Tournament: NYDCA | Round: 1 | Opponent: ALL | Judge: ALL
A. CP Text: The UN will upgrade the current United Nations Environment Programme to a United Nations Environment Organisation to address the specific needs of developing countries.
The Institute for International and European Environmental Policy. “Potential benefits for developing countries – Design options for a UNEO.” 2005. http://www.ecologic.eu/download/projekte/200-249/221-01/221-01-report.pdf
UNEO as a...the executive body
B. Competition - net benefits
C. Solvency
The UNEO will address the specific environmental challenges of developing countries and have greater funding and influence than the UNEP.
The Institute for International and European Environmental Policy. “Potential benefits for developing countries – Design options for a UNEO.” 2005. http://www.ecologic.eu/download/projekte/200-249/221-01/221-01-report.pdf
As a specialized...international environmental politics
D. Net Benefits
Developing countries shouldn’t be the ones to address environmental issues.
The Institute for International and European Environmental Policy. “Potential benefits for developing countries – Design options for a UNEO.” 2005. http://www.ecologic.eu/download/projekte/200-249/221-01/221-01-report.pdf
The system of...of developing countries

Tournament: NYDCA | Round: 1 | Opponent: ALL | Judge: ALL
A: Counterplan Text- Developing Countries will develop natural resources and distribute the revenue in form of direct payments to citizens. Moss 1  clarifies and is the solvency advocate:
Moss 11 Todd Moss, senior fellow at Center for Global Development. "Oil to Cash: Fighting the Resource Curse through Cash Transfers." Center for Global Development Working Paper 237. January 2011
While their connection...oil on governance
B; Competition- 1) Mutual Exclusivity- Resource extraction is necessary 2) Net Benefits
C: Net Benefits
1) Corruption- Oil Revenue Distribution Funds prevent corruption via generating human incentive to watch the track of funds.
Combating the Natural Resource Curse with Citizen Revenue Distribution Funds: Oil and the Case of Iraq By Thomas I. Palley | December 2003
Natural resources and...could be stolen
Publicly announced dividend payments check corruption best.
Combating the Natural Resource Curse with Citizen Revenue Distribution Funds: Oil and the Case of Iraq By Thomas I. Palley | December 2003
The simplicity of...the distribution process
CP is key to aff solvency- Developing Countries are highly corrupt despite claims to change.
Irène Hors. “Fighting corruption in the developing countries.” OECD Observer. April 2000. http://www.oecdobserver.org/news/archivestory.php/aid/291/Fighting_corruption_in_the_developing_countries.html
The fighting against...support or loyalty
B: Poverty. Cash transfers key to helping the impoverished.
Moss 11 Todd Moss, senior fellow at Center for Global Development. "Oil to Cash: Fighting the Resource Curse through Cash Transfers." Center for Global Development Working Paper 237. January 2011
Importantly, cash transfers...than cash transfers

Tournament: None | Round: 4 | Opponent: Dont Remember | Judge:
Counterplan Text- Developing Countries in Latin America will develop natural resources and distribute the revenue in form of direct payments to citizens. Moss 1 clarifies and is the solvency advocate
Cite: Moss 11 Todd Moss, senior fellow at Center for Global Development. "Oil to Cash: Fighting the Resource Curse through Cash Transfers." Center for Global Development Working Paper 237. January 2011.

Tournament: NYDCA | Round: 1 | Opponent: ALL | Judge: ALL
International programs are developing deuterium tritium fusion as a new source of energy.
Ursula Schneider, IAEA Physics Section. “Fusion: Energy of the Future.” http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/2001/08012001_news02.shtml
Nuclear fusion provides...of the site
Extraction of tritium requires lithium metal.
International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor Organization.  “Tritium Breeding.” http://www.iter.org/mach/tritiumbreeding
Tritium and deuterium...of fusion energy
Developing countries are key to lithium production.
Erik Bethel (Author), Juan Andres Panama, and Sam Luo (Research Assistants). “Is Lithium the 21st Century’s Oil?” Feb 2010 http://www.sinolatincapital.com/Upload/201022392655.pdf
There are two...is provided below
Affirming the resolution would prevent nations from extracting lithium.
Friends of the Earth Europe. “Lithium.” http://www.foeeurope.org/sites/default/files/publications/13_factsheet-lithium-gb.pdf
The extraction of...causes air contamination
D-T reactions would provide unlimited clean energy for the future.
Ursula Schneider, IAEA Physics Section. “Fusion: Energy of the Future.” http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/2001/08012001_news02.shtml
Thus, the primary...the greenhouse effect
Continued reliance on fossil fuels leads to warming.
Sweere ’08 Bob, News Ledger Staff Writer, Jun 16, “Global warming? Yes,” http://www.newsleader.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080616/OPINIONS02/806160325/1006/OPINIONS
Global warming is...for your health
Global warming will cause irreversible extinction.
Sydney Morning Herald ’03 Jun 20, “Global Warming threatens Earth with mass extinction,” Lexis
Global warming over...of human activities

