Tournament: Any | Round: 1 | Opponent: Any | Judge: Any
A-Interpretation: Debaters must disclose all broken cases and cases read in this round (ACs, NCs, DAs, CPs, and kritiks) on the NDCA wiki. In this disclosure, they must post cites, tags, and first three and last three words of all cards read. Debaters may begin disclosing at any point during the season, but they must disclose all broken cases and cases read in this round at least an hour before this round in order to meet my interp.

We will be reading different interps for this shell. The interps will most likely change based on the round, but it will be something similar to this. We also might read must disclose topicality. We will disclose all the interps as we break them. 

B-Violation:

C-Standards:

1. Clash
   2. Strat Skew
   3. Academic Integrity

D-Voter: Fairness and Education

Tournament: Any | Round: 1 | Opponent: Any | Judge: Any
Popular input is best for long-term skills.
Christiano, Thomas. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Jul 27, 2006. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/democracy/#NonInsVal Democracy
"Two kinds of...and unreflective subjects."

We each have our own perspectives and are only able to perceive our own experiences, not the viewpoint of others.
Nagel, Thomas. The View from Nowhere. New York: Oxford UP, 1986. 25. Print.
In the pursuit of this goal...of its own incompleteness

The only way to make ought statements would be to include as many perspectives as possible
Hudgens:Jennifer L. Hudgens “Perspectives on Perspectivism: Nietzsche and His Commentators” Georgia State University Philosophy Theses Department of Philosophy 8-3-2007
Again, the definition I offered...and there are other possibilities also.

Even “aunts are female” isn’t always true.
A.W. Moore. The Evolution of Modern Metaphysics.
“Imagine, for instance…a few male aunts.”

And, policymaking evidence supports.
Voeten, Erik, Paul Avey MIT, and Michael Desch Notre Dame. "What Do Policymakers Want from Academics?" Washington Post. 25 Sept. 2013.
“One exception to…expression is limited.”

High aff support in 51 countries
Ion Bagden Dasi, Assistant Professor in the School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University, (2012), Consilience, the Journal of Sustainable Development, Public Support for Sustainable Development: A Mile Wide, but How Deep?, (http://www.consiliencejournal.org/index.php/consilience/article/viewFile/276/122)
Research on environmental...was over 65

High aff support from students..
Ricardo Trumper, professor at Haifer University, (December 2010), Science Education International, How do learners in developed and developing countries relate to environmental issues?, Volume 21, No. 4
Other items describe...somebody's else's job.

High aff support in Brazil.
Rhett Butler, writer for Mongabay.com, (June 11, 2011), Majority of Brazilians reject changes in Amazon Forest Code, (http://news.mongabay.com/2011/0611-amazon_code_poll.html)
the vast majority...need to reforest

Prefer Brazil.
Keller, Whittaker, and Burke 01 Thomas E., Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago, James K., professor of Social Work, and Tracy K., doctoral student School of Social Work, “Student debates in policy courses: promoting policy practice skills and knowledge through active learning,” Journal of Social Work Education, Spr/Summer
“Policy practice encompasses…for critical thinking.”

Must read epistemology.
Jung, Eun Ju Department of Educational Psychology and Instructional Technology, “Literature Review: The Importance of Epistemology in Education: The Role of Epistemology,” Running Head: Literature Review (2007).
Finally, I addressed the role of...real world problem solving.

Tournament: Any | Round: 2 | Opponent: Any | Judge: Any
I advocate that Brazil and Russia prioritize environmental protection over resource extraction. I will only defend impacts from Brazil and Russia under the AC standard, but I will defend whatever the neg wants me to under their standard. They don’t have to ask me in CX; I’ll adopt whatever advocacy they want under their standard. I reserve the right to clarify.

Popular input is best for long-term skills.
Christiano, Thomas. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Jul 27, 2006. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/democracy/#NonInsVal Democracy
"Two kinds of...and unreflective subjects."

