Tournament: Harvard | Round: 1 | Opponent: All Rounds | Judge: All Rounds
Contact him for cites and stuff at 7135049426 or adam.calhoun@icloud.com

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 1 | Opponent: All Rounds | Judge: All Rounds
Contact him for cites and stuff at 7135049426 or adam.calhoun@icloud.com

Tournament: Crestian Round Robin | Round: 1 | Opponent: Walt Whitman Nick Lorence | Judge: Bryan Wilder and Tom Evnen
Presume aff because of side bias. Henson and Dorasil  provide 3 warrants for neg bias

We use six years of annual tournament data to investigate potential side, sex,
AND
relates to ~is~ organizational difficulty stemming from the number of speeches.

"Ought" implies moral obligation.

Thus I value morality.

Ethics arise from the interaction between the self and an ethical community. Identity functions as fluid because it is constantly in relation to something else.
White (Stephen K ~James Hart Professor of Politics at the University of Virginia~ "As the World Turns: Ontology and Politics in Judith Butler" Polity, 1999)

Weak ontologies emerge from the conjunction of two insights: acceptance of the idea that
AND
unmediated way or as something that is simply a matter of radical choice.

Claims to external moral truths fail:
Thus the standard is giving account of oneself, which means promoting the conditions that force the expression of identity against this social background. This is the only standard that accounts for the source of ethical questions.
Butler 1 (Judith ~Maxine Elliot Prof of Rhetoric at Berkley~ "Giving and Account of Oneself" University Press, 2005)

The “I” does not stand apart from the prevailing matrix of ethical norms and
AND
nonviolent results, must find a living place for this “I”

Prefer this conception of ethics:
A) Objective moral norms deny the possibility that the subject can emerge
AND
respects human beings role as the source and creators of value.
B) If the good consists in the coincidence of the will with the moral
AND
and unique evaluative drive that make them ethical subjects in the first place. 

C) Existentialism is the only non-regressive account of morality because it recognizes
AND
process must terminate in a rule for which no reason can be given.

?
First non-compulsory voting provides for less expression of identity of the self;
Low turnout threatens system legitimacy and denies an accounting of the self
T. S. Krishna Murthy, Chief Election Commissioner of India, 2012, "The Relevance of Voting Rights in Modern Democracy," Wake Forest Journal of Law 26 Policy, 2 Wake Forest J. L. 26 Pol’y 337, p. 344
The quality of a modern representative democracy, especially among the emerging democracies, depends
AND
and "negative voting" which can effectively tackle voter indifference and apathy. 

Low voter turnout will continue to get worse
Anabelle Lever, Philosophy Professor-London School of Economic and Political Science, 2008, "Compulsory voting: a critical perspective," British Journal of Political Science, ~http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/23098/1/Compulsory_voting28LSERO29.pdf~~, p. 5-6

Moreover, each generation seems to be participating at a decreased rate. So,
AND
can be expected to get worse, rather than better, in future.

Voter turnout in democracies is in long term decline
Jason Marisam, Post-Graduate Research Fellow-Harvard Law School, 2009, "Voter Turnout: From Cost to Cooperation," St. Thomas Law Review, Winter, 21 St. Thomas L. Rev. 190, p. 192-3

First, I will present the facts. Voter turnout has fallen significantly during the
AND
goal is sustained, high turnout nationally among all demographic groups should increase.

?
Second compulsory voting increases voter turnout, and consequently increases the expression of the self
Australia empirically demonstrates that compulsory voting increases turnout, which is an increase in the expression of the self against the background of government
Scott Bennett, Parliament of Australia, 2005, Compulsory voting in Australian national elections, Parliamentary Library-Research Brief, October, No. 6, ~http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/library/prspub/06SH6/upload_binary/06sh63.pdf;fileType=application2Fpdf~~23search=22library/prspub/06SH622~~, p. 1

Academic analysis shows that compulsory voting is likely to produce a high turnout of voters
AND
in recent elections such countries have actually experienced a marked decline in turnout. 

Compulsory voting laws increase voter turnout
Alberto Chong 26 Mauricio Olivera, Inter-American Development Bank 26 George Mason University, 2006, "On Compulsory Voting and Income Inequality in a Cross-Section of Countries," Inter-American Development Bank Working Paper ~23533, May, ~http://www.iadb.org/res/publications/pubfiles/pubWP-533.pdf~~, p. 10-1

While universal franchise was adopted in many democracies by the end of the nineteenth century
AND
enforcement, the number falls to 83 percent and 73 percent, respectively.

Compulsory voting improves system by increasing turnout
Harvard Law Review, 2007, "The Case for Compulsory Voting in the United States," 121 Harv. L. Rev. 591, p. 596

The most obvious benefit of compulsory voting is that it would lead to higher voter
AND
actually change electoral and policy outcomes in ways that better reflect aggregate preferences.

Compulsory voting can spur changes to address root causes of apathy
Harvard Law Review, 2007, "The Case for Compulsory Voting in the United States," 121 Harv. L. Rev. 591, p. 597-8

Compulsory voting ~can~ thus has the potential over time to alleviate some of
AND
rational choice as voting, rather than staying at home on Election Day.

Compulsory voting laws increase efforts to facilitate voting for more people

Sarah Birch, Reader in Politics-University of Essex, 2009, Full Participation: A Comparative Study of Compulsory Voting, p. 7

Compulsory voting is necessarily embedded in a complex set of regulations governing the conduct of
AND
mechanisms are not exclusive to states where electoral participation is required by law). 

High turnout promotes positive civic engagement
Jason Marisam, Post-Graduate Research Fellow-Harvard Law School, 2009, "Voter Turnout: From Cost to Cooperation," St. Thomas Law Review, Winter, 21 St. Thomas L. Rev. 190, p. 196

All told, widespread and high voter turnout is a public good.
AND
Ultimately, how much weight to put on getting
?

Tournament: BCFL | Round: 3 | Opponent: Ft Lauderdale RB | Judge: 

1AC CW-MFC

Mexico and China should prioritize it’s constructed wetland - Microbial fuel cells technology over extracting resources when two are in conflict.

I hold the right to clarify

Value: Utilitarianism

Value of criterion: Minimizing existential threats

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianism-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism is a theory in normative ethics-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normative_ethics holding that the proper course of action is the one that maximizes utility-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility, usually defined as maximizing happiness and reducing suffering.