Tournament: NYDCA | Round: 1 | Opponent: ALL | Judge: ALL
Meaning is derived from speech acts themselves; because when uttered, speech acts are self-sufficient in prescribing meaning.
Pravica, Tamara Eileen. “Communicative Ethics: Developing a Practical Procedure of Discourse.” 1999  http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0006/MQ46184.pdf
When a speaker …a mutual understanding
The aim of communicative speech-acts is to achieve a mutual understanding and acceptance of that particular speech act between the speaker and the hearer.  
Pravica, Tamara Eileen. “Communicative Ethics: Developing a Practical Procedure of Discourse.” 1999  http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0006/MQ46184.pdf
For communicative action… mutual understanding itself.
Normative statements are communicative speech acts due to the need to validate the reasons behind norms.  
Pravica, Tamara Eileen. “Communicative Ethics: Developing a Practical Procedure of Discourse.” 1999  http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0006/MQ46184.pdf
This being the …apparent and sufficient.
Thus we derive the validity of normative truth claims via a system of discourse ethics.
Benhabib, Seyla. “The Utopian Dimension in Communicative Ethics.” New German Critique, No. 35, Special Issue on Jurgen Habermas (Spring - Summer,1985), pp. 83-96 http://www.yale.edu/polisci/sbenhabib/papers/The20Utopian20Dimension20in20Communicative20Ethics.pdf
Basing himself on …on controversial claims.
Since nature is incapable of entering into discourse, an obligation to protect the interests of the environment or a conception of what environmental protection means on any level is impossible to derive.  
Krebs, Angelika. “Discourse Ethics and Nature.” Environmental Values, Vol. 6, No. 3 (August 1997), pp. 269-279  http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/30301579.pdf?acceptTC=trueandacceptTC=trueandjpdConfirm=true
Nature is incapable …constitute the moral.  
Resource extraction comes first because a manipulative relationship with nature is intrinsic to discourse ethics due to the nature of language.
Dryzek, John S. “Green Reason: Communicative Ethics for the Biosphere.” http://books.google.com/books?id=W-FaJ-ruaDQCandpg=PA108andlpg=PA108anddq=discourse+ethics+instrumental+environmentandsource=blandots=S6Ym-h4Buoandsig=ashdMS2w63hPJKEgsD8gbeEFK8Aandhl=enandsa=Xandei=OOm8UqSrKsulkQfc-YDYAQandved=0CDoQ6AEwAg#v=onepageandq=discourse20ethics20instrumental20environmentandf=false
Communicative rationality as …to extend it.

Tournament: NYDCA | Round: 1 | Opponent: ALL | Judge: ALL
Economic growth is increasing standards of living in developing nations.
Norberg 99 Johan, fellew @ Swedish Think Tank, Timbro, author of “In Defense of Global Capitalism.” “How Globalization Conquers Poverty. www.cato.org)
But when we...the same time
Affirming the resolution would require for developing countries to abandon forestry projects.
FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. “SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF FORESTRY ACTIVITIES WITH EMPHASIS ON THE TROPICS AND SUBTROPICS: BY ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT OR SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONCERN.”
Moist tropical high...from irrigation ditches
Developing nations’ economies are dependent on forestry.
OECD:“Natural Resources and Pro-Poor Growth” Organization For Economic Co-Operation and Development 2008 http://www.oecd.org/greengrowth/green-development/42440224.pdf
Forestry provides more...of their livelihoods
Economic growth key to solving poverty and thus inequality.
Richard H. Adams, Jr. World Bank Policy Researcher. “February 2003. Economic Growth, Inequality, and Poverty”
Why is economic...the developing world
Economic collapse will trigger a global nuclear war that causes extinction. Bearden 00 – Director of Association of Distinguished American Scientists T. E., “The Unnecessary Energy Crisis: How to Solve It Quickly,” Space Energy Access Systems, http://www.seaspower.com/EnergyCrisis-Bearden.htm
History bears out...for many decades

