Tournament: Scarsdale | Round: 1 | Opponent: - | Judge: -
World Wildlife Foundation Global “Logging in the Amazon”  2001 http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/amazon/problems/other_threats/logging_amazon/
Steve Wilson . 15 Nov 2013. The Telegraph. “Huge increase in Amazon deforestation rate” http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/brazil/10451252/Huge-increase-in-Amazon-deforestation-rate.html
 Emma Walsh-Alker  “Deforestation in the Amazon”  2011. One World Education. http://www.oneworldeducation.org/deforestation-amazon
Grandour, Clarissa, and Romero Rocha. "DETERing Deforestation in the Amazon." Climate Policy Initiative (n.d.): n. pag. Web.
 “Saving the Amazon Rainforest” http://www.mongabay.com/saving_brazils_forests.html
Diner, 1994 (Major David, JAG Corps, United States Army, Military Law Review, 143 Mil. L. Rev. 161, p. 170-173)
Korsgaard, Christinne M. Moral Animals: Human Beings and the Other Animals, lecture of Harvard University, pg. 21-22.
 Peter Singer—1989, Animal Rights and Human Obligations, New Jersey, pp. 148-162, BC, Peter van Elswyk
B.E. Rollin. “Animal Welfare, Animal Rights, and Agriculture.” 1990. Journal of Animal Science. Colorado State University.
Arran Stibbe “Language, Power and the Social Construction of Animals” University of Chikushi Jogakuen University 2001
Giroux, Henry A. article written by CJ Polychroniou “Neoliberalism and the Politics of Higher Education: an Interview with Henry A. Giroux” 2013
Rainforest Conservation Fund. “9) Difficulty of reforestation” http://www.rainforestconservation.org/rainforest-primer/3-rainforests-in-peril-deforestation/f-consequences-of-deforestation/9-difficulty-of-reforestation/
Sydney Morning Herald ’03 Jun 20, “Global Warming threatens Earth with mass extinction,” Lexis
Butler, Rhett 2007 (Rhett Butler has been researching and studying rainforests since 1995. “INCREASE OF TROPICAL DISEASES” http://rainforests.mongabay.com/0904.htm)
Cummiskey, David, “Kantian Consequentialism,” Ethics, Vol. 100, No. 3, Apr. 1990, pp. 586-615 (JStor)
Gary Woller BYU Prof., “An Overview by Gary Woller”, A Forum on the Role of Environmental Ethics, June 1997, pg. 10
 De Shalit. 2000. Professor of Political Theory at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Associate Fellow at the Oxford Centre for Environment, Ethics, and Society, Mansfield College, Oxford University. “The Environment: Between Theory and Practice,” p. 21-2, Avner Questia.
 Kevin Rathunde, Department of Family and Consumer Studies University of Utah. “Nature and Embodied Education.” The Journal of Developmental Processes, 2009, Vol. 4(1), Pages 70-80
Friedemann Pulvermüller. “Semantic embodiment, disembodiment or misembodiment? In search of meaning in modules and neuron circuits.” Brain and Language 127 (2013) 86–103
“Toward an Empirically Responsible Ethics: Cognitive Science,Virtue Ethics, and Effortless Attention in Early Chinese Thought” Edward Slingerland. 10/30/2009. http://eslingerland.arts.ubc.ca/files/2013/01/effortless_attention.pdf
Diana Coole, Birkbeck College, London. “Rethinking Agency: A Phenomenological Approach to Embodiment and Agentic Capacities.” POLITICAL STUDIES: 2005 VOL 53, 124–142. http://www3.open.ac.uk/events/6/20091127_29766_o1.pdf
 “Oppression Embodied: The Intersecting Dimensions of Trauma, Oppression, and Somatic Psychology.” Rae Johnson, Santa Barbara Graduate Institute. http://www.academia.edu/629607/Oppression_Embodied
 Johnson, M. (2006). The Meaning of the Body . Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Michael Peters, University of Auckland. “Neoliberalism.” http://eepat.net/doku.php?id=neoliberalism
 Pravica, Tamara Eileen. “Communicative Ethics: Developing a Practical Procedure of Discourse.” 1999  http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0006/MQ46184.pdf
 Benhabib, Seyla. “The Utopian Dimension in Communicative Ethics.” New German Critique, No. 35, Special Issue on Jurgen Habermas (Spring - Summer,1985), pp. 83-96 http://www.yale.edu/polisci/sbenhabib/papers/The20Utopian20Dimension20in20Communicative20Ethics.pdf
Angelika Krebs. “Discourse Ethics and Nature.” Environmental Values, Vol. 6, No. 3 (August 1997), pp. 269-279  http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/30301579.pdf?acceptTC=trueandacceptTC=trueandjpdConfirm=true
John S. Dryzek. “Green Reason: Communicative Ethics for the Biosphere.” http://books.google.com/books?id=W-FaJ-ruaDQCandpg=PA108andlpg=PA108anddq=discourse+ethics+instrumental+environmentandsource=blandots=S6Ym-h4Buoandsig=ashdMS2w63hPJKEgsD8gbeEFK8Aandhl=enandsa=Xandei=OOm8UqSrKsulkQfc-YDYAQandved=0CDoQ6AEwAg#v=onepageandq=discourse20ethics20instrumental20environmentandf=false
Moss 11 Todd Moss, senior fellow at Center for Global Development. "Oil to Cash: Fighting the Resource Curse through Cash Transfers." Center for Global Development Working Paper 237. January 2011.
Combating the Natural Resource Curse with Citizen Revenue Distribution Funds: Oil and the Case of Iraq By Thomas I. Palley | December 2003
 Irène Hors. “Fighting corruption in the developing countries.” OECD Observer. April 2000. http://www.oecdobserver.org/news/archivestory.php/aid/291/Fighting_corruption_in_the_developing_countries.html
Justification and Legitimacy. A. John Simmons. Ethics, Vol. 109, No. 4 (July 1999), pp. 739-771
 John Locke. “Two treatises of Government”
Eric Roark. “Applying Locke’s Proviso to Unappropriated Natural Resources” Millikin University. Political Studies
Benjamin Hale. “PRIVATE PROPERTY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS: SOME NEW DIRECTIONS.” 2008. Metaphilosophy
