Tournament: National Debate Coaches Association Championship | Round: 3 | Opponent: Los Altos SD | Judge: Maddie Dailey
“We Wear the Mask"

We wear the mask that grins and lies, it hides our cheeks and shades our eyes, This debt we pay to human guile; With torn and bleeding hearts we smile, And mouth with myriad subtleties. Why should the world be over-wise, In counting all our tears and sighs? Nay, let them only see us, while, We wear the mask.

--- Dunbar

Ethics are scandalous in the status quo- endorsements of civil society just reinforce anti-black paradigms erasing us further.

Tommy J. Curry 10 Political and Civic Leadership: A Reference Handbook – Editor Richard Cuotu – 2010 Chapter on Race by Tommy J Curry (Texas A and M University) ghsVA
If a necessary knowledge theory were to be presented, would we dismiss it immediately
AND
society are seen as part of the problem, and attacked as such.

The Role of the Judge is to be an anti-ethical decision maker- ethics are subsumed by whiteness now.

Dr. Tommy J. Curry 13, ~Assistant Professor, Department of Philosophy, Texas A26M~, "In the Fiat of Dreams: The Delusional Allure of Hope, the Reality of Anti-Black Violence and the Demands of the Anti-Ethical", 2013 ghsVA
Traditionally we have taken ethics to be, as Henry Sedgwick claims, "any
AND
new teleological/cultural orientation; an endarkening path towards a new humanity.

The logic used to rape the earth is the SAME mindset used to justify the destruction of the black body- ONLY BY TAKING A CRITICAL STANCE AND EMBRACING AN ECOLOGICAL MOVEMENT CAN WE RUPTURE WHITE EXISTENCE.

James H. Cone 2K ~Briggs Distinguished Professor at Union Theological Seminary and the author of many books on black theology of liberation, including Martin and Malcolm and America~ "WHOSE EARTH IS IT ANYWAY?" http://www.crosscurrents.org/cone.htm ghsVA
The logic that led to slavery and segregation in the Americas, colonization and Apartheid
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nook and cranny of the planet in the name of God and democracy.

PUT AWAY YOUR EXTINCTION SCENARIOS- this is one of THE biggest threats we’ve ever seen BLACKS DON’T GOT THE TIME TO WAIT I CONTROL ALL UNIQUENESS ON THIS ISSUE IT’S TRY OR DIE FOR THE AFF.

Marguerite L. Spencer 08 ~Prof of theology and law @ The University of St. Thomas~ "Environmental Racism and Black Theology: James H. Cone Instructs Us on Witness," University of St. Thomas Law Journal: Vol. 5: Iss. 1, Article 12. Available at: http://ir.stthomas.edu/ustlj/vol5/iss1/12 pg. 292-293 ghsVA
Harvey L. White argues that hazardous waste represents "one of the greatest health
AND
from the natural environment and loss of contact with living and growing things.

Anti-blackness and capital are so embedded within our political economy that policy action is insufficient to achieve reform- the system of whiteness must be destroyed and the ivory tower must be torn down to solve.

Marguerite L. Spencer 08 ~Prof of theology and law @ The University of St. Thomas~ "Environmental Racism and Black Theology: James H. Cone Instructs Us on Witness," University of St. Thomas Law Journal: Vol. 5: Iss. 1, Article 12. Available at: http://ir.stthomas.edu/ustlj/vol5/iss1/12 pg. 302-303 ghsVA
According to Eddie J. Girdner and Jack Smith, the degradation of the environment
AND
not the "last things" and it offers hope for this life.

The state coopts any policy action and ensures that the battle for justice is brought to the courts thereby taking it off the streets- this allows those who are privileged to take control of the fight ensuring whiteness wins.

Marguerite L. Spencer 08 ~Prof of theology and law @ The University of St. Thomas~ "Environmental Racism and Black Theology: James H. Cone Instructs Us on Witness," University of St. Thomas Law Journal: Vol. 5: Iss. 1, Article 12. Available at: http://ir.stthomas.edu/ustlj/vol5/iss1/12 pg. 309 ghsVA
In concert with these citizen groups, attorneys might consider litigating for rights to a
AND
, would recognize the elements of systemic unfairness that recreate and perpetuate themselves.

Civil society is destructive toward the black body- current conceptions of environmental justice are flawed and re-inscribe violence.

Frank Wilderson 02 ~professor of African American Studies at University of California, Irvine, 2003~ The Prison Slave as Hegemony’s (Silent) Scandal-Presented at Imprisoned Intellectuals Conference Brown University, April 13th 2002 ghsVA
Civil society is not a terrain intended for the Black subject. It is coded
AND
via reform or reparation) but must nonetheless be pursued to the death.

We cannot resolve anti-blackness through the state because of the institutions ethics and acting through the state makes anti-blackness worse because it erases the existence of the black body – the state forecloses the possibility of humanity for those in the non-human positionality

Frank B. Wilderson 10 ~award-winning author of Incognegro: A Memoir of Exile and Apartheid. He is one of two Americans to hold elected office in the African National Congress and is a former insurgent in the ANC’s armed wing~ "III "Introduction: Unspeakable Ethics" Red, White, 26 Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms, Pg 15-16" ghsVA
Regarding the Black position, some might ask why, after claims successfully made on
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occur? The woman at the gates of Columbia University awaits an answer.

Structural adjustments don’t mean anything – the conditions of slavery might seem nicer, but at the end of the day you’re still a slave.

Wilderson and Howard 10 ~Frank, Assoc prof of African American Studies, Percy, Psychotherapist, "Frank Wilderson, Wallowing in the Contradictions, Part 2" http://percy3.wordpress.com/2010/07/14/frank-wilderson-wallowing-in-the-contradictions-part-2/ ~ ghsVA
FW Yeah. Orlando Patterson wrote a book called "Slavery and Social Death",
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to me, that really sort of encapsulates the whole conceptualization of fungibility.

Only transitioning towards an ecological identity can save us- the need to save the earth necessitates destroying white existence.

Marguerite L. Spencer 08 ~Prof of theology and law @ The University of St. Thomas~ "Environmental Racism and Black Theology: James H. Cone Instructs Us on Witness," University of St. Thomas Law Journal: Vol. 5: Iss. 1, Article 12. Available at: http://ir.stthomas.edu/ustlj/vol5/iss1/12 pg. 310-311 ghsVA
Bryant argues that responding as academicians, attorneys, and professionals to the overlapping social
AND
There is much work to be done. Will we answer the call?

This ecological identity necessitates destroying white supremacy- If we ever want to TRULY protect the environment we must DESTROY whiteness.

Marguerite L. Spencer 08 ~Prof of theology and law @ The University of St. Thomas~ "Environmental Racism and Black Theology: James H. Cone Instructs Us on Witness," University of St. Thomas Law Journal: Vol. 5: Iss. 1, Article 12. Available at: http://ir.stthomas.edu/ustlj/vol5/iss1/12 pg. 305-306 ghsVA
Cone believes that Christian theology cannot speak of hope unless hope begins and ends with
AND
creates for Christian theology, embrace the Black Christ, and seek liberation.

The only ethical demand is that of the slave- the end of the world. We must pull the pin on civil society to achieve true environmental reform.

Frank Wilderson 10 ~Assoc prof of African American Studies – Cal-Irvine, Red, White, 26 Black, pp 2-5 ~ ghsVA
Leaving aside for the moment their state of mind, it would seem that the
AND
film or the spirit of unity mobilized by the political discourse in question.

Tournament: Plano East Senior High | Round: 1 | Opponent: North Crowley AD | Judge: Dylan Cavanaugh
Framework

I value morality.
Agent neutrality is how we make moral decisions. Regan 83
Donald H. Regan 83, “Against Evaluator Relativity: A Response to Sen” Philosophy and Public Affairs”, 12:2 (Spring, 1983), pp. 93-112: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2265308 GHSGB
A further problem with evaluator-relative theories is that they generate
AND
would have if both had followed an evaluator-neutral morality

Agent neutrality means util. Darwall 86
Stephen Darwall 86 professor of philosophy, Yale university, “Agent-Centered Restrictions from the inside out” Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic¶ Tradition, Vol. 50, No. 3, Symposium on Rationality and Moral Values (Nov., 1986), pp. 291-¶ 319 GHSGB
Consequentialism holds that an agent ought to do what will
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intrinsically good state of affairs of people keeping ¶ their promises.

S – Maximizing expected well-being
Also prefer this:
1 Morality is grounded in empirical reality. Schwartz
Stephen P. Schwartz Ithaca College, “A Defense of Naïve Empiricism: It is Neither Self-Refuting Nor Dogmatic”, Ithaca College, pgs 1-14, BE
The empirical support for the fundamental principle of empiricism is
AND
knowledge would be made possible. This is an empirical claim

2 Governments are util. Goodin 90
Robert Goodin 90, professor of philosophy at the Australian National University college of arts and social sciences “The Utilitarian Response,” pgs 141-142, BE
My larger argument turns on the proposition that there is something
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use it at all – to choose general rules or conduct.

3 No act-omission distinction. Rachels 05
James Rachels 01, Encyclopedia of Ethics, 2nd edition, ed. Lawrence Becker and Charlotte Becker (New York: Routledge, 2001), vol. 2, pp. 947-50
So what is the difference between causing and allowing? What
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running away, I may be moving my body very rapidly.

Links

1 Palm oil growth in Indonesia and Malaysia is really really bad. Fitzherbert et al. 09
Fitzherbert et al 09, Struebig, Morel, Danielsen, Brühl, Donald, Phalan – (Emily Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Matthew Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Alexandra School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, Finn Environmental Change Institute, Oxford University Centre for the Environment, Carsten NORDECO Paul Institute for Environmental Sciences Ben Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge “How will oil palm expansion affect biodiversity?” Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 2009, vol. 23, no. 10, pp 529-588) GHSGB
Expansion and intensification of agriculture is the greatest current threat
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biodiversity value and complement the species in larger reserves 50,51,53.

2 Biofuels erode topsoil, pollute oceans, kill biodiversity, and aid warming.
Calder 08 (Christopher specialist in meditation, advocate for world food supply security “Smug US Congress says, "Let them eat biofuels!" http://newsgroups.derkeiler.com/Archive/Alt/alt.religion.christian/2008-01/msg00138) GHSGB
3) Biofuel production harms the environment by needlessly eroding topsoil and
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forests which naturally clean and rejuvenate the air we breathe

Impacts

1 Biodiversity loss means extinction. Noss 09
Reed F Noss 09,  Research Associate, Center for Conservation Biology, Stanford University. Courtesy Associate Professor, Fisheries and Wildlife Department, Oregon State University. Editor of Conservation Biology. Editor of Conservation Biology, “Endangered Species” http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761557586/endangered_species.html
Endangered Species, plant and animal species that are in danger
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there—that is, species that live nowhere else—are endangered.

2 Global warming means extinction. Flournoy 12
Flournoy 12 (Citing Dr. Feng Hsu, a NASA scientist at the Goddard Space Flight Center, in 2012, Don Flournoy, PhD and MA from the University of Texas, Former Dean of the University College @ Ohio University, Former Associate Dean @ State University of New York and Case Institute of Technology, Project Manager for University/Industry Experiments for the NASA ACTS Satellite, Currently Professor of Telecommunications @ Scripps College of Communications @ Ohio University, Citing Dr. "Solar Power Satellites," Chapter 2: What Are the Principal Sunsat Services and Markets?, January, Springer Briefs in Space Development, Book)
In the Online Journal of Space Communication, Dr. Feng Hsu
AND
and we will take most of the biosphere with us.

3 Ocean destruction means extinction. Craig 03
Craig 03 Associate Prof Law, Indiana U School Law, 2003¶ (McGeorge Law Review, 34 McGeorge L. Rev. 155 Lexis)
Biodiversity and ecosystem function arguments for conserving marine ecosystems also
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and we will take most of the biosphere with us.

