Tournament: Tournament of Champions | Round: 1 | Opponent: Martin Sigalow | Judge: Strake Jesuit AT
I prayed like I’ve never prayed in all my life,"
"I told God, ’I can’t believe you’re ready for me now. Don’t let me die in this water here by myself.’"
"It was horrible, and it’s still horrible, but I’m breathing,"
While some of those who were caught in the path of Hurricane Katrina did so
AND
told of dead bodies in wheelchairs simply covered with blankets or bed sheets.
STORIES OF THE DESTRUCTION OF THE DISABILED BODY FLOOD THE MEDIA AFTER DISASTERS BUT ARE NOT ADRESSED THROUGH POLICIES. ENVIRONMENTAL VIOLENCE AGAINST DISABLED PERSONS IS PLAINLY VISIBLE YET CONSTANTLY INVISIBLE AND UNVISIBALIZED. Berube 1
(Michael, Edwin Erle Sparks Professor of Literature and Director of the Institute for the Arts and Humanities at Pennsylvania State University-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University, where he teaches American literature, disability studies, and cultural studies – http://www.michaelberube.com/index.php/weblog/disability_and_disasters/-http://www.michaelberube.com/index.php/weblog/disability_and_disasters/)
But even as we watched the stunning spectacle of people dying of starvation and thirst
AND
were very likely subject to something I will not hesitate to call terror.
as well as long-term recovery resources for people who have disabilities prior to the disaster and those who acquire a disability as a result of the disaster.
THE STATE’S ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF DISABILITY REMAINS INCONCEIVABLE – POLITICS IS FUNDAMENTALLY INACCESSIBLE TO THE DISABLED BODY. Berube 2
And the consequences of that, I believe, were devastating.  First, of
AND
and political fact, disability as a factor in public policy remained inconceivable.
THE DISABLED BODY IS CONSTITUTED AND BORN OUT OF THE ENVIRONMENT – ONLY BY UNDERSTANDING THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE ENVIRONMENT AND DISABILITY CAN WE COMPREHEND EITHER. Hahn
(Harlan, University of Southern California – 1985 Toward a Politics of Disability: Definitions, Disciplines and Policies – http://www.independentliving.org/docs4/hahn2.html)
Increasingly, both medical and economic concepts are being challenged by a new socio-
AND
limitations paradigm" that has traditionally guided the study of disability and rehabilitation.
JUST AS THE STATE FAILED TO PROTECT THE LIVED ENVIRONMENTS OF FLUFFY, CHARLOTTE AND ALECK IN THE FACE OF KATRINA, DISEMBODIED FORMS OF DISCOURSE THAT PRIVILEGE THE ABLE-BODIED IN THE DEBATE SPACE ENACT VIOLENCE ON THE ENVIRONMENTS OF THE MARGINALIZED. THE DEMAND FOR RATIONAL DISCOURSE REFLECTS A DANGEROUS ABLEIST EPISTEMOLOGY – THE BODY IS ALWAYS ALREADY A PRIOR QUESTION. Clifford
(Stacy, Dept. of Political Science, Vanderbilt University – Making disability public in deliberative democracy – Contemporary Political Theory July 2011. http://www.palgrave-journals.com/cpt/journal/v11/n2/full/cpt201111a.html-http://www.palgrave-journals.com/cpt/journal/v11/n2/full/cpt201111a.html)
The disability rights motto of ’nothing about us without us’ (Charlton, 1998
AND
theorize non-verbal speech acts as an integral component of deliberative theory.
EMBODIMENT OF THE DISABLED IS NECESSARY TO CHALLENGE THE ABLEIST ASSUMPTIONS UNDERLYING THIS LINGUISTIC GAME AND TO CHANGE THE WAY WE INTERPRET AND UNDERSTAND EVERY ASPECT OF DEBATE. Lanning
~Eric Lanning Eric Lanning is a debater at the University of Houston and former National Debate Tournament Champion. January 22, 2014, "What is Access?", access debate, http://accessdebate.com/2014/01/22/what-is-access/~~
I’ve been thinking a lot lately about what "access" means in the context
AND
or educators, but a process of struggle that has to be joined"

THUS I AFFIRM THE 1AC AS A SITE TO UNCOVER THE INVISIBLE ENVIRONMENTAL VIOLENCE PERPETUATED AGAINST THE DISABLED BODY AND TO PROTECT THE LIVED ENVIRONMENTS OF THE DISABLED WITHIN THIS DEBATE SPACE.
THE ROLE OF THE JUDGE IS TO BE AN INCLUSIVE EDUCATOR CONCERNED WITH PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT OF THE DISABLED BODY. Nocella
~Anthony J. Nocella II, "Emergence of Disability Pedagogy", Journal For Critical Education Policy Studies
, 6, Syracuse University, http://www.jceps.com/PDFs/6-2-05.pdf~~

Further, Artiles and Kozleski write, ?The premise of inclusive school communities is
AND
a platform for people with disabilities, therefore the rise of disability pedagogy. 