Inherency

CW’s are expensive due to land area use - plan solves

Wang 2013, Xi. "Parametric Design and Artificial Wetlands’ Adaption in Landscape Design." Thesis. The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2013. Parametric Design and Artificial Wetlands’ Adaption in Landscape Design." Aug. 2013. Web. http://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=280426context=utk_gradthes.
A constructed wetland system is a cost-effective and technically feasible approach for treating wastewater and runoff.  
o They are expensive to build compared to many other treatment options which require more
AND
is available and affordable, will a constructed wetland have an economical advantage. 

China resolves the issues

Diying Wu 2014. "Mexico’s Energy Reform Creates Potential for Chinese Investment, According to Experts at Beijing Conference." Mexico’s Energy Reform Creates Potential for Chinese Investment, According to Experts at Beijing Conference. Institute of America, 2014. Web. https://www.iamericas.org/en/recent-articles-sp-619120327/2004-beijing.
Former Chinese Ambassador to Mexico Zeng Gang said energy reform in Mexico would boost the
AND
Americas Program, discussed energy reform proposals by Mexico’s three major political parties. 

China

Chinese influence in Mexico is key to their energy security

Xiaoxia 2013
~Wang. Staff Writer for the Economic Observer. "In America’s Backyard: China’s Rising Influence In Latin America" The Economic Observer, 5/6/13 http://worldcrunch.com/china-2.0/in-america-039-s-backyard-china-039-s-rising-influence-in-latin-america/foreign-policy-trade-economy-investments-energy/c9s11647/ ~
Among the numerous needs of China, the demand for oil has always been the
AND
impact of illegal immigration and the drug trade on the U.S.

Energy insecurity sparks Asian war

Clement ’12
~Nicholas, China and India Vie for Energy Security, May 25, http://www.2point6billion.com/news/2012/05/25/china-and-india-vie-for-energy-security-11177.html~~
The competitive relationship between China and India has become a defining feature of the strategic
AND
ongoing diplomatic engagement between China and India to avoid unnecessary or accidental escalation.

China-India war causes extinction

Kahn ’9
~Jer. "Why India fears China" Newsweek, 10/19/9 lexis~
On June 21, two Chinese military helicopters swooped low over Demchok, a tiny
AND
of Taiwan, or as a mediator trying to separate the two sides.

Wastewater

Water in Mexio is extremely polluted

George B. Frisvolda and Margriet F Caswel ’11 Transboundary water management Game-theoretic lessons for projects on the US-Mexico border; www.elsevier.com/locate/ageco
The border’s most serious public health problem is lack of access to safe drinking water
AND
serving as the primary water source for both cities (Varady and Mack,).

Resource extraction creates wastewater

EPA 2013,United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Home. By EPA. EPA, 7 Aug. 2013. Web. http://water.epa.gov/scitech/wastetech/guide/oilandgas/unconv.cfm.
Extraction Process
Recent advances in hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling have made extraction of oil and gas
AND
allows the methane to release from the coal to produce flowing natural gas.
Wastewater Generated by Unconventional Extraction
Produced water from unconventional oil and gas wells often contains high concentrations of total dissolved solids (salts). These wastewaters may also contain various organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, metals, and naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM). The quantity and quality of produced water varies from basin to basin, and over the lifetime of a well.

Wastewater causes biodiversity, disease, and a decrease to value to life

USGS 2013, United States. Department of Interior. Water Use: Wastewater Treatment. By USGS. USA.gov, 10 Jan. 2013. Web. http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/wuww.html.
Why Treat Wastewater? It’s a matter of caring for our environment and for our own health. There are a lot of good reasons why keeping our water clean is an important priority:
Fisheries: Clean water is critical to plants and animals that live in water. This is important to the fishing industry, sport fishing enthusiasts, and future generations.
Wildlife Habitats :Our rivers and ocean waters teem with life that depends on shoreline, beaches and marshes. They are critical habitats for hundreds of species of fish and other aquatic life. Migratory water birds use the areas for resting and feeding.
Recreation and Quality of Life: Water is a great playground for us all. The scenic and recreational values of our waters are reasons many people choose to live where they do. Visitors are drawn to water activities such as swimming, fishing, boating and picnicking.
Health Concerns: If it is not properly cleaned, water can carry disease. Since we live, work and play so close to water, harmful bacteria have to be removed to make water safe.

Biodiversity loss leads to extinction

Diner gender paraphrased 94
Military Law Review Winter 1994 143 Mil. L. Rev. 161 LENGTH: 30655 words ARTICLE: THE ARMY AND THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT: WHO’S ENDANGERING WHOM? NAME: MAJOR DAVID N. DINER BIO: Judge Advocate General’s Corps, United States Army.
Biologically diverse ecosystems are characterized by a large number of specialist species, filling narrow
AND
, n80 ~hu~mankind may be edging closer to the abyss.

The more urbanization, the higher risk of extinction

Alterzer 07 (Sonia, Sonia Alterzer. Associate Dean of Faculty Affairs Graduate Faculty University of Georgia, Infectious diseases and extinction risk in wild mammals, EBSCO academic search premiere)
Parasites reported as threatening wild mammals were¶ principally viruses and bacteria with broad host
AND
other¶ macroparasites is needed to understand their role in mammalian extinction risk.

CW-MFC’s solve wastewater

Shentan Liu, Hailiang Song, Xianning Li, and Fei Yang 2013. "Power Generation Enhancement by Utilizing Plant Photosynthate in Microbial Fuel Cell Coupled Constructed Wetland System." International Journal of Photoenergy 2013 (2103): n. pag. Power Generation Enhancement by Utilizing Plant Photosynthate in Microbial Fuel Cell Coupled Constructed Wetland System. National Natural Science Foundation of China, 31 Aug. 2013. Web. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijp/2013/172010/.
Conversion of solar energy into electricity can be fulfilled by coupling wetland plant photosynthesis with
AND
the rhizospheric environment and aquatic plant physiology as well as the microbial community.

