Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: Doubles | Opponent: All | Judge: all
Environmental ethics or any ethical theory must take into account to future people.
Cochrane: Despite their ... generations (Gewirth, 2001).

No stable conception of practical identity. Shoemaker:
While Parfit's ... Matter (IDM) view.

Nonidentity problem: Cochrane 2:
However, perhaps ... not even exist.

Also, we don't know solvency for the future. Ilgaz:
After all, these ... not existent presently.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: Octas | Opponent: all | Judge: all
Contractarianism considers mutual self interest. Gauthier 1:
Moral principles ... their affairs.

Contractarianism is non circular. Gauthier 2:
A contractarian theory ... neutral, base.

Stroebel and Van Bentham show contracts negate
We show that the ability ... insurance to be provided.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 1 | Opponent: all | Judge: all
For the aff, the way we determine the value or obligation to take an action through their framework is justified by human centric conceptions of intentions and ethics. This creates a vertical ontology by privileging human ethics over the material world and renders objects invisible.   Bryant 1
Flat Ontology/Flat Ethics, larvalsubjects, June 1, 2012, Levi R. Bryanthttp://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/06/01/flat-ontologyflat-ethics/
Vertical ontologies are…. discussion of this)
Engaging in an analysis of human intentions is not sufficient to determine the valuation of an action as it ignores existential truths about the world. We are part of a world of objects that shapes all action through interactions. Only focusing on intentions and ethics ignores a vast domain of power that influences action that should also come into the discussion of what we “ought to” do. Bryant 2
Bryant 9/14/13 Levi, prof of phil @ Collin College, “Agential Objects: Towards and Ontology of the Act,” Sep 14, 2013, Lecture @ 2013 Objects as Actors Symposium, Pasadena;http://larvalsubjects.files.wordpress.com/2013/09/pasadenaagentialobjects.pdf
When I say….. domain of power.
This means that the basis in which they justify the resolution is self-defeating. Focusing only on the human in social assemblages ensures that we ignore a vast domain of existance that influences actions and can never achieve our intentions and obligations. Only through incorporating all forms of existence can we actually solve for anything. Bryant 3
Bryant 9/14/13 Levi, prof of phil @ Collin College, “Agential Objects: Towards and Ontology of the Act,” Sep 14, 2013, Lecture @ 2013 Objects as Actors Symposium, Pasadena;http://larvalsubjects.files.wordpress.com/2013/09/pasadenaagentialobjects.pdf
Objects are actors…… mode of analysis.
Our alternative is the view the world from the lens of the flat ontology. This means that all objects, humans and non-humans are on an equal ontological playing field. The alternative opens up the starting point for ethics from a merely human perspective to one that is more inclusive to different conceptions of being. Bryant 4.
Levi R. Bryant, The Democracy of Objects, 1. Grounds For a Realist Ontology, Open Humanities Press, 2011, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/o/ohp/9750134.0001.001/1:5/~-~-democracy-of-objects?rgn=div1;view=fulltext
Onticology proposes what… of other thinkers.
The role of the ballot is to endorse a better ontological understanding.
Our understanding of ontology shapes reality thus it supersedes any substantive issues. The human brains presuppose ontology when they interact with the external world. Vittorio et’al 

Gallese, Vittorio, and Thomas Metzinger. "Motor ontology: the representational reality of goals, actions and selves." Philosophical Psychology 16.3 (2003): 365-388.

One useful way…. an interesting way.
Our ontological understanding of the world shapes the way we perceive any kind of thinking thus is controls the internal link to any type of argumentation or discussion. Dillon 

Michael Dillon, MA and PhD and Professor in Department of philosophy, politics, and religion @ University of Lancaster, 1999, Moral Spaces: Rethinking Ethics and World Politics Pgs. 96-98

As Heidegger—himself……. of decision making.
The resolution is a question of a course of action thus ontology comes first. We cannot have a coherent debate about the nature of political claims without first engaging in an ontological investigation because the best way to resolve conflicting claims is by analyzing them on an ontological level. Bryant
Levi R. Bryant, September 15, 2012, On Ontology, larval subjects http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/09/15/on-ontology/
To be clear,…… which we suffer.
My role of the ballot precedes all theoretical issues. 

The purpose of student’s conception of educational activities changes as they investigate ontology. Kincheloe 

Joe L. Kincheloe, From: Critical ontology: Visions of selfhood and curriculum (2003). JCT: Journal of Curriculum Theorizing. 19, 1, pp. 47-64., CRITICAL ONTOLOGY: VISIONS OF SELFHOOD AND CURRICULUM

Such explorations on…. of selfhood harbors.