Johan, fellew @ Swedish Think Tank, Timbro, author of “In Defense of Global Capitalism.” “How Globalization Conquers Poverty. www.cato.org)
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. “SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF FORESTRY ACTIVITIES WITH EMPHASIS ON THE TROPICS AND SUBTROPICS: BY ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT OR SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONCERN.”
“Natural Resources and Pro-Poor Growth” Organization For Economic Co-Operation and Development 2008 http://www.oecd.org/greengrowth/green-development/42440224.pdf
Richard H. Adams, Jr. World Bank Policy Researcher. “February 2003. Economic Growth, Inequality, and Poverty”
Bearden 00 – Director of Association of Distinguished American Scientists T. E., “The Unnecessary Energy Crisis: How to Solve It Quickly,” Space Energy Access Systems, http://www.seaspower.com/EnergyCrisis-Bearden.htm
Ursula Schneider, IAEA Physics Section. “Fusion: Energy of the Future.” http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/2001/08012001_news02.shtml
International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor Organization.  “Tritium Breeding.” http://www.iter.org/mach/tritiumbreeding
Erik Bethel (Author), Juan Andres Panama, and Sam Luo (Research Assistants). “Is Lithium the 21st Century’s Oil?” Feb 2010 http://www.sinolatincapital.com/Upload/201022392655.pdf
“Uranium and Nuclear Power in Kazakhstan”. World Nuclear Institution. Updated November 2013. http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Country-Profiles/Countries-G-N/Kazakhstan/
Dr. Gavin Mudd. Hydrogeologist / Environmental Engineer, Monash University 2007 “ISL uranium mining - environmental impacts In-Situ Leach (ISL) Uranium Mining Method Far From 'Benign'” http://www.foe.org.au/anti-nuclear/issues/oz/u/isl/articles
Steve Fetter, dean of the University of Maryland's School of Public Policy. “How long will the world's uranium supplies last?” http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=how-long-will-global-uranium-deposits-last
Sweere ’08 Bob, News Ledger Staff Writer, Jun 16, “Global warming? Yes,” http://www.newsleader.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080616/OPINIONS02/806160325/1006/OPINIONS
  Cummiskey, David, “Kantian Consequentialism,” Ethics, Vol. 100, No. 3, Apr. 1990, pp. 586-615 (JStor)
  Gary Woller BYU Prof., “An Overview by Gary Woller”, A Forum on the Role of Environmental Ethics, June 1997, pg. 10
  . Professor of Political Theory at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Associate Fellow at the Oxford Centre for Environment, Ethics, and Society, Mansfield College, Oxford University. “The Environment: Between Theory and Practice,” p. 21-2, Avner Questia.
 (2011) Nick Bostrom, Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford Martin School and Faculty of Philosophy
  Shilu Tong, Acting Director, Centre for Public Health Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, 4059, Australia; Yasmin E. von Schirnding, Focal Point Agenda 21, Health in Sustainable Development, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland ; Tippawan Prapamonto, Principal Research Scientist, Environmental Health and Toxicology Study Group, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand. “Environmental lead exposure: a public health problem of global dimensions.” Bull World Health Organ vol.78 n.9 Genebra Jan. 2000 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0042-96862000000900003
  “Why Lead Should Be Removed From Gasoline” by Magda Lovei, World Bank. Nov 24, 2012. The LEAD Group, Inc. http://www.lead.org.au/lanv4n2/lanv4n2-2.html
  “The worldwide problem of lead in petrol” Philip J. Landrigan, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1057, New York, NY 10029, USA (email: phil.landrigan@mssm.edu). Ref. No. 02-0404. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2002, 80 (10) http://www.who.int/bulletin/archives/en/80(10)768.pdf
  UNEP. “Global Elimination of Leaded Petrol.” Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles. http://www.unep.org/transport/pcfv/PDF/pcfv_leadflyer.pdf
  Daniel Renfrew, assistant professor of Anthropology at West Virginia University. He received a Ph.D. in anthropology from Binghamton University, State University of New York in 2007.. “"We are All Contaminated": Lead Poisoning and Urban Environmental Politics in Uruguay.” ProQuest, 2007.
  Meagan Phelan. “Lead, a Global Poison.” February 7 2013.American Association for the Advancement of Sciene. http://www.aaas.org/news/lead-global-poison
  Eliana Dockterman. “Childhood Lead Exposure May Cost Developing Countries Nearly $1 Trillion” Time, Inc. June 27, 2013. http://science.time.com/2013/06/27/childhood-lead-exposure-may-cost-developing-countries-nearly-1-trillion/
  Abu-Jamal, prominent social activist and author, ‘98
A Quiet and Deadly Violence, Sept 19, http://www.flashpoints.net/mQuietDeadlyViolence.html
  George Monbiot.  The Guardian. “Yes, lead poisoning could really be a cause of violent crime.” January 7, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jan/07/violent-crime-lead-poisoning-british-export
  “LEAD SMELTING: International Review” Presented by Nicole Fobi, MD Internal Medicine Residency Program Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA May 15th, 2007.  Mary Jean Brown, PhD. Peter Kowalski, MPH NCEH/ATSDR/CDC, Atlanta, GA
  Richard H. Adams, Jr. World Bank Policy Researcher. “February 2003. Economic Growth, Inequality, and Poverty”