Tournament: NYDCA | Round: 1 | Opponent: ALL | Judge: ALL
I negate and value a legitimate government, because only a legitimate authority generates political obligations.
Justification and Legitimacy. A. John Simmons. Ethics, Vol. 109, No. 4 (July 1999), pp. 739-771
This Lockean account...under its rule
A legitimate government has property rights- without them we would be in the state of nature.
John Locke. “Two treatises of Government”
If a man...carry them out
Natural resources initially belong to no one person.
Eric Roark. “Applying Locke’s Proviso to Unappropriated Natural Resources” Millikin University. Political Studies
To see why...improve the spring
Resources become your property when you labor them. You can and should use it however you want as an exertion of freedom.
Benjamin Hale. “PRIVATE PROPERTY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS: SOME NEW DIRECTIONS.” 2008. Metaphilosophy
A far more...of economic value

Tournament: NYDCA | Round: 4 | Opponent: Rahul Gosain | Judge: Aracelis Biel
A) The Links
The ideology of threats is strengthened by a fear of the other. We are never sure what’s going to happen, so we try to deter what we don’t know will happen. Massumi  1
The lack of … the "unknown unknown" 

The belief in agreeing to indeterminate potentials is trapped in the belief of an evil which is probably there, making it eventually appear in my mind. This epistemological creation thus lies away, waiting to emerge at any moment. Massumi 2
Preemption shares many … cannot be specified

Security only creates a manipulative discourse, aimed at justifying any and every policy. This requires an enemy to target. Massumi  3:

The unknown unknown … from becoming operative. 

C: The Impact
The drive to create the ideal of security, makes the case the root of its own harms. Derderian  :
 But the denial … desire for security. 

D: The Alternative
The text is to “Reject securitizing discourse.” Individual criticism can create terrains of dissent. Burke :
It is perhaps easy … possi­bilities might be. 

E) Framework

This K is discursive for it criticizes the way in which the affirmative frames its obligation. Discursive criticisms always comes first.
First, epistemologically, discursive criticisms come first because they skew our ability to understand and create knowledge. Doty  
This study begins … , and economic power.  

Second, Analysis of discourse is key to analyzing our role as agents in global politics. This is also key to real world education which comes before post-fiat implicaitons because it’s the skill we take post our participation in debate. Additionally, analyzing discourse prevents exclusion from discourse and is key to solving domination in the real world. Bleiker 2K:
Ph.D. visiting research and teaching affiliations at Harvard, Cambridge, Humboldt, Tampere, Yonsei and Pusan National University as well as the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and the Institute of Social Studies in The Hague,(Roland, Popular Dissent, Human Agency and Global Politics, Cambridge University Press)

Discourse is the … resistance takes place. 

Third, epistemically, we must look to discursive representations as they frame our ability to understand what can and cannot be thought. Thus, this discourse of security defines authority and shapes policy by creating what can and can’t be thought. Lipschutz :
Conceptualizations of security…  is of discursive practices."
?

Tournament: NYDCA | Round: 1 | Opponent: ALL | Judge: ALL
Kazakhstan is key to uranium mining.
“Uranium and Nuclear Power in Kazakhstan”. World Nuclear Institution. Updated November 2013. http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Country-Profiles/Countries-G-N/Kazakhstan/
Kazakhstan has 12...market by then
International networks prove Kazakhstan is key to the international uranium market. Continued reliance on fossil fuels leads to warming.
Sweere ’08 Bob, News Ledger Staff Writer, Jun 16, “Global warming? Yes,” http://www.newsleader.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080616/OPINIONS02/806160325/1006/OPINIONS
Global warming is...for your health
Global warming will cause irreversible extinction.
Sydney Morning Herald ’03 Jun 20, “Global Warming threatens Earth with mass extinction,” Lexis
Global warming over...of human activities
“Uranium and Nuclear Power in Kazakhstan”. World Nuclear Institution. Updated November 2013. http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Country-Profiles/Countries-G-N/Kazakhstan/
Kazatomprom has forged...USA and Euratom
Affirming the resolution would force Kazakhstan to abandon its uranium mining projects
Dr. Gavin Mudd. Hydrogeologist / Environmental Engineer, Monash University 2007 “ISL uranium mining - environmental impacts In-Situ Leach (ISL) Uranium Mining Method Far From 'Benign'” http://www.foe.org.au/anti-nuclear/issues/oz/u/isl/articles
The mining technique...environmentally benign method
Uranium key to future of nuclear energy.
Steve Fetter, dean of the University of Maryland's School of Public Policy. “How long will the world's uranium supplies last?” http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=how-long-will-global-uranium-deposits-last
if the nuclear...NEA estimated supplies