We each have our own perspectives and are only able to perceive our own experiences, not the viewpoint of others.
Nagel, Thomas. The View from Nowhere. New York: Oxford UP, 1986. 25. Print.
In the pursuit of this goal...of its own incompleteness

The only way to make ought statements would be to include as many perspectives as possible
Hudgens:Jennifer L. Hudgens “Perspectives on Perspectivism: Nietzsche and His Commentators” Georgia State University Philosophy Theses Department of Philosophy 8-3-2007
Again, the definition I offered...and there are other possibilities also.

Even “aunts are female” isn’t always true.
A.W. Moore. The Evolution of Modern Metaphysics.
“Imagine, for instance…a few male aunts.”

And, policymaking evidence supports.
Voeten, Erik, Paul Avey MIT, and Michael Desch Notre Dame. "What Do Policymakers Want from Academics?" Washington Post. 25 Sept. 2013.
“One exception to…expression is limited.”

High aff support in 51 countries
Ion Bagden Vasi, Assistant Professor in the School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University, (2012), Consilience, the Journal of Sustainable Development, Public Support for Sustainable Development: A Mile Wide, but How Deep?, (http://www.consiliencejournal.org/index.php/consilience/article/viewFile/276/122)
Research on environmental...was over 65

High aff support in Brazil.
Rhett Butler, writer for Mongabay.com, (June 11, 2011), Majority of Brazilians reject changes in Amazon Forest Code, (http://news.mongabay.com/2011/0611-amazon_code_poll.html)
the vast majority...need to reforest

Prefer Brazil.
Keller, Whittaker, and Burke 01 Thomas E., Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago, James K., professor of Social Work, and Tracy K., doctoral student School of Social Work, “Student debates in policy courses: promoting policy practice skills and knowledge through active learning,” Journal of Social Work Education, Spr/Summer
“Policy practice encompasses…for critical thinking.”

According to a Gallup poll in 2012, 83 percent of people in Brazil and 60 percent of people in Russia support “protection of the environment should be given priority, even at the risk of curbing economic growth.
Taylor, Adam. "POLL: The Chinese Public Care More About The Environment Than The Economy
Read more: http://www.businessinsider.com/poll-the-chinese-public-cares-more-about-the-environment-than-the-economy-2012-6#ixzz2qgutdEVd" June 12th, 2012. http://www.businessinsider.com/poll-the-chinese-public-cares-more-about-the-environment-than-the-economy-2012-6
"Recent scandals in...economies slow down?"

Tournament: Emory | Round: 2 | Opponent: Any | Judge: Any
Morality is about justification between people.
Darwall, Stephen. The Second Person Standpoint (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006): p, 103.
“However desirable it…demand to another.”

Contractualism treats people as moral agents, since it holds people accountable for their actions.
Darwall, Stephen. The Second Person Standpoint (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006): p, 103.
“To justify oneself…individuals’ legitimate claims.”

Any objection to contractualism can never truly be justified.
Derek Parfit. Climbing The Mountain. 2009. Page 370.
“Scanlonian Contractualism may…are not wrong.”

If a person has the opportunity to avoid a bad consequence, then they are less able to object to a principle that allows for it.
TM Scanlon “Chapter 10: Thomson on Self-Defense” Fact and Value: Essays on Ethics and Metaphysics for Judith Jarvis Thomson Ed. Judith Jarvis Thomson. MIT Press: 2001. Print. 202.
“The important point… actions in self-defense.”

VC: Abiding by principles no one could reasonable reject

I contend that no one could reject the principle of developing countries prioritizing environmental protection over resource extraction.

The contention is 4 analytics.

Tournament: Sunvite | Round: Octas | Opponent: Scarsdale JA | Judge: Evnen, Chy, Eastlund
Same FW as Sept/Oct EU Plan

Plan Text: Angola and Sierra Leone will institute a ban on all diamond mining.

Only environmental regulation to ban all mining can solve.
Grossberg. http://www.brilliantearth.com/blood-diamond-environmental-impact/
"Due to inadequate...a desolate moonscape."

Terrorist attacks are inevitable without the plan – they’ll attack the US.
The Illicit Diamond Trade, Civil Conflicts, and Terrorism in Africa J. Anyu Ndumbe and Babalola Cole. 2005
"It is a...to conflict diamonds."