Tournament: NYDCA | Round: 1 | Opponent: ALL | Judge: ALL
The OECD  defines environmental protection:
http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=836
Environmental protection refers … landscape and ecosystems.
World Trade Organization 10  defines resources:
World Trade Organization. “World Trade Report 2010.” http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/anrep_e/wtr10-2b_e.pdf
For the purposes of … or to others.
The Aral Sea, located between Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, is shrinking due to irrigation practices that are key to cotton production.  
Trevitt, M., McVittie, A., Brander, L., and Bishop, J. (2012). Annex 2.1 Case Studies: Cotton, the Aral Sea and Timber in China. In The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity in Business and Enterprise. New York: EarthScan.
A striking example … of the region.
This is the biggest environmental disaster of all time.
Environmental Literacy Council. “Aral Sea.” May 6, 2008. http://www.enviroliteracy.org/article.php/1416.html
The degradation of … 90 days annually.
Current efforts are not enough to prevent the continued desiccation of the Aral Sea.
"Health and Ecological Consequences of the Aral Sea Crisis.” Dr. Oral A. Ataniyazova, M.Sc. The Karakalpak Center for Reproductive Health and Environment, Uzbekistan . Prepared for the 3rd World Water Forum Regional Cooperation in Shared Water Resources in Central Asia Kyoto, March 18, 2003 http://www.caee.utexas.edu/prof/mckinney/ce385d/Papers/Atanizaova_WWF3.pdf
Despite the activities … to improve the situation.
The nations of Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan will switch to a variety of cotton known as Aral 1 to end unsustainable irrigation practices in the region surrounding the Aral Sea.
Marina Kozlova. “Coping with the Shrinking Aral Sea.” October 12, 2006. Bloomberg. http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2006-10-12/coping-with-the-shrinking-aral-seabusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice
Uzbek scientists … alone, Bakhtiyar Zhollybekov says.
Irrigation is not required to grow Aral 1 cotton, so enacting the plan makes the refilling of the Aral Sea possible.
Marina Kozlova. “Water Actions-Uzbekistan.” https://archive.is/o31Ym
Because it … state recommended crops.
We are forced to reduce the amount of cotton extracted.
Marina Kozlova. “Coping with the Shrinking Aral Sea.” October 12, 2006. Bloomberg. http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2006-10-12/coping-with-the-shrinking-aral-seabusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice
The variety, known as …and fertilizer, Ismailov says.
First, the drying up of the Aral Sea exacerbates social inequality in the Aral region by hurting farmers with the least amount of resources:
Everett J. Peachey, Master of Arts in Law and Diplomacy candidate at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University. “THE ARAL SEA BASIN CRISIS AND SUSTAINABLE WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN CENTRAL ASIA.” Journal of Public and International Affairs, Volume 15/Spring 2004 http://www.princeton.edu/jpia/past-issues-1/2004/1.pdf
Second, the destruction … their impoverished state.
Second, our discourse about the Aral Sea crisis has only been focused on preventing conflicts over water resources, and said discourse legitimizes the continued oppression of individuals by the state.  The only way to make change is to alter the Aral Basin’s agricultural policies through the plan.
Natalie Koch. Geopolitical discourses and the Aral Sea desiccation: A case study of Kyzylorda oblast’. Senior Honors Thesis, Geography Department. Hanover, Dartmouth College. http://nataliekoch.com/docs/Koch_2006_BA_thesis.pdf
However, discursive constructions … and silence others.
Enacting the plan would prevent severe damage to the ecosystem caused by desiccation.
Trevitt, M., McVittie, A., Brander, L., and Bishop, J. (2012). Annex 2.1 Case Studies: Cotton, the Aral Sea and Timber in China. In The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity in Business and Enterprise. New York: EarthScan.
Increased use and … colder, snowless winters.
Ecosystem collapse leads to human extinction. Diner  
Diner, 1994 (Major David, JAG Corps, United States Army, Military Law Review, 143 Mil. L. Rev. 161, p. 170-173)
 Like all animal … to the abyss.