Solvency

PLAN: Malaysia and Indonesia will prioritize environmental protection over resource extraction by stopping the growth of all biofuel plants.
Stopping biofuels solves for the harms of the AC. Knudson 09
Knudson 09 – (Tom Tom Knudson has been honored many times for his journalism. His notable work for The Sacramento Bee includes "State of Denial," about the ways California's strict environmental policies conflict with its use of resources from environmentally fragile parts of the planet. That series can be found online at www.sacbee.com/denial. Knudson also is a two-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize. In 1992, his Bee series about the Sierra Nevada received a Pulitzer for public service; in 1985, he won the national reporting prize while working at The Des Moines (Iowa) Register “The Cost of the Biofuel Boom: Destroying Indonesia’s Forests” http://e360.yale.edu/feature/the_cost_of_the_biofuel_boom_destroying_indonesias_forests/2112/) GHSGB
As a child, Matt Aman grew up in the lush tropical
AND
of plant, insect, bird, and animal species on the planet.

Oil palm grows in tropical rainforests in Malaysia and Indonesia; there is a direct relationship between the growth of oil palm and deforestation.
WWF 13 – (WWF The World Wide Fund for Nature is an international non-governmental organization working on issues regarding the conservation, research and restoration of the environment “Palm oil and forest conversion” http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/footprint/agriculture/palm_oil/environmental_impacts/forest_conversion/) GHSGB
The oil palm
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trees are planted.

There’s no disadvantage to getting rid of biofuels. Dizikes 13
Peter Dizikes 13 reporter for the MIT news office – in this he is citing a study by two MIT professors of economics “Study: Ethanol not a major factor in reducing gas prices” http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2013/study-ethanol-not-a-major-factor-in-reducing-gas-prices-1009.html) GHSGB
If you have stopped at a gas station recently, there
AND
only going to set up policymakers for disappointment,” Knittel says.

Tournament: The College Prep RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Harker SP | Judge: Rebar

Diamond mining legitimizes debt bondage and spreading war and violence. While we enjoy the benefits of diamonds on our fingers, the hidden story of violence remains invisible – at every phase of the process of diamond mining, oppressed people are sacrificed for privilege. We become the zones of sacrifice.

Part 1 is the Story of the Slave

Resource Extraction in developing countries is just a capitalist guise for a modern day version of slavery

Darren Kazemi 13 ~International News Reporter~ Extractive World Order: Plundering Planet Earth, Seizing Resources and Erasing Cultures" 2013-12-21 http://news-beacon-ireland.info/?p=15356-http://news-beacon-ireland.info/?p=15356 ghsVA
Plundering the world’s natural resources and setting up proxy points of guaranteed distribution back to
AND
truly populist, non-violent, resistance movement mobilizing against their domination.

YOU AS A JUDGE ARE THE GATEKEEPER TO THE ACTIVITY

Tim Wise 08 (Race Relations Specialist, Activst, Orator), White Like Me, 2008   96 - 97 ghsVA
Until the voices of economically and racially marginalized persons are given equal weight in debate
AND
. Lucky for me, in other words, that I was white. 

Having a values debate before recognizing the importance of structural violence is moot

Winter and Leighton 99 |Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter|~Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and ustice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice~ "Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century." Pg 4-5 ghsVA
Finally, to recognize the operation of structural violence forces us to ask questions about
AND
local cultures, will be our most surefooted path to building lasting peace.

Our investigation of structures of power and privilege must begin with the way we socially construct zones of sacrifice

Sylvia Wynter 03 ("Unsettling the Coloniality of Being/Power/Truth/Freedom: Towards the Human, After Man, Its Overrepresentation—An Argument," CR: The New Centennial Review, Volume 3, Number 3,257-337) ghsVA
The argument proposes that the struggle of our new millennium will be one between the
AND
and implemented by its celibate clergy (See Le Goff guide-quote).

Part 2 are the Zones of Sacrifice

Diamond Mining allows Africa to be a zone of sacrifice

Penny Hess 12 ~Apart of the African People’s Solidarity Committee, organizer who speaks throughout the U.S. and Europe in an effort to educate people that white society everywhere owes its affluence and democracy to the enslavement and colonization of African and oppressed, wrote The Culture of Violence in 1991 and an updated edition, Overturning the Culture of Violence in 2000~ "HARD TRUTH: ALL DIAMONDS ARE CONFLICT DIAMONDS" http://www.guerrillafunk.com/thoughts/doc002012conflictdiamonds.html-http://www.guerrillafunk.com/thoughts/doc002012conflictdiamonds.html ghsVA
These myths about the diamond trade, however, couldn’t be further from the truth
AND
control over the diamond trade whatsoever and see no benefits from its profits.

Pretending to present diamond mining as anything but destructive ignores the material reality of those who have to live through it on a daily basis

Taline Khansa 13 ~wonprofit peace education organization called Childrens International Summer Villages, study Aerospace Engineering and spent six years working in the industry. While she gained professional experience in manufacturing and engineering, she continued to follow global affairs~ "The Curse of Diamond Mining in Sierra Leone" May 2, 2013 http://fellowsblog.kiva.org/fellowsblog/2013/05/02/the-curse-of-diamond-mining-in-sierra-leone-http://fellowsblog.kiva.org/fellowsblog/2013/05/02/the-curse-of-diamond-mining-in-sierra-leone ghsVA
During my second week in Sierra Leone as a Kiva Fellow, I visited Kono
AND
Leone and allow them to maintain their livelihoods independent of the mining industry.

AND — Diamonds are key to maintaining zones of sacrifice

BLAINE HARDEN 2k ~Journalism awards include the Ernie Pyle Award for coverage of the siege of Sarajevo during the Bosnian War, the American Society of Newspaper Editors Award for Nondeadline Writing (stories about Africa), and the Livingston Award for International Reporting (stories about Africa). Written multiple award winning books and has been internationally published~ "Africa’s Gems: Warfare’s Best Friend" http://www.nytimes.com/library/world/africa/040600africa-diamonds-article1.html-http://www.nytimes.com/library/world/africa/040600africa-diamonds-article1.html ghsVA
The rough stone emerges from the African soil at fortress-like mines in the
AND
job — chairman of the Strategic Minerals Commission, which controls diamond mining. 

The impact to this conflict is unspeakable

Eric Johnson 02 ~Attended Stanford majored in political sciences~ "Blood Diamonds: The Conflict in Sierra Leone" Dec. 6, 2002 http://www.stanford.edu/class/e297a/Conflict20in20Sierra20Leone.htm-http://www.stanford.edu/class/e297a/Conflict in Sierra Leone.htm ghsVA
The name "diamond" comes from the Greek word, "adamas" meaning
AND
enough lives have been ruined and lost over a valueless piece of carbon.

Part 3 is Disorder

WHITES HAVE STOLEN THE IDENTITY OF BLACKS. Blacks exist in a VOID OF CULTURE THAT WHITENESS HAS LEFT THEM.

For centuries the Western world has been the first-hand oppressor of the brown earth and its black inhabitants

Dr. Tommy J. Curry 13, ~Assistant Professor, Department of Philosophy, Texas A26M~, "In the Fiat of Dreams: The Delusional Allure of Hope, the Reality of Anti-Black Violence and the Demands of the Anti-Ethical", 2013 ghsVA
Traditionally we have taken ethics to be, as Henry Sedgwick claims, "any
AND
new teleological/cultural orientation; an endarkening path towards a new humanity. 

BLACKNESS IS THE SITE OF ABSOLUTE DERELICTION — OPPRESSION WAS BORN OUT OF THE MIDDLE PASSAGE

Frank Wilderson 03 professor of African American Studies at University of California, Irvine, 2003 (Frank, A. B. Dartmouth College (Government/Philosophy); MFA Columbia University (Fiction Writing); Ph.D. University of California, Berkeley (Rhetoric/Film Studies), "The Prison Slave as Hegemony’s (Silent) Scandal", Social Justice, Vol. 30 Issue 2, p18-27) ghsVA
Without the textual categories of dress, diet, medicine, crafts, physical appearance
AND
reparation) but that must, nonetheless, be pursued to the death.

The current order derives its ontological consistency in opposition to blackness, trying to work within this system is definitionally impossible

Wilderson and Howard 10 ~Frank, Assoc prof of African American Studies, Percy, Psychotherapist, "Frank Wilderson, Wallowing in the Contradictions, Part 1" http://percy3.wordpress.com/2010/07/09/frank-b-wilderson-E2809Cwallowing-in-the-contradictionsE2809D-part-1/-http://percy3.wordpress.com/2010/07/09/frank-b-wilderson-E2809Cwallowing-in-the-contradictionsE2809D-part-1/ ~ ghsVA
FW Reparations suggests a conceptually coherent loss. The loss of land, the loss
AND
and as Fanon does), but it won’t lead us to a cure.

Tournament: Barkley Forum | Round: 1 | Opponent: Fort Lauderdale TT | Judge: Carlos Astacio

Part 1: The Story of the Slave

Resource Extraction in developing countries is just a capitalist guise for a modern day version of slavery.

Darren Kazemi 13 International News Reporter Extractive World Order: Plundering Planet Earth, Seizing Resources and Erasing Cultures” 2013-12-21 http://news-beacon-ireland.info/?p=15356 ghsVA
Plundering the world’s
AND
against their domination.

Having a values debate before recognizing the importance of structural violence is moot
Winter and Leighton 99 |Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter|Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and ustice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice “Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century.” Pg 4-5 ghsVA
Finally, to recognize
AND
of social existence. 

Our investigation of structures of power and privilege must begin with the way we socially construct zones of sacrifice

Sylvia Wynter 03 (“Unsettling the Coloniality of Being/Power/Truth/Freedom: Towards the Human, After Man, Its Overrepresentation--An Argument,” CR: The New Centennial Review, Volume 3, Number 3,257-337) ghsVA
The argument proposes
AND
Goff guide-quote).

Part 2: The War Waged on Africa

Diamond Mining allows Africa to be a zone of sacrifice.
Penny Hess 12 Apart of the African People’s Solidarity Committee, organizer who speaks throughout the U.S. and Europe in an effort to educate people that white society everywhere owes its affluence and democracy to the enslavement and colonization of African and oppressed, wrote The Culture of Violence in 1991 and an updated edition, Overturning the Culture of Violence in 2000 “HARD TRUTH: ALL DIAMONDS ARE CONFLICT DIAMONDS” http://www.guerrillafunk.com/thoughts/doc002012conflictdiamonds.html ghsVA
These myths about
AND

Pretending to present diamond mining as anything but destructive ignores the material reality of those who have to live through it on a daily basis.

Taline Khansa 13 wonprofit peace education organization called Childrens International Summer Villages, study Aerospace Engineering and spent six years working in the industry. While she gained professional experience in manufacturing and engineering, she continued to follow global affairs “The Curse of Diamond Mining in Sierra Leone” May 2, 2013 http://fellowsblog.kiva.org/fellowsblog/2013/05/02/the-curse-of-diamond-mining-in-sierra-leone ghsVA
During my second
AND
the mining industry.

AND -- Diamond mining perpetuates poverty and exploits children.

Beth Gerstein and Eric Grossberg 13 (Brilliant Earth: Ethical Origin of Fine Jewelry) Organization intent on informing the world about conflict diamonds. Advocates for the use of synthetic diamonds. Has writers with PHD’s from Harvard, Stanford, Princeton, and more writing about these issues “Conflict Diamonds: Labor and Community” http://www.brilliantearth.com/conflict-diamond-child-labor/http://www.brilliantearth.com/confict-diamond-trade/ ghsVA
Many of the
AND
Turkey or Mexico. 

AND -- Diamonds are key to maintaining zones of sacrifice.

BLAINE HARDEN 2k Journalism awards include the Ernie Pyle Award for coverage of the siege of Sarajevo during the Bosnian War, the American Society of Newspaper Editors Award for Nondeadline Writing (stories about Africa), and the Livingston Award for International Reporting (stories about Africa). Written multiple award winning books and has been internationally published “Africa's Gems: Warfare's Best Friend” http://www.nytimes.com/library/world/africa/040600africa-diamonds-article1.html ghsVA
The rough stone
AND
controls diamond mining. 

The impact to this conflict is unspeakable.

