjunct Professor, Columbia University, Professor Emeritus, UC-Berkeley, THE SPREAD OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS:  A DEBATE RENEWED, with Scott D. Sagan, 2003, p.36-37.
In the conclusion
AND
highly destructive wars.

Tournament: Newman Smith | Round: 2 | Opponent: Denton Guyer | Judge:
A: Interp: They defend that voting ought to be compulsory means having a none of the above option or blank ballots/just getting checked off.
The free dictionary defines voting:
To express oneand#39;s preference for a candidate or for a proposed resolution of an issue; cast a vote

B: Violation: they say they defend blank ballots. While compulsory voting may defend blank ballots, the resolution questions whether voting ought to be compulsory.

C: standards

1. ground- just because they assume voting ought to be compulsory doesn’t mean that voting ought to be compulsory- their misinterpret of the resolution is bad for ground because it limits NC ground- I can’t make arguments about why blank ballots are good. Limiting aff grounds is bad because it makes the debate arbitrary.
   D: Implications: Drop the debater because T is a gateway issue: Prefer Counter Interps to reasonability because reasonability creates a race to the bottom.

Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 1 | Opponent: McNeil HG | Judge: Halli Tripe
A. Text: The Insert actor should allow for voluntary voting while giving a 10Insert Currency financial reward for voting -- this solves all the aff offense b/c I am still increasing voter turnout while avoiding all violations of liberties and rights.

B. Competition

C.
Ben Saunders 09 currently lecturer in philosophy at the University of Stirling, lecturer in philosophy at the University of Oxford (with affiliation to Corpus Christi College).   I completed my BA (2003), MPhil (2005) and DPhil (2008) at Oxford. “Making Voting Pay” POLITICS: 2009 VOL 29(2), 130–136 VA
It is sometimes suggested that
AND
even as a necessary evil.

Ben Saunders 09 currently lecturer in philosophy at the University of Stirling, lecturer in philosophy at the University of Oxford (with affiliation to Corpus Christi College).   I completed my BA (2003), MPhil (2005) and DPhil (2008) at Oxford. “Making Voting Pay” POLITICS: 2009 VOL 29(2), 130–136 VA
It seems that we want to
AND
turnout from groups currently underrepresented.

Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 1 | Opponent: McNeil HG | Judge: Halli Tripe
V: Morality
Velleman(David J. Political Professor at Harvard, Philosopher A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO KANTIAN ETHICS*, University of Michigan, )ghsgb
As soon as we ask why
AND
reason to act for reasons.

Velleman2(David J. Political Professor at Harvard, Philosopher A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO KANTIAN ETHICS*, University of Michigan, )ghsgb
Rational creatures have access to
AND
for the judgment of all. 

Emmanuel Kant, The Metaphysic of Morals
It is not enough to predicate freedom
AND
ascribed to every rational being.

S: universalizability
Amârâscu 12, Andreea D. and#34;Splitting a Larger Pie: A Simulation of the Effects of Compulsory Voting on the 2009 Romanian Presidential Election Outcome.and#34; Central European University Department of Political Science. 2012. Web. 18 Aug. 2013 http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/publications/tabledpapers.nsf/displaypaper/3815429c 61cd31f136c4c5ae48257ac5000a65c7/$file/5429.pdf. GB
Nevertheless, even if abstention is
AND
the electoral process (Lijphart 1997).”

Jakee and Sun Wilkes Honors College, 5353 Parkside Dr., Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458; 2 Department of Economics, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia; 05 SW

In a voluntary voting system
AND
process (or the particular context).