First, all moral theories must seek to resolve power disparities because they undermine the equal participation of all relevant parties in the public domain
Judith -  Professor of Rhetoric and Comparative Literature @ U.C. Berkeley, 2004 Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence, p. xix-xxi
To decide what … and suspect activity.
Second, dehumanization comes first because it encompasses our lives and thinking, meaning we can’t create other moral law in this mind state.
Daniel Jonah Goldhagen Published by: PublicAffairs, 2009 Worse than war: genocide, eliminationism, and the ongoing
Again and again … thinking, and acting.
Oppression shapes pedagogical practices, and education is responsible for both its creation and its ending.
Henry A. Giroux. “What Might Education Mean After Abu Ghraib: Revisiting Adorno’s Politics of Education.” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, 24:1 (2004)
Such questions extend … the first place.
Only by recognizing this role of the ballot do we recognize the unique capacity for the debate space to critically engage with ideas and minimize oppressive norms.
Henry A. article written by CJ Polychroniou“Neoliberalism and the Politics of Higher Education: an Interview with Henry A. Giroux” 2013
Higher education must … a meaningful democracy.

Tournament: NYDCA | Round: 1 | Opponent: ALL | Judge: ALL
The OECD  defines environmental protection:
http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=836
Environmental protection refers … landscape and ecosystems.
World Trade Organization 10  defines resources:
World Trade Organization. “World Trade Report 2010.” http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/anrep_e/wtr10-2b_e.pdf
For the purposes of … or to others.
The Aral Sea, located between Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, is shrinking due to irrigation practices that are key to cotton production.  
Trevitt, M., McVittie, A., Brander, L., and Bishop, J. (2012). Annex 2.1 Case Studies: Cotton, the Aral Sea and Timber in China. In The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity in Business and Enterprise. New York: EarthScan.
A striking example … of the region.
This is the biggest environmental disaster of all time.
Environmental Literacy Council. “Aral Sea.” May 6, 2008. http://www.enviroliteracy.org/article.php/1416.html
The degradation of … 90 days annually.
Current efforts are not enough to prevent the continued desiccation of the Aral Sea.
"Health and Ecological Consequences of the Aral Sea Crisis.” Dr. Oral A. Ataniyazova, M.Sc. The Karakalpak Center for Reproductive Health and Environment, Uzbekistan . Prepared for the 3rd World Water Forum Regional Cooperation in Shared Water Resources in Central Asia Kyoto, March 18, 2003 http://www.caee.utexas.edu/prof/mckinney/ce385d/Papers/Atanizaova_WWF3.pdf
Despite the activities … to improve the situation.
The nations of Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan will switch to a variety of cotton known as Aral 1 to end unsustainable irrigation practices in the region surrounding the Aral Sea.
Marina Kozlova. “Coping with the Shrinking Aral Sea.” October 12, 2006. Bloomberg. http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2006-10-12/coping-with-the-shrinking-aral-seabusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice
Uzbek scientists … alone, Bakhtiyar Zhollybekov says.
Irrigation is not required to grow Aral 1 cotton, so enacting the plan makes the refilling of the Aral Sea possible.
Marina Kozlova. “Water Actions-Uzbekistan.” https://archive.is/o31Ym
Because it … state recommended crops.
We are forced to reduce the amount of cotton extracted.
Marina Kozlova. “Coping with the Shrinking Aral Sea.” October 12, 2006. Bloomberg. http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2006-10-12/coping-with-the-shrinking-aral-seabusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice
The variety, known as …and fertilizer, Ismailov says.
The Vorozdeniie Island, located in the Aral Sea, has been transformed into a land bridge due to the Aral’s shrinking, risking the release of countless diseases.  
Dr. John C. K. Daly. “GLOBAL IMPLICATIONS OF ARAL SEA DESICCATION.” 2000. http://faculty.oxy.edu/richmond/ENVR/aral20sea20global20implications.htm
The Aral Sea’s …  you drink poison.
This would trigger human extinction
Maartens, W. (2006). Mapping reality: A critical perspective on science and religion. Lincoln, NE: IUniverse, Inc.
The scientists are … very, very scared!
Enacting the plan would prevent severe damage to the ecosystem caused by desiccation
Trevitt, M., McVittie, A., Brander, L., and Bishop, J. (2012). Annex 2.1 Case Studies: Cotton, the Aral Sea and Timber in China. In The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity in Business and Enterprise. New York: EarthScan.
Increased use and … colder, snowless winters.
Ecosystem collapse leads to human extinction
Diner, 1994 (Major David, JAG Corps, United States Army, Military Law Review, 143 Mil. L. Rev. 161, p. 170-173)
The government, unlike individuals, has no act/omission distinction.
Cass Sunstein, Adrian Vermeule. “Is Capital Punishment Morally Required? Acts, Omissions, and Life-Life Tradeoffs.”
In our view, … refusing to act.
First, even under the most conservative estimates, the value of reducing existential risk by a mere one millionth of one percentage point is worth at least ten times the value of a billion human lives.
Nick Bostrom, Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford Martin School and Faculty of Philosophy. 2013. http://www.existential-risk.org/faq.pdf
A case can … such an action.
Second, normative uncertainty demands that we prioritize existential threats even under non-consequentialist ethical frameworks to overwhelm the magnitude of ethical risk of extinction
Nick Bostrom, Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford Martin School and Faculty of Philosophy. 2011. http://www.existential-risk.org/concept.html
These reflections on …any existential catastrophe.
Fourth, the significance of the risk of extinction is so great that any other framework needs to be ignored in evaluating it.
Jonathan Schell 1982 “Fate of the Earth” pp. 93-96
But the mere...and to ourselves

