Tournament: The Barkley Forum | Round: 4 | Opponent: Trinity Prep MP | Judge: Nicole Vandermeer

A~ Link – the aff regards animals as resources that are up for human use.

PETER Singer 85 ~Philosopher~, "In Defense of Animals", New York: Basil Blackwell, 1985, pgs. 13-26, BE
What’s wrong — fundamentally wrong — with the way animals are treated isn’t the details
AND
methods ’more humane’; it requires the total dissolution of commercial animal agriculture.

B~ Impact – they destroy any equality between animals and humans—destroying inherent value to life.

PETER Singer 2 ~Philosopher~, "In Defense of Animals", New York: Basil Blackwell, 1985, pgs. 13-26, BE
What to do? Where to begin anew? The place to begin, I
AND
other’s independent value is to act immorally, to violate the individual’s rights.

This means that it turns the case—the anthropocentric view of animals as resources is exactly what justifies exploitation of nature and humans in the first place.

Bell and Russell 2k, Anne C. Bell ~graduate student in the Faculty of Environmental Studies~ and Constance L. Russell ~graduate student at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto~, "Beyond Human, Beyond Words: Anthropocentrism, Critical Pedagogy, and the Poststructuralist Turn", Canadian Journal of Education, Vol 25 No 3, 2000, BE
For this reason, the various movements against oppression need to be aware of and
AND
being is reserved for humans (Haraway, 1988, p. 592).

C~ Alt – Recognize the intrinsic value of animals as well as humans. This is mutually exclusive with the aff because the methodology that they have chosen to adopt is already one that prescribes animals as resources—saying otherwise would be severance.

Katz 93, Eric Katz ~Vice President of the International Society for Environmental Ethics~ and Lauren Oechsli ~undergraduate biology major at Columbia University~, "Moving beyond Anthropocentrism: Environmental Ethics, Development, and the Amazon", Discussion Papers, Spring 1993, BE
Can an environmentalist defend a policy of preservation in the Amazon rain forest without violating
AND
avoiding problems in environmental policy that a human-based ethic cannot.13

And, we must include animals in our moral contracts.

Humphreys 08 – (Rebekah ~Rebekah completed her BA, MA, and PhD at Cardiff University. Before working at TSD, she worked as a Tutor of Philosophy at Cardiff University and as a Visiting Lecturer at University of Wales, Newport.  She also taught A-Level Philosophy at Cardiff and the Vale College.~ "Contractarianism: On the Incoherence of the Exclusion of Non-Human Beings 2008) GHSGB
By restricting members of the contract to rational humans capable of moral agency it would
AND
that should be asked about our treatment of them in modern day practices.

Tournament: The Barkley Forum | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Bronx Science DM | Judge: Stewart, Astacio, Schuyler

NO SOLVENCY—BUEN VIVIR IS BASED ON WESTERN NOTIONS OF LIVING WELL THAT GETS COOPTED BY THE STATE

Catherine Walsh 10,~Senior Professor and Director of the Doctoral Programme in Latin American Cultural Studies, Universidad Andina Simon Boliva~, "Development as Buen Vivir: Institutional Arrangements and (de)colonial entanglements), Development, 2010, 53 (1).
The first question and concern has to do with¶ the very origins of buen
AND
the proposal of a water law that clearly contradict the tenets of buenvivir.

BUEN VIVIR GETS COOPTED BY GOVERNMENTS AND BECOMES A JUSTIFICATION FOR CONTINUED RESOURCE EXTRACTION—TURNS CASE

Ana Agostino ~Montevideo~ and Franziska Dubgen 12~Berlin~, "Buen Vivir and Beyond: Searching for a New Paradigm of Action", Paper in Venice 2012 Degrowth Conference, Workshop Real Utopias. From Solidarity Economy to the Buen Vivir.
Since winning the elections in 2005, Evo Morales and the MAS (Movimiento al
AND
modernizing growth while they assume and occupy the name of Buen Vivir.¶ 4

NO SOLVENCY AND TURNS CASE- BUEN VIVIR CAN’T WORK—- ITS FOCUS ON RELATIVITY AND INDIGENOUS CULTURE IS TOO VAGUE TO DEAL WITH CURRENT PROBLEMS—IT JUST BREEDS COMPLACENCY THAT ALLOWS TO POWERFUL TO REMAIN SO

Ana Agostino ~Montevideo~ and Franziska Dubgen 12~Berlin~, "Buen Vivir and Beyond: Searching for a New Paradigm of Action", Paper in Venice 2012 Degrowth Conference, Workshop Real Utopias. From Solidarity Economy to the Buen Vivir.
On the other hand, leftist and socialist intellectuals defend MAS’ strategy by fearing that
AND
for those with high social inequalities (Schiller-Vacaflor 2011, 14). 

BUEN VIVIR HAS JUST BECOME A POWER GAME THAT GLOSSES OVER THE IDENTITIES OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES, CREATES NEW LINES OF EXCLUSION, AND ALLOWS FURTHER OPPRESSION

Ana Agostino ~Montevideo~ and Franziska Dubgen 12~Berlin~, "Buen Vivir and Beyond: Searching for a New Paradigm of Action", Paper in Venice 2012 Degrowth Conference, Workshop Real Utopias. From Solidarity Economy to the Buen Vivir.
Besides these macroeconomic aspects there are also epistemic barriers to making Buen ¶ Vivir a
AND
groups and ideological visions of ¶ what a good society should look like.

Tournament: Plano East Senior High | Round: Semis | Opponent: Colleyville RK | Judge: Arnett  Bloss  Moss
The role of the judge is to reward the debater who’s performance and discourse does not perpetuate the oppression of people. We must question what our discourse in round justifies.
Vincent 13 – (Christopher Debate Coach, former college NDT debater “Re-Conceptualizing Our Performances: Accountability In Lincoln Douglas Debate” http://victorybriefs.com/vbd/2013/10/re-conceptualizing-our-performances-accountability-in-lincoln-douglas-debate) GHSGB
Charles Mills argues
AND
community could have.

We as debaters cannot separate ourselves from our discourse -- that’s problematic because that would ignore the practical implications of our rhetoric.

Michael Karlberg 05 Professor in the Department of Communication at Western Washington University. Wrote: Beyond the Culture of Contest: From Adversarialism to Mutualism in an Age of Interdependence. Ted Talks “The Power of Discourse and the Discourse of Power: Pursuing Peace through Discourse Intervention.” http://www.gmu.edu/programs/icar/ijps/vol10_1/Karlberg_101IJPS.pdf ghsVA
The ways we
AND
left and right.

A: Link: The affirmative creates a distinction between western “developed” countries and “undeveloped” countries. This development rhetoric is inherently connected to the cultural enslavement of other peoples.

Esteva 93 – (Gustavo Gustavo Esteva is a Mexican activist, "deprofessionalized intellectual" and founder of the Universidad de la Tierra in the Mexican city of Oaxaca. He is one of the best known advocates of Post-Development. Wikipedia “The Development Dictionary”, p.9, 1993) GHSGB
Development cannot delink
AND
experiences and dreams.

Impacts: The word is attached to a history of meanings which it implies.  No matter their caveats, it’s inevitably attached to that history.
Esteva 93 – (Gustavo Gustavo Esteva is a Mexican activist, "deprofessionalized intellectual" and founder of the Universidad de la Tierra in the Mexican city of Oaxaca. He is one of the best known advocates of Post-Development. Wikipedia “The Development Dictionary”, p.9, 1993) GHSGB
To say 'yes'
AND
their social life. 

-AND- Development rhetoric perpetuates colonialism and imperialism and turns all the aff impacts because it increases environmental destruction
Berger 12 – (Jamie writer at the Intellectualyst “The Harmful Discourse of Development: A Look at India” http://intellectualyst.com/the-harmful-discourse-of-development-a-look-at-india-534/) GHSGB
In a speech
AND
the world’s resources.

Alt: Reject the development discourse.  Rejecting development discourse is a prerequisite to imagine alternatives and stop colonization.
Escobar 95, - (Arturo Arturo Escobar is a Colombian-American anthropologist primarily known for his contribution to postdevelopment theory and political ecology. “Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World) GHSGB
Above all, however,
AND
out to accomplish.

My argument turns the case. Naming actions development is always counterproductive. My alternative is the only escape
Cleaver 95 – (Harry M., Jr., professor of economics at UT-Austin, May 3, 1995 http://www.cs.unb.ca/~alopez-o/politics/NAFTAmail/msg00023.html) GHSGB
I agree that,
AND
and start fresh.

Tournament: Colleyville Heritage | Round: 5 | Opponent: Christ Episcopal MK | Judge: Jacob Arnett
A~ Counterplan text: Developing countries should prioritize resource extraction over environmental protection by implementing a law than creates an environmental impact assessment program

Environmental impact assessment is an effective policy tool that serves as an early warning to balance the environment with development.

Modak and Biswas99: Prasad Modak ~Executive President of Environmental Management Centre LLP~ and Asit K. Biswas ~PhD (Engineering), D.Tech. (Honoris Causa), University of Lund, Sweden; founder of the Third World Centre for Water Management in Mexico~, "Conducting Environmental Impact Assessment in Developing Countries," United Nations University Press, Jan 1, 1999 - Business 26 Economics - 364 pages, GHSMM
Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is a policy and management tool¶ for both
AND
. In Chapter 3, the EIA¶ process is introduced in detail.

EIA can be used at multiple stages of projects. So I can solve BEFORE as well as DURING. This is reason the counterplan solves better than the aff and is net beneficial.

Modak and Biswas99: Prasad Modak ~Executive President of Environmental Management Centre LLP~ and Asit K. Biswas ~PhD (Engineering), D.Tech. (Honoris Causa), University of Lund, Sweden; founder of the Third World Centre for Water Management in Mexico~, "Conducting Environmental Impact Assessment in Developing Countries," United Nations University Press, Jan 1, 1999 - Business 26 Economics - 364 pages, GHSMM
EIA can be done sequentially. i.e.. it may be conducted after
AND
¶ would probably maximize its effectiveness and minimize delays in project¶ implementation.

AND - RESOURCE EXTRACTION UNIQUELY NEEDS EIA

Modak and Biswas99: Prasad Modak ~Executive President of Environmental Management Centre LLP~ and Asit K. Biswas ~PhD (Engineering), D.Tech. (Honoris Causa), University of Lund, Sweden; founder of the Third World Centre for Water Management in Mexico~, "Conducting Environmental Impact Assessment in Developing Countries," United Nations University Press, Jan 1, 1999 - Business 26 Economics - 364 pages, GHSMM
Projects defined as environmentally critical and requiring an EIA based on¶ type. regardless of location.¶ 0 Heavy industries: non-ferrous ~are~ metal industries. iron and steel mills.¶ petroleum and petrochemical industries. smelting plants.¶ 0 ~and~ resource extractive industries: ~including~ major mining and quarrying projects.¶ forestry projects. ~and~ fishery projects.¶ 0 ~and~ Infrastructure projects: major dams, major power plants. major¶ reclamation projects, major roads and bridges.