This means extinction.
Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, informaworld

Diamond mining in Sierra Leone and Angola causes infectious disease spread.
Grossberg. http://www.brilliantearth.com/blood-diamond-environmental-impact/
"In extreme cases...other water-borne diseases."

This means extinction.
Brookings Institute, 1998  John; Senior Fellow – Brookings Institute, “Biological Weapons: A plague upon all houses” Foreign Policy Winter
"Although human pathogens...entire world population."

Tournament: Sunvite | Round: 1 | Opponent: Any | Judge: Any
Plan: All states in the Sahel region of Africa will irrigate hyperarid desert regions in locations where settlers reside, rather than irrigating for farmers in non-desert regions as described by researchers Emily Boyd, Rosalind J. Cornforth Peter J. Lamb, Aondover Tarhule, M. Issa Lélé and Alan Brouder. 

Plan: The Government of Canada will allow Canadian Aboriginal peoples full jurisdiction over their land and ban resource developments on all native lands.

Plan: Angola and Sierra Leone will institute a ban on all diamond mining

Plan: Brazil and Ecuador will implement a cap and trade scheme for emissions contributions that result from extraction in the industrial sector.

Plan: China and India will modify their wastewater pollution tax scheme to levy a charge to water polluters in the agricultural and industrial sectors equal to the marginal cost of the production of wastewater treatment. 

Plan: India and Pakistan will extract only allot sums of water from the Indus River Valley as per the Indus Water Treaty 

Plan: India and Pakistan will cease all Uranium mining operations

Plan: Iran will cease all Uranium mining operations

Plan: Eritrea and Somalia will enter into a regional trade agreement to condition the exchange of trade-flows on halting the extraction of gold.

Tournament: Emory | Round: Quads | Opponent: Any | Judge: Any
All moral theories must acknowledge people exist as independent beings.
Quinn, Warren S. “Actions, Intentions, and Consequences: The Doctrine of Doing and Allowing.” The Philosophical Review, Vol. 98, No. 3, (Jul., 1989), pp. 287-312. JSTOR.
"Whether we are...really being ours."

Self ownership necessarily involves side constraints.
Feser, Edward. "Robert Nozick" http://www.iep.utm.edu/nozick/#SH2a Pasadena City College. May 21, 2003.
"But if individuals...refrain from working."

A right to ourselves necessarily includes a right to property.
Locke, John. Two Treatises on Government (16-8-1690). Chapter 5 On Property. http://www.lonang.com/exlibris/locke/loc-205.htm
"Though the earth...common for others."

Coercion is justified as a hindrance of a hindrance to freedom.
Arthur Ripstein, professor of law and philosophy at the University of Toronto, (2009), the President and the Fellows of Harvard College, On Force and Freedom: Kant’s Legal and Political Philosophy, p. 54-55
Second, Kant’s conception of coercion… to deter aggression.

Environmental destruction is inimical to property rights so environmental protection is justified.
Attila Attaner, Master’s Thesis at McMaster University, BA, JD, (October 2012), KANT ON FREEDOM, PROPERTY RIGHTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, (http://digitalcommons.mcmaster.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=8612andcontext=opendissertations)
Now, at this stage I reiterate… burdened with preservationist duties.

Tournament: Any | Round: 3 | Opponent: Any | Judge: Any
The neg burden is to prove a relevant distinction between humans and the environment. The aff burden is prove that no such distinction exists. 

Disagreement can be explained by different outlooks.
Value Orientation and Forest Management: The Forest Health Debate JESSE ABRAMS· Ecological Restoration Institute Northern Arizona University P.O. Box 15017, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, USA ERIN KELLY BRUCE SHINDLER Department of Forest Resources Oregon State University 280 Peavy Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA JAMES WILTON Institute for Tourism and Recreation Research College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana 32 Campus Drive #1234, Missoula, Montana 59812, USA
“Much of the…of individual trees.”

This provides the underlying context for the topic.
Squaring the circle? Some thoughts on the idea of sustainable development John Robinsona,b,* a Sustainable Development Research Initiative (SDRI) in the Institute of Environment, Resources and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, 219-1924 West Mall, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z2 Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, 219-1924 West Mall, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z2¶ Received 30 May 2002; received in revised form 23 March 2003; accepted 30 October 2003
“The divisions shown…within environmental limits.”