Eric Johnson 02 Attended Stanford majored in political sciences “Blood Diamonds: The Conflict in Sierra Leone” Dec. 6, 2002 http://www.stanford.edu/class/e297a/Conflict20in20Sierra20Leone.htm ghsVA
The name "diamond"
AND
piece of carbon.

Part 3: Ending the Trade

Plan: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Angola, Tanzania, Namibia, Botswana, South Africa, and Lesotho will end the mining of diamonds and institute embargos on all diamond related trade.

Only the AC’s method can truly end this war on the people of Africa

ASC 13 (African Studies Center) Fill in cites later “Diamonds and Warfare: The Africa Connection” http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/students/events/diamondwar.php ghsVA
Have you heard
AND
funded by diamonds.

Current restrictions on diamond trade such as the Kimberly Process fail and are outdated

 
Teri Schure 12 Fill In cites later “Blood Diamonds” April 15, 2012 http://worldpress.org/Africa/3903.cfm ghsVA
Consensus decision-making
AND
law as well. 

Diamonds are worth absolutely nothing.

Vivienne Walt 06 award-winning foreign correspondent, based in Paris, who has written for TIME Magazine since 2003. published in The New York Times, The Washington Post, Slate, The Wall Street Journal, National Geographic, BusinessWeek, Fortune, and others.won the ASTMH Media Excellence award for her investigation into maternal mortality in Africa, and she was twice nominated for the Pulitzer for her work on Africa while a staff writer for Newsday. She is a regular guest on CNN, NPR, WGBH “The World” and France 24 “Diamonds aren't forever” December 7 2006 http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2006/12/11/8395442/ ghsVA
Sahr Amara is
AND
for a dream.

Tournament: TFA State | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Katy Taylor NY | Judge: Dillard, Gravely, Overton
Part 1 is the framework

YOU AS A JUDGE ARE THE GATEKEEPER TO OUR ACTIVITY. THE ROLE OF THE JUDGE IS to cohere to the demand of the oppressed and dedicate your ballot to resist structural oppression. This question of knowledge production has to come first. Wise 08
Tim Wise 08 (Race Relations Specialist, Activst, Orator), White Like Me, 2008   96 - 97 ghsVA
Until the voices of economically and racially marginalized persons are
AND
Lucky for me, in other words, that I was white.

The role of the ballot is to evaluate who best methodologically reduces structural violence.
All ethical theories assume some form of meritocracy between people, but structural violence places people into in-and-out groups, leaving some outside of our moral circles, making the ethical systems broken. Our conversation of structural violence has to come first; we must recognize who are in the shadows. Winter and Leighton 99
Winter and Leighton 99 |Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter|Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and ustice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice “Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century.” Pg 4-5 ghsVA
Finally, to recognize the operation of structural violence forces us
AND
will be our most surefooted path to building lasting peace.

Our study of knowledge has practical historical effects. This is a key site for the opening up of practical space to challenge colonial power. Mignolo 2k
Mignolo 2k (Walter Professor of Literature in Duke University, Joint Appointments in Cultural Anthropology and Romance Studies “Local Histories/Global Designs”, pg. 11-13) GHSGB
Following the previous configuration of the field of knowledge in
AND
in the process of building the modern/ colonial world system.

-AND- Colonialism perpetuates dehumanization and legitimizes human exploitation—it is the most insidious form of structural violence. Hayes 96
Floyd W. Hayes96 III Coordinator of Programs and Undergraduate Studies in the Center for Africana Studies; Senior lecturer in the Department of political science at Johns Hopkins University, “Oppression and Resentment: The Black Experience in the United States,” Fanon: A Critical Reader, Oxford, Blackwell Publishers (1996): 11-23, GHSMM
Fanon points out that in the colonial situation the primary
AND
himself as engaged analytically, critically, in a form of unveiling.

Plan: The United States Federal Government should remove political conditions from humanitarian aid by discontinuing section 620A of the Foreign Assistance Act to remove Cuba from the “State Sponsors of Terrorism” list.
A Inherency- There are no plans for removing Cuba from the state sponsors of terrorism. Haven 13
Haven 13 - (Paul Paul Haven has been appointed The Associated Press chief of bureau in Havana, Cuba, following three years of leading the cooperative's news operations in Spain and Portugal as Madrid bureau chief. "US keeps Cuba on state sponsors of terrorism list" http://news.yahoo.com/us-keeps-cuba-state-sponsors-terrorism-list-203504903.html) GHSGB
HAVANA (AP) — A State Department spokesman said Wednesday that Washington
AND
no plans to alter Cuba's status in the near future.

B Topicality- The Terror list is a political condition placed on humanitarian aid; being on it restricts or stops the aid a country can receive. Sullivan 05
Sullivan 05 – (Mark USFG Specialist in Latin American Affairs, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division “Cuba and the State Sponsors ¶ of Terrorism List”, CRS Report for Congress, http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/47003.pdf) GHSGB
Under various provisions of law, certain trade benefits, most foreign
AND
government “has repeatedly provided support for acts of international terrorism.”1

This aff is topical—it lifts section 620A of the Foreign Assistance Act which controls who does and who does not receive foreign aid from the U.S., which means that it ends a political condition on all US humanitarian aid.
Part 2 is the Demarcation of Cuba

Imperialist sentiments persist into the present day via Cuba’s inclusion on the US State Sponsors of Terrorism list, a distinction which both delegitimizes Cuba’s government and validates violent intervention from the US. Bolender 13
Bolender 13- ( Keith research fellow at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs (COHA) and author of Voices from the Other Side, An Oral History of Terrorism against Cuba and Cuba Under Siege, “The Terror List, and Terrorism as Practiced Against Cuba”, http://www.coha.org/22355/) GHSGB
While an attentive US audience watched President Obama outline his
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to all those who have been actual victims of terrorism.

This demarcation of Cuba as a rogue state is not a neutral gesture – rather, Cuba’s exclusion illuminates a broader matrix of sovereignty wherein any country that deviates from the path laid out by Western imperialism is divested of nationhood and sentenced to die. Gordy and Lee 09
Gordy and Lee 09 (Katherine assistant professor at the Department of Political Science, San Francisco State University and Lee, Research Professor at the Asiatic Research Center at Korea University “Rogue Specters:¶ Cuba and North Korea at the¶ Limits of US Hegemony,” Alternatives 34 (2009), 229-248) GHSGB
¶ In 2007 Cuba and the DPRK appeared yet again on
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laws, failing to¶ play by the rules of the system

The designation constructs Cuba as a foil for a fantasy of American innocence and benevolence. Locating blame for terrorism in foreign “others” like Cuba is designed to play to racist predispositions and sanitize brutal American foreign policy. Grosscup 2k
Grosscup 2k – (Beau International Relations Professor at CSU-Chico “Terrorism-at-a-Distance: The Imagery That Serves US Power”, GLOBAL DIALOGUE, Volume 2, Number 4) GHSGB
For nearly two centuries the rationalisation system of American foreign
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be highly controversial with the full approval of most Americans.

Part 3 is Just Saying No

Cuba is a crucial starting point. It strikes an unnerving chord because of its persistent, decades-long confrontation with imperialism and potential to set an example of resistance for the global South. Whitney 13
Whitney 13 – (W.T Cuba solidarity activist and member of Veterans for Peace “Reflections on Anti-Cuban Terror”, http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/2013/whitney080513.html) GHSGB
The U.S. government itself is a purveyor of terrorism. Its
AND
worldwide movement is demanding that U.S. President Obama release them.

Tournament: TFA State | Round: 3 | Opponent: McAllen CS | Judge: Ben Swenson
Framework

Impacts back to oppression and structural violence come first because they determine the scope of our moral sphere. Winter and Leighton 99
Winter and Leighton 99 |Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter|Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and ustice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice “Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century.” Pg 4-5 ghsVA
Finally, to recognize the operation of structural violence forces us
AND
will be our most surefooted path to building lasting peace.

COLONIALISM HAS ENGENDERED OPPRESSION, DEHUMANIZATION, AND CONSTANT SEPERATION. A history of Western imperialism in Africa demonstrates the crippling effects and unjustifiability of colonialism. Ekeh 75
Peter P. Ekeh 75 University of Ibadam in Nigeria, "Colonialism and the Two Publics in Africa: A Theoretical Statement," Comparative Studies in Society and History, Volume 17, No. 1, January 1975, pp 91-112, GHSMM
Colonial Ideologies of Legitimation ¶ The late nineteenth- and early twentieth
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rulers. I shall call these post-colonial ideologies of legitimation

Thus, the standard is minimizing oppression.
Thus, I advocate that the “good governance” political conditions placed on humanitarian aid by the United States and European Union on Africa are unjust and should be repealed.
Contention 1 is Selectivity

Conditioning aid to countries with a “good policy environment” is a guise for Western Imperialism, which ignores countries that need aid the most. Owusu 03
Francis Owusu 03 Department of Community and Regional Planning Iowa State University, “Pragmatism and the Gradual Shift from Dependency to Neoliberalism: The World Bank, African Leaders and Development Policy in Africa”, World Development vol 31 no 10, 2003, BE
The distinction between CDF and SAPs, however, should not be
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All these are, however, done within a neoliberal framework.

Selectivity of aid and who deserves it is rooted in racist justifications for genocide—inconsistent and conditioned use of humanitarian aid perpetuate exclusion. Agbakwa 05
Shedrack C. Agbakwa 05 Adjunct Professor of Law and SSHRC Doctoral Fellow, Osgoode Hall Law School, Toronto, Canada, “Genocidal Politics and Racialization of Intervention: From Rwanda to Darfur and Beyond”, German Law Review Vol 6 No 2, 2005, BE
The elephant in the room, therefore, is racism: Africans are
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those with whom the west has an axe to grind.

And, the good governance condition is uniquely bad in this instance because it unjustly holds the suffering individuals accountable for government actions. Fox 01
Fiona Fox 01 Fiona became Head of Media at CAFOD, one of the UK's leading aid agencies. She founded the Jubilee 2000 press group, which helped to force serious Third World issues onto the media and political agendas, “New humanitarianism: does it provide a moral banner for the 21st century?”, Disasters, December 2001, BE
There are several populations who have at different times been
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in every agency manual does not stand up in practice. 

Contention 2 is imperialism

Africans have constantly been MANIPULATED and COERCED into following a WESTERN MODEL OF DEMOCRATIZATION AND IMPERIALISM. Historically, Africa has only gotten support if they endorse Western perspectives. Owusu 03
Francis Owusu 03 Works at the Department of Community and Regional Planning at Iowa State University, "Pragmatism and the Gradual Shift from Dependency to Neoliberalism: The World Bank, African Leaders and Development Policy in Africa," World Development 31.10 (2003): 1655-1672, GHSMM
In the hope that it might win them aid and
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to leaders with¶ legitimacy and the mandate of the people. 

And, you have a moral obligation to reject every instance of capitalist ideology. Status quo modes of thought only serve to legitimize the system. Zizek and Daly 04
Zizek and Daly 04- (Glyn Senior Lecturer in Politics at University College in Northampton, Slajov Slavoj Žižek is a Slovenian Marxist philosopher, psychoanalyst and cultural critic. He is a senior researcher at the Institute for Sociology and Philosophy, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia “Conversations with Zizek”, p. 14-16) GHSGB
For Zizek it is imperative that we cut through this
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and to absorb them within a culture of differential affirmation.

The threat of removing foreign aid perpetuates colonialism and gives the givers of aid complete control. Nyatoro 08
Nyatoro 08 - (Tinashe African Author on the impact of Aid; she also wrote the book “The Impact of Aid Dependence on Social Development” "The History of Foreign Aid Dependency: Challenges for Africa" http://www.afesis.org.za/index.php/local-governance/93-local-governance-articles/1120-the-history-of-foreign-aid-dependency-challenges-for-africa) GHSGB
The general attribute of African countries is not poverty, stagnation
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a national derangement or functional incompleteness of a national economy.