B Net benefits:====

Resource extraction is BETTER for environmental protection. Environmental protection is USELESS because it doesn’t recognize the economic links that ensure its existence. ====

A~ Resource extraction promotes development and is a key driver of economic success.

Edward B. Barbier11 ~John S Bugas Professor of Economics at the University of Wyoming~, "Global Economic Development, Natural Resources and History," The World Financial Review, Cambridge Press, January 2011, GHSMM
Throughout much of history, a critical driving force behind global economic development has been
AND
simply due to the having such large endowments to command for economic development.¶ 

B~ A better economy and more wealth lead to BETTER ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION. Resource extraction might be bad in the short term, but it promotes development and environmental protection.

Indur M. Goklany07 ~a science and technology policy analyst for the United States Department of the Interior, where he holds the position of Assistant Director of Programs, Science and Technology Policy; PhD Michigan State University in Electrical Engineering~ "Now for the Good News,¶ Mankind has never been healthier, wealthier or freer. Surprised?" Reason.com, March 23, 2007, GHSMM
Environmentalists and globalization foes are united in their fear that greater population and consumption of
AND
important ideas and institutions that caused it, and ensuring that they endure.

Tournament: The Barkley Forum | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Bronx Science DM | Judge: Stewart, Astacio, Schuyler

Uniqueness: Ecuador and the rest of the Amazon are drilling now or planning on it

Dudenhoefer 13 –(David ~David Dudenhoefer is a freelance journalist and communications consultant based in Lima, Peru, from where he covers several South American countries~ "Ecuador’s Amazon Drilling Plan Raises Concerns Over Environment, Oil Dependency" October 8^th, 2013) GHSGB
On Aug. 15, Ecuadorean President Rafael Correa announced that he was ~is
AND
2008 default on international loans, Ecuador resumed borrowing, primarily from China. 

Link- Drilling in any forest setting causes deforestation- that means that environmental protection and resource extraction are always in conflict.

Finer et al 08, Jenkins, Pimm, Keane, and Ross – (Matt ~Dr. Finer is a Project Scientist in CIEL’s Biodiversity Program. The project focuses on protecting the primary forests, biodiversity, and indigenous territories in the Loreto Region of the Peruvian Amazon by promoting strategic planning at the regional and national levels.~, Clinton ~Dr. Clinton Jenkins earned his doctorate in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology from the University of Tennessee~, Staurt ~Doris Duke Professor of Conservation Ecology~, Brian ~Advisor to the United States AID program (USAID)~, Carl ~ Save America’s Forests, Washington D. C., United States of America~ "Oil and Gas Projects in the Western Amazon: Threats to Wilderness, Biodiversity, and Indigenous Peoples" August 13^th, 2008 http://www.plosone.org/article/info3Adoi2F10.13712Fjournal.pone.0002932~~23pone.0002932-Greenberg1) GHSGB
Oil and gas development in the western Amazon has already caused major environmental and social
AND
Ecuador (Blocks 23 and 24) for over seven years ~38~.

Internal Link- China requires Latin American oil—its necessary.

Wang 13 – (Xiaoxia ~I work within the Department of Politics, Philosophy and Religion to develop distance learning courses and provide technical support for distance learning students on the MA in Diplomacy and International Relations at Lancaster University.~, "In America’s Backyard: China’s rising influence in Latin America" World Crunch www.worldcrunch.com/china-2.0/in-america-039-s-backyard-china-039-s-rising-influence-in-latin-america/foreign-policy-trade-economy-investments-energy/c9s11647/) GHSGB
Over the past five years, Chinese businesses have been expanding their footprint in Latin
AND
and its huge reserves and production capacity naturally became a destination for China.

Impact- oil prevents collapse of Chinese government

Malaquias 06 - (Assis ~Associate Professor of Government at St. Lawrence University~, "Thirsty Powers: The United States, China, and Africa’s Energy Resources," Paper for 3^rd FLAD-IPRI International Conference on Portugal, the U.S. and Southern Africa, http://www.ipri.pt/eventos/pdf/FLAD05_AMalaquias.pdf)GHS//GB
China is destined to become the world’s next superpower in the next few decades,
AND
Iran remained outside America’s orbit and was therefore susceptible to China’s oil courtship. 

Regime collapse means global nuclear war

Renxin 05 - (San ~Journalist~, "CCP Gambles Insanely to Avoid Death," Epoch Times, www.theepochtimes.com/news/5-8-3/30931.html) GHSGB
Since the Party’s life is "above all else," it would not be surprising
AND
now plans to hold one billion people hostage and gamble with their lives. 

I outweigh under their framework- nuclear war causes the most environmental destruction

Peace Pledge Union http://www.ppu.org.uk/learn/infodocs/st_environment.html
IMAGES OF DEVASTATED battlefields are all too familiar. A German officer in 1918 described
AND
is often secret, widely ignored, and easily forgotten – until now.

This probably matters under his framework: 2 warrants

1~ The only way that we can fight back against colonization is if people are alive which means that we must stop mass death to even understand why our Eurocentric mindset is bad.

2~ Nuclear war causes structural violence and destroys value to life.
Singer and Rylko-Bauer 11 (Merrill Singer is PhD in Medical Anthropology and Past-President of the AIDS and Anthropology Research Group of the Society for Medical Anthropology and published over 200 articles and published over 20 books, Barbara Rylko-Bauer is PhD in Anthropology @ MSU, "Political Violence, War and Medical Anthropology" July 14, 2011, A Companion to Medical Anthropology, Chapter 11, pg 235 – 237greenhill-au)
War does not begin with the first deployment of weapons or the first casualties.
AND
as an applied model for the development of a medical anthropology against war.

Tournament: The Barkley Forum Tournament | Round: 1 | Opponent: Saint James PD | Judge: Jonathan Alston

Uniqueness: Ecuador and the rest of the Amazon are drilling now or planning on it

Dudenhoefer 13 –(David ~David Dudenhoefer is a freelance journalist and communications consultant based in Lima, Peru, from where he covers several South American countries~ "Ecuador’s Amazon Drilling Plan Raises Concerns Over Environment, Oil Dependency" October 8^th, 2013) GHSGB
On Aug. 15, Ecuadorean President Rafael Correa announced that he was ~is
AND
2008 default on international loans, Ecuador resumed borrowing, primarily from China. 

Link- Drilling in any forest setting causes deforestation- that means that environmental protection and resource extraction are always in conflict.

Finer et al 08, Jenkins, Pimm, Keane, and Ross – (Matt ~Dr. Finer is a Project Scientist in CIEL’s Biodiversity Program. The project focuses on protecting the primary forests, biodiversity, and indigenous territories in the Loreto Region of the Peruvian Amazon by promoting strategic planning at the regional and national levels.~, Clinton ~Dr. Clinton Jenkins earned his doctorate in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology from the University of Tennessee~, Staurt ~Doris Duke Professor of Conservation Ecology~, Brian ~Advisor to the United States AID program (USAID)~, Carl ~ Save America’s Forests, Washington D. C., United States of America~ "Oil and Gas Projects in the Western Amazon: Threats to Wilderness, Biodiversity, and Indigenous Peoples" August 13^th, 2008 http://www.plosone.org/article/info3Adoi2F10.13712Fjournal.pone.0002932~~23pone.0002932-Greenberg1) GHSGB
Oil and gas development in the western Amazon has already caused major environmental and social
AND
Ecuador (Blocks 23 and 24) for over seven years ~38~.

Impact- oil prevents collapse of Chinese government

Malaquias 06 - (Assis ~Associate Professor of Government at St. Lawrence University~, "Thirsty Powers: The United States, China, and Africa’s Energy Resources," Paper for 3^rd FLAD-IPRI International Conference on Portugal, the U.S. and Southern Africa, http://www.ipri.pt/eventos/pdf/FLAD05_AMalaquias.pdf)GHS//GB
China is destined to become the world’s next superpower in the next few decades,
AND
Iran remained outside America’s orbit and was therefore susceptible to China’s oil courtship. 

Regime collapse means global nuclear war

Renxin 05 - (San ~Journalist~, "CCP Gambles Insanely to Avoid Death," Epoch Times, www.theepochtimes.com/news/5-8-3/30931.html) GHSGB
Since the Party’s life is "above all else," it would not be surprising
AND
now plans to hold one billion people hostage and gamble with their lives.

Tournament: Colleyville Heritage | Round: Octas | Opponent: Flowermound JS | Judge: Boyd, Yin, and Cavanaugh

A: Counterplan Text: ~insert aff actor~ will prioritize resource extraction over environmental protection and will evenly distribute income to all persons. The government will then tax these revenues.

Moss 11 – (Todd ~Todd Moss is chief operating officer and senior fellow at the Center for Global Development.~ "Oil to Cash: Fighting the Resource Curse through Cash Transfers" http://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/1424714_file_Oil2Cash_primer_FINAL.pdf) GHSGB

1. Incentives to tax. After giving cash to its citizens, the state
   AND
   creating greater incentives for citizens to hold their governments accountable (Fasano 2000).

That solves corruption AND helps break out of the resource curse.

Moss 11 – (Todd ~Todd Moss is chief operating officer and senior fellow at the Center for Global Development.~ "Oil to Cash: Fighting the Resource Curse through Cash Transfers" http://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/1424714_file_Oil2Cash_primer_FINAL.pdf) GHSGB
4. Good for the poor. Importantly, cash transfers would have immediate and
AND
benefit of, say 10, to the poor other than cash transfers.

Tournament: The Calinvitational | Round: 7 | Opponent: Meadows SM | Judge: Nate Berda
Text: The United State federal government should exempt capital holding requirements for microfinance institutions in order to facilitate access to financial agency for womyn in developing countries vocationally pursuing resource extraction.
The Counterplan is key to the microlending industry. Richardson 09
Richardson 2k9 (Molly, writer for the journal of corporation law “Increasing Microlending Potential in the United States Through a ¶ Strategic Approach to Corporate Regulations”, http://www.allbusiness.com/government/government-bodies-offices-¶ us-federal-government/12325094-1.html)
Capital holding requirements present another obstacle to U.S. microlenders reaching
AND
to enact, and the most realistic ways of enacting them. 