Tournament: NYDCA | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
In the Status quo, illegal logging is rampant in the nation of Brazil. WWF Global: World Wildlife Foundation Global. “Logging in the Amazon”, 2001. http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/amazon/problems/other_threats/logging_amazon/
“While laws exist…broken the law”
Illegal logging practices in Brazil play a huge role in deforestation. WWF Global (2): World Wildlife Foundation Global. “Logging in the Amazon”, 2001. http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/amazon/problems/other_threats/logging_amazon/
“Whereas sustainable logging…agriculture or pasture”
Deforestation of the Amazon Rainforest could have catastrophic effects on the global environment. Walsh-Alker 11: Emma Walsh-Alker  “Deforestation in the Amazon”  2011 http://www.oneworldeducation.org/deforestation-amazon
“The Amazon Rainforest…the United States”
Plantext: Governments of Amazon countries will implement GPS systems in conjunction with DETER monitoring technology to detect logging in unapproved areas and prevent illegal logging practices in the Amazon rainforest.  
Climate Policy Initiative 13: Grandour, Clarissa, and Romero Rocha. "DETERing Deforestation in the Amazon." Climate Policy Initiative (n.d.): n. pag. Web. 6 Feb. 2014.
“The Action Plan…on these alerts”
DETER Monitoring technologies prove to be both successful and economically beneficial. Climate Policy Initiative (2): DETERring Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon: Environmental Monitoring and Law Enforcement
“Ibama’s 2011 budget…even more striking”
Restoration of an ecosystem works to restore biodiversity. Mongabay: “Saving the Amazon Rainforest” http://www.mongabay.com/saving_brazils_forests.html
“There is still…native forest wildlife”
Humans are dependent of other species, thus ecosystem collapse leads to human extinction. Diner, 1994 (Major David, JAG Corps, United States Army, Military Law Review, 143 Mil. L. Rev. 161, p. 170-173)
“Like all animal…to the abyss”
Animals have the ability to experience pain, sometimes at a deeper level than humans do. Serjeant, Richard, The Spectrum of Pain (London: Hart Davis 1969), p. 72
“Every particle of…fear and anger”
Because animals express a desire to avoid pain, that means we have an obligation to help that animal change its condition as we would to any human who expressed similar desires. Gruen 2012: “The Moral Status of Animals”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
“Any being that…are morally considerable”
And, we must also abandon human supremacy Shapiro: PAUL SHAPIRO. MORAL AGENCY IN OTHER ANIMALS. Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics (2006) 27:357–373. Springer.
“Evolutionary theory forces…from other animals”
Role of the Ballot: To abandon human supremacy and dismantle our oppressive mindsets toward non-human animals.
The only way treatment of animals will change is through discourse. Stibbe: Arran Stibbe “Language, Power and the Social Construction of Animals” University of Chikushi Jogakuen University 2001
“How animals are…of the area”
Dismantling oppression of non-animals won't fix itself on its own thus it comes before other forms of oppression such as -race and sex- because only we have the ability to rid of it. Stibbe 2: Arran Stibbe “Language, Power and the Social Construction of Animals” University of Chikushi Jogakuen University 2001
“One of the…plays a role”
Debate is a unique space in which we can critically think and argue about important issues that are occurring in the real world. This is the only way to dismantle oppressive structures, thus role of the ballot comes first. Giroux: Henry A. article written by CJ Polychroniou“Neoliberalism and the Politics of Higher Education: an Interview with Henry A. Giroux” 2013
“Higher education must…a meaningful democracy"