Aid conditionality is UNSUCCESSFUL – only an approach without conditions has hope. Fraser and Whitfield 08
Fraser and Whitfield 08 Alastair Fraser Researches the relationship between Africa and the West and Lindsay Whitfield The Junior Research Fellow at the Global Economic Governance Programme; Got a doctorate in 2005 in Politics at the University of Oxford on the political economy of aid, "The Politics of Aid: African Strategies for Dealing with Donors," Global Economic Governance Programme, July 2008, GHSMM
Widespread deference to ownership disguises the fact that the concept
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donors to accept and support them without¶ onerous conditions.

Tournament: TFA State | Round: 2 | Opponent: Kinkaid EH | Judge: Halli Tripe

For decades western countries have pretended to be the saviors of others. Whether it be the U.S. coming into Africa to civilize the barbarians or into Haiti to save them from themselves we have ALWAYS assumed we know better than others. This standard of modernity must end as political conditions are just guises to shape countries into the image WHITES want to see all the while criminalizing all that is black.

Part 1 is Black Criminality

In 2010 Haiti was struck with an earthquake that would shake the country into crisis- the U.S. stepped in as the civilizers and CREATED A STATE OF EXCEPTION. The political conditions the U.S. placed was that of a COMPLETE MILITARY TAKE OVER IT WAS BE DIE OR BE A SLAVE.

Richard Seymour 10 ~PhD in sociology at the London School of Economics, author of The Liberal Defense of Murder~ "The humanitarian myth" January 25, 2010 http://socialistworker.org/2010/01/25/the-humanitarian-myth-http://socialistworker.org/2010/01/25/the-humanitarian-myth ghsVA
WITHIN DAYS of Haiti suffering an earthquake registering 7.0 on the Richter scale
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the "civilizing mission," could construe it as a "humanitarian intervention."

Current conceptions of justice are a façade for institutions to hide behind to propagate the structures of white supremacy, when evaluating justice no ethic which doesn’t incorporate this racism into their understanding of modernity are flawed- we MUST reject racism at all fronts.

Tommy J. Curry 2k10 Political and Civic Leadership: A Reference Handbook – Editor Richard Cuotu – 2010 Chapter on Race by Tommy J Curry (Texas A and M University) ghsVA
If a necessary knowledge theory were to be presented, would we dismiss it immediately
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society are seen as part of the problem, and attacked as such.

THE ROLE OF THE BALLOT IN THIS DEBATE IS FOR YOU TO VOTE FOR THE DEBATER THAT BEST PERFORMITAVLEY AND METHODOLOGICALLY REDUCES STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE.

Historically when western countries come to aid those in crisis they have REMODELED COUNTRIES TO SIGNIFY WHITENESS. Without independence Haitians will continue to submit to the west- empirics prove in Africa.

Francis Owusu 03 ~Works at the Department of Community and Regional Planning at Iowa State University~, "Pragmatism and the Gradual Shift from Dependency to Neoliberalism: The World Bank, African Leaders and Development Policy in Africa," World Development 31.10 (2003): 1655-1672, GHSMM
In the hope that it might win them aid and extra debt relief, African
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of the incident may have helped generate international support ¶ for the initiative. 

Within Haiti- This state of exception creates a void of cultural erasure- WHAT’S WHITE IS RIGHT WHAT IS BLACK IS BAD THIS MINDSET HAS TAKEN OVER HAITI BECAUSE OF THE U.S. This isn’t a question of just survival anymore it’s the destruction of the black body politic.

Mullings et al 10 (Beverly Mullings, Marion Werner, Linda Peake) ~
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E-Journal for Critical Geographies pg. 283-392 ghsVA
Abstract: The response by Western governments to the earthquake that devastated Haiti on January
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as evidence of the failure of the "black" nation of Haiti.

Solvency/Advocacy

Part 2 is Throwing Down the Chains

I contend that all humanitarian aid interaction with Republic of Haiti be free of ANY political conditions. We embrace the stance that revolutionaries Toussaint Louverture and Jacques Dessalines did and SAY NO. HAITI DOESN’T LET OTHER COUNTRIES DICTATE THEIR POLITICS. It is our IGNORANCE towards these issues which SUSTAINS the white supremacy and these conditions ignore the historical legacy of Haiti. We must engage in our OWN revolution- we HIDE UNDER THE FAÇADE THAT HAITI IS INDEPENDENT NOW BUT THEY ARE STILL SLAVES ITS TIME TO THROW DOWN THE BONDS.

Thomas REINHARDT 05 prof of Anthropology @ Frobenius Institut 2k5 Thomas; "200 YEARS OF FORGETTING Hushing up the Haitian Revolution" Journal of Black Studies
Yet, somehow it did. It did in the United States, and it
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British, they defeated the Spanish. This simply could not be Impossible.

ONLY ENGAGING IN THIS PROCESS OF LIBERATION AND DESTROYING THE LINKS OF CONTROL WESTERN COUNRTRIES HAVE CAN SOLVE- The constant need for control needs to end.

Saul Newman 03 ~Postdoctoral fellow: University of Western Australia, conducting research in the area of contemporary political and social though~ "Stirner and Foucault," Postmodern Culture) ghsVA
Moreover, Foucault is able to see freedom as being ~is~ implicated in
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of individualisation linked to it" (Foucault, "Subject" 216). 

POLITICAL CONDITIONS WITH HUMANITARIAN AID AS A METHOD OF ENGAGEMENT HAS LEFT A CULTURAL VOID TO FILL- Only tearing down the non-profit industrial complex can END the remnants of white supremacy in Haiti. Humanitarian aid isn’t the problem IT’S THE CONSTANT NEED FOR CONTROL WHICH MAKES THE NON-PROFIT INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX.

Mullings et al 10 (Beverly Mullings, Marion Werner, Linda Peake) ~
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E-Journal for Critical Geographies pg. 283-392 ghsVA
What would it take to dismantle the dispossessions that racialized discourses of blackness, criminality
AND
state terror will also be necessary if new governance institutions are to emerge.

THIS INDEPENDENCE FROM THE NGO-COMPLEX IS KEY. We still need to engage in forms of humanitarian aid but if it is to EVER work we must end the influence western countries have over Haiti.

Andre Pasquier 01 ~Political advisor, international Red Cross committee~ "Politics and Humanitarian Aid: Debates, Dilemmas and Dissension" CommonWealth Institute, London http://www.odi.org.uk/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/events-documents/3773.pdf-http://www.odi.org.uk/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/events-documents/3773.pdf ghsVA
The ICRC has never deviated from a humanitarian concept that is founded on principles whose
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the application of the principle of independence which is vital for impartial action.

Tournament: Lone Star Districts | Round: 7 | Opponent: Law Magnet RD | Judge: Barnes, Roe, Berdugo

Since placing political conditions on humanitarian aid marginalizes sexualized bodies, perpetuating exclusion and oppression, I affirm.

I value justice because the resolution explicitly begs the question of justice.

First, justice requires that all people are given access to rights.

John Rawls 71 ~American philosopher and a leading figure in moral and political philosophy. He held the James Bryant Conant University Professorship at Harvard University and the Fulbright Fellowship at Christ Church, Oxford~, "A Theory of Justice", Belknap, 1971 (1999 revised version), BE
Justice is the first virtue of social institutions, as truth is of systems of
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. Being first virtues of human activities, truth and justice are uncompromising.

And, arbitrary moral rules can never be used because they lack justification and are never able to determine whether something is just or unjust.

Second, impacts back to structural violence come first because structural violence must be eliminated in order to determine who is included in our moral sphere.

Winter and Leighton 99 |Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter|~Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and ustice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice~ "Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century." Pg 4-5 ghsVA
Finally, to recognize the operation of structural violence forces us to ask questions about
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local cultures, will be our most surefooted path to building lasting peace.

Third, International law indicates that we should protect rights on free expression of sexuality because sexual rights are acknowledged in international law as they are inviolable human rights. IGNORING EQUALITY BASED ON SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND GENDER IDENTITY DENIES THE UNIVERSALITY OF RIGHTS AND PERPETUATES EXCLUSION.

Amnesty International13 ~A global movement of people fighting injustice and promoting human rights~, "About LGBT Human Rights," Amnesty International, USA, 2013, GHSMM
We all have a sexual orientation and a gender identity, and this shared fact
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Article 20) and the denial of the basic rights of due process.

AND - EVERYTHING DEALING WITH SEXUALITY IS POLITICAL- Questions of sexual politics need to be at the forefront of our conversations to change our method of engagement.

Ken Plummer 03 ~Ph.D from London School did his Master’s thesis on queer theory~ "QUEERS, BODIES AND POST-MODERN SEXUALITIES:  A NOTE ON REVISITING THE ’SEXUAL’ IN SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM" http://kenplummer.com/publications/selected-writings-2/queer-bodies-and-postmodern-sexualities/-http://kenplummer.com/publications/selected-writings-2/queer-bodies-and-postmodern-sexualities/ ghsVA
Symbolic interactionism may have traveled some way in rethinking the sexual over the past thirty
AND
( as we go the extremes in the use of our erotic bodies)

Also- literally the transferring of bodies between people is the most political you can get- personal is political as well.

Because the above demonstrates requirement of the agent to include all bodies, The standard is minimizing exclusion.

Additionally, prefer the standard for three additional reasons:

1~ We have 100 probability that systemic impacts of oppression are happening RIGHT NOW. This means that my framework comes first because it is occurring in the status quo, repeatedly.

2~ Other ethical theories assume meritocracy that everyone starts on an equal playing field. Ignoring these cries and continuing to hide oppression means we will never fight it, letting violence and dehumanization continue.

3~ Not recognizing oppression treats people as numbers that can be sacrificed, permanently destroying their agency and taking away their value of life.

Contention 1 is exclusion

The FDA currently excludes males who have had sex with other males from donating blood, acknowledging that this limits the pool of donors. The policy will not change absent scientific evidence

FDA.org 8/19/2013 http://www.fda.gov/biologicsbloodvaccines/bloodbloodproducts/questionsaboutblood/ucm108186.htm
Men who have had sex with other men (MSM), at any time since 1977 (the beginning of the AIDS epidemic in the United States) are currently deferred as blood donors. This is because MSM are, as a group, at increased risk for HIV, hepatitis B and certain other infections that can be transmitted by transfusion.  FDA’s policies on donor deferral for history of male sex with males date back to 1983, when the risk of AIDS from transfusion was first recognized. FDA’s current policy has been in place since 1992.  FDA modified its blood donor policy as new scientific data and more accurate tests for HIV and hepatitis became available. Today, the risk of getting HIV from a blood transfusion has been reduced to about one per two million units of blood transfused. The risk of hepatitis C is about the same as for HIV, while the risk of hepatitis B is somewhat higher.  FDA realizes that this policy leads to deferral of many healthy donors. However, FDA’s MSM policy minimizes even the small risk of getting infectious diseases such as HIV or hepatitis through a blood transfusion. Due to the generosity of millions of eligible donors, the blood supply in the US has been very stable.  FDA’s primary responsibility is to enhance blood safety and protect blood recipients. Therefore FDA would change this policy only if supported by scientific data showing that a change in policy would not present a significant and preventable risk to blood recipients. Although scientific evidence has not yet demonstrated that blood donated by MSM or a subgroup of these potential donors does not have a substantially increased rate of HIV infection compared to currently accepted blood donors, FDA remains willing to consider new approaches to donor screening and testing. If those approaches can assure that blood recipients are not placed at an increased risk of HIV or other transfusion transmitted diseases, FDA will consider a change to its current policy.  The ban affects many individuals, not just the "MSM" subset – it excludes people who have ever had sexual relations with males who have engaged in sexual acts with other males since 1977.  Walkley, A.J. "Fighting the FDA’s Antiquated Policy on Blood Donation." 7/17/2013  Huffington Post http://www.huffingtonpost.com/aj-walkley/fighting-the-fdas-antiquated-policy-on-blood-donation_b_3599895.html rb  To that point, Yezak’s focus on gay and bisexual men in this campaign leaves out the countless women impacted by the ban as well. Bisexual activist Lisa Jacobs-http://binetusa.blogspot.com/2011/02/lisa-jacobs-given-brenda-howard-award.html said:  The MSM exclusion also excludes women who’ve had sex with an MSM. When I first tried to give blood, I was denied because I had a bisexual boyfriend with whom I’d had sex in the past year. It was quite a shock to me at the time.  Fellow bisexual activist, writer and speaker Dr. Loraine Hutchins-http://www.lorainehutchins.com/ echoed Jacobs, saying: It is not just men who have sex with men; it’s anyone who has sex with men who have sex with men, so many bi women and men are affected and always have been. I haven’t been able to give blood for years because I’ve had sex with gay and bi men, and they never asked if it was protected sex or not.  