Advancing the economic field is the best way to empower womyn because it gives them decision making power. Kali 08
Kali 2k8 (Sanjay "Economic Empowerment of womyn womyn ." Economic Empowerment of womyn womyn  womyn EzineArticles.com. http://ezinearticles.com/?Economic-Empowerment-of-womyn womyn andid=1608058) CARD ALTERED FOR GENDERED LANGUAGE
It is ironical and sad to note that that there
AND
beginning at the economic front is the best step forward.

Tournament: The Barkley Forum Tournament | Round: 1 | Opponent: Saint James PD | Judge: Jonathan Alston

A: Uniqueness: Drilling in the middle east is only going up

Greenberg 09 – (Jerry ~Jerry covered worldwide offshore and onshore drilling and production activity and technology beginning in 1980. His articles were published in Offshore, Oil 26 Gas Journal, World Oil, Hart’s E26P, Journal of Petroleum Technology (JPT), Bassoe Offshore Monthly, AAPG Explorer, Upstream, Subsea Engineering News, Offshore Engineer and Drilling Contractor~ http://www.drillingcontractor.org/kuwait-oman-boost-middle-east-drilling-activity-with-deep-drilling-steam-flood-projects-84)GHS//GB
KOC’s ~Kuwait Oil Company~ plans are to increase its oil production to about
AND
activity now that oil prices have risen to about 2460 or higher. 

B: Link: Extraction of oil and gas is always in conflict with the environment

Dabbs 96 – (Corbett ~American University~ "Oil Production and Environmental Damage" http://www1.american.edu/ted/projects/tedcross/xoilpr15.htm) GHSGB
Although much of the world depends on the production or the trade of oil to
AND
(compared to the 10.8 million-gallon Exxon Valdez spill).

Internal link- Global dependency on Middle Eastern oil is going up- no viable other options.

Luft 09 – (Gal ~Gal Luft is executive director of the Institute for the Analysis of Global Security (IAGS)~ "Dependence On Middle East Energy And Its Impact On Global Security" NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security 2009, pp 197-210) GHSGB
The concentration of so much of the world’s hydrocarbons in this geographical location means that
AND
(OPEC), stick to a quota and produce well under their capacity. 

Impact- oil prevents collapse of Chinese government

Malaquias 06 - (Assis ~Associate Professor of Government at St. Lawrence University~, "Thirsty Powers: The United States, China, and Africa’s Energy Resources," Paper for 3^rd FLAD-IPRI International Conference on Portugal, the U.S. and Southern Africa, http://www.ipri.pt/eventos/pdf/FLAD05_AMalaquias.pdf)GHS//GB
China is destined to become the world’s next superpower in the next few decades,
AND
Iran remained outside America’s orbit and was therefore susceptible to China’s oil courtship. 

Regime collapse means global nuclear war

Renxin 05 - (San ~Journalist~, "CCP Gambles Insanely to Avoid Death," Epoch Times, www.theepochtimes.com/news/5-8-3/30931.html) GHSGB
Since the Party’s life is "above all else," it would not be surprising
AND
now plans to hold one billion people hostage and gamble with their lives.

Tournament: Colleyville Heritage | Round: 5 | Opponent: Christ Episcopal MK | Judge: Jacob Arnett

Prioritizing ontology is dangerous —- their ivory tower elitism leaves millions to die while they engage in endless, abstract questioning

Jarvis 2k (Darryl, Senior Lecturer in International Relations – University of Sydney, International Relations and the Challenge of Postmodernism, p. 128-9)
More is the pity that such irrational and obviously abstruse debate should so occupy us
AND
to address the real life plight of those who struggle at marginal places.

The uncovering of being is a thinly veiled excuse for violent reactionary fascism.

Kelley L. Ross, philosophy at Los Angeles Valley College, 2000 (http://www.friesian.com/rockmore.htm)
Heidegger’s Germanism, then, is the functional equivalent of, and not so different
AND
much its principles have been transferred to self-described "oppressed peoples."

Tournament: National Debate Coaches Association Championship | Round: 2 | Opponent: Harker KQ | Judge: Zach Parker
A Counterplan Text

The Ecuadorian government should institute a ban on drilling oil in the Amazonian rainforest in Ecuador’s 11th round oil development areas and Yasuni National Park, and NOT ban oil drilling in Peru.
Current laws solves harms to indigenous groups. Oxfam America 11
Oxfam America11¶ "Peru's Congress passes precedent-setting Consultation Law," The Politics of Poverty, Ideas and analysis from Oxfam America's policy experts, September 2, 2011, GHSMM
All eyes are on Peru’s new president, Ollanta Humala, in
AND
Informed Consent. For more information, please visit our campaign website.

B Competition

1 I PIC out
2 Perm isn't topical
3 Net benefits
C Net Benefits

1 CHINA DISAD
Output in Peru has been DECLINING because of a lack in drilling. Peruvian Times 14
Peruvian Times14 Pioneering newspaper in Peru, "Peru Sees 10 Percent Increase in Oil Production in 2014," Business Section, January 7, 2014, GHSMM
Peru’s oil production has fallen from less than 200,000 barrels
AND
conflicts that have has prevented preventing plans to increase drilling.

China needs increasing oil from Peru. Matthews 13
Jerin Matthew 13Business correspondent at the International Business Times. Holds a master's degree in Business Administration from Mahatma Gandhi University, India, "PetroChina Buys $2.6bn of Oil and Gas Assets in Peru," International Business Times, Economy, November 13, 2013, GHSMM
PetroChina, China's largest oil and gas producer, said it agreed
AND
country's total consumption, according to China National Petroleum Corp (CNPC).

Oil prevents collapse of CCP. Malaquias 06
Malaquias 06 - (Assis Associate Professor of Government at St. Lawrence University, “Thirsty Powers: The United States, China, and Africa’s Energy Resources,” Paper for 3rd FLAD-IPRI International Conference on Portugal, the U.S. and Southern Africa, http://www.ipri.pt/eventos/pdf/FLAD05_AMalaquias.pdf)GHS//GB
China is destined to become the world’s next superpower in the
AND
America’s orbit and was therefore susceptible to China’s oil courtship. 

And, CCP collapse means nuclear war. Renxin 05
Renxin 05 - (San Journalist, “CCP Gambles Insanely to Avoid Death,” Epoch Times, www.theepochtimes.com/news/5-8-3/30931.html) GHSGB
Since the Party’s life is “above all else,” it would
AND
hold one billion people hostage and gamble with their lives. 

2 POVERTY DISAD
Peru is dependent on the extractive industry to reduce poverty. Kirby 13
Alex Kirby13 Editor of the Climate News Network, "Climate Change Threatens Peru's Economic Progress as Amazon Becomes Net Emitter of Co2," EcoNews Network, December 26, 2013, GHSMM
Peru has more than halved its poverty rate in the
AND
mining,” said Francisco Santa Cruz, another of the report’s authors.

The impact to poverty is a structural war on the poor as bad as nuclear war. Abu-Jamal 98
Mumia Abu-Jamal, 98. (activist, radio journalist and former president of the Philadelphia Association of Black Journalistsjh) “A Quiet and Deadly Violence” September 19th, 1998, http://www.angelfire.com/az/catchphraze/mumiaswords.html
It has often been observed that America is a truly
AND
that their great and terrible violence passes away with them.

3 PERU DRILLING GOOD
Here’s a history lesson – historically, oil drilling in Peru has been very beneficial by boosting the economy – at every step, environmental and human rights standards have been put in place. Spencer 10
Nicole Spencer10  Marketing and Communications Consultant at Speek¶ Marketing Consultant at Zoobean¶ Marketing and Strategic Development Consultant at WeddingWire¶ Content Strategist at CHIEF | Advanced Brand Strategists¶ Director at Americas Society/Council of the Americas¶ Associate to the President at Inter-American Dialogue¶ Democracy Specialist at Partners of the Americas¶ Research Assistant to the President at Kettering Foundation¶ Program Assistant and Haiti Project Coordinator at CEDPA¶ see less¶ Education¶ Georgetown University¶ University of Chicago¶ , "Energy in Peru: Opportunities and Challenges," Americas Society and Council of the Americas, June 2010, GHSMM
Oil dominated the hydrocarbon sector in Peru for most of
AND
2008, CONAM was¶ subsumed by the new Ministry of Environment.

4 EMPIRICS PROVE
Currently, oil extraction in Peru has been effective and has complied with social and environmental laws. Spencer 10
Nicole Spencer10  Marketing and Communications Consultant at Speek¶ Marketing Consultant at Zoobean¶ Marketing and Strategic Development Consultant at WeddingWire¶ Content Strategist at CHIEF | Advanced Brand Strategists¶ Director at Americas Society/Council of the Americas¶ Associate to the President at Inter-American Dialogue¶ Democracy Specialist at Partners of the Americas¶ Research Assistant to the President at Kettering Foundation¶ Program Assistant and Haiti Project Coordinator at CEDPA¶ see less¶ Education¶ Georgetown University¶ University of Chicago¶ , "Energy in Peru: Opportunities and Challenges," Americas Society and Council of the Americas, June 2010, GHSMM
Before they left the project, the Shell-Mobil consortium had
AND
had had little to no ¶ relations with the outside world).

5 EMISSIONS
Oil Extraction in Peru reduces emissions from energy. Spencer 10
Nicole Spencer10  Marketing and Communications Consultant at Speek¶ Marketing Consultant at Zoobean¶ Marketing and Strategic Development Consultant at WeddingWire¶ Content Strategist at CHIEF | Advanced Brand Strategists¶ Director at Americas Society/Council of the Americas¶ Associate to the President at Inter-American Dialogue¶ Democracy Specialist at Partners of the Americas¶ Research Assistant to the President at Kettering Foundation¶ Program Assistant and Haiti Project Coordinator at CEDPA¶ see less¶ Education¶ Georgetown University¶ University of Chicago¶ , "Energy in Peru: Opportunities and Challenges," Americas Society and Council of the Americas, June 2010, GHSMM
Natural gas produces about 40 percent fewer carbon emissions than
AND
an attractive option. This bodes well for ¶ Peru’s LNG exports.

Tournament: Plano East Senior High | Round: 3 | Opponent: Law Magnet RD | Judge: Tyler Levy
A Interpretation: Black’s Law Dictionary defines environmental protection as:

(Black’s Law Dictionary: http://thelawdictionary.org/environmental-protection/#ixzz2oXRpGivq)
Environmental guardianship
AND
and reversing trends.