QUESTIONS OF PARTICIPATORY PARITY ARE MEANINGLESS WITHOUT INCLUSIVE INSTITUTIONAL NORMS. Berube 3
~Berube is the Paterno Family Professor in Literature at Pennsylvania State University, May 1, 2003, Citizenship and Disability, Dissent Magazine, http://www.alternet.org/story/15809/citizenship_and_disability~~
Imagine a building in which political philosophers are debating, in the wake of the
AND
disability, we can have no account of democracy worthy of the name. 

THE PROTECTION ENVIRONMENTS ACCESIBLE TO THE DISABLED BODY IS A SURVIVAL MECHANISM TO FIGHT ABLEIST NORMS THAT RELEGATE DISABLED PEOPLE TO THE LOWEST FORM OF BEING, MAKING IT THE ZERO POINT OF OPPRESSION. Russell
~Marta Russell, The Social Movement Left Out, SOA Watch, http://www.soaw.org/resources/anti-opp-resources/112-abilities/828-the-social-movement-left-out~~
It is disheartening, to say the least, when I can still pick up
AND
Albert phases it, with everyone’s contributions and energies working towards global justice.

Tournament: Lex | Round: 3 | Opponent: Any | Judge: Any
Text: Latin American countries to embrace the indigenous social movement of “Buen Vivir.”

Tournament: Sunvite | Round: 1 | Opponent: Any | Judge: Any
developed countries screw over developing countries 

Nath, Vikas. "White Collar Invasion: developed country policies leading to environmental degradation in South." (2001).

Over-consumption ...are truly global. 

developing countries” to embrace the Latin American social movement of “Buen Vivir.”'

Giovannini, Michela, Social Enterprises for Buen Vivir in Chiapas: An Alternative to Development, June 28, 2013,http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BE6B5 /search/D23EF0647F3BCD28C1257B980034954C?OpenDocument

Unsatisfied by ... rhetoric and praxis. 

contention cards subject to change 

The role of the ballot is to endorse the debater who proposes the most effective method for “developing countries” to resist imperialism in the context of the resolution.

Tournament: The Sunvintational | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
The ultimate goal of human good is happiness. Darwish  

“Rethinking Utilitarianism,” Bahaa Darwish (Qatar University). Teaching Ethics 10 (1):87-109 (2009). http://www.uvu.edu/ethics/seac/Darwish20-20Rethinking20Utilitarianism.pdf

"Let’s start with ... our pleasure."  

Only utilitarian calculus respects this. Mill 

Mill, John, Stewart; “Utilitarianism;” (1861); Really famous English philosopher; Print:

"The creed which accepts ... its German, French and English assailants."

Policy makers require a utilitarian calculus. Goodin  

Goodin, ‘98 (Robert Goodin, philosopher, Research School of the Social Sciences, UTILITARIANISM AS A PUBLIC PHILOSOPHY, 1998, p. 43

"Public officials are obliged ... each alternative possible general rule.

Global coal consumption will surpass oil consumption by 2020 due to no current alternative. Tan ’13  

Tan, Reuters; “Coal Poised To Surpass Oil As Top Global Fuel by 2020” (October 15th, 2013); http://www.thestar.com.my/Business/Business-News/2013/10/15/Coal-poised-to-surpass-oil-as-top-global-fuel-by-2020.aspx

"Coal will surpass ... coal as the primary energy source," he said."

Thus, the plan text: The Government of China will extend the Carbon Tax to coal to incentivize a reduction of emissions in China. 

China is still developing. Khor ’11  

Khor, Martin; “China Still A Developing Nation;” (November 25th, 2011); English News, Home, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/indepth/2011-11/25/c_131269386.htm

"The fact is, ... per capita GDP higher than China."

Taxing coal forces China to look for alternatives making them less dependent on coal. Xu et al ’13  

Xu, Christine; Finamore, Barbara; “A Five Part Strategy to Cap and Cut China’s Coal Consumption;” (May 28, 2013); Switch Board; http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/alin/a_five-part_strategy_to_cap_an.html

"In addition to mandatory ... for China’s citizens, environment and economic growth.  

A China carbon tax solves the environment and the economy. Neumann and Chan ’13  

(Neuman and Chan, (2013) China http://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1353521/china-benefits-carbon-tax-far-outweigh-costs, “For China, benefits of carbon tax far outweigh the costs”, 11-11-13)

"That China needs to give ... energy-saving measures start to produce results"

Coal causes warming. GCC ’13  

GCC, “A Blanket Around The Earth” (2013); Visual Signs of The Planet, NASA, http://climate.nasa.gov/causes

"Most climate scientists ... of greenhouse gases."

Warming causes extinction. Henderson ’06

Bill Henderson, environmental scientist, 8-19-6 “Runaway global warming—denial” http://www.countercurrents.org/cc-henderson190806.htm 

"If impossibly Draconian ... extinction of humanity."

Warming impacts outweigh everything on probability. Publius ’13  

Publius, Gaius; “Climate crisis: We could see 7°C (12°F) warming, and a mass extinction, by 2100” (September 24th, 2013); America Blog; http://americablog.com/2013/09/climate-crisis-see-7c-12f-warming-mass-extinction-2100.html

"Given all of this, ... This piece explores those questions."