The ban which conditions who can give blood is discriminatory  
Walkley13, A.J. "Fighting the FDA’s Antiquated Policy on Blood Donation." 7/17/2013 Huffington Post http://www.huffingtonpost.com/aj-walkley/fighting-the-fdas-antiquated-policy-on-blood-donation_b_3599895.html rb
A result of the AIDS scare in the 1980s, the FDA rule that was
AND
an HIV-positive individual must wait only 12 months before donating again.

The conditions on blood donation effectively exclude people from a relevant aspect of civil life, solely on the basis of their sexual orientation and/or sexual history

David Crary 13 ~Associated Press~ 9/15/2013. "Gay Blood Donors Ban Endures in the US, Despite ’lacking sound science.’" Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/15/gay-blood-donors-ban_n_3932001.html RB
Critics say the policy has been rendered obsolete by advances in testing which can detect
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FDA-sponsored workshop that the ban "is medically and scientifically unwarranted."

AND- Blood supply is at critically low levels I control ALL uniqueness on this issue.

Kenny Douglass 14 ~Reporter @ Toledo News~ "Red Cross low on blood donations" http://www.toledonewsnow.com/story/24605026/red-cross-low-on-blood-donations-http://www.toledonewsnow.com/story/24605026/red-cross-low-on-blood-donations ghsVA
The Red Cross is asking for volunteers to roll up their sleeves. Officials say
AND
surgeries that they do have scheduled and their blood supplies are kept intact."

Contention 2 is inclusion

The PLAN TEXT: The United States Federal Government Executive Branch will issue an executive order to overturn the Food and Drug Administration Guiding Document, which places political conditions on blood donations to ban "Men who have had Sex with Men " from donating blood destined for international humynitarian purposes.

This will ensure that the Red Cross and affiliated organizations who distribute humanitarian aid internationally will not defer donors on the basis of their sexual history

The policy is only in place because of the FDA’s "guiding document"

A.J. Walkley 13 "Fighting the FDA’s Antiquated Policy on Blood Donation." 7/17/2013 Huffington Post http://www.huffingtonpost.com/aj-walkley/fighting-the-fdas-antiquated-policy-on-blood-donation_b_3599895.html RB
There is no federal statute in the U.S.A. banning MSM
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-borne, transmittable disease could potentially infect not one but many recipients.

At worst, the plan would be better than the status quo, where we are short donors and many will lie about their sexual history. The screening process which serves the basis of the policy is also ineffectual. The condition is thus uniquely exclusionary.

A.J. Walkley 13 "Fighting the FDA’s Antiquated Policy on Blood Donation." 7/17/2013 Huffington Post http://www.huffingtonpost.com/aj-walkley/fighting-the-fdas-antiquated-policy-on-blood-donation_b_3599895.html RB
This is a fraught issue, to say the least. On one side of
AND
So aside from being a hurtful policy practice, it’s also hugely ineffectual.

Lifting the MSM ban on the basis of "discrimination and unsound science" has support from the American Medical Association.

David Crary 13 ~Associated Press~ 9/15/2013. "Gay Blood Donors Ban Endures in the US, Despite ’lacking sound science.’" Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/15/gay-blood-donors-ban_n_3932001.html RB
NEW YORK — The U.S. gay-rights movement has achieved many
AND
are dangerous to public health," and thus undercuts efforts to combat HIV.

Tournament: The Glenbrooks Tournament | Round: 2 | Opponent: Bettendorf EH | Judge: Dan Ben Affleck

Because the resolution asks an "ought" question in the passive voice without specifying an agent, it is an evaluation of two worlds.

Finlay and Sendegar 12, Finlay, S. ~Associate Professor of Philosophy at USC~ 26 Snedegar, J. ~PhD candidate in philosophy at the University of Southern California~, (2012). One Ought Too Many. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. JMN
’Ought’ sentences seem ambiguous in a variety of ways. We can distinguish¶
AND
but reject the claim that the Uniformity Thesis cannot accommodate and explain them.

1~ The current epistemological starting point for ethics is flawed – we must derive our ethical theories from how humans relate to nature and stop attempting to find absolute moral truths.

Henning 09 (Brian; Associate Professor of Philosophy at Gonzaga University; "Trusting in the ’Efficacy of Beauty: A Kalocentric Approach to Moral Philosophy"; Ethics 26 the Environment- Volume 14, Number 1)RSW
Final truths (whether in religion, morality, or science) are unattainable not
AND
world, how we relate to and interact with every form of existence.

2~ Restricting the spheres to solely humans denies moral considerations to animals and nature. Nature must be included – animals have interests as well.

Humphreys 08 – (Rebekah ~Rebekah completed her BA, MA, and PhD at Cardiff University. Before working at TSD, she worked as a Tutor of Philosophy at Cardiff University and as a Visiting Lecturer at University of Wales, Newport.  She also taught A-Level Philosophy at Cardiff and the Vale College.~ "Contractarianism: On the Incoherence of the Exclusion of Non-Human Beings 2008) GHSGB
By restricting members of the contract to rational humans capable of moral agency it would
AND
that should be asked about our treatment of them in modern day practices.
3~ Ethics comes before knowledge—Accurate knowledge STARTS with willigness to risk responding to mysterious ecologies demanding your ethical concern.
Anthony Weston09, Professor of Philosophy at Elon University, 2009¶ ~The Incompleat Eco-Philosopher p. 9-11~
If the world is a collection of more or less ?xed facts to which we  
AND
, the world responds.  The great task is not knowledge but relationship.

Part 2

Historical examples prove that companies lie about environmental violations to attorneys:

1~ Mobil Oil Corp has taken heat for spills – they used attorney client privilege to actively conceal environmental records

Levin 91 – (Myron ~LA Times Staff Writer~ "Pipeline Spills Aren’t Only Problems to Plague Mobil" http://articles.latimes.com/1991-07-18/news/we-3590_1_environmental-problems-http://articles.latimes.com/1991-07-18/news/we-3590_1_environmental-problems) GHSGB
Mobil Oil Corp. has taken considerable heat for spills from its crude oil pipeline
AND
Olson filed his own age discrimination suit against Mobil, which was dismissed.

Due to the threat of hazardous waste on the environment, and attorneys keeping environmental violations a secret, threats have escalated.

James R. Arnold92 ~the Harold C. Urey Professor of Chemistry (emeritus), and a noted pioneer in the field of planetary and space chemistry at the University of California at San Diego (UCSD)~, "The Impact of Environmental Law on Real Estate and Other Commercial¶ Transactions: U.S./Europe," American Law Institute - American Bar Association Continuing Legal Education,¶ Fifth Annual ALI-ABA Advanced Course of Study, ¶ September 24, 1992, MM
One of the most ~A~ difficult areas for environmental attorneys is counseling their
AND
, illustrate the need for attention to the standards of¶ professional conduct.

The current use of attorney-client privilege perpetuates environmental threats.

We are living in the midst of one of the greatest mass extinctions. Environmental threats lead to global warming, loss of bio diversity, and the release of hazardous waste into the environment

UCCEE 06 – (United Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environment http://www.uccee.org/Environmental_Pollution.html)GHS//GB
One of the greatest problems that the world is facing today is that of environmental
AND
. Light Pollution includes light trespass, over-illumination and astronomical interference.

A~ Environmental violations have FUELED collapse of biodiversity. This creates a snowball effect that harms nature and animals.

Powell 2k (Corey S. ~COREY S. POWELL is a science writer and a Senior Editor at Discover magazine~ "20 Ways the World Could End Swept away" http://www.ldolphin.org/twentyways.html oct 2000loghry)GHSGB
10. Ecosystem collapse - Images of slaughtered elephants and burning rain forests capture people’s
AND
consequences might be something we’d never think of, until it’s too late.

B~ Loss of ocean biodiversity collapses the ecosystem
Biomedicine 07 ("Deep-sea species’ loss could lead to oceans’ collapse, study suggests" http://www.bio-medicine.org/biology-news-1/Deep-sea-species-loss-could-lead-to-oceans-collapse—study-suggests-1739-1greenhill-cp-http://www.bio-medicine.org/biology-news-1/Deep-sea-species-loss-could-lead-to-oceans-collapse~-~-study-suggests-1739-1//greenhill-cp)====

The loss of deep-sea species poses a severe threat to the future of
AND
largest biomass of living things, including a large proportion of undiscovered species.

COLLAPSING THE ECOSYSTEM IS AN ENVIRONMENTAL THREAT. We must try to prevent these threats in order to continue to engage ENVIRONMENTAL TRUTHS.

Plan: Model Rule 1.6

PLAN: The American Bar Association ought to require that truth seeking take precedence over attorney client privilege to make disclosing environmental crimes a legal obligation.

Only prioritizing truth seeking can break the cycle of deceit that prevents the government from learning about and stopping environmental threats.

1~ Lawyer’s should disclose in the face of violations of the RCRA act and break attorney client privilege to prevent serious harm in the future.

Nicholas Targ 96 – (Attorney Client Confidentiality in the Criminal Environmental Law Context: Blowing the Whistle on the Toxic Client, 14 Pace Envtl. L. Rev. 227 (1996)) GHSGB
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)50 Is the primary federal law
AND
of a release’s severity, then the circumstances are likely inappropriate for disclosure.

2~ Attorney’s should be obligated to disclose their clients spills in order to protect human life. Knauf 10 continues to explain the advocacy.

Alan Knauf 10 – ~He is the past Chairperson of the Environmental Law Section of the New York State Bar Association, and has been Chair of the Section’s Petroleum Spills, Toxic Torts, and Internet Committees. Mr. Knauf has been the Chair of the Real Estate Section, and was the founding Chair of the Environmental Law Committee of the Monroe County Bar Association. He is also the former Chairman of the Center for Environmental Information, Inc. Mr. Knauf is listed by Best Lawyers in America and Superlawyers in the fields of Environmental Law and Land Use and Zoning Law. He has been a professor of Environmental Law at both the University of Rochester and RIT, and is a frequent lecturer at continuing legal education seminars. Mr. Knauf earned a B.S. in Environmental Engineering from MIT, and is a graduate of University of Michigan Law School.~ "Should I report my clients Spill" http://www.nyenvlaw.com/Data/Documents/Should20I20Report.pdf) GHSGB
Most of the spill reporting requirements clearly do not include an attorney. The rules
AND
, in the author’s opinion, the lawyer probably must make a report.

3~ Rule 1.6 Doesn’t work. To ameliorate these problems, we need to expand on rule 1.6, and provide a clear-cut normative standard that allows for disclosure in the face of environmental catastrophes.

Russell 97 – (Irma S. ~University of Montana School of Law~ Cries and Whispers: Environmental Hazards, Model Rule 1.6, and the Attorney’s Conflicting Duties to Clients and Others , 72 Wash. L. Rev. 409 (1997))GHSGB
If the legal profession is to remain self-regulated, it must recognize that
AND
employ a normative standard to encourage attorneys to avert harm in extreme cases.

Tournament: The Glenbrooks Tournament | Round: 6 | Opponent: Loyola CP | Judge: Luke Stuttgen
“All I can tell you is please learn to see. Please give me a moment just for me - before you beat me. All I know is what I feel, the pain is real as I feel the skin start to peel. The whip cracks in the night as I feel the real fright. How can you stand there tall and true when I have been beaten black and blue. Please be fair when reading this all I want is you to be aware and learn to care” -- Henry Brenton

Part 1 are the cycles of violence

Child abuse is uniquely damaging because children are the most vulnerable members of society.