B Violation: I asked in CX

C Net Benefits:

1 Real-world applicability
Esberg and Sagan 12, Jane She graduated from Stanford in 2009 with a BA in International Relations and Scott D. Caroline S.G. Munro professor of Political Science at Stanford University and co-director of Stanford's Center for International Security and Cooperation, “NEGOTIATING NONPROLIFERATION: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy”, 17 Feb 2012, BE
Governments have long
AND
about success.’’16

2 Advocacy skills
Alfred Snider 06 and Maxwell Schnurer Snider has been a powerful advocate of academic debate for more than 30 years. A nationally prominent intercollegiate debate coach, his experience in pioneering debate education for inner city students through the Urban Debate League national curricular reform movement has been applied to the international debate community. He has pioneered the use of the Internet to promote debating everywhere. He has person- ally helped to promote discussion and debate in the People’s Republic of China, Chile, South Korea, Serbia, and many of the former Soviet Union satellite countries. Many of the concepts in this book were field tested at his internationally recognized World Debate Institute at the University of Vermont.¶ Maxwell Schnurer, a former student of Snider’s, has developed his own reputation as a nationally ranked intercollegiate debate coach and pioneer in classroom applications of competitive debate. As an assistant coach at Wake Forest and the University of Pittsburgh, as the director of debate at Marist College, and now at Humboldt State University, Schnurer committed to working with novice and beginning debaters, emphasizing the transformative nature of the debate activity., “Many Sides: Debate Across the Curriculum” Published by International Debate Education Association, 2006, BE
Advocacy is vital
AND
for public advocacy.

3 predictability
Galloway 07 (Ryan Galloway, Samford Debate Coach, Professor of Communication Studies at Samford, Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28, 2007, LEQ)
A common rejoinder
AND
competitive debate allows.

4 Textuality

5 Vagueness
GALLES 2009 (Gary, Professor of Economics at Pepperdine, "Vagueness as a Political Strategy," March 2, http://blog.mises.org/archives/author/gary_galles/)
The problem with such vagueness is that any informed public policy decision has to be
AND
, it virtually ensures bad policy, if Americans’ welfare is the criterion.

Drop the debater

Tournament: The Barkley Forum | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Bronx Science DM | Judge: Stewart, Astacio, Schuyler

A~ INTERPRETATION: THE AFF MUST ONLY DEFEND THE PRIORITIZATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION OVER RESOURCE EXTRACTION

B~ VIOLATION—BUEN VIVIR MIGHT TAKE NATURAL AS ITS CENTRAL POINT, BUT IT ALSO REQUIRES A BUNCH OF POLICIES THAT ARE ABOVE AND BEYOND PRIORITIZING ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION OVER RESOURCE EXTRACTION

Catherine Walsh 10,~Senior Professor and Director of the Doctoral Programme in Latin American Cultural Studies, Universidad Andina Simon Boliva~, "Development as Buen Vivir: Institutional Arrangements and (de)colonial entanglements), Development, 2010, 53 (1).
Buen vivir, roughly translated as ’living well’or col- lective well being,
AND
-realiza- tion and construction of a social and shared future.7

THESE ARE SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC POLICIES THAT HAVE NOTHING TO DO WITH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION—

C~ Net benefits- 

predictable and equitable ground

clash and constructive dialogue

Limits

DTD

Tournament: The Barkley Forum | Round: Octas | Opponent: Lake Highlands NN | Judge: Lamothe, Vandermeer, Stewart

A~ INTERPRETATION- "Should" means that the aff must defend the resolution as a moral obligation

Oxford English Dictionary, ~Definitive dictionary of the English language~, http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/should.
Syllabification: should¶ Pronunciation: /
AND
 degree of independence

B~ VIOLATION—HE DOESN’T PROVE THAT DEVELOPING COUNTRIES SHOULD PRIORITIZE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION—

C~ REASONS TO PREFER

1—- DECISIONMAKING SKILLS—

Steinberg 26 Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making.
If we assume it to be possible without recourse to violence to reach agreement on
AND
in our intelligent self-interest to reach these decisions through reasoned debate.

2—- ACCESSIBILITY—

Zeus Leonardo 02, ~Associate Professor of Cultural Studies, Diversity, and Ethnic Issues, University of California, Berkeley, Graduate School of Education~, "The Souls of White Folk: critical pedagogy, whiteness studies, and globalization discourse", Race, Ethnicity and Education, Vol. 5, No. 1, 2002. RFK
The fragmenting effects of the global economy work in tandem with the fragmenting¶ tendencies
AND
to yoke together different peoples around the globe under the sign of sameness.

DEBATERS ARE BLINDED BY PRIVILEGE THAT WE HAVE A DUTY TO RESIST

Tim Wise 02, ~American anti-racism activist and writer.~1~ Since 1995, he has given speeches at over 600 college campuses across the U.S~, "Membership Has Its Privileges: Thoughts on Acknowledging and Challenging Whiteness," in White Privilege: Essential Readings on the Other Side of Racism, ed. Paula S. Rothenberg (New York: Worth, 2002)
Being white means never having to think about it. James said that many years
AND
up to every day. It’s time to revoke the privileges of whiteness.

D~ Drop the debater on T—-

Tournament: Colleyville Heritage | Round: Octas | Opponent: Flowermound JS | Judge: Boyd, Yin, and Cavanaugh

A~ Interpretation: Environmental protection is defined as engaging with toxic substances.

Joe Arruda 13 ~Professor of Environmental Biology, Ph.D., Kansas State University, teaches at Pittsburg University.~ "Careers With an Environmental Spin" http://faculty.pittstate.edu/~~jarruda/env_career.htm-http://faculty.pittstate.edu/~jarruda/env_career.htm ghsVA
There are a wide variety of careers with an "environmental spin". Persons with
AND
the management of soils, lands, forests, fish, and wildlife.

B~ Violation: 

C~ Net Benefits

1~ Advocacy Skills

2~ Textuality

3~ Limits- 

Drop the Debater — Topicality

Tournament: National Debate Coaches Association Championship | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Newark Science CQ | Judge: NA

THE 1AC ISN’T RADICAL JUST BECAUSE HE SAYS IT IS—HIS METHODOLOGY IS STILL GROUNDED IN AN APPEAL TO THE WHITE BODY WHICH CO-OPTS HIS MOVEMENT—THERE ARE TWO LINKS

First, empathy for the blackbody allows white reconciliation which further destroys black communities via intervention.

Hartman, Saidiya V. Scenes of Subjection. New York, Oxford: Oxford University,
     1997. Print. 

The relation between pleasure and possession of slave property, in both figurative and literal
AND
flight of imagination and the excitements engendered by suffering might also be pleasurable?

SECOND, THEIR ANTI-ETHICS THAT DENIES POSSIBILITY OF PRAGMATIC CHANGE IS NOT A THEORY—

IT IS A SHAM, JUST A PALE MIMICRY OF THE ETHICAL THEORIES OF WHITE OPPRESSORS WHO WILL NEVER LISTEN TO THEM—his ANTI-ETHICS DELIBERATELY AVOIDS SEEKING TO CREATE ANY PRACTICAL DEBATES ABOUT THE CONSTRUCTION OF A NEW WORLD OR A NEW CONSCIOUSNESS

Tommy J. Curry 13, "It Ain’t Radical, Just because you Say So: How the Derelictical Crisis Effects the Theoretical and Practical Utility of Black Interventions into Anti-Black Racism," The Nationist. RFK
There is a mythology at work in how Black people think about the utilization of
AND
class who adopts the ideas offered by these texts as morality as well.

THERE IS NO POINT TO TRYING TO CHANGE THINGS BY APPEALING TO THE MORAL SENSE OF THE OPPRESSOR—

() SAYS HIS POSITION IS A DEMAND ON THE JUDGES BUT NEVER IN HISTORY HAS THE BLACK BODY DEMANDED SOMETHING FROM THE WHITE MAN AND HAD THAT DEMAND MET—WE NEED TO STOP WITH THE RIGHTEOUS THEORIZING AND IMAGINE OUR OWN FUTURE

Clark 95, professor of law – Catholic University, ’95 (Leroy D., 73 Denv. U.L. Rev. 23)
A Final Word Despite Professor Bell’s prophecy of doom, I believe he would like
AND
. was his capacity to "dream" us toward a better place.

HIS THEORIZING IS JUST A WAY TO INTEGRATE THE WHITE MALE INTO OUR ETHICAL DISCOURSE, BUT THAT PRECLUDES TRULY MEANINGFUL AND DIVISIVE RACIAL DISCOURSE—THE WHITE MAN NEEDS TO LEARN THAT NOT EVERYTHING IS ABOUT HIM.

Tommy J. Curry 13, "It Ain’t Radical, Just because you Say So: How the Derelictical Crisis Effects the Theoretical and Practical Utility of Black Interventions into Anti-Black Racism," The Nationist. RFK
The liberal articulation of racism, sexual exploitation, and economic deprivation (race,
AND
of its conceptual analysis into nature of anti-Black racism (144).

The only way to do that is VOTE AGAINST () it is my burden of PROVING THE AFF IS BAD both his performance and method within this debate. You vote against () because he reifies whiteness within this space and you VOTE FOR ME because the only way to truly reconstruct the world through blackness is to exclude whiteness and sever our constant dependency on it.

THAT MEANS THERE CAN BE NO PERMUTATION—MY APPROACH IS A WORLD WHERE THE WHITE BODY DOES NOT EXISTENCE—THEY SHOULD NOT HAVE A PLACE IN OUR NEW REALITY BECAUSE EVERYWHERE THEY APPEAR THEY ARE AN OBSTACLE——— WHITES CANNOT ENVISION A WORLD WITHOUT THEM ()S DEMAND TELLS THEM THEY ARE NECESSARY. WHEN THE WHITE THINKER ENDORSES BLACK THEORIES THEY REIFY DOMINANT IDEOLOGY AND DESTROYS ANY RADICALISM FOR THE AFF.

Tommy J. Curry 13, "It Ain’t Radical, Just because you Say So: How the Derelictical Crisis Effects the Theoretical and Practical Utility of Black Interventions into Anti-Black Racism," The Nationist.
I could see the predictable response to such a position: well, why should
AND
/reformism) as the reason for trumping the other? Just saying…

Tournament: Colleyville Heritage | Round: 3 | Opponent: Katy Taylor JY | Judge: Halli Tripe

We have to rupture white existence in order to solve for all of their impacts

Dr. Tommy J. Curry 13, ~Assistant Professor, Department of Philosophy, Texas A26M~, "In the Fiat of Dreams: The Delusional Allure of Hope, the Reality of Anti-Black Violence and the Demands of the Anti-Ethical", 2013 ghsVA
Traditionally we have taken ethics to be, as Henry Sedgwick claims, "any
AND
new teleological/cultural orientation; an endarkening path towards a new humanity. 