Warming

Warming is real and Co2 induced– 97 percent scientific consensus

Plait 13
(Phil; New study; Climate scientists Overwhelmingly Agree Global Warming is Real and Our Fault; May 17; http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2013/05/17/global_warming_climate_scientists_overwhelmingly_agree_it_s_real_and_is.html)
A new study has just come out that looked at nearly 12,000 professional
AND
to The Consensus Project, and see what we can do about it.¶

The Earth is in a natural cooling cycle. Temperatures should be going down—Cutting emissions before the cool cycle ends is critical

Harris 8-29— Journalist for national public radio, citing a study by Shang-Ping Xie and Yu Kosaka, professors at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California (Harris, Richard. "A Cooler Pacific May Be Behind Recent Pause In Global Warming." NPR. NPR, 29 Aug. 2013. Web. 06 Sept. 2013. http://www.npr.org/2013/08/29/216415005/a-cooler-pacific-may-be-behind-recent-pause-in-global-warming.) JO
A study in the journal Nature could help explain why the Earth’s average temperature hasn’t
AND
warming from greenhouse gases that have been building up during this cold cycle. 

Resource extraction increase global warming

Arno Behrens, et al, Sustainable Europe Research Institute, 2007, "The material basis of the global economy: Worldwide patterns of natural resource extraction," Ecological Economics 64 (2007) 444-453, p. 444-5
Human history has always been closely linked to the control, extraction and use of
AND
of natural resources in order to reduce current levels of anthropogenic environmental pressures. 

MFC’s displace resource extracted items and decreases greenhouse gases

Mercer 1/15,Justin Mercer. "Illumin - Microbial Fuel Cells: Generating Power from Waste." Microbial Fuel Cells: Generating Power from Waste XIV.3 (n.d.): n. pag. Illumin- Microbial Fuel Cells: Generating Power from Waste. Lllumin, 15 Jan. 2014. Web. https://illumin.usc.edu/printer/134/microbial-fuel-cells-generating-power-from-waste/.
The advancement of microbial fuel cell technologies in the 1980s was largely spurred by the
AND
world to becoming a sustainable and more environmentally-friendly place.

Warming causes resource scarcity
Evans 10 (Alex Evans, Center on International Cooperation, New York University, September 9, 2010, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTWDR2011/Resources/6406082-1283882418764/WDR_Background_Paper_Evans.pdf)====**
Climate change and its effects on resource scarcity
All of these potential limitations to supply growth are before climate change is considered,
AND
singularities in the climate system", but such assessments are highly uncertain.30

Resource conflict causes prolif and nuclear conflict.

Wooldridge 9. (Frosty, free lance writer, once lectured at Cornell University, "Humanity galloping toward its greatest crisis in the 21st century" http://www.australia.to/index.php?option=com_content26view=article26id=10042:humanity-galloping-toward-its-greatest-crisis-in-the-21st-century26catid=125:frosty-wooldridge26Itemid=244
It is clear that most politicians and most citizens do not recognize that returning to
AND
worst (and not unlikely) case, a nuclear war ending civilization.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 1 | Opponent: Woodlands CH | Judge: Kit Pierson

Civil War AC

I affirm. 

The value is morality

The standard is maximizing societal welfare. Prefer this for four reasons:

1. It’s impossible to determine the motives for action, so we must instead weigh actions on their consequences.

2. Any action that harms the welfare of the community also harms morality, since morality serves to govern the interaction between humans in a community. Absent that interaction, morality is devoid of purpose.

3. If societal welfare were an absolute, then morality couldn’t function since it would tell us to always take the option that upholds it, even though sometimes all options will violate it to a certain degree.

Contention One: Resource extraction causes violence.

Sub-Point A is Civil War. Oxford Professor of Economics and Former World Bank President Paul Collier explains:

Paul Collier, Oxford Professor of Economics and Former World Bank President, in the book "Security and Development" which was edited by George Mavrotas, Page 46, http://books.google.com/books?id=XxmlhZVqXt4C26pg=PA4626lpg=PA4626dq=22This+proposition+is+supported+by+the+grim+evidence+of+resource+wars:+timber+in+Liberia,+diamonds+in+Sierra+Leone2226source=bl26ots=95PkmNool526sig=2rZwlv5CSqmSAlTSkbpM4IFpou026hl=en26sa=X26ei=AV_sUoydGYWPkAegoICIBw26ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA~23v=onepage26q26f=true-http://books.google.com/books?id=XxmlhZVqXt4C26pg=PA4626lpg=PA4626dq=22This+proposition+is+supported+by+the+grim+evidence+of+resource+wars:+timber+in+Liberia,+diamonds+in+Sierra+Leone2226source=bl26ots=95PkmNool526sig=2rZwlv5CSqmSAlTSkbpM4IFpou026hl=en26sa=X26ei=AV_sUoydGYWPkAegoICIBw26ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA, Accessed via google, 1/31/14, FLHS-TT

The level and growth of income are not the only aspects of the economy that
AND
the incomes of citizens, which gradually detaches it from what citizens want.

Sub-Point B is Multinational Funding. Western multinationals prolong conflict in resource extracting nations by funding paramilitary groups. This is empirically confirmed by the Congo. According to journalist Julian Borger et. Al.:

Journalist for the Guardian, Julian Borger and Xan Rice in Nairobi, Tuesday 21 July 2009,  http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jul/21/congo-illicit-mineral-trade-http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jul/21/congo-illicit-mineral-trade, Accessed Via Google on 1/31/2014, FLHS-TT. NP

The continuing violence in the Democratic Republic of Congo is being fueled by western companies
AND
warring factions. Its leaders include Rwandan Hutus involved in the 1994 genocide.
AMC has denied any wrongdoing, saying it has always followed UN guidance in its trade in the region and is in the process of implementing more thorough measures aimed at increasing the transparency of the tin trade.

Thus, prioritizing resource extraction in the negative world means that corporations will continue to purchase resources from these suppliers, prolonging conflict by providing them with funding. The AC uniquely solves by foregoing the purchasing of these resources, thus eliminating funding for rebels in the Congo.

And, violence in the Congo is responsible for the death of millions. According to political journalist Joe Bavier on Reuters.com on January 22nd 2008:

War, disease and malnutrition are ~is~ killing 45,000 Congolese every
AND
George Rupp, president of the aid group, said in a statement. 