We define knowledge based on agreement over the meaning of words.
Donald Davidson, “On the Very Idea of a Conceptual Scheme,” The American Philosophical Association, 47, 1974, JStor
“Such examples emphasize… of explicable error.”

Evolution proves we’re ontologically the same.
The Effect of Essentialism on Taxonomy--Two Thousand Years of Stasis (I) David L. Hull The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, Vol. 15, No. 60. (Feb., 1965), pp. 314-326.
“According to evolutionary… a continuous line.”

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Many | Judge: Many
Ought is function.
MacIntyre, Alasdair. After Virtue. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame, 1984.
"Yet in fact...a good watch."

Truth seeking comes first because it’s necessary for any other goal.
Wu Shanshan, China University School of Law, The Search for Truth in Criminal Process, (http://www.cesl.edu.cn/upload/201209206168631.pdf)
"The criminal process...in criminal process."

Truth-seeking is the function of criminal justice because all rules are based on it.
Winfried Hassemer, Professor Emeritus at Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe University, HUMAN DIGNITY IN THE CRIMINAL PROCESS:  THE EXAMPLE OF TRUTH-FINDING (http://law.huji.ac.il/upload/ILR44HassemerFinal.pdf)
"The distinction between...he criminal process."

Empirically, the function of the CJS has shifted from being defendant-based to being based on the victim.
John Stickels, Assistant professor at the University of Texas at Arlington, (2008), Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice Research and Education, The Victim Satisfaction Model of the Criminal Justice System, (http://www.scientificjournals.org/journals2008/articles/1370.pdf)
"As demonstrated by...the victim's attorney."

Tournament: Beltway | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Scarsdale MM | Judge: Emily Massey, Ben Koh, Sonia Vora
Equality is the starting point for all moral theories.
Gosepath, Stefan. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/equality/#MorEqu. "Equality."
"The presumption in...of equal weight."

Equality mandates util.
Peter Singer, “Practical Ethics,” Second Edition, Cambridge University Press, 1993, pp. 13-14.
"The universal aspect...of those affected."

Policymaking necessitates util.
Dan W. Brock, Professor of Philosophy and Biomedical Ethics, and Director, Center for Biomedical Ethics at Brown University, Ethics, Vol. 97, No. 4, (Jul., 1987), pp. 786-791, JSTOR
"When philosophers become...they doing there?" 

Plan text: The EU should remove the ability for representatives to abstain from voting in parliamentary sessions. 

ABSTENTION KILLS TURNOUT AND UNDERMINES PERCEIVED LEGITIMACY OF EU DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE. REMOVING ABSTENTION IS ENOUGH.
Anthoula Malkopoulou, Fellow-Center for European Policy Studies, 2009, "Lost Voters: Participation in EU Elections and the Case for Compulsory Voting," CEPS Working Document No 317, July, http://www.ceps.eu, p. 1
"As far as...and social peace."

CV solves.
Anthoula Malkopoulou, Fellow-Center for European Policy Studies, 2009, "Lost Voters: Participation in EU Elections and the Case for Compulsory Voting," CEPS Working Document No 317, July, http://www.ceps.eu, p. 12-3
"In a democratic...the full electorate."

THIS LEGITIMACY IS THE LYNCHPIN OF EUROPEAN AND GLOBAL EFFORTS TO PROMOTE DEMOCRACY. EU DEFERENCE WILL DESTROY THOSE EFFORTS.
Anthoula Malkopoulou, Fellow-Center for European Policy Studies, 2009, "Lost Voters: Participation in EU Elections and the Case for Compulsory Voting," CEPS Working Document No 317, July, http://www.ceps.eu, p. 2
"Secondly, the EU...these values itself."

The global spread of democracy stops terrorism.
Quan Li, Does Democracy Promote or Reduce Transnational Terrorist Incidents?, The Journal of Conflict Resolution49. 2 (Apr 2005): 278-297
"In this article...Enders and Sandier (2002)."