The affirmative seeks to BLIND you from the realities of RACISM. They DON’T understand Black existence and continue to endorse paradigms that ERASE the Realities of Black sub-personhood.

YOU AS A JUDGE ARE THE GATEKEEPER TO OUR ACTIVITY. THE ROLE OF THE JUDGE IS TO COHERE WITH THE demand of the oppressed AND DEDICATE YOUR BALLOT TO RUPTURING WHITE SUPREMACY.

Tim Wise 08 (Race Relations Specialist, Activst, Orator), White Like Me, 2008   96 - 97 ghsVA
Until the voices of economically and racially marginalized persons are given equal weight in debate
AND
. Lucky for me, in other words, that I was white.

Role of the Ballot: Embrace anti-ethics

BLACKNESS IS THE SITE OF ABSOLUTE DERELICTION — OPPRESSION WAS BORN OUT OF THE MIDDLE PASSAGE.

Frank Wilderson 03 professor of African American Studies at University of California, Irvine, 2003 (Frank, A. B. Dartmouth College (Government/Philosophy); MFA Columbia University (Fiction Writing); Ph.D. University of California, Berkeley (Rhetoric/Film Studies), "The Prison Slave as Hegemony’s (Silent) Scandal", Social Justice, Vol. 30 Issue 2, p18-27) ghsVA
Without the textual categories of dress, diet, medicine, crafts, physical appearance
AND
reparation) but that must, nonetheless, be pursued to the death.

The current order derives its ontological consistency in opposition to blackness, trying to work within this system is definitionally impossible.

Wilderson and Howard 10 ~Frank, Assoc prof of African American Studies, Percy, Psychotherapist, "Frank Wilderson, Wallowing in the Contradictions, Part 1" http://percy3.wordpress.com/2010/07/09/frank-b-wilderson-E2809Cwallowing-in-the-contradictionsE2809D-part-1/-http://percy3.wordpress.com/2010/07/09/frank-b-wilderson-E2809Cwallowing-in-the-contradictionsE2809D-part-1/ ~ ghsVA
FW Reparations suggests a conceptually coherent loss. The loss of land, the loss
AND
and as Fanon does), but it won’t lead us to a cure.

Tournament: TFA State | Round: 1 | Opponent: Clear Falls DB | Judge: Stephen Babb

The role of the judge is to be an ethical educator that condemns all forms of oppression- we have to begin to realize that the debate space and real life are the same thing.

Vincent 13 – (Christopher ~Debate Coach, former college NDT debater~ "Re-Conceptualizing Our Performances: Accountability In Lincoln Douglas Debate" http://victorybriefs.com/vbd/2013/10/re-conceptualizing-our-performances-accountability-in-lincoln-douglas-debate) GHSGB
Charles Mills argues that "the moral concerns of African Americans have centered on the
AND
color, and in turn destroy the transformative potential this community could have.

THE VERY DISCOURSE OF HUMANITARIAN AID PERPETUATES CYCLES OF WESTERN IMPERIALISM AND COLONIALISM.

Kiri Gurd06 ~MS in Gender and Development at the London School of Economics and Political Science~, "Connections and Complications: Reflections on Epistemology, Violence, and Humanitarian Aid," Journal of International Women’s Studies, Issue 3 New British Feminist Scholarship and Contemporary Politics: Prizewinning and Short-listed Essays from the Feminist and Women’s Studies Association Essay Competition, Article 4, March 2006, GHSMM
The discourse of humanitarian aid begins with a crisis in the international order. ¶
AND
for brutal and undemocratic Third World ¶ regimes (Narayan 2000:93).

Discourse has been empirically used to sustain white privilege and perpetuate atrocity- we can’t let the 1AC colonize the debate space- whiteness won’t be taking my home.

DR. CRENSHAW Prof of Speech Comm @ Univ. Ala. 1997 Carrie-PhD. USC; former director of debate @ Univ. of Ala.; WESTERN JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION;  Resisting Whiteness’ Rhetorical Silence; 61(3), Summer; pp. 253-278.
However, as Nakayama and Krizek have noted, contradictory rhetori¬cal strategies enable whiteness to
AND
inherent in employing nationalistic discourse to resist racism severely limited her initial argument.

We must reject this- the alternative is to reject the framing and discourse of the 1AC only through linguistic deconstruction can we promote real change.

Audrey Kobayashi 94 ~Direct. Institute of Women’s Studies @ Queen’s~ "Gender, Place, 26 Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography" 1, 2, p. 225 ghsVA
What we can hope, for the moment, is to become more adept at
AND
processes will go on, but hopefully at a higher level of competence.

Tournament: TFA State | Round: Octas | Opponent: Kempner AB | Judge: Nunley, Durrani, Wei
Framework

The role of the judge is to reward the debater whose performance and discourse do not justify oppression. We must question what our discourse in round justifies. Vincent 13
Christopher Vincent 13 currently the Graduate Assistant for the University of Louisville Debate Team and Director of Debate at the James Graham Brown School in Louisville, KY.  He debated at the University of Louisville, reaching the double-octafinals of both the National Debate Tournament and Cross-Examination Debate Tournament. He has also been coaching high school Lincoln Douglas debate for the past five years, with debaters reaching elims at tournaments such as Harvard, Emory, Newark, and others, “Re-Conceptualizing Our Performances: Accountability In Lincoln Douglas Debate”, Victory Briefs, 26 Oct 2013, BE
It is becoming increasingly more apparent in Lincoln Douglas debate
AND
in turn destroy the transformative potential this community could have.

Kritik

A Link – Words with the root “man” such as “human” are gendered. The Resolutional and specific use of the word “humanitarian” makes womyn subsidiary to men. Writing Center 10
The Writing Center 10 ( The Writing Center, University of North Carolina. “Gender-Sensitive Language.” February 11, 2010. http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/gender.html. MR. I DON’T ADVOCATE POTENTIALLY GENDERED LANGUAGE IN THE SMALL TEXT)
Like gendered pronouns, gendered nouns can also provide a stumbling
AND
for alternatives to gendered nouns not included in this list.  

Imposing discursive norms such as “mankind” or “he”, he perpetuates the world into a masculine norm where womyn become invisible. Goueffic 96
Goueffic 96 (Goueffic, Louise. Author, BA graduate studies in France. Breaking the patriarchal code.   Pg. 13-14 : 1996. MR.)—I don’t endorse any potential gendered language that I missed in here.
From the I 960s until today, such-questioning has involved a
AND
one meaning, and language  users' intentions are obscure and unpredictable. 

B The impact is that this gendered language allows for perpetuations of male supremacy. Saul 12
Jennifer Saul 12 philosopher working in the philosophy of language and in the philosophy of feminism. Saul is the head of the Philosophy Department at the University of Sheffield, "Feminist Philosophy of Language", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Winter 2012 Edition, BE
Some feminists (e.g. Penelope 1990; Spender 1985) argue that English
AND
establish ‘he’ as the gender-neutral third-person English pronoun.

This turns the aff—hierarchies of men over womyn are replicated in the political sphere, causing and allowing for colonialism and imperialism. Runyan 94
Anne Runyan 94 Professor and former Head of dept of womyn's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies @ UCincy, “Women womyn, Gender, and World Politics: Perspectives, Policies, and Prospects” 1996, BE
These hierarchies of men over womyn women and officers over
AND
a hierarchy grounded in and perpetuated by sexual dominance." 4

C Alternative – using a ‘Y’ is key to challenging womyn being a subsidiary to men—his discourse only recreates the other. Sciullo 06
Sciullo 06 (Nick, JD @ West Virginia University Colege of Law, " “THIS WOMAN WOMYN’S WORK”? IN A “MAN’S WORLD”??: A FEMINIST ANALYSIS OF THE FARM SECURITY AND RURAL INVESTMENT ACT OF 2002”, SSRN Onlinegreenhill-ak)
I spell “womyn” with a “y” for feminist reasons. Rhetorical
AND
on language, those efforts are likely to fall flat.

Tournament: TFA State | Round: 4 | Opponent: Clements JR | Judge: Chris Mifflin
Framework

First, international law is the foundation for international society—this means that international law is a prior question since in order to determine what a foreign country is, we must appeal to international law. Nardin 92
Terry Nardin 92 professor and head of the Political Science Department at the National University of Singapore, specializing in political theory, history and international political theory, “International Ethics and International Law”, Review of International Studies, Vol 18, No 1, Jan 1992, BE
Any description of the international system as an association of
AND
of states, one that is a morality of coexistence.6

Second, states have an obligation to follow international law as it is a contract they would come to mutual agreement on self-interested terms. Charney 93
Jonathan Charney 93, “Universal International Law”, The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 87, No. 4 (Oct., 1993), pp. 529-551
Be that as it may, the system of international law
AND
but within those limits international law has an important role.

Thus, the standard is consistency with international law.
Contention

Conditionality of assistance and aid programs has a historically strong legal basis as conditions have existed since the 1990’s and are codified in international agreements. Roth 09
Selma Roth 09, “POLITICAL CONDITIONALITY IN EUROPEAN UNION DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE ASSESSING EFFECTIVENESS AND CONSISTENCY”, Academic year 2008 – 2009, Master (M.A) in Advanced European and International Studies Anglophone branch, BE
By looking at these notions, the extent to which a
AND
legal basis in its relations with the signatories of Cotonou.

International law currently allows for suspension of aid on the condition of democratic growth—this political condition is considered just. Rich 01
Roland Rich 01 director of the Centre for Democratic Institutions at the Australian National University, “BRINGING DEMOCRACY INTO INTERNATIONAL LAW”, Journal of Democracy Volume 12, Number 3 July 2001, BE
The Commonwealth’s power to suspend aid programs in response to
AND
the event of an extra- constitutional attack on democratic government.

Tournament: TFA State | Round: 1 | Opponent: Clear Falls DB | Judge: Stephen Babb
A The Counterplan text

Policymakers should broaden the scope of ownership in the Paris Declaration to make political conditions on humynitarian aid just by creating a balance between political conditions on humynitarian aid and recipient government’s leadership.
Zimmermann 08 explains the advocacy
Felix Zimmermann08 Global Relations Advisor, Education and Skills at the OECD Development Center, "Home-Owned and Home-Grown: Development Policies that can Work," Policy Insights, OECD Development Center, Nomber 71, July 2008, GHSMM
The first of the Declaration's five principles is "ownership".¶ It
AND
If they are¶ serious about making aid effective, they must.