The AC uniquely solves for violence in the Congo by shunning resource extraction and thus eliminating the main source of funding that has enabled the Congolese Civil War. 

Contention Two: Resource extraction causes exploitation.

Sub-Point A is Multinational Ownership. Political Analyst David Fig explains:

Political Analyst, David Fig, Southern Africa Research Watch Publication, http://savevirunga.files.wordpress.com/2008/06/viewspersp_issue04_final.pdf-http://savevirunga.files.wordpress.com/2008/06/viewspersp_issue04_final.pdf, Accessed Via Google on 1/31/2014, FLHS-TT. December 2012

But economically Africa’s key natural resources remain largely in foreign hands to this very day
AND
current commodities boom, little of the copper revenues are reaching Zambian coffers.

Sub-Point B is Resource Imperialism. By prioritizing resource extraction, developing nations enable their own subjugation under resource imperialism. University of Colorado at Boulder Professor Liam Downey explains in the Journal of the American Sociological Association in 2012:

To begin filling these gaps in the literature, this article develops a theoretical argument
AND
environments; and creating the conditions within which ecological unequal exchange can occur. 

Downey furthers:

Obviously, armed violence is not associated with the extraction of all the critical minerals
AND
in business and extract the minerals that industrial economies and modern militaries require.

Environmentalism solves for resource imperialism by shifting developing nations away from export-led growth and instead toward a focus on less resource-intensive economic activities that can’t be exploited by developed nations of the Global North. 

And, this neo-imperialism causes genocide. According to Bonaventura Santos, Director of the Center for Social Studies at the University of Cambria in "Collective Suicide?" in April 2003:

According to Franz Hinkelammert, the West has repeatedly been under the illusion that it
AND
Western illusion: destroying all of humanity in the illusion of saving it.

He furthers:

Is it possible to fight this death drive? We must bear in mind that
AND
machine of democracy and liberty turns into a machine of horror and destruction.

Contention Three: Environmental degradation causes rampant pollution. 

Resource extraction causes pollution through the release of mercury into the atmosphere, which is present in every form of mining as a natural byproduct. According to the Blacksmith Institute in 2012:

The fixation of industrialized nation on climate change has resulted in an unprecedented concern for
AND
danger on all fronts - economic, environmental and human health~4~-http://www.blacksmithinstitute.org/artisanal-gold-mining.html.

Environmentalism solves for mercury poisoning that affects more than one billion people worldwide by ending the practice of artisanal gold mining.

Contention Four: Resource extraction is unnecessary for economic development. Economics Professor at Columbia University Jeffrey Sachs et. Al  explains in "Escaping the Resource Curse" in 2007:

Jeffrey Sachs, Macartan Humphreys, and Joseph E. Stiglitz, Professor of Columbia University, "Escaping the Resource Curse", 2007, Accessed via Google on 1/31/2014, FLHS-TT, http://www.columbia.edu/~~mh2245/papers1/erc01.pdf

On the one hand, the lack of natural resources has not proven to be
AND
economic take off and growth and have even succumbed to deep economic crises.

Thus, nearly all developed nations have achieved economic success without resource extraction, and developing nations shouldn’t view resources extraction as a prerequisite for economic growth.

Contention Five: Environmentalism boosts economic development. According to analyst Tim Everett of the United Kingdom’s Department of the Environment 

According to analyst Tim Everett of the United Kingdom’s Department of the Environment in a March 2010 analysis paper titled "Economic Growth and the Environment": Page 38. 

Government policy, and specifically environmental policy, has an important role in incentivizes technological
AND
when analyzing the effect of the Montreal Protocol on Danish and US firms.

Thus, environmental protection boosts economic development by leading businesses to pursue more innovative production strategies that save costs and increase competitiveness.

Thus, I affirm.

Tournament: Sunvite | Round: 1 | Opponent: Sorry, dont remember | Judge: Sorry, dont remember

Part A is the framework

The standard is consequentialism

Epistemic truth is derived from deliberation in a constructivist form of truth.

Habermas, Jurgen, "Truth and Justification", translated by Barbara Fultner, 2003 Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

This performatively established relation to objects that actors can affect is connected to the semantic
AND
challenges and contingencies that simultaneously provoke and limit our routine understandings and actions.

And this means util

Bagnoli, Carla, "Constructivism in Metaethics", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2011 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2011/entries/constructivism-metaethics/.

While constructivism does not mandate any specific normative ethics and is often found combined with
AND
of conflict among preferences, which moral reasoning can resolve (Hare 1981).

And Beyond epistemology utilitarianism is true.

A. util. is the only moral theory that makes sense. We only care about the consequence of an action not the intent. We would not think killing an innocent person is bad if it ended in something good. We think killing is bad because the consequence is death.

B. Consequentialism treats all people as equal by weighing them equally in a utility calculus. If people are not equal force them to prove why

Additionally, Extinction is worst impact of any value

Seely 86 – Robert A. Seely, Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors, The Handbook of Non-Violence, p. 269-70, 1986

In moral reasoning prediction of consequences is nearly always impossible. One balances the risks
AND
real enough to make nuclear war utterly impermissible under any sane moral code.

FIRST, is Intensive Agriculture

Intensive Agriculture kills biodiversity, poisons humans, and stops further agriculture – multiple warrants
Info About Agriculture 2014 "Intensive Agriculture: Info About Agriculture." Intensive Agriculture: Info About Agriculture. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Jan. 2014. http://www.infoaboutagriculture.co.uk/Intensive_agriculture_/
Intensive agriculture refers to farming which relies heavily on the use of technologies like pesticides
AND
meat, eggs and dairy products that we pay from our local supermarkets.

SECOND, are the bees

A. Stress, malnutrition, pesticides

The West Australian (Perth). "Pay TV; TV News" pg. 5. 2/29/2008. Lexis.
Silence of the Bees, National Geographic, Sunday, 7.30pm (EST
AND
isnt found, the bee could be extinct in the US by 2035.

B. Beekeeper practices and urbanization

Benjamin P. Oldroyd, Behaviour and Genetics of Social Insects Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney. "What’s Killing American Honeybees?". PLoS Biology. June 12, 2007. Google Scholar.
The honey price is currently depressed. Urbanization and more intensive agricultural practices are reducing
AND
in the northeast. Perhaps this contributed to CCD in the following spring.
Pesticides kill bees, EU watchdog Published: 17 January 2013; Updated: 28 May 2013; http://www.euractiv.com/science-policymaking/common-pesticides-threat-bees-eu-news-517105
Three widely-used pesticides made by Switzerland’s Syngenta and Germany’s Bayer pose an acute
AND
seeds treated with the chemicals, including wheat and barley, EFSA said.