This means extinction.
Robert Ayson, 2010, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld
"But these two...that any preemption."

Tournament: Greenhill, Valley, Beltway | Round: 1 | Opponent: Many | Judge: Many
We each have our own perspectives and are only able to perceive our own experiences, not the viewpoint of others.
Nagel, Thomas. The View from Nowhere. New York: Oxford UP, 1986. 25. Print.
In the pursuit of this goal...of its own incompleteness

The only way to make ought statements would be to include as many perspectives as possible
Hudgens:Jennifer L. Hudgens “Perspectives on Perspectivism: Nietzsche and His Commentators” Georgia State University Philosophy Theses Department of Philosophy 8-3-2007
Again, the definition I offered...and there are other possibilities also.

Must read epistemology.
Jung, Eun Ju Department of Educational Psychology and Instructional Technology, “Literature Review: The Importance of Epistemology in Education: The Role of Epistemology,” Running Head: Literature Review (2007).
Finally, I addressed the role of...real world problem solving.

High aff support. Australia proves.
Davies, Glenn. "Compulsory Voting in Australia." Independent Australia RSS. 30 Apr. 201
Australia has the oldest, and...showed 74 per cent.

Tournament: States r1 | Round: 1 | Opponent: sam azloser | Judge: random
c1 equality

Aid should be given unconditionally as if countries were giving it to there own citizens.
Kant, Immanuel. “Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch.” 1795. Web. 8 Feb 2013. http://www.dworley.org.

“Since the narrower...the condition outlined here.”

Studies conclude that humanitarian aid with political conditions spread conflict.
Lischer, Sarah Kenyon
http://www.jstor.org/stable/4137576.
“In evaluating their actions...In militarized refugee crises, purity of intention cannot prevent the spread of conflict.”

Political conditions on humanitarian aids allows states to do any violent act that they want.
Chandler, David. “The Road to Military Humanitarianism: How the Human Rights NGOs Shaped a New Humanitarian Agenda.” The Johns Hopkins University Press. August 2001. Web. 8 Feb 2013. www.jstor.org/stable/4489352
“Once humanitarian intervention is conflated with rights-based strategic ends, these political...become a tautology.”

Tournament: States r1 | Round: 1 | Opponent: sam azloser | Judge: random
c1 equality

Aid should be given unconditionally as if countries were giving it to there own citizens.
Kant, Immanuel. “Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch.” 1795. Web. 8 Feb 2013. http://www.dworley.org.

“Since the narrower...the condition outlined here.”

Studies conclude that humanitarian aid with political conditions spread conflict.
Lischer, Sarah Kenyon
http://www.jstor.org/stable/4137576.
“In evaluating their actions...In militarized refugee crises, purity of intention cannot prevent the spread of conflict.”

Political conditions on humanitarian aids allows states to do any violent act that they want.
Chandler, David. “The Road to Military Humanitarianism: How the Human Rights NGOs Shaped a New Humanitarian Agenda.” The Johns Hopkins University Press. August 2001. Web. 8 Feb 2013. www.jstor.org/stable/4489352
“Once humanitarian intervention is conflated with rights-based strategic ends, these political...become a tautology.”

Tournament: States r1 | Round: 1 | Opponent: sam azloser | Judge: random
c1 equality

Aid should be given unconditionally as if countries were giving it to there own citizens.
Kant, Immanuel. “Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch.” 1795. Web. 8 Feb 2013. http://www.dworley.org.

“Since the narrower...the condition outlined here.”

Studies conclude that humanitarian aid with political conditions spread conflict.
Lischer, Sarah Kenyon
http://www.jstor.org/stable/4137576.
“In evaluating their actions...In militarized refugee crises, purity of intention cannot prevent the spread of conflict.”

Political conditions on humanitarian aids allows states to do any violent act that they want.
Chandler, David. “The Road to Military Humanitarianism: How the Human Rights NGOs Shaped a New Humanitarian Agenda.” The Johns Hopkins University Press. August 2001. Web. 8 Feb 2013. www.jstor.org/stable/4489352
“Once humanitarian intervention is conflated with rights-based strategic ends, these political...become a tautology.”