This means counterplan solves all claims of imperialism because the RECIPIENT GOVERNMENT works HAND IN HAND WITH DONORS who give conditional humynitarian aid as opposed to just the recipient government having no input.
B Competition

1 The Counterplan takes the stance that political conditions on humynitarian aid are JUST – a permutation would negate the resolution.
2 The Counterplan USES political conditions to make humynitarian aid effective while the aff takes the stance that these political conditions  are unjust and shouldn’t be used.
3 The Counterplan is exclusive because the aff gets rid of all political conditions while the counterplan keeps them, but promotes more government involvement in them.
4 The Counterplan competes through net benefits
C Net Benefits

1 State Ownership and promoting the responsibilities of states is uniquely key to promote effective humynitarian aid since states can effectively assess their needs – aid agencies alone are insufficient. Harvey 09
Paul Harvey09 Humanitarian humynitarian humynitarian Outcomes sector of the Humanitarian humynitarian Policy Group, "Towards Good Humanitarian humynitarian humynitarian Government: The Role of the Affected State in Disaster Response," Humanitarian humynitarian humynitarian Policy Group Policy Brief 37, September 2009, GHSMM
Broadly speaking, the roles and responsibilities of¶ states in relation
AND
what international aid agencies are¶ doing, and neglects government roles.

2 Conditionality and Ownership go hand in hand, benefiting each other by pursuing multiple interests and making aid more efficient and available -~-- this functions as both competition to the counterplan as well as a net benefit. Drazen 04
Allan Drazen04 Tel-Aviv University, University of Maryland, "Conditionality and Ownership in IMF Lending: A Political Economy Approach," Globalization and the Nation State: The Impact of the IMF and the World Bank (2004): 51, GHSMM
Intricately tied up with the question of reform of conditionality
AND
in explaining the success or failure of World Bank programs.

Tournament: TFA State | Round: 5 | Opponent: Clements FT | Judge: Alex Joyner

The word gay is used to exclude those who don't fit within western constructed identities.

Moreno and Aguilera 2 ~(Ray Aguilera, David O’Connor, and Bob Guter participated in the Queer Disability Conference. Bob Guter is Editor of BENT. Ray, Walt Dudley, and Angel Jaedeen have written for BENT. Charlie Squires and Julio Moreno are frequent contributors to Disgaytalk) "YOU CAN’T SAY THAT21" A Bent/Disgaytalk Forum on Politically Correct Language BENT covers the First International Queer Disability Conference San Francisco State University June 2 26 3, 2002~ ghsVA
Barbed or not, I prefer "queer," because "gay" has come
AND
kinks, can feel comfortable, knowing that they are outside the mainstream.

This exclusion is dangerous – if you don’t fit into neatly defined categories your experiences don’t count.

Hope 12 ~(Allison Hope, PR specialist and journalist) "A Penis and a Dress: Why the Gender Binary Needs to Go Away" Huffington Post 05/22/2012~ ghsVA
If your genitalia don’t match the gender you most identify with, the American Psychiatric
AND
against those who do not fit cleanly into the existing and limiting categories.

"Queer" is better – the word deconstructs rigid gender identities.

Moreno 2 ~(Ray Aguilera, David O’Connor, and Bob Guter participated in the Queer Disability Conference. Bob Guter is Editor of BENT. Ray, Walt Dudley, and Angel Jaedeen have written for BENT. Charlie Squires and Julio Moreno are frequent contributors to Disgaytalk) "YOU CAN’T SAY THAT21" A Bent/Disgaytalk Forum on Politically Correct Language BENT covers the First International Queer Disability Conference San Francisco State University June 2 26 3, 2002~ ghsVA
I say "queer" when I don’t want to waste my breath saying"
AND
is Queer. Queer Crip is Hip. And Viva sweet-love21

Tournament: The Meadows School | Round: Finals | Opponent: College Prep CL | Judge: Alderette  Lamothe  Unknown

Counterplan Test: The United States Criminal Justice System, all relevant jurisdictional levels, should hire more judges and adopt the checking mechanism, described in the court decision of Markowski V. City of Marlin

Markowski v. City of Marlin 97, Court of Appeals of Texas, Waco. R. John Cullar, Waco, Ron Butler, Marlin, for appellants. 1997
Appellants’ fourth point asserts that no evidence supports the trial court’s finding that the attorney
AND
the Act was not violated on April 22, we overrule point eight.

Dickmann99 is our independent solvency actor
Dickmann 99 - (Amanda ~J.D. Candidate, 2000, Indiana University School of Law—Indianapolis; B.A., 1997, Indiana University—Bloomington~ "IN RE LINDSEY: A NEEDLESS VOID IN THE GOVERNMENT ATTORNEY-CLIENT PRIVILEGE", Indiana Law Review, Volume 33 1999 Number 1)GHSGB
An example of a state case upholding the government attorney-client¶ privilege is
AND
submit the alleged privileged documents or communications to an in camera inspection. 55

Fact finding is more reliable

Sheila Jasanoff06 ~J.D., Ph.D.; a Pforzheimer Professor of Science and Technology Studies at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University~, "Just Evidence: The Limits of Science in the Legal Process," Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics, 2006, ghsMM
In our time, the truths that people regard as tran-¶ scendental concern the
AND
persuasive means of enhancing the credibility of expert¶ witnesses in legal proceedings."

Tournament: Isidore Newman | Round: 3 | Opponent: Northland Christian DS | Judge: Matthew Moore

A~ Link: Violating attorney-client-privilege gives the judge power to observe any conversation and deem it a threat.

Marjorie Cohn 03 ~professor of law at the Thomas Jefferson School of Law, former President and National Lawyers Guild~, "The Evisceration of the Attorney-Client Privilege in the Wake of September 11, 2001", 71 Fordham L Rev 1233 (2003), BE
In order to have a chilling effect on a client’s communications with his attorney,
AND
they can obtain a search warrant to open and read the mail.’

B~ Impact: This not only chills disclosure, but also the lawyers from representing unpopular groups.

Marjorie Cohn 03 ~professor of law at the Thomas Jefferson School of Law, former President and National Lawyers Guild~, "The Evisceration of the Attorney-Client Privilege in the Wake of September 11, 2001", 71 Fordham L Rev 1233 (2003), BE
Likewise, Stanford Law School Professor Deborah L. Rhode wrote in The New York
AND
represented clients with unpopular beliefs and that such clients do not deserve defense.

That destroys their chance at justice ====
Thomas P. Glynn 02 ~Law Professor, Seton Hall~, 2002, "Federalizing Privilege", 52 Am. U.L. Rev. 59, p. 70, BE
In addition to serving the independent interests described above, full client disclosure and the
AND
, adverse consequences, and litigation in our modern, complex regulatory regime.

Tournament: The Glenbrooks Tournament | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Wes De Moines Valley JS | Judge: Nick Smith  Chris Castillo  Joe Rankin

First is the political justification. Without constitutionalism, there is no way to both check government power and create an efficient government.

Dennis C. Mueller ~Phd in Economics from Princeton University, Professor of Economics~ "Constitutional Democracies" Oxford University Press (1996) VA
The specter has been raised that a government once created will turn upon its creators
AND
who will someday have the authority to enforce it, abide by it.

Second is the philosophical justification. We live in a diverse society where people hold vastly different ethical beliefs. Since unanimity is impossible, appeals to a public, written constitution provide the best hope for securing moral consensus.

Mark Graber ~1~, Why Interpret? Political Justification and American Constitutionalism, 56 The Review of Politics 415, 426-27 (1983).
Philosophy justifications of constitutionalism treat constitutions as blueprints of the good society. The Constitution
AND
citizens should enjoy "the greatest liberty consistent with an equality of liberty."

there must be a single arbiter to decide the issue

Jay M. Feinman10 ~Distinguished professor at Rutgers school of law; Professor Feinman received his B.A. degree summa cum laude from American University and his J.D. degree cum laude from the University of Chicago, where he was a member of the Order of the Coif and Comment Editor of the University of Chicago Law Review~,"Law 101: Everything You Need to Know About American Law," Oxford University Press, May 13, 2010 – Law, MM
The federal courts have experienced great difliculty determining¶ which employees in a corporation who
AND
states, has the authority to conclusively determine what¶ the Constitution means.

Thus, the standard is consistency with the U.S. Constitution.

The attorney client privilege is protected in the constitution by the 6^th amendment and by previous Supreme Court rulings

Joseph L. Daly98 ~professor of law at Hamline University School of Law in St. Paul~, "Attorney-Client Privilege and the¶ Rule of Confidentiality," Bench Bar of Minnesota, 1998, MM
As various investigations of the 1993 dismissal of White House travel employees were beginning,
AND
No man is" or should be asked to be "an island."

Tournament: The Glenbrooks Tournament | Round: 7 | Opponent: Lexington DA | Judge: Zach Parker
A Interpretation: If debaters read materials off the computer, they need to pass pages with a hard copy, flash it over, or have a viewing laptop
B Violation:
C Net Benefits

1 Competitive equity
2 Argument Responsibility
2 Clash 

Drop the Debater

Tournament: The Glenbrooks Tournament | Round: 3 | Opponent: Harker PR | Judge: Sean Nadel
A Counterplan text: The United States Criminal Justice system should abolish attorney client privilege for federal government attorneys in corruption cases, but should recognize attorney client privilege for state-government attorneys in order for the government to be more transparent, and consistent with the US constitution. In a world of the counterplan, attorney client privilege is prioritized due to the net benefits and preventing abolishing ALL ACP.
 

State ACP key to checking back federal gov’t power and preserving federalism. Whitley 05
Joel D. Whitley05 corporate associate in the Los Angeles office of Munger, Tolles and Olson LLP;¶ Mr. Whitley practices general corporate law. ¶ Mr. Whitley is a graduate of the Georgia Institute of Technology and the University of Chicago, The Law School,¶ “Protecting State Interests: Recognition of the State Government Attorney-Client Privilege,” ¶ The University of Chicago Law Review, Vol. 72, No. 4 (Autumn, 2005), pp. 1533-1562, GHSMM
This Comment argues that the state government attorney-client ¶ privilege
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op- ¶ erational mechanics of the state government attorney-client privilege. 