Species loss threatens to collapse critical ecosystems vital to survival.

Chivian 26 Bernstein of the Harvard Medical School argue in 2004 ~Eric Chivian 26 Aaron S. Bernstein, Center for Health and the Global Environment, Harvard Medical School, January 2004, Embedded in Nature: human health and biodiversity, Environmental Health Perspectives, volume 112, Number 1,
http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/docs/2004/112-1/editorial.html~~
Finally, and most importantly, ecosystems provide the life support systems for all life
AND
are unaware of and that could lead to a collapse of their functioning.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 5 | Opponent: St Thomas CP | Judge: Rebecca Kuang

Resistance Against the Machine AC

Dead Prez, "Globalization", 2:16-2:50
~Hook~
Blackwater, Ford Trucks, APAC, Starbucks, IMF, Chevron

Who cares if you get stepped on, get stepped on
In the name of progress
They business has no conscious
All they want is profits it’s obvious in Africa
It’s obvious in Mexico, It’s obvious in Cuba
It’s obvious in Palestine, American invasion
Foreign occupation, Covert operations
Oppressive domination, Resiiiiiiist...

Part 1 is the Framework

Dead Prez condemns the colonization that is perpetuated on the developing world through their song "Globalization". Through resource extraction countries are stepped on and colonized, just in the same way that the debate space has been colonized by the whitewashing of its knowledge production. The status quo of debate rejects alternative forms of knowledge production, which kills liberatory theory. Reid-Brinkley 08:

Dr. Shanara Reid Brinkley "The Harsh Realities of "Acting Black": How African-American Policy Debaters Negotiate Representation through Racial Performance and Style", pages 81-83. 2008

The process of signifyin’ engaged in by the Louisville debaters is not simply designed
AND
in the community of those most greatly affected by the status of oppression.

Hip Hop has transformed rage into social criticism and fueled action against oppressive leaders through clarity and critical analysis
Fernandes 11
Sujatha Fernandes-http://huffingtonpost.com/sujatha-fernandes "Hip Hop and Global Unrest "Huffington Post Posted: 9/7/11 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/sujatha-fernandes/hip-hop-and-arab-spring-libya_b_951491.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/sujatha-fernandes/hip-hop-and-arab-spring-libya_b_951491.html ~Professor and Author~
Rage is a defining feature of our times, and hip hop has been a
AND
are being seen by many young people as emerging leaders in their nations. 

The role of the ballot is to evaluate this round in terms of epistemic justification and methodology.

The role of the judge should be as an academic from the global south. This is best because as developed nations have always perpetuated coloniality onto developing countries, we should analyze how developing countries support the system of coloniality through their own structures.

Part 2 is the Case Proper

The ideology of resource extraction is entrenched in colonialism. As external organizations extract the host country doesn’t gain profit from the extraction. CUSLAR 11

CUSLAR, Committee on US and Latin American Relations, "Colonialism comes home to roost: Lessons from the Dominican Republic for defending our land and water from natural gas drilling", August 13, 2011, accessed through google 1/23/14, TT

So what is exactly a colony? It’s ~is~ a place where resources
AND
little bit more of that "Third World" is creeping toward us.

Attempts to obtain natural resources from the earth were started by and are continued today by consumptive patterns stemming from Eurocentrism. Stetson 12:

(George, PhD, Assistant Professor, Boise State University, 2012, Sage Publications, "Oil Politics and Indigenous Resistance in the Peruvian Amazon: The Rhetoric of Modernity Against the Reality of Coloniality", http://jed.sagepub.com/content/21/1/76.abstract, Accessed 7/10/13, NC)

Modernity/coloniality (M/C) is a theoretical approach inspired by the
AND
salvation and progress (Mignolo, 2005, pp. 10-11).

And resource extraction perpetuates colonialist multinational ownership. Fig 12:

Political Analyst, David Fig, Southern Africa Research Watch Publication, http://savevirunga.files.wordpress.com/2008/06/viewspersp_issue04_final.pdf-http://savevirunga.files.wordpress.com/2008/06/viewspersp_issue04_final.pdf, Accessed Via Google on 1/31/2014, FLHS-TT. December 2012

But economically Africa’s key natural resources remain largely in foreign hands to this very day
AND
current commodities boom, little of the copper revenues are reaching Zambian coffers.

By prioritizing resource extraction, developing nations enable their own subjugation under resource imperialism. Downey 12.

University of Colorado at Boulder Professor Liam Downey explains in the Journal of the American Sociological Association in 2012:

To begin filling these gaps in the literature, this article develops a theoretical argument
AND
environments; and creating the conditions within which ecological unequal exchange can occur. 

Downey furthers:

Obviously, armed violence is not associated with the extraction of all the critical minerals
AND
in business and extract the minerals that industrial economies and modern militaries require.

The end product of resource extraction perpetuates coloniality as the waste from the products produced with resource extraction are dumped onto developing countries. Koné 10

Written by Lassana Koné "Toxic colonialism: The human rights implications of illicit trade of toxic waste in Africa.", July 14th, 2010, Consultant at United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, http://www.consultancyafrica.com/index.php?option=com_content26view=article26id=473:toxic-colonialism-the-human-rights-implications-of-illicit-trade-of-toxic-waste-in-africa26catid=109:counter-proliferation26Itemid=267-http://www.consultancyafrica.com/index.php?option=com_content26view=article26id=473:toxic-colonialism-the-human-rights-implications-of-illicit-trade-of-toxic-waste-in-africa26catid=109:counter-proliferation26Itemid=267, Accessed via Google on 2/15/14. 