Tournament: NYDCA | Round: 1 | Opponent: ALL | Judge: ALL
The purpose of knowledge is to break down systems of oppression.  This is rooted in both an ontological and epistemological understanding of humanity, which precedes any standard that doesn't approach the topic ontologically.  Mathews 81:
“Knowledge, Action, and Power.” Michael Matthews. Literacy and Revolution: The pedagogy of Paulo Freire. Edited by Robert Mackie. 1981: Continuum Publishing Co. Print. p. 92
This account of … in their nature.
And, social reality is changed by humans. To break away from oppression, we must abandon oppressive mindsets that exclude critical ideas that are key to reform. Mackie 81:
Robert Mackie 81. Literacy and Revolution, the Pedagogy of Paulo Freire. New York: Continuum, 1981. 72. Print.
Objective social reality … in order to transform it.
And, having a values debate before recognizing the importance of structural violence is moot because we divide others into categories that are worthy and unworthy of our values, making them meaningless. Winter and Leighton 08:
Winter and Leighton 08 Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter: Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and ustice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice) (Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century. Pg 4-5, 2008)
Finally, to recognize … to reduce it.
The concept of resource extraction’s harmfulness is rooted as far as the slave trade. Even before official “colonialism,” resource extraction fell root to colonial tendencies. Nunn 03 The Legacy of Colonialism: A Model of Africa’s Underdevelopment Nathan Nunn?†?First Version: March 1, 2002, Current Version: June 20, 2003
Prior to the …Atlantic slave trade.
And this colonizing was not based out of some fiction of kindness or care- it was purely based on the capitalist drive of resource extraction. Silver: Three Worlds, Three Views: Culture and Environmental Change in the Colonial South,Timothy Silver, Appalachian State University
This is in …flag followed trade.”
Independent of other offense, the Aff’s rejection of resource extraction is sufficient to affirm due to its definitional existence via colonialist ideology. Additionally, colonists sparked environmental discourse to scare the colonized into abiding by their will in order to grasp further control. Beinart 1 African History and Environmental History*, William Beinart, St Antony's College, University of Oxford, Introduction: Approaches to Environmental History
Some Africanist writing shared what John MacKenzie calls the apocalyptic vision of global environmental history based on the profoundly disruptive colonial encounters in the Americas and Australia. 10 Kjekshus’ Ecology Control and Economic Development in East Africa (1977) is a sombre account of early colonial rule in Tanzania, sketching the impact of war … names were water-related.
Additionally, aff does not defend an external definition of environmental protection, rather what implementative process of protection is decided by the individual cultures in their own context. Beinart 2.  African History and Environmental History*, William Beinart, St Antony's College, University of Oxford, Introduction: Approaches to Environmental History
A further striking … been socially neutral.
Risk of continuing the ideology of resource extraction leads to further nationalism, sparking the fire once more for colonialism. Beinart 3 African History and Environmental History*, William Beinart, St Antony's College, University of Oxford, Introduction: Approaches to Environmental History
scholars have …arms of nationalists.