Solves corruption in the federal government and also checks federal power over states.
B Competition

1 Aff abolishes all ACP for government lawyers
2 Can’t conflate state and federal governments. Whitley 05
Joel D. Whitley05 corporate associate in the Los Angeles office of Munger, Tolles and Olson LLP;¶ Mr. Whitley practices general corporate law. ¶ Mr. Whitley is a graduate of the Georgia Institute of Technology and the University of Chicago, The Law School,¶ “Protecting State Interests: Recognition of the State Government Attorney-Client Privilege,” ¶ The University of Chicago Law Review, Vol. 72, No. 4 (Autumn, 2005), pp. 1533-1562, GHSMM
Application of the Garner doctrine should not, however, neces- ¶ sarily
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, but it will not keep information from ¶ the state government.35

3 Net benefits compete
C Net Benefits

1 Checks back federal power. Whitley 05
Joel D. Whitley05 corporate associate in the Los Angeles office of Munger, Tolles and Olson LLP;¶ Mr. Whitley practices general corporate law. ¶ Mr. Whitley is a graduate of the Georgia Institute of Technology and the University of Chicago, The Law School,¶ “Protecting State Interests: Recognition of the State Government Attorney-Client Privilege,” ¶ The University of Chicago Law Review, Vol. 72, No. 4 (Autumn, 2005), pp. 1533-1562, GHSMM
This conclusion, however, rests on the assumption that a state ¶ agent's
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privilege to help her comply with state ¶ and federal law. 

2 Key to good decision making and public interest. Whitley 05
Joel D. Whitley05 corporate associate in the Los Angeles office of Munger, Tolles and Olson LLP;¶ Mr. Whitley practices general corporate law. ¶ Mr. Whitley is a graduate of the Georgia Institute of Technology and the University of Chicago, The Law School,¶ “Protecting State Interests: Recognition of the State Government Attorney-Client Privilege,” ¶ The University of Chicago Law Review, Vol. 72, No. 4 (Autumn, 2005), pp. 1533-1562, GHSMM
Additionally, governments and corporations are frequently sued ¶ for actions of
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state to better comply with both federal and state law. 

3 Key to federalism and constitutional ideals.
Joel D. Whitley05 corporate associate in the Los Angeles office of Munger, Tolles and Olson LLP;¶ Mr. Whitley practices general corporate law. ¶ Mr. Whitley is a graduate of the Georgia Institute of Technology and the University of Chicago, The Law School,¶ “Protecting State Interests: Recognition of the State Government Attorney-Client Privilege,” ¶ The University of Chicago Law Review, Vol. 72, No. 4 (Autumn, 2005), pp. 1533-1562, GHSMM
The states' residual sovereignty is derived from the text and ¶
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privilege by federal courts as a matter of common law.

Tournament: The Meadows School | Round: 3 | Opponent: PVP JL | Judge: Chris Bentley

A~ Uniqueness — Patent production has been increasing, but patent regimes need to be strengthen to ensure there are more valuable patents.

OECD04 ~ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT~, "PATENTS AND INNOVATION: ¶ TRENDS AND POLICY CHALLENGES," OECD, 2004, MM
Patents play an increasingly important role in innovation and economic performance. Between ¶ 1992
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include biotechnology and software), and more robust ¶ and more valuable patents. 

B~ Link — Focusing on truth seeking denies attorney-client-privilege and creates an environment where attorneys know their communication could be discovered. Only prioritizing attorney client privilege solves the decrease in patent production.

Jonathan G. Musch03 ~BA in Chemistry and History, 2000, Illinois Wesleyan University; J.D. Canidate (2003), Washington University School of Law~, ¶ "Attorney-Client Privilege and the Patent Prosecution Process in the Post-Spalding World," Washington University Law Quarterly, Volume 81:175:2003~, MM
One of the oldest traditions of the Anglo-American judicial system is the ¶
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, and ¶ a court may modify the system under certain circumstances.21 

C~ Internal link — Issuing and enforcing patents is key to future technological innovation.

James A. Lewis 08 ~senior fellow and director of the Technology and Public Policy Program at CSIS, where he writes on technology, security, and the international economy~, "Intellectual Property Protection", January 2008, BE
Policies and processes for issuing and enforcing patents are the most important aspect of IPR
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available in the context of strong IPR will spur innovation and economic growth.

And I am topical - Violations of intellectual property rights such as patents are a criminal offense counted as theft.

Irina D. Manta 11 ~Assistant Professor, Case Western Reserve University School of Law; Yale Law School, J.D.; Yale College, B.A.~, "THE PUZZLE OF CRIMINAL SANCTIONS FOR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY INFRINGEMENT", Harvard Journal of Law 26 Technology Volume 24, Number 2 Spring 2011
Many trace the criminalization of IP back to much earlier developments in property law.
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though no force was used. This misconduct was punished as larceny.25

D~ Impact: IP violations undermine U.S. technological competitiveness

Mehlman 02, Assistant Secretary for Technology Policy at the Department of Commerce, 7-31-2K2 (Bruce, "The Changing Wealth of Nations: Intellectual Property and American Competitiveness in the Age of Innovation," Remarks delivered to the Licensing Executives Society Silicon Valley Chapter, http://www.technology.gov/speeches/p_BPM_020731_NatlWealth.htm)
Our culture rewards risk, encourages entrepreneurship, celebrates success and upholds the rule of
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so critical to the creative process of bringing ideas from concept to commerce. 

That’s key to the legitimacy of U.S. hegemony---it blunts resentment of the power gap and solves conflict

Coletta 9 (Damon Coletta – Professor of Political Science at the United States Air Force Academy, September 2009, “Science, Technology, and the Quest for International Influence,” http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA536133andLocation=U2anddoc=GetTRDoc.pdf)
Less appreciated is
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Leadership among nations

Tournament: The Glenbrooks Tournament | Round: 5 | Opponent: Valor Christian AW | Judge: Chetan Hertzig
A Counterplan Text: In the United States Criminal Justice System all relevant jurisdictional levels, should hire more judges and subject all 3rd party expert counsel or legal assistance to a litmus test which requires actors that are identified by the affirmative attorney client privilege to prove the communication is protected by attorney-client privilege on 4 levels.
The attorney-client privilege doctrine should be revised to protect exchanges between attorneys and third-party consultants that pass a four-standard nexus test.
Michele DeStefano Beardslee 09, (Climenko Fellow and Lecturer on Law, Harvard Law School, "The Corporate Attorney-Client Privilege: Third-Rate Doctrine for Third-Party Consultants", SMU Law Review, Vol. 62, 2009.) RFK
This Article contends, therefore, that exchanges between attorneys and third-party consultants
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enhance the application of the attorney–client privilege in other contexts.24

Solves the aff—
Michele DeStefano Beardslee 09, (Climenko Fellow and Lecturer on Law, Harvard Law School, "The Corporate Attorney-Client Privilege: Third-Rate Doctrine for Third-Party Consultants", SMU Law Review, Vol. 62, 2009.) RFK
The attorney–client privilege is an exception to the general rule that relevant information
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be present (or bill the cli- ent for the time).329
B Competition:
1 The counterplan is mutually exclusive because we still have attorney-client privilege and you don’t
2 We still give all clients attorney client privilege, it just has to be subject to the nexus test - the aff says that we shouldn’t give privilege to them- we are on opposite sides of this issue.
3 The counterplan competes through net benefits
C Net Benefits —
1 Aff results in less informed decision-making
Michele DeStefano Beardslee 09, (Climenko Fellow and Lecturer on Law, Harvard Law School, "The Corporate Attorney-Client Privilege: Third-Rate Doctrine for Third-Party Consultants", SMU Law Review, Vol. 62, 2009.) RFK
Evidence suggests that lawyers, even if they truly need the advice, might not
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the legal advice and the client’s best interests may be at risk.198

2 Lack of third party consultation means corporations are less likely to make decisions that comply with the law
Michele DeStefano Beardslee 09, (Climenko Fellow and Lecturer on Law, Harvard Law School, "The Corporate Attorney-Client Privilege: Third-Rate Doctrine for Third-Party Consultants", SMU Law Review, Vol. 62, 2009.) RFK
Lastly, although such a narrow standard may deter corporate miscon- duct, lack
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help manage and predict risks that internal employees and consultants might overlook.225

3 Attorney-Client privilege incentivizes a more honest process contributing to the information disclosed during the trial to get a more accurate representation of what happened.
Stephen M. Forte 03 Managing Partner and Chairman of the Executive Committee of Smith, Gambrell 26 Russell, LLP.Mr. Forte received his B.A. from the City University of New York, J.D. from the Emory University School of Law in 1980 "What the Attorney-Client Privilege Really Means" http://www.sgrlaw.com/resources/trust_the_leaders/leaders_issues/ttl5/916/-http://www.sgrlaw.com/resources/trust_the_leaders/leaders_issues/ttl5/916/ VA

As The attorney-client privilege is the oldest privilege recognized by Anglo-American
jurisprudence. In fact, the principles of the testimonial privilege may be traced all
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.7 So, what is the privilegee and when does it apply?

Tournament: The Glenbrooks Tournament | Round: 2 | Opponent: Marlborough CC | Judge: Nick Smith
A Counterplan Text: The United States Criminal Justice System should not INSERT AFF and should bolster attorney client privilege by creating a Federal Defender Services Center

The AC is burdened with a lack of resources which hurts representation.
Charles J. Ogletree 95 Jr. Harvard Law School, J.D., 1978, Stanford University, M.A. in Political Science, 1975, Stanford University, B.A. (With Distinction) in Political Science, 1974Harvard Law School Professor, litigator, educator, and author "AN ESSAY ON THE NEW PUBLIC DEFENDER FOR THE 21ST CENTURY" Vol. 58: No. 1 1995 http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=426726context=lcp-http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=426726context=lcp ghsVA
Unlike most other members of the legal profession, the typical public defender is burdened
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clients or witnesses, and they cannot retain experts without prior judicial approval.

I SOLVE BEST — IMPLEMENTING THE COUNTERPLAN WOULD SOLVE ALL OF THE AFF
Charles J. Ogletree 95 Jr. Harvard Law School, J.D., 1978, Stanford University, M.A. in Political Science, 1975, Stanford University, B.A. (With Distinction) in Political Science, 1974Harvard Law School Professor, litigator, educator, and author "AN ESSAY ON THE NEW PUBLIC DEFENDER FOR THE 21ST CENTURY" Vol. 58: No. 1 1995 http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=426726context=lcp-http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=426726context=lcp ghsVA
The issues raised during the public hearings held by the Criminal Justice Act Review Committee
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achieved in winning motions, appeals, and other legal arguments in court.

Tournament: The Meadows School | Round: Finals | Opponent: College Prep CL | Judge: Alderette  Lamothe  Unknown

A~ Interpretation: Attorney-Client privilege is not given to all parties, and has to meet certain requirements given by a court.

Milich 10 – (Paul S. ~Director of law at Georgia state University~ Courtroom Handbook on Georgia Evidence 26-32, 2010) GHSGB
There are five
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not been waived.