Toxic waste colonialism can take various forms. Often masked as the exportation of valuable
AND
, Rhône-Poulenc, Sandoz, Zeneca, and AgrEVO.(12)

Coloniality generates a permanent state of exception that is the root cause of the death ethics of war and underwrites a hellish existence where death, murder, war, rape, and racism are ordinary facts of life. Maldonado-Torres 2:

Nelson Maldonado-Torres, associate professor of comparative literature at Rutgers, ’8 ~Against War: Views from the Underside of Modernity, p. 217-21~ DDI13

Dussel, Quijano, and Wynter lead us to the understanding that what happened in
AND
such a world, ontology collapses into a Manicheanism, as Fanon suggested."

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 3 | Opponent: Benjamin Cardozo AB | Judge: Ben Adegbite

Resistance Against the Machine AC

Dead Prez, "Globalization", 2:16-2:50
~Hook~
Blackwater, Ford Trucks, APAC, Starbucks, IMF, Chevron

Who cares if you get stepped on, get stepped on
In the name of progress
They business has no conscious
All they want is profits it’s obvious in Africa
It’s obvious in Mexico, It’s obvious in Cuba
It’s obvious in Palestine, American invasion
Foreign occupation, Covert operations
Oppressive domination, Resiiiiiiist...

Part 1 is the Framework

Dead Prez condemns the colonization that is perpetuated on the developing world through their song "Globalization". Through resource extraction countries are stepped on and colonized, just in the same way that the debate space has been colonized by the whitewashing of its knowledge production. The status quo of debate rejects alternative forms of knowledge production, which kills liberatory theory. Reid-Brinkley 08:

Dr. Shanara Reid Brinkley "The Harsh Realities of "Acting Black": How African-American Policy Debaters Negotiate Representation through Racial Performance and Style", pages 81-83. 2008

The process of signifyin’ engaged in by the Louisville debaters is not simply designed
AND
in the community of those most greatly affected by the status of oppression.

Knowledge comes first in your decision-making calculus—we have a responsibility to attack colonial thinking in ourselves and our community of debate practitioners or systemic violence and dehumanization are inevitable. Wanzer 12

Wanzer (Assistant Professor of Communication Studies at the University of Iowa in Iowa City) 2012 (Darrel, "Delinking Rhetoric, or Revisiting Mcgee’s Fragmentation Thesis Through Decoloniality" Rhetoric and Public Affairs Page 654, DKE) DDI13

In short, I would submit that we all (regardless of whether we are
AND
people of color and maintains the hubris of a totalizing and exclusionary episteme.

The role of the ballot is to evaluate this round in terms of epistemic justification and methodology.

The role of the judge should be as an academic from the global south. This is best because as developed nations have always perpetuated coloniality onto developing countries, we should analyze how developing countries support the system of coloniality through their own structures.

A single, universal framework for debates is the worst option. Their framework may work for them and within intra-settler debates but our in-round +practice of transgressive critique is key to denying epistemic privilege. Maldonado-Torres 8:

Nelson Maldonado-Torres, associate professor of comparative literature at Rutgers, ’8 ~Against War: Views from the Underside of Modernity, p. 232-35~ DDI13

Dussel’s conception of linguistic and "cultural" diversity today is based on the idea
AND
unfinished project of the Enlightenment but the unfinished project of de-colonization.¶

Part 2 is the Case Proper

The ideology of resource extraction is entrenched in colonialism. As external organizations extract the host country doesn’t gain profit from the extraction. CUSLAR 11

CUSLAR, Committee on US and Latin American Relations, "Colonialism comes home to roost: Lessons from the Dominican Republic for defending our land and water from natural gas drilling", August 13, 2011, accessed through google 1/23/14, TT

So what is exactly a colony? It’s ~is~ a place where resources
AND
little bit more of that "Third World" is creeping toward us.

Attempts to obtain natural resources from the earth were started by and are continued today by consumptive patterns stemming from Eurocentrism. Stetson 12:

(George, PhD, Assistant Professor, Boise State University, 2012, Sage Publications, "Oil Politics and Indigenous Resistance in the Peruvian Amazon: The Rhetoric of Modernity Against the Reality of Coloniality", http://jed.sagepub.com/content/21/1/76.abstract, Accessed 7/10/13, NC)

Modernity/coloniality (M/C) is a theoretical approach inspired by the
AND
salvation and progress (Mignolo, 2005, pp. 10-11).

The end product of resource extraction perpetuates coloniality as the waste from the products produced with resource extraction are dumped onto developing countries. Koné 10

Written by Lassana Koné "Toxic colonialism: The human rights implications of illicit trade of toxic waste in Africa.", July 14th, 2010, Consultant at United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, http://www.consultancyafrica.com/index.php?option=com_content26view=article26id=473:toxic-colonialism-the-human-rights-implications-of-illicit-trade-of-toxic-waste-in-africa26catid=109:counter-proliferation26Itemid=267-http://www.consultancyafrica.com/index.php?option=com_content26view=article26id=473:toxic-colonialism-the-human-rights-implications-of-illicit-trade-of-toxic-waste-in-africa26catid=109:counter-proliferation26Itemid=267, Accessed via Google on 2/15/14. 

Toxic waste colonialism can take various forms. Often masked as the exportation of valuable
AND
, Rhône-Poulenc, Sandoz, Zeneca, and AgrEVO.(12)

Coloniality generates a permanent state of exception that is the root cause of the death ethics of war and underwrites a hellish existence where death, murder, war, rape, and racism are ordinary facts of life. Maldonado-Torres 2:

Nelson Maldonado-Torres, associate professor of comparative literature at Rutgers, ’8 ~Against War: Views from the Underside of Modernity, p. 217-21~ DDI13

Dussel, Quijano, and Wynter lead us to the understanding that what happened in
AND
such a world, ontology collapses into a Manicheanism, as Fanon suggested."

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 3 | Opponent: Benjamin Cardozo AB | Judge: Ben Adegbite

Resistance Against the Machine AC

Dead Prez, "Globalization", 2:16-2:50
~Hook~
Blackwater, Ford Trucks, APAC, Starbucks, IMF, Chevron

Who cares if you get stepped on, get stepped on
In the name of progress
They business has no conscious
All they want is profits it’s obvious in Africa
It’s obvious in Mexico, It’s obvious in Cuba
It’s obvious in Palestine, American invasion
Foreign occupation, Covert operations
Oppressive domination, Resiiiiiiist...