Mundaly and Goddard06: Neerosh Mudaly ~Senior Research Fellow with Child Abuse Prevention Research
AND
," Jessica Kingsley Publishers, London and Philadelphia, 2006, GHSMM
Children’s developmental vulnerability also prevents them from being able to ’retaliate or deter victimisation
AND
protective adults, can understand how exquisitely vulnerable they are’ (p.73

AND —- Child abuse perpetuates cycles of violence. For two reasons

1~ Empirics. Abused children often engage in delinquency, and continue to promote cycles of violence.

Widom 92 – (Cathy Spatz ~John Jay college of psychology~ "The Cycle of Violence" http://www.bgsu.edu/downloads/cas/file77085.pdf-http://www.bgsu.edu/downloads/cas/file77085.pdf) GHSGB
Abused and neglected children have a higher likelihood of arrests for delinquency, adult criminality
AND
criminal behavior as the demographic characteristics of sex, race, and age.

2~ It’s proven neurologically that children who experience abuse develop more violent behaviors as they grow up engendering them in a cycle of criminality and abuse.

Bruce D. Perry 97 ~M.D., Ph.D. Psychology and Neurology, is the Senior Fellow of The ChildTrauma Academy~ "Children in a Violent Society"http://books.google.com/books?hl=en26lr=26id=6hxNhVZkSIUC26oi=fnd26pg=PA12426dq=abused+kids+grow+up+to+be+violent26ots=nAmmUq7uoE26sig=KO-XC5IJVyUcAqjs4F1s7EfVbn0~~23v=onepage26q=abused20kids20grow20up20to20be20violent26f=true-http://books.google.com/books?hl=en26lr=26id=6hxNhVZkSIUC26oi=fnd26pg=PA12426dq=abused+kids+grow+up+to+be+violent26ots=nAmmUq7uoE26sig=KO-XC5IJVyUcAqjs4F1s7EfVbn0 ghsVA
There is no more specific "biological" determinant than a relation- ship.
AND
need to understand the organization and functioning of its birthplace-the brain.

Part 2 is the locked door

A historical example proves that attorney client privilege has been USED to prevent truth seeking investigations in cases of child abuse.

SANDRA T.E., et al vs SOUTH BERWYN SCHOOL DISTRICT 100 ~Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. No. 05-CV-473—William J. Hibbler, Judge.~ http://jenner.com/system/assets/assets/996/original/T.E._v._South_Berwyn_School.pdf?1317154590-http://jenner.com/system/assets/assets/996/original/T.E._v._South_Berwyn_School.pdf?1317154590 ghsVA
SYKES, Circuit Judge. An elementary-school music teacher in the South Berwyn
AND
services, and ordered the firm to produce the documents. Sidley appealed. 

THE ABA DOESN’T ALLOW DISCLOSURE.

Lisa Hansen 05 ~American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers~, Mandatory Reporting, "Comment, ATTORNEYS’ DUTY TO REPORT CHILD ABUSE", Vol. 19, 2004, Journal of the American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers, 12 April 05, BE
The change to the rule in italics appears to make it easier for an attorney
AND
party, whom they do not represent, that is being abused.62

Part 3

PLAN: In the United States Criminal Justice System, all relevant jurisdiction levels should adopt a mandatory reporting statue governing instances of child abuse that prioritizes truth seeking over attorney client privilege.

1~ An obligation to disclose is the ONLY way to fight back and break the attorney’s culture of silence.

Robert P. Mosteller 92 ~Prof of Law at Duke. He went to Yale, Harvard, and Duke~, "Child Abuse Reporting Laws and Attorney-Client Confidences: The Reality and the Specter of Lawyer as Informant", Duke Law Journal, Vol 42 Num 2, Nov 1992, BE
Child abuse is a societal problem of tragic proportions in America. On a yearly
AND
or requires attorneys to reveal their clients’ intention to commit a future crime.

2~ Only mandating that lawyers disclose and break attorney client privilege can uncover truth. Our Plan makes failing to disclose child abuse a criminal offense.

Robert P. Mosteller92 ~Professor of Law at Duke University, B.A. 1970, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; J.D. at Yale University, and M.P.P at Harvard University~, "Child Abuse Reporting Laws and Attorney Client Confidences: The Reality and the Specter of Lawyer as Informant," Duke Law Journal, Volume 42, Number 2, November 1992, GHSMM
Although extension of the attorney-client privilege to out-of-¶ court reporting
AND
¶ the ethics rules that might otherwise preclude disclosure are ap-¶ plied.

Tournament: The Meadows School | Round: 1 | Opponent: Palo Alto GR | Judge: Letak-Hired

Ethical agnosticism should lead us to default towards preventing extinction as a meta-constraint on all ethical theories

Nick Bostrom 12, ~Nick Bostrom¶ Faculty of Philosophy 26 Oxford Martin School¶ University of Oxford~ "Existential Risk Prevention as the Most Important Task for Humanity", , http://www.existential-risk.org/concept.html
"These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest~s~ an alternative, complementary way
AND
us to increase the probability that the future will contain a lot of value

And, normative uncertainty demands that we take existential risks seriously even under non-consequentialist ethical frameworks.

Nick Bostrom 12, ~Nick Bostrom¶ Faculty of Philosophy 26 Oxford Martin School¶ University of Oxford~, "Existential Risk Prevention as the Most Important Task for Humanity", http://www.existential-risk.org/concept.html
"There will be some types of putative existential risks for which the main uncertainty
AND
X is bad in at least the subjective sense relevant to decision making."

Thus, any argument for discounting the moral value of future lives or the harms of extinction would have to achieve an impossibly high-justified credence level to overwhelm the magnitude of ethical risk of extinction. This also preempts skepticism since any degree of moral risk generates a normative reason to act in the absence of competing reasons

PART 2 is the Culture of Deceit

The status squo engenders a cycle of deceit that perpetuates and magnifies the impacts of environmental destruction.

Historical examples prove that companies lie about environmental violations to attorneys:

1~ BP purposefully concealed and underestimated the amount of oil spilled from the US government

Michael Kundelman13, ~Writer for the Boston Globe~, "BP trial looks at how much oil spilled from well," The Boston Globe, OCTOBER 01, 2013, GHSGB
NEW ORLEANS — BP lied to the US government and withheld information about the amount
AND
. But the penalties can be assessed at amounts lower than those caps. 

2~ Mobil Oil Corp has taken heat for spills – they used attorney client privilege to actively conceal environmental records

Levin 91 – (Myron ~LA Times Staff Writer~ "Pipeline Spills Aren’t Only Problems to Plague Mobil" http://articles.latimes.com/1991-07-18/news/we-3590_1_environmental-problems-http://articles.latimes.com/1991-07-18/news/we-3590_1_environmental-problems) GHSGB
Mobil Oil Corp. has taken considerable heat for spills from its crude oil pipeline
AND
Olson filed his own age discrimination suit against Mobil, which was dismissed.

Due to the threat of hazardous waste on the environment, and attorneys keeping environmental violations a secret, threats have escalated.

James R. Arnold92 ~the Harold C. Urey Professor of Chemistry (emeritus), and a noted pioneer in the field of planetary and space chemistry at the University of California at San Diego (UCSD)~, "The Impact of Environmental Law on Real Estate and Other Commercial¶ Transactions: U.S./Europe," American Law Institute - American Bar Association Continuing Legal Education,¶ Fifth Annual ALI-ABA Advanced Course of Study, ¶ September 24, 1992, MM
One of the most ~A~ difficult areas for environmental attorneys is counseling their
AND
, illustrate the need for attention to the standards of¶ professional conduct.

The current use of attorney-client privilege perpetuates environmental threats.

We are living in the midst of one of the greatest mass extinctions. Environmental threats lead to global warming, loss of bio diversity, and the release of hazardous waste into the environment

UCCEE 06 – (United Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environment http://www.uccee.org/Environmental_Pollution.html)GHS//GB
One of the greatest problems that the world is facing today is that of environmental
AND
. Light Pollution includes light trespass, over-illumination and astronomical interference.

The impacts of the squo is environmental destruction

A~ The brink is NOW - Collapse of biodiversity causes global extinction – every species is important.

Powell 2k (Corey S. ~COREY S. POWELL is a science writer and a Senior Editor at Discover magazine~ "20 Ways the World Could End Swept away" http://www.ldolphin.org/twentyways.html oct 2000loghry)GHSGB
10. Ecosystem collapse - Images of slaughtered elephants and burning rain forests capture people’s
AND
consequences might be something we’d never think of, until it’s too late.

B~ Global Warming will cause extinction.

Flournoy 12 (Citing Dr. Feng Hsu, a NASA scientist at the Goddard
AND
Services and Markets?, January, Springer Briefs in Space Development, Book)
In the Online Journal of Space Communication, Dr. Feng Hsu, a NASA
AND
our Sun" (Hsu 2010) (Fig. 2.1).
alive and it took 100 million years for species diversity to return to former levels.

PLAN: The American Bar Association ought to require that truth seeking take precedence over attorney client privilege by modifying model rule 1.6 to make disclosing environmental crimes and a violation of the RCRA a legal obligation.

1~ Lawyer’s should disclose in the face of violations of the RCRA act and break attorney client privilege to prevent serious harm in the future.

Nicholas Targ 96 – (Attorney Client Confidentiality in the Criminal Environmental Law Context: Blowing the Whistle on the Toxic Client, 14 Pace Envtl. L. Rev. 227 (1996)) GHSGB
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)50 Is the primary federal law
AND
of a release’s severity, then the circumstances are likely inappropriate for disclosure.

The aff is a change from the status squo because currently rule 1.6 prevents disclosure.

Russell 98 – (Irma S. ~Dean of the University of Montana school of law~ "Unreasonable Risk: Model Rule 1.6, Environmental Hazards, and Positive Law" , 55 Wash. 26 Lee L. Rev. 117 (1998) http://scholarship.law.umt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=105726context=faculty_lawreviews)GHS//GB-http://scholarship.law.umt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=105726context=faculty_lawreviews)GHS//GB
Although Rule 1.6 permits disclosure in described exceptions, it appears to advocate
AND
20 to Rule 1.6 states a presumption in favor of nondisclosure.

2~ Attorney’s should be obligated to disclose their clients spills in order to protect human life. Knauf 10 continues to explain the advocacy.

Alan Knauf 10 – ~He is the past Chairperson of the Environmental Law Section of the New York State Bar Association, and has been Chair of the Section’s Petroleum Spills, Toxic Torts, and Internet Committees. Mr. Knauf has been the Chair of the Real Estate Section, and was the founding Chair of the Environmental Law Committee of the Monroe County Bar Association. He is also the former Chairman of the Center for Environmental Information, Inc. Mr. Knauf is listed by Best Lawyers in America and Superlawyers in the fields of Environmental Law and Land Use and Zoning Law. He has been a professor of Environmental Law at both the University of Rochester and RIT, and is a frequent lecturer at continuing legal education seminars. Mr. Knauf earned a B.S. in Environmental Engineering from MIT, and is a graduate of University of Michigan Law School.~ "Should I report my clients Spill" http://www.nyenvlaw.com/Data/Documents/Should20I20Report.pdf) GHSGB
Most of the spill reporting requirements clearly do not include an attorney. The rules
AND
, in the author’s opinion, the lawyer probably must make a report.

3~ Rule 1.6 Doesn’t work.

Russell 97 – (Irma S. ~University of Montana School of Law~ Cries and Whispers: Environmental Hazards, Model Rule 1.6, and the Attorney’s Conflicting Duties to Clients and Others , 72 Wash. L. Rev. 409 (1997))GHSGB
If the legal profession is to remain self-regulated, it must recognize that
AND
employ a normative standard to encourage attorneys to avert harm in extreme cases.

Tournament: The Hockaday School | Round: 3 | Opponent: Flowermound NY | Judge: Cameron Center

Racism is endemic in policies dealing with the environment, only by increasing transparency with disclosure can solve.

Because the resolution asks an "ought" question in the passive voice without specifying an agent, it is an evaluation of two worlds.

Finlay and Sendegar 12, Finlay, S. ~Associate Professor of Philosophy at USC~ 26 Snedegar, J. ~PhD candidate in philosophy at the University of Southern California~, (2012). One Ought Too Many. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. JMN
’Ought’ sentences seem ambiguous in a variety of ways. We can distinguish¶
AND
but reject the claim that the Uniformity Thesis cannot accommodate and explain them.