B~ Violation: The attorney client privilege is NOT afforded to governments – they aren’t clients who can claim the privilege.

David B. Rubin09 ~an attorney specializing in education law~, "Who’s Privileged When You Consult the Board Attorney?" The School Administrator, March 2009, Number 3, Vol. 66, MM
Be aware that
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grand jury proceedings.

C~ Reasons to prefer:

1~ Clash –
2~ Research – 

D~ Implications

Drop the Debater

Tournament: The Glenbrooks Tournament | Round: 7 | Opponent: Lexington DA | Judge: Zach Parker

A~ Interpretation- Merriam Webster Dictionary defines "precedence" as:

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/precedence
the condition of being more important than something or someone else and therefore coming or being dealt with first

which means that the aff must implement a policy that grants more legal importance to truth-seeking than attorney-client privilege

B~ Violation- the aff does not give precedence to truth-seeking over attorney client privilege
Colin Miller 08 ~Assistant Professor of Law, The John Marshall Law School~, "ORDEAL BY INNOCENCE: WHY THERE SHOULD BE A WRONGFUL INCARCERATION/EXECUTION EXCEPTION TO ATTORNEY-CLIENT CONFIDENTIALITY", Copyright 2008 by Northwestern University School of Law Vol. 102 Northwestern University Law Review Colloquy, BE
To determine whether or not wrongful incarceration should allow for disclosure under the rule,
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at least one client who did not ultimately commit the proposed acts.29

C~ Reasons to prefer—- predictable and equitable ground—-The resolution is the only predictable basis for a fair division of ground 

that’s a voter because of decision-making skills—-that’s the only portable impact 

AND- predictability is critical—two-sided preparation is necessary for every benefit we could carry from debate

Galloway 2007 (Ryan Galloway, Samford Debate Coach, Professor of Communication Studies at Samford, Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28, 2007, LEQ) 

A common rejoinder is that debaters should think on their feet, and be prepared
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order to maximize the benefits of the dialogical exchange which competitive debate allows.

Drop The debater on T

Comepteing interpretations necessary

Tournament: Appley Valley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Barrington VA | Judge: Chetan Hertzig
A Focusing on preventing the war against terrorism will expand the use of the PATRIOT ACT to violate Attorney Client Privilege, increasing racial profiling.
Matthew Lyons05 Security Specialist for the Department of Homeland Security,"HOMELAND SECURITY: Low-Intensity Conflict Targets¶ Non-Citizens," in "’War on Terrorism’ and Immigrants," Political Research Associates, Conservative Agendas and Campaigns, Defending Justice, 2005, MM
Through executive order and statute, the federal government has sharply expanded its own
repressive powers. The USA Patriot Act-which passed the Senate with only one
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a pervasive climate of fear to many Muslim and Arab American communities.14

B The racial profiling INCREASES terrorism
Richard Jackson07, Ph.D in conflict resolution, "Constructing Enemies: ’Islamic Terrorism’ in Political and Academic Discourse", Government and Opposition, Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 394–426, 2007
The ’Islamic terrorism’ discourse is also proving to be counter-productive in terms
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political grievances which will more than likely lead to further campaigns of terrorism.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 2 | Opponent: - | Judge: -

Since compulsory voting increases capturing minority groups, which perpetuates discrimination, I negate.

Excluding marginal groups via capturing harkens back to times of slavery and racial discrimination. We can’t ignore the historical context that has grounded our reality – A history of discrimination and ignorance of rights of minority groups perpetuates marginalization and creates a politically apartheid democracy. The argument is not that EVERYONE must vote, but that their votes  must count – capturing votes only engenders a culture of ignorance.

We can’t ignore the historical context that has grounded our reality—history of discrimination and ignorance of rights of minority groups perpetuates marginalization and creates a politically apartheid democracy.

Ross and Smith 09: Bertrall L. Ross II ~Kellis Parker Academic Fellow, Columbia Law School~ and Terry Smith ~Distinguished Research Professor of Law, DePaul College of Law~, "Minimum Responsiveness and the Political Exclusion of the Poor," Law and Contemporary Problems, Volume 72:197, Fall 2009, MM
Representative government is a principal feature of American democracy.¶ The prevailing view is that
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of the poor raises¶ important concerns about the representativeness of American democracy.

Thus, a side constraint to ~X~ is to make give value to votes by minimizing electoral capture.

Electoral capture is when parties assume that they will have a certain groups vote, and stop appealing to that group, thus harming their interests.

Paul Frymer 10 ~Associate professor at the department of politics, Princeton University; writes and teaches about American politics, institutions, law, state theory, and American political development, particularly as they intersect with the issues of democratic representation, race and civil rights, and labor and employment rights~, "Uneasy Alliances: Race and Party Competition in America," Princeton University Press, Sep 5, 2010 - Political Science, MM
This apparent contradiction, that the success of broad-based parties rest on the
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have been courted by parties at precisely those moments that blacks were ignored. 

Electoral incentives that attempt to increase voter turnout such as compulsory voting engender a culture that captures black interests.

Paul Frymer 2 ~Associate professor at the department of politics, Princeton University; writes and teaches about American politics, institutions, law, state theory, and American political development, particularly as they intersect with the issues of democratic representation, race and civil rights, and labor and employment rights~, "Uneasy Alliances: Race and Party Competition in America," Princeton University Press, Sep 5, 2010 - Political Science, MM
I do not offer here a new systematic historical account nor do I detail the
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see an unfolding process by which party leaders slowly start following electoral incentives.

Tournament: Greenhill Round Robin | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lexington PC | Judge:
Ellen Frankel Paul 80 Professor of Political Science at Bowling Green State University, the Deputy Director of the Social Philosophy and Policy Center, and a Research Professor at the Freedom Center "HAYEK’S CONCEPTION OF FREEDOM, ¶ COERCION, AND THE RULE OF LAW" Reason Papers No. 6 (Spring 1980) 37-52. http://www.reasonpapers.com/pdf/06/rp_6_4.pdf-http://www.reasonpapers.com/pdf/06/rp_6_4.pdf VA
The corollary to this conception of liberty as instrumentally justifiable because people are largely ignorant
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another, our ¶ actions will be similarly controlled." 8. 134) 

Thus the standard Protecting individual freedom
1 COMPULSORY VOTING VIOLATES HUMAN DIGNITY AND FORCES A STATEMENT FROM THOSE WHO CHOOSE NOT TO GIVE ONE
Harvard Law Review 13 Membership in the Harvard Law Review is limited to second- and third-year law students who are selected on the basis of their performance on an annual writing competition. Harvard Law School students who are interested in joining the Review must write the competition at the end of their 1L year, even if they plan to take time off during law school or are pursuing a joint degree and plan to spend a year at another Harvard graduate school. "The Case for Compulsory Voting in the United States" http://www.jstor.org/stable/40042668 Vol. 121, No. 2 (Dec., 2007), pp. 591-612 VA
Unlike some rights, the First Amendment right to free speech does ¶ imply an
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a write-in candidate, which exists in most ¶ states.70

2 Compulsory voting violates the right to abstain. Such a right is necessary for the weak to protest in a safe environment. The "none of the above" option and the claim that compulsory voting only mandates doesn’t solve.
Annabelle Lever08¶ Department of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method London School of Economics and Political Science, "Compulsory voting: a critical perspective," Forthcoming, British Journal of Political Science, The London School of Economics and Political Science, December, 2008, MM
We have an equally weighted vote regardless of our stakes in a particular election,
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do, and how best to act on their respective duties and rights.

Affirming violates the standard of protecting freedom
AND – Compulsory voting creates an artificial democracy that uses coercion to put in place democratic ideals that override negative rights.
Jan Rovenský08¶ Faculty of Political Sciences¶ PhD in Political Theory, "Voting: A Citizen’s Right, or Duty? ¶ The Case against Compulsory Voting," PhD thesis, LUISS Guido Carli, Academic year 2007 – 2008, MM
It is important to keep in mind that the freedom of choice is an indispensable
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better democracy but a step which citizens ¶ must make on their own.

Tournament: Greenhill Round Robin | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lexington PC | Judge:
A Uniqueness: Media coverage has promoted global domination through the use of military force.
Peter Phillips and Mickey Huff 10 former director of Project Censored, is Professor of Sociology at Sonoma State University. Director of Project Censored and sits on the Board of Directors of the Media Freedom Foundation "TRUTH EMERGENCY: INSIDE THE MILITARY INDUSTRIAL MEDIA EMPIRE" http://www.projectcensored.org/truth-emergency-inside-the-military-industrial-media-empire/-http://www.projectcensored.org/truth-emergency-inside-the-military-industrial-media-empire/ VA
Among the most important Project Censored news stories of the past decade, one is
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-war movement in the US despite what the facts show.xxiv

This card describes a "quid pro quo" (one for another). Elite
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deficit and a turn. This is a reason why it is maintained. 

B Link: Compulsory voting INCREASES voters’ media consumption
Loewen et al08:, Loewen, Millner, and Hicks08: Peter John Loewen¶ Departement de science politique, Universit´e de Montr´eal, ¶ and ¶ Henry Milner¶ Departement de science politique, Universit´e de Montr´eal¶ Bruce M. Hicks D´epartement de science politique, Universit´e de Montr´eal, ¶ "Does Compulsory Voting Lead to More Informed and¶ Engaged Citizens? An experimental test," Canadian Journal of Political Science 41.03 (2008): 655-672, MM
A more fair test of Lijphart’s hypotheses¶ would be to exclude those in the
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how it makes for better - or at least more informed - citizens.

C Internal Link:
Maxwell McCombs 02 UT Austin,"The Agenda-Setting Role of the Mass Media in the Shaping of Public Opinion", Paper presented at Mass Media Economics 2002 conference, London School of Economics, 2002, BE
By far the best documented consequence of object and issue salience is the priming of
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, favored a military rather than a diplomatic solution in the Persian Gulf.

The link is also a solvency deficit. A2 Lijphart – the education they receive is BAD21 

D Impact: Militarism is a response to people’s fears of an attack against national security and is perpetuated by the media. The impacts of militarism turn the aff on 4 levels.
Wright and Rogers09: Erik Olin Wright Professor Erik Olin Wright ¶ Department of Sociology ¶ University of Wisconsin – Madison, 26 Joel Rogers American academic and political activist. Currently a professor of law, political science, public affairs and sociology at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, "Chapter 20 ¶ Militarism and Empire," ¶ Final Draft, August 2009, MM
After the end of the Cold War this threat disappeared, and with it an
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in 1997 or Argentina in 2002. This situation cannot go on forever.