Part 1 is the Framework

Dead Prez condemns the colonization that is perpetuated on the developing world through their song "Globalization". Through resource extraction countries are stepped on and colonized, just in the same way that the debate space has been colonized by the whitewashing of its knowledge production. The status quo of debate rejects alternative forms of knowledge production, which kills liberatory theory. Reid-Brinkley 08:

Dr. Shanara Reid Brinkley "The Harsh Realities of "Acting Black": How African-American Policy Debaters Negotiate Representation through Racial Performance and Style", pages 81-83. 2008

The process of signifyin’ engaged in by the Louisville debaters is not simply designed
AND
in the community of those most greatly affected by the status of oppression.

Knowledge comes first in your decision-making calculus—we have a responsibility to attack colonial thinking in ourselves and our community of debate practitioners or systemic violence and dehumanization are inevitable. Wanzer 12

Wanzer (Assistant Professor of Communication Studies at the University of Iowa in Iowa City) 2012 (Darrel, "Delinking Rhetoric, or Revisiting Mcgee’s Fragmentation Thesis Through Decoloniality" Rhetoric and Public Affairs Page 654, DKE) DDI13

In short, I would submit that we all (regardless of whether we are
AND
people of color and maintains the hubris of a totalizing and exclusionary episteme.

The role of the ballot is to evaluate this round in terms of epistemic justification and methodology.

The role of the judge should be as an academic from the global south. This is best because as developed nations have always perpetuated coloniality onto developing countries, we should analyze how developing countries support the system of coloniality through their own structures.

A single, universal framework for debates is the worst option. Their framework may work for them and within intra-settler debates but our in-round +practice of transgressive critique is key to denying epistemic privilege. Maldonado-Torres 8:

Nelson Maldonado-Torres, associate professor of comparative literature at Rutgers, ’8 ~Against War: Views from the Underside of Modernity, p. 232-35~ DDI13

Dussel’s conception of linguistic and "cultural" diversity today is based on the idea
AND
unfinished project of the Enlightenment but the unfinished project of de-colonization.¶

Part 2 is the Case Proper

The ideology of resource extraction is entrenched in colonialism. As external organizations extract the host country doesn’t gain profit from the extraction. CUSLAR 11

CUSLAR, Committee on US and Latin American Relations, "Colonialism comes home to roost: Lessons from the Dominican Republic for defending our land and water from natural gas drilling", August 13, 2011, accessed through google 1/23/14, TT

So what is exactly a colony? It’s ~is~ a place where resources
AND
little bit more of that "Third World" is creeping toward us.

Attempts to obtain natural resources from the earth were started by and are continued today by consumptive patterns stemming from Eurocentrism. Stetson 12:

(George, PhD, Assistant Professor, Boise State University, 2012, Sage Publications, "Oil Politics and Indigenous Resistance in the Peruvian Amazon: The Rhetoric of Modernity Against the Reality of Coloniality", http://jed.sagepub.com/content/21/1/76.abstract, Accessed 7/10/13, NC)

Modernity/coloniality (M/C) is a theoretical approach inspired by the
AND
salvation and progress (Mignolo, 2005, pp. 10-11).

The end product of resource extraction perpetuates coloniality as the waste from the products produced with resource extraction are dumped onto developing countries. Koné 10

Written by Lassana Koné "Toxic colonialism: The human rights implications of illicit trade of toxic waste in Africa.", July 14th, 2010, Consultant at United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, http://www.consultancyafrica.com/index.php?option=com_content26view=article26id=473:toxic-colonialism-the-human-rights-implications-of-illicit-trade-of-toxic-waste-in-africa26catid=109:counter-proliferation26Itemid=267-http://www.consultancyafrica.com/index.php?option=com_content26view=article26id=473:toxic-colonialism-the-human-rights-implications-of-illicit-trade-of-toxic-waste-in-africa26catid=109:counter-proliferation26Itemid=267, Accessed via Google on 2/15/14. 

Toxic waste colonialism can take various forms. Often masked as the exportation of valuable
AND
, Rhône-Poulenc, Sandoz, Zeneca, and AgrEVO.(12)

Coloniality generates a permanent state of exception that is the root cause of the death ethics of war and underwrites a hellish existence where death, murder, war, rape, and racism are ordinary facts of life. Maldonado-Torres 2:

Nelson Maldonado-Torres, associate professor of comparative literature at Rutgers, ’8 ~Against War: Views from the Underside of Modernity, p. 217-21~ DDI13

Dussel, Quijano, and Wynter lead us to the understanding that what happened in
AND
such a world, ontology collapses into a Manicheanism, as Fanon suggested."

Tournament: Crestian Tradition  Cypress Bay | Round: Octas | Opponent: Nick Anderson | Judge: Nick Montecalvo, Tom Evnen, Justin Weaver

This Isn’t the End

Part 1: Framework.

FOCUS ON PEDAGOGY—the use of educational spaces for opportunistic attempts at material change makes impossible radical liberation in the academy. bell hooks 94:

hooks 94 (bell, Prof @ Oberlin College, name intentionally left un-capitalized, Teaching to Transgress: Education as the Practice of Freedom, p. 11-12)LA

These essays reflect my experience of critical discussions with teachers, students, and individuals
AND
boundaries. It is that movement which makes education the practice of freedom.

Abstract philosophical theorizing represents a privileged White position. Appeals to universal truths are both unnecessary for pragmatic political action and a proactive cause of policy paralysis. Kratochwil 08.

Friedrich Kratochwil is Assistant Professor of International Relations at Columbia University, Pragmatism in International Relations "Ten points to ponder about pragmatism" 2008, p11-25

Firstly, a pragmatic approach does not begin with objects or "things" (
AND
Besides, "timing" seems to be quite recalcitrant to analytical treatment. 

You can’t separate your philosophy from its historical context. Enlightenment philosophy is racist at its core. It relies on an erasure of material differences in identity. Mills 02

Mills 02  Kant Untermenschen," Charles W. Mills, University  of Illinois at Chicago. 2002. http://www.unc.edu/~~gsmunc/Colloquium2002/mills.pdf**

"Person," then is really a technical term, a term of art,
AND
in a hierarchy of superiors and inferiors. (See handout for details.)

Specifically LD Debate is racist-challenging these norms are a pre requisite to education and change so the role of the judge is to maximize academic inclusion and the ballot should operate to serve that function. Smith 13.