Colorblindness is just a guise for whiteness.

Steinman 04, C. ~Professor of Media Studies, Macalester~ (2004). Beyond Eurocentrism: the Frankfurt School and whiteness theory.
To think "white" is to stake out a position that appears nonracial,
AND
the failure of Enlightenment in the service of Enlightenment’s self-satisfaction.39

Reject White Supremacy

Dr. Tommy J. Curry 13, ~Assistant Professor, Department of Philosophy, Texas A26M~, "In the Fiat of Dreams: The Delusional Allure of Hope, the Reality of Anti-Black Violence and the Demands of the Anti-Ethical", 2013. VA
Traditionally we have taken ethics to be, as Henry Sedgwick claims, "any
AND
new teleological/cultural orientation; an endarkening path towards a new humanity. 

This means that reinforcing oppression is an independent voter. I’m not saying "vote for me because I’m resisting oppression." It’s a side constraint on acceptable approaches to the topic

Attorney-Client Privilege Bad

1~ Mobil Oil Corp has taken heat for spills –

Levin 91 – (Myron ~LA Times Staff Writer~ "Pipeline Spills Aren’t Only Problems to Plague Mobil" http://articles.latimes.com/1991-07-18/news/we-3590_1_environmental-problems-http://articles.latimes.com/1991-07-18/news/we-3590_1_environmental-problems) GHSGB
Mobil Oil Corp. has taken considerable heat for spills from its crude oil pipeline
AND
Olson filed his own age discrimination suit against Mobil, which was dismissed.

2~ Due to the threat of hazardous waste on the environment, and attorneys keeping environmental violations a secret, disclosure has become less and less common keeping facts behind a closed door.

James R. Arnold92 ~the Harold C. Urey Professor of Chemistry (emeritus), and a noted pioneer in the field of planetary and space chemistry at the University of California at San Diego (UCSD)~, "The Impact of Environmental Law on Real Estate and Other Commercial¶ Transactions: U.S./Europe," American Law Institute - American Bar Association Continuing Legal Education,¶ Fifth Annual ALI-ABA Advanced Course of Study, ¶ September 24, 1992, MM
One of the most ~A~ difficult areas for environmental attorneys is counseling their
AND
, illustrate the need for attention to the standards of¶ professional conduct.

3~ Environmental destruction is directly linked towards issues of race.

Nova 04 ~Villanova, The Book of Resolutions of The United Methodist Church, "Environmental Racism", http://www3.villanova.edu/mission/CSTresource/ecology/Methodist.pdf, 2004~ ghsVA
Race is consistently the most statistically significant variable in the location of commercial hazardous waste
AND
a commitment that all communities have a right to safe and healthy environments. 

4~ Current environmental "activism" doesn’t solve

Bullard et al 07 ~Robert D. Bullard is the Ware Distinguished Professor of Sociology and Director of the Environmental Justice Resource Center at Clark Atlanta University. He is the author of thirteen books that address sustainable development, environmental racism, urban land use, industrial facility siting, community reinvestment, housing, transportation and smart growth. His book, Dumping in Dixie: Race, Class and Environmental Quality (Westview Press, 2000), is a standard text in the environmental justice field. His most recent books include Just Sustainabilities: Development in an Unequal World (Earthscan/MIT Press, 2003), Highway Robbery: Transportation Racism and New Routes to Equity (South End Press, 2004), She is the co­author of In the Wake of the Storm: Environment, Disaster and Race after Katrina (Russell Sage Foundation, May 2006). She is a native of New Orleans and a survivor of Hurricane Katrina.~ "Toxic Wastes and Race at Twenty 1987—2007", http://www.ucc.org/assets/pdfs/toxic20.pdf, March 2007~ ghsVA
Despite significant improvements in environmental protection over the past several decades, millions of Americans
AND
language to communicate and conduct hearings for non­English­speaking publics.

Plan: Model Rule 1.6

PLAN: The American Bar Association ought to require that truth seeking take precedence over attorney client privilege by modifying model rule 1.6 to make disclosing environmental crimes a legal obligation.

Only prioritizing truth seeking can break the cycle of deceit that prevents the government from learning about and stopping environmental threats.

1~ Lawyer’s should disclose in the face of violations of the RCRA act and break attorney client privilege to prevent serious harm in the future.

Nicholas Targ 96 – (Attorney Client Confidentiality in the Criminal Environmental Law Context: Blowing the Whistle on the Toxic Client, 14 Pace Envtl. L. Rev. 227 (1996)) GHSGB
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)50 Is the primary federal law
AND
of a release’s severity, then the circumstances are likely inappropriate for disclosure.

2~ The aff is a change from the status squo because currently rule 1.6 prevents disclosure.

Russell 98 – (Irma S. ~Dean of the University of Montana school of law~ "Unreasonable Risk: Model Rule 1.6, Environmental Hazards, and Positive Law" , 55 Wash. 26 Lee L. Rev. 117 (1998) http://scholarship.law.umt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=105726context=faculty_lawreviews)GHS//GB-http://scholarship.law.umt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=105726context=faculty_lawreviews)GHS//GB
Although Rule 1.6 permits disclosure in described exceptions, it appears to advocate
AND
20 to Rule 1.6 states a presumption in favor of nondisclosure.

3~ Attorney’s should be obligated to disclose their clients spills in order to protect human life. Knauf 10 continues to explain the advocacy.

Alan Knauf 10 – ~He is the past Chairperson of the Environmental Law Section of the New York State Bar Association, and has been Chair of the Section’s Petroleum Spills, Toxic Torts, and Internet Committees. Mr. Knauf has been the Chair of the Real Estate Section, and was the founding Chair of the Environmental Law Committee of the Monroe County Bar Association. He is also the former Chairman of the Center for Environmental Information, Inc. Mr. Knauf is listed by Best Lawyers in America and Superlawyers in the fields of Environmental Law and Land Use and Zoning Law. He has been a professor of Environmental Law at both the University of Rochester and RIT, and is a frequent lecturer at continuing legal education seminars. Mr. Knauf earned a B.S. in Environmental Engineering from MIT, and is a graduate of University of Michigan Law School.~ "Should I report my clients Spill" http://www.nyenvlaw.com/Data/Documents/Should20I20Report.pdf) GHSGB
Most of the spill reporting requirements clearly do not include an attorney. The rules
AND
, in the author’s opinion, the lawyer probably must make a report.

4~ Rule 1.6 Doesn’t work. To ameliorate these problems, we need to expand on rule 1.6, and provide a clear-cut normative standard that allows for disclosure in the face of environmental catastrophes.

Russell 97 – (Irma S. ~University of Montana School of Law~ Cries and Whispers: Environmental Hazards, Model Rule 1.6, and the Attorney’s Conflicting Duties to Clients and Others , 72 Wash. L. Rev. 409 (1997))GHSGB
If the legal profession is to remain self-regulated, it must recognize that
AND
employ a normative standard to encourage attorneys to avert harm in extreme cases.

Tournament: Isidore Newman | Round: 1 | Opponent: Christ Episcopal MK | Judge: Veronica Lam
"All I can tell you is please learn to see. Please give me a moment just for me - before you beat me. All I know is what I feel, the pain is real as I feel the skin start to peel. The whip cracks in the night as I feel the real fright. How can you stand there tall and true when I have been beaten black and blue. Please be fair when reading this all I want is you to be aware and learn to care" — Henry Brenton

Part 1 is the closed door discussion

The resolution demands we evaluate a certain state of affairs, due to the term ought.

Finlay and Sendegar 12, Finlay, S. ~Associate Professor of Philosophy at USC~ 26 Snedegar, J. ~PhD candidate in philosophy at the University of Southern California~, (2012). One Ought Too Many. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. JMN
’Ought’ sentences seem ambiguous in a variety of ways. We can distinguish¶
AND
but reject the claim that the Uniformity Thesis cannot accommodate and explain them.

I choose to argue we need to address the problems of child abuse and their silent cries. As a society, we have silenced children and created the invisible child. Modern day society builds structural barriers such that children have no voice. Our current discourse is from an adultcentric perspective that actively excludes conceptions of children as INDIVIDUAL BEINGS.

Mundaly and Goddard06: Neerosh Mudaly ~Senior Research Fellow with Child Abuse Prevention Research
AND
," Jessica Kingsley Publishers, London and Philadelphia, 2006, GHSMM
Goddard (1996, p.15) states that ’while children are valued
AND
the importance of the experiences and preoccupations specific to this stage of development.

These children are placed outside the bounds of moral consideration

Winter and Leighton 99 |Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter|~Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and ustice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice~ "Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century." Pg 4-5 ghsVA
Finally, to recognize the operation of structural violence forces us to ask questions about
AND
local cultures, will be our most surefooted path to building lasting peace.

We as debaters cannot separate ourselves from our discourse

Michael Karlberg 05 ~Professor in the Department of Communication at Western Washington University. Wrote: Beyond the Culture of Contest: From Adversarialism to Mutualism in an Age of Interdependence. Ted Talks~ "The Power of Discourse and the Discourse of Power: Pursuing Peace through Discourse Intervention." http://www.gmu.edu/programs/icar/ijps/vol10_1/Karlberg_101IJPS.pdf-http://www.gmu.edu/programs/icar/ijps/vol10_1/Karlberg_101IJPS.pdf ghsVA
The ways we think and talk about a subject influence and reflect the ways we
AND
traditions of Western social and political theory, from the left and right.

The only way to free the kids from their oppressed status is to create a starting point for a new critical pedagogy. The act of the Aff speeches has unique value because it opens up space for abused children to feel comfortable to tell their stories.

Paulo Freire 70 ~Ph.D Brazilian educator and philosopher, leading advocate of critical pedagogy~, "Pedagogy of the Oppressed," The Continuum International Publishing Group, translated by Myra Bergman Ramos in 2005, 1970 http://www.users.humboldt.edu/jwpowell/edreformFriere_pedagogy.pdf, ghsVA
While the problem of humanization has always, from an axiological point of view,
AND
their critical discovery that both they and their oppressors are manifestations of dehumanization. 

Part 2 is the locked door

A historical example proves that attorney client privilege has been USED to prevent truth seeking investigations in cases of child abuse.

SANDRA T.E., et al vs SOUTH BERWYN SCHOOL DISTRICT 100 ~Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. No. 05-CV-473—William J. Hibbler, Judge.~ http://jenner.com/system/assets/assets/996/original/T.E._v._South_Berwyn_School.pdf?1317154590-http://jenner.com/system/assets/assets/996/original/T.E._v._South_Berwyn_School.pdf?1317154590 ghsVA
SYKES, Circuit Judge. An elementary-school music teacher in the South Berwyn
AND
services, and ordered the firm to produce the documents. Sidley appealed. 

The status squo ignores the abuse and is a manifestation of silence and neglect. The way the criminal justice system is built IGNORES the struggles and hardships of the abused.

THE ABA DOESN’T ALLOW DISCLOSURE. The Status quo makes the attorney’s duty to zealously protect the client

Lisa Hansen 05 ~American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers~, Mandatory Reporting, "Comment, ATTORNEYS’ DUTY TO REPORT CHILD ABUSE", Vol. 19, 2004, Journal of the American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers, 12 April 05, BE
The change to the rule in italics appears to make it easier for an attorney
AND
party, whom they do not represent, that is being abused.62

Part 3 is the key to unlocking the cells of neglect

PLAN: In the United States Criminal Justice System, all relevant jurisdiction levels should adopt a mandatory reporting statue governing instances of child abuse that prioritizes truth seeking over attorney client privilege.

1~ Child abuse is a HUGE PROBLEM in modern society—currently there is NOT enforcement for lawyers to disclose child abuse. An obligation to disclose is the ONLY way to fight back and break the attorney’s culture of silence.