Tournament: NSD CAMP TOURNAMENT | Round: 1 | Opponent: ALL | Judge: ALL
The United States Federal government adopts a housing reparation policy focusing only on specific cases of housing inequality towards black Americans

Tournament: NYDCA | Round: 1 | Opponent: ALL | Judge: ALL
Right now Palm Oil Extraction has catastrophic effects on the environment.
Knudson 09 – (Tom Tom Knudson has been honored many times for his journalism. His notable work for The Sacramento Bee includes "State of Denial," about the ways California's strict environmental policies conflict with its use of resources from environmentally fragile parts of the planet. That series can be found online at www.sacbee.com/denial. Knudson also is a two-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize. In 1992, his Bee series about the Sierra Nevada received a Pulitzer for public service; in 1985, he won the national reporting prize while working at The Des Moines (Iowa) Register “The Cost of the Biofuel Boom: Destroying Indonesia’s Forests” http://e360.yale.edu/feature/the_cost_of_the_biofuel_boom_destroying_indonesias_forests/2112/)
As a child, … much of the damage.
Indonesia and Malaysia will prioritize environmental protection over resource extraction by promoting sustainability and stopping the expansion of palm oil extraction into forests. I reserve the right to clarify.
Tom Tom Knudson has been honored many times for his journalism. His notable work for The Sacramento Bee includes "State of Denial," about the ways California's strict environmental policies conflict with its use of resources from environmentally fragile parts of the planet. That series can be found online at www.sacbee.com/denial. Knudson also is a two-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize. In 1992, his Bee series about the Sierra Nevada received a Pulitzer for public service; in 1985, he won the national reporting prize while working at The Des Moines (Iowa) Register “The Cost of the Biofuel Boom: Destroying Indonesia’s Forests” http://e360.yale.edu/feature/the_cost_of_the_biofuel_boom_destroying_indonesias_forests/2112/)
“If developed responsibly, … by oil palm.
Ancestral gravesites in Indonesia are bulldozed for oil palm expansion.  This destroys communities and has no benefit towards the extraction of palm oil. Serge Marti 2 LifeMosaic, A research report for Friends of the Earth, “Losing Ground: The human impacts of palm oil expansion”, Friends of Earth, February 2008, BE?A frequently reported cultural impact of oil palm expansion is ?AND?proof of long-term community occupation of the land.364 http://www.foe.co.uk/sites/default/files/downloads/palmed_off.pdf
A frequently reported … of the land.
Expansion of palm oil displaces indigenous people and destroys their culture.
 Thomas King 2014 “Say No To Palm Oil” http://www.saynotopalmoil.com/Whats_the_issue.php
5 Brown and Jacobson 05 Ellie Brown, Ph.D., and Michael F. Jacobson, Ph.D., “CRUEL OIL How Palm Oil Harms Health, Rainforest and Wildlife”, Center for Science in the Public Interest, May 2005,
In total, 50 … no control over.
Indigenous peoples are displaced by palm oil expansion—taking away their land rights and their culture that they’ve had for thousands of years.
Brown and Jacobson 05 Ellie Brown, Ph.D., and Michael F. Jacobson, Ph.D., “CRUEL OIL How Palm Oil Harms Health, Rainforest and Wildlife”, Center for Science in the Public Interest, May 2005,
Oil palm agriculture …  the early 1960s.
Sustainability of the palm forests is the first step to solving for structural violence of displaced people.
Brown and Jacobson 05 Ellie Brown, Ph.D., and Michael F. Jacobson, Ph.D., “CRUEL OIL How Palm Oil Harms Health, Rainforest and Wildlife”, Center for Science in the Public Interest, May 2005,
oil palm agriculture … will be developed.
Palm Oil employment in Malaysia and Indonesia forces children into a “modern slavery”
Dr. Marcus Colchester 08 Reporter, Director Forest Peoples Programmed 1c Fosse way Business Centre Stratford Road  “RI workers, children 'enslaved' in Malaysia, commission says”, The Jakarta Post, 17 Sep 2008, BE?"Slavery practices" at palm oil plantations in Sabah,
“slavery practices” at … Arist denounced
“Enslaved” children on palm oil plantations live in horrible conditions but can be turned around with the eradication of palm oil. Thus once again irradiating structural violence
Erwida Maulia 08 Reporter, “RI workers, children 'enslaved' in Malaysia, commission says”, The Jakarta Post, 17 Sep 2008, BE http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/09/17/ri-workers-children-039enslaved039-malaysia-commission-says.html
about 72,000 children … managers, he added.
Palm Oil expansion in both Malaysia and Indonesia leads to animal extinction and stopping it is key to solving for the structural violence.
Knudson 09 – (Tom Tom Knudson has been honored many times for his journalism. His notable work for The Sacramento Bee includes "State of Denial," about the ways California's strict environmental policies conflict with its use of resources from environmentally fragile parts of the planet. That series can be found online at www.sacbee.com/denial. Knudson also is a two-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize. In 1992, his Bee series about the Sierra Nevada received a Pulitzer for public service; in 1985, he won the national reporting prize while working at The Des Moines (Iowa) Register “The Cost of the Biofuel Boom: Destroying Indonesia’s Forests” http://e360.yale.edu/feature/the_cost_of_the_biofuel_boom_destroying_indonesias_forests/2112/)
According to Indonesia’s … an imminent threats
Humans are dependent of other species, thus ecosystem collapse leads to human extinction.
Diner Diner, 1994 (Major David, JAG Corps, United States Army, Military Law Review, 143 Mil. L. Rev. 161, p. 170-173)
Like all animal life, … to the abyss.