Elijah J. Smith, 2013 cross examination debate association (ceda) and national debate tournament (ndt) champion, 9/4/13, A CONVERSATION IN RUINS: RACE AND BLACK PARTICIPATION IN LINCOLN DOUGLAS DEBATE, Victory Briefs, http://victorybriefs.com/vbd/2013/9/a-conversation-in-ruins-race-and-black-participation-in-lincoln-douglas-debate-http://victorybriefs.com/vbd/2013/9/a-conversation-in-ruins-race-and-black-participation-in-lincoln-douglas-debate**

At every tournament you attend this year look around the cafeteria and take note of
AND
be determined by a concerted effort to widen the scope of the conversation.

Procedureal rules leads to the exclusion of academic discourse. Bleiker 97:

Roland Bleiker, ’Forget IR Theory’, Alternatives, Vol 22, 1997

The doorkeepers of IR are those who, knowingly or unknowingly, make sure that
AND
techniques, and instruments that are considered proper for the pursuit of knowledge.

Plan Text: The United States federal government should implement compulsory voting. I reserve the right to clarify

Part 2 is the Contentional Level Discussion on Race

Black populations are currently being disenfranchised in the Squo as states are passing new disenfranchising policies in light of the Supreme Courts removal of the Voting Rights Act. Knafo 13.

Knafo 13 (Saki, General Assignment Writer, has written for The New York Times Magazine, New York Magazine, and Publishers Weekly) "Voting Rights Of Black Americans Trampled By ’New Jim Crow,’ Civil Rights Advocates Say" Huffington Post, 07/25/2013

More than a million of these disenfranchised Americans are black. Felony convictions restrict 13
AND
don’t count and the major parties don’t have to attend to their preferences."

AND High Turnout destabilizes the white hold on politics in the squo. Harvard Law Review 7

Harvard Law Review 7 "THE CASE FOR COMPULSORY VOTING IN THE UNITED STATES" HARVARD LAW REVIEW Vol. 121:591 Dec 2007

There are serious questions about how legitimate a government is when the vast majority of
AND
change electoral and policy outcomes in ways that better reflect aggregate preferences.34

AND Compulsory voting eliminates the structural barriers of voluntary voting. Alejandro 1:

Alejandro 1 Hannah Alejandro of Georgetown University explains: The sovereign obligations of we, the people: An argument for Compulsory Voting in the United States. Dean’s Fellow, Georgetown University Law Center; JD, LLM Georgetown University Law Center; BFA, New York University.

Two of the most persuasive responses to the personal liberty critique of compulsory voting come
AND
eligible voters signals to candidates and parties that voter suppression is unequivocally impossible.

AND Compulsory voting ensures the political voices of all individuals are heard and represented by the government. Pracillio 12.

Pracilio 12, Amy.(’12) "Parliamentary Research Internship." . Edith Cowan University, n.d. Web. 26 Aug 2013. http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/publications/tabledpapers.nsf/displaypaper/3815429c61cd31f136c4c5ae48257ac5000a65c7/24file/5429.pdf.**

Compulsory voting ’connects’ the wider community equalizing the electorate through near universal representation at
AND
connecting all aspects of the community, despite circumstance, through political voice.

AND By embracing compulsory voting we remove the never-ending cycle of racism in politics against minorities who don’t vote. Pracillio 2

Pracilio 12, Amy Pracilio, Compulsory voting- Does it keep the community at large more connected? Have First World countries forgotten the value of the vote?, 11/29/12, Parliamentary Research Internship, Edith Cowan University, http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/publications/tabledpapers.nsf/displaypaper/3815429c61 cd31f136c4c5ae48257ac5000a65c7/24file/5429.pdf-http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/publications/tabledpapers.nsf/displaypaper/3815429c61 cd31f136c4c5ae48257ac5000a65c7/24file/5429.pdf, 8/17/13, AP

Political participation is the ’lifeblood of democracy,’ representative government proves obsolete without
AND
but consequently, who does not (Orr, Mecurio, Williams, 2003

AND Racism is modeled globally – the plan is necessary to set a precedent to stop global racism. Robinson 2K.

Robinson 2K Randall Robinson, 2000, Harvard law Grad, political activist, author, "The debt : what America owes to Blacks", pg 123  

To many, the story may initially seem out of place because it is foreign
AND
than a convenient legal fiction or hiding place for anonymous and rapacious interests.   

AND White supremacy is the global underlying model of genocidal violence. Rodriguez 11.

Rodriguez ’11 ~Dylan, PhD in Ethnic Studies Program of the University of California Berkeley and Associate Professor of Ethnic Studies at University of California Riverside, "The Black Presidential Non-Slave: Genocide and the Present Tense of Racial Slavery", Political Power and Social Theory Vol. 22, pp. 38-43~

To crystallize what I hope to be the potentially useful implications of this provocation toward
AND
but rather on a re-institutionalization of anti-slave social violence. 

Part 3 is the Underview

Ignore permissibility and presumption because those skew reciprocity in accessing the ballot as neg can win off prohibitions, permissibility, or presumption. Reciprocity is key because it stabilizes chances to access the ballot.

AND The neg must defend one unconditional policy option. Conditionality is bad because it makes the neg a moving target which kills 1AR strategy. He’ll kick it if I cover it and extend it if I undercover it, meaning I have no strategic options. Also, it’s unreciprocal because I can’t kick the AC.

AND Aff gets RVIs on I meets and counter-interps because

1AR time skew means I can’t cover theory and still have a fair shot on substance.

No risk theory would give neg a free source of no risk offense which allows him to moot the AC.

AND Gut check against trivial theory. Competing interps creates a race to the bottom where every round comes down to theory. Intervention is inevitable in blippy theory debates.

AND Err towards small schools on theory to account for resource disparity that makes it harder for me to win.

AND Plan Focus Debate is good-

Promotes Clash-set parameters result in higher quality research and more indepth arguments

Policymaking is key to long term education because people in the real world argue about whether legislation should be passed not whether we act on a general moral rule.

Increases Neg ground-they get access to counterplans that don’t have to textually negate.

Solves side skew-forces neg to prep out multiple strategies that resolves aff time skew.

Leads to most portable skills because outside of the debate round we can apply our decision making calculi every day especially with discussions of race.