Robert P. Mosteller 92 ~Prof of Law at Duke. He went to Yale, Harvard, and Duke~, "Child Abuse Reporting Laws and Attorney-Client Confidences: The Reality and the Specter of Lawyer as Informant", Duke Law Journal, Vol 42 Num 2, Nov 1992, BE
Child abuse is a societal problem of tragic proportions in America. On a yearly
AND
or requires attorneys to reveal their clients’ intention to commit a future crime.

2~ Only mandating that lawyers disclose and break attorney client privilege can uncover truth. Our Plan makes failing to disclose child abuse a criminal offense.

Robert P. Mosteller92 ~Professor of Law at Duke University, B.A. 1970, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; J.D. at Yale University, and M.P.P at Harvard University~, "Child Abuse Reporting Laws and Attorney Client Confidences: The Reality and the Specter of Lawyer as Informant," Duke Law Journal, Volume 42, Number 2, November 1992, GHSMM
Although extension of the attorney-client privilege to out-of-¶ court reporting
AND
¶ the ethics rules that might otherwise preclude disclosure are ap-¶ plied.

Tournament: Greenhill Round Robin | Round: 1 | Opponent: Palo Alto TC | Judge: 

Holloway Sparks, Assistant professor at Penn State impacts the silencing in 2003

Holloway Sparks 03, asst prof of political science, Penn State, 2003 (Queens, Teens, and Model Mothers Race and the Politics of Welfare Reform (Paperback) by Sanford F. Schram (Editor), Joe Soss (Editor), Richard C. Fording (Editor)) VA
In spite of the participatory principles embodied in these theories, some deliberative democrats have
AND
people, large groups of citizens face the devaluation of their political participation.

Any kind of political regime relies on legitimacy
Jorge Aragón 07 ~Saint Louis University: Encyclopedia of Campaigns, Elections and Electoral Behavior. Sage Publications.~ "Political Legitimacy and Democracy" http://www.luc.edu/media/lucedu/dccirp/pdfs/articlesforresourc/Article_-_Aragon_Trelles,_Jorge_2.pdf-http://www.luc.edu/media/lucedu/dccirp/pdfs/articlesforresourc/Article_-_Aragon_Trelles,_Jorge_2.pdf VA
The stability and functioning of any kind of political regime—including democratic or ¶
AND
relevant for politics and societies is occurring outside the realm of the state.

The standard is maximizing political voice.

Democracy is currently sweltering in the heat of oppression due to the inequalities presented in the current electorate.
Iris Marion Young 90 ~was Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago, and affiliated with the Center for Gender Studies and the Human Rights program there~, "Justice and the Politics of Difference" in Gender and Planning: A Reader, Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data, 2005, Originally published by Princeton U Press in 1990, VA
I have argued that participatory democracy is an element and condition of social justice.
AND
Second, because it assures a voice for the oppressed as well as the
privileged, group representation better assures that all needs and interests in the public will
AND
I listen to the voice of those my privilege otherwise tends to silence. 

The affirmative advocacy is to defend compulsory voting in democracies as one mechanism that should be embraced.

I reserve the right to clarify my advocacy in CX.

Contention 2: The Illusion of inclusion

The center of political gravity has shifted toward the wealthiest white Americans
Aina Gallego 10 ~Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Departament de Ciències Polítiques i Socials, Edifici Jaume I (Campus de la Ciutadella), Ramon Trias Fargas, 25-27, 08005 Barcelona, Spain~ "Understanding unequal turnout: Education and voting in comparative perspective" Electoral Studies Volume 29, Issue 2, June 2010, Pages 239–248 VA
Variation in the strength of left-wing organizations across countries is a classic reason
AND
poorly educated, low-status individuals who are disproportionately mobilized to vote.

The neg operates under the assumption that voting is a right and people should speak out. This is not the case
C. Jocelyn Pena 09 ~Attended University of Phoenix and New York University;
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 VA
In its traditional usage, oppression means the exercise of tyranny by a ruling group
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of people, ideas, ¶ or customs that seem strange or foreign).

The impact to marginalization links back to the standard in a couple ways.

This links back to the standard because any government that allows structural violence is the antithesis of a legitimate state.

Abu-Jamal, 98. Mumia (activist, radio journalist and former president of the Philadelphia Association of Black Journalistsjh) "A Quiet and Deadly Violence" September 19^th, http://www.angelfire.com/az/catchphraze/mumiaswords.html-http://www.angelfire.com/az/catchphraze/mumiaswords.html VA
It has often been observed that America is a truly violent nation, as shown
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away, so that their great and terrible violence passes away with them.

Contention 3: Tearing down the walls of indoctrination.

1~ Compulsory voting enhances political legitimacy
Hannah Alejandro writes: ~Future Law Professors Fellow, Georgetown University Law Center. JD, LLM, Georgetown University Law Center; BFA, New York University~,¶ "The Sovereign Obligations of We, the People:¶ An Argument for Compulsory Voting in the United States," Draft, 1 – Mar – 10, MM
So how does a citizen-sovereign "govern" in our representative democracy?
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than enforcement of the political contract that we claim defines our entire system.

2~ Compulsory voting functions as this required democratic mechanism
Bart Engelen 07 Research Assistant of the Fund for Scientific Research – Flanders (Belgium), Centre for Economics and Ethics – Institute of Philosophy (K.U.Leuven), Centre for Economics and Ethics – K.U.Leuven, Naamsestraat 69, Leuven B – 3000, Belgium. "Why Compulsory Voting Can Enhance Democracy" VA
This method, however, encounters the problem that the potential impact of compulsory voting
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reinforce each other (Keaney and Rogers, 2006, 18–20).

3~ The actual act of proactive inclusion ends the cycle of marginalization.
Sarah Birch 09 ~Teaches at University global politics, wrote award winning paper on international economics~ "The case for compulsory voting" publicpolicyresearch–March-May2009 VA
~First~ Political fairness. The link between political fairness and full electoral participation
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third ’pillar’ of social justice, alongside their fiscal and social counterparts.

4~ The quest of freedom can only come after we have life, and compulsory voting gives those who might have never had the opportunity to be free a chance
Chong and Olivera 08, Alberto ~Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; M.A., Ph.D. in Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, Department of Economics, University of Ottawa Department of Economics, Fedesarrollo, Inter-American Development Bank~, Mauricio ~Fedesarrollo~, "DOES COMPULSORY VOTING HELP EQUALIZE INCOMES?", ECONOMICS 26 POLITICS Volume 20 November 2008 No. 3, VA
O’Toole and Strobl (1995) further explore the ?ndings of Crain and¶ Leonard
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~and~ will have a bearing¶ on the distribution of income.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 5 | Opponent: Katy Taylor NY | Judge: Eric Emerson

Because the resolution asks an "ought" question in the passive voice without specifying an agent, it is an evaluation of two worlds.

Finlay and Sendegar 12, Finlay, S. ~Associate Professor of Philosophy at USC~ 26 Snedegar, J. ~PhD candidate in philosophy at the University of Southern California~, (2012). One Ought Too Many. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. JMN
’Ought’ sentences seem ambiguous in a variety of ways. We can distinguish¶
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but reject the claim that the Uniformity Thesis cannot accommodate and explain them.

This means that both sides must defend a state of affairs as desirable. Truth-testing collapses to a comparison of worlds on this topic since proving the resolution true JUST IS proving a better world, your ballot goes to the better state of affairs which fulfills the role of the ballot best.

I value political pluralism.

My stance is anti-ethical.

Dr. Tommy J. Curry 13, ~Assistant Professor, Department of Philosophy, Texas A26M~, "In the Fiat of Dreams: The Delusional Allure of Hope, the Reality of Anti-Black Violence and the Demands of the Anti-Ethical", 2013. VA
Traditionally we have taken ethics to be, as Henry Sedgwick claims, "any
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new teleological/cultural orientation; an endarkening path towards a new humanity. 

This means that reinforcing oppression is an independent voter. I’m not saying "vote for me because I’m resisting oppression." It’s a side constraint on acceptable approaches to the topic

The standard is maximizing the inclusion of political voice.

The role of the ballot is to evaluate who best performatively, and methodologically, create a culture of political participation.

Contention 1: The Illusion of inclusion

Society comes together to form a body politic, a Leviathan.

Farley writes Anthony Paul ~B.A., University of Virginia, J.D., Harvard Law School, Tenured at Boston College, Served as an Assistant United States Attorney with the Office of the United States Attorney for the District of Columbia.~ (2001) "Lacan 26 Voting Rights," Yale Journal of Law 26 the Humanities: Vol. 13: Iss. 1, Article 10. VA
White majorities rarely elect black representatives.2 The black image in the white mind
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-black is a form of pleasure akin to S/M.5

Current political institutions use the law as a mechanism to exclude.

Roger Bybee writes ~freelance writer and University of Illinois visiting professor in Labor Education~ "GOP Reveals Depth of Voter-Exclusion Plan" http://inthesetimes.com/working/entry/11944/gop_reveals_depth_of_its_voter-exclusion_plan/-http://inthesetimes.com/working/entry/11944/gop_reveals_depth_of_its_voter-exclusion_plan/VA 9/12/11 VA
A new Department of Transportation memo reveals how thoroughly Wisconsin Republicans intend to make the
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policies become apparent, the Wisconsin rebellion is likely to heat up again.

Endorsing the paradigm of exclusion creates an environment in which the oppressed believe they have nothing to vote for.

C. Jocelyn Pena writes ~Attended University of Phoenix and New York University;
AND
 VA
In its traditional usage, oppression means the exercise of tyranny by a ruling group
AND
of people, ideas, ¶ or customs that seem strange or foreign).

A world in which the voice of the oppressed aren’t heard allows death to wreak havoc among those parts of society.

Mumia Abu-Jamal writes. Mumia (activist, radio journalist and former president of the Philadelphia Association of Black Journalistsjh) "A Quiet and Deadly Violence 1998" September 19^th, http://www.angelfire.com/az/catchphraze/mumiaswords.html-http://www.angelfire.com/az/catchphraze/mumiaswords.html VA
It has often been observed that America is a truly violent nation, as shown
AND
away, so that their great and terrible violence passes away with them.

Contention 2: Tearing down the walls of indoctrination.

1~ Compulsory voting is a crucial component to the political contract that defines the US democracy since it enables us to self-govern and shape the conditions of others’ lives.

Hannah Alejandro writes: ~Future Law Professors Fellow, Georgetown University Law Center. JD, LLM, Georgetown University Law Center; BFA, New York University~,¶ "The Sovereign Obligations of We, the People:¶ An Argument for Compulsory Voting in the United States," Draft, 1 – Mar – 10, MM
So how does a citizen-sovereign "govern" in our representative democracy?
AND
than enforcement of the political contract that we claim defines our entire system.

2~ Compulsory voting would create a system to voice public dissent and bring their discussion back to the forefront of politics.

Simon Jackman writes Simon Jackman 2001 ~Assistant Professor and Victoria Schuck Faculty Scholar, Department of Political Science, Stanford University.~, "Compulsory Voting", International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2001, VA
To gauge the political consequences of CV, we start with the near universal association
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consistent with the pattern of adoption of CV in the early 20th century.

3~ The actual act of proactive inclusion ends the cycle of marginalization.

Sarah Birch writes~Teaches at University global politics, wrote award winning paper on international economics~ "The case for compulsory voting" publicpolicyresearch–March-May2009 VA
~First~ Political fairness. The link between political fairness and full electoral participation
AND
third ’pillar’ of social justice, alongside their fiscal and social counterparts.

4~ Confronting the cycles of poverty is necessary to interrupt the systemic destruction of human life. Compulsory voting functions as this necessary mechanism by transforming federal budgetary priorities and focusing more expenditure on social services..

Chong and Olivera write, Alberto ~Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; M.A., Ph.D. in Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, Department of Economics, University of Ottawa Department of Economics, Fedesarrollo, Inter-American Development Bank~, Mauricio ~Fedesarrollo~, "DOES COMPULSORY VOTING HELP EQUALIZE INCOMES?", ECONOMICS 26 POLITICS Volume 20 November 2008 No. 3, VA
O’Toole and Strobl (1995) further explore the ?ndings of Crain and¶ Leonard
AND
~and~ will have a bearing¶ on the distribution of income.