The purpose of knowledge is to break down systems of oppression.  This is rooted in both an ontological and epistemological understanding of humanity.  Mathews 81:
“Knowledge, Action, and Power.” Michael Matthews. Literacy and Revolution: The pedagogy of Paulo Freire. Edited by Robert Mackie. 1981: Continuum Publishing Co. Print. p. 92
This account of … in their nature.

Structural violence is based on exclusion of perceived differences among people.
Opotow 03 1  9
Both structural … expense of others
 

Prevention of structural violence is key to obtain rights, protecting indigenous, cultural rights are uniquely important for this.

Lykes 01 1
There are many … recent armed conflict.

Having a values debate before recognizing the importance of structural violence is moot because we divide others into categories that are worthy and unworthy of our values, making them meaningless.
Winter and Leighton 08
Finally, to recognize … to reduce it.
Winter and Leighton 08 Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter: Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and ustice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice) (Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century. Pg 4-5, 2008)

3. We must look at “agency” and structural inequality first because they enhance our understanding of violence, which is the only way we can solve.
Brown 09 111
African American … of social existence.
Vincent Brown 09 professor of history and of African and African American Studies specializing in Atlantic Slavery “Social Death and Political Life in the Study of Slavery” http://history.fas.harvard.edu/people/faculty/documents/brown-socialdeath.pdf ghsVA

 Only by recognizing this role of the ballot can we continue to mobilize support and stop the antagonism in debate between winning and the real world. Giroux Henry A. article written by CJ Polychroniou“Neoliberalism and the Politics of Higher Education: an Interview with Henry A. Giroux” 2013

Higher education must …  a meaningful democracy.

Tournament: None | Round: 4 | Opponent: Dont remember | Judge:
Governments of Amazon countries will implement GPS systems in conjunction with DETER monitoring technology to detect logging in unapproved areas and prevent illegal logging practices in the Amazon rainforest.  Climate Policy Initiative 13 (Grandour, Clarissa, and Romero Rocha. "DETERing Deforestation in the Amazon." Climate Policy Initiative (n.d.): n. pag.)

Developing countries will prioritize environmental protection over resource extraction by halting their offshore drilling in the Arctic.

Indonesia and Malaysia will prioritize environmental protection over resource extraction by promoting sustainability and stopping the expansion of palm oil into forests. Knudson
(Tom Knudson. "The Cost of the Biofuel Boom:Destroying Indonesia’s Forests." 2009. http://e360.yale.edu/feature/the_cost_of_the_biofuel_boom_destroying_indonesias_forests/2112/

The nations of Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan will switch to a variety of cotton known as Aral 1 to end unsustainable irrigation practices in the region surrounding the Aral Sea. Kozlova 06: (Marina Kozlova. “Coping with the Shrinking Aral Sea.” October 12, 2006. Bloomberg. http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2006-10-12/coping-with-the-shrinking-aral-seabusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice)

Tournament: Woodward | Round: 1 | Opponent: TBD | Judge: TBD
Developing countries will prioritize environmental protection over resource extraction by eliminating lead petrol altogether. Lovei 12  clarifies:
  “Why Lead Should Be Removed From Gasoline” by Magda Lovei, World Bank. Nov 24, 2012. The LEAD Group, Inc. http://www.lead.org.au/lanv4n2/lanv4n2-2.html

All Cites in the all cites folder.  Check that before you run your stupid disclosure theory