The dependency on coal will ruin China’s economy. Thiruvengadam ’13 

Thiruvengadam, Meena; Chinese Smog: At What Cost”; (March 4th, 2013); World Affairs, The Financialist; Credit Suissue; http://www.thefinancialist.com/chinese-smog-at-what-cost/

"China may be the world’s economic ... from this kind of smog.”

Stagnant economic growth causes global warming. Sanders ’90 

Jerry Sanders, Senior Fellow of the World Policy Institute, ’90 (Bulletin of Peace Proposals, May)

"Among the poorest countries, ... Third World."

China’s economy is extremely strong and affects the world econ more than the U.S. Kuo and King ’13 

Kuo, Lily; King, Ritchie; “More of the world thinks China has already overtaken the US as the no. 1 economic power” (July 18th, 2013); Polar Eclipse; http://qz.com/105697/more-of-the-world-thinks-china-has-already-overtaken-the-us-as-the-no-1-economic-power/

"The question of if and ... in the top spot.

Chinese economic collapse will trigger nuclear war. Mead ‘98  

Senior Fellow for US Foreign Policy at Council on Foreign Relations Walter Russell, “Rule 1: Don’t Panic. Rule 2: Panic first.” Esquire, Oct, ProQuest

"Few Americans understand ... establishes control."

The only thing getting in the way of humans reaching normative agreement is extinction. Bostrom ’11 

THE CONCEPT OF EXISTENTIAL RISK (2011) Nick Bostrom Future of Humanity Institute Oxford Martin School and Faculty of Philosophy University of Oxford

"These reflections on moral ...  existential catastrophe."

Tournament: The Sunvintational | Round: 2 | Opponent: someone | Judge: someone
All agents have the ability to engage in rational thought. Kant 1 

Kant, Immanuel; “Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals;” (1792); Famous philosopher, Print.

"Now I say: ... reason whatever."

Moral imperatives must be universalizable because all rational actors must be able to will such an action as an end. Korsgaard 

Korsgaard, Christine, M; “Self-Constitution: Agency, Identity, and Integrity;” (2009); Harvard Philosopher; http://www..scribd.com/doc/188526433/Korsgaard-Integrity

"But on the public conception of reasons,... efficacy stand or fall together."

Hypothetical imperatives cannot guide action because they are not formulated in accordance with reason. Categorical imperatives guide the will because they provide an a priori reason for an actor to will an end. Kant 2 

Kant, Immanuel, “Critique of Practical Reason” {BOOK_1|CHAPTER_1 ^paragraph 10}

"In practical philosophy, ... a categorical imperative."

End states are inevitably unpredictable and cannot guide subjects objectively. Kant 3 

Kant, Immanuel, “Critique of Practical Reason” {BOOK_1|CHAPTER_1 ^paragraph 10}

"All practical principles ... a practical law."

The state has an obligation to prevent violations of individual worth and preserve the ability for individuals to pursue their rational ends without coercion. Rauscher  

Rauscher, Fredrick; “Kant’s Social and Political Philosophy;” (Thursday, April 19th, 2012); Stanford University; The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant-social-political/#FreBasSta

“There is only one ... lifting the hindrance to actions. "

Environmental protection is a material prerequisite to a system of equal freedom. Ataner  

Ataner. Attila; “Kant on Freedom, Property Rights and Environmental Protection;” (October 2012); McMaster University, School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts http://digitalcommons.mcmaster.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=8612andcontext=opendissertations

"My second line of argument in... as a matter of Virtue). 

Second, currently, in developing countries, corporations own most of the land that is being used for resource extraction. This coerces the individual freedom. Parenti 

Parenti, Michael; “Against Empire;” (1995); Imperialism 101, City Light Books, Print; online: http://www.michaelparenti.org/Imperialism101.html

"North American and European .. labor union strategies."

Individual autonomy always outweigh under my standard. Nozick 

Robert Nozick, “Anarchy, State, and Utopia,” 1974 

"Side constraints... its citizens."

In developing countries, mining-induced displacement occurs frequently. It is caused by resource extraction. Terminski 1 

Terminski, Bogumil; “Applying the Concept of Human Security to Research on the Consequences of Mining-Induced Displacement and Resettlement;” (March 13th, 2012); University of Warsaw, Mining Displacement: PDF

"Asia and Pacific.. in the whole region”.

Displacement coerces the individual in multiple ways. Displacement commits multiple human rights violations. Terminski 2 

Terminski, Bogumil; “Applying the Concept of Human Security to Research on the Consequences of Mining-Induced Displacement and Resettlement;” (March 13th, 2012); University of Warsaw, Mining Displacement: PDF

"The domain of human rights ... socio-economic development."

Imposing environmental constraints on corporations solves. Developed Countries prove. Terminski 3 

Terminski, Bogumil; “Applying the Concept of Human Security to Research on the Consequences of Mining-Induced Displacement and Resettlement;” (March 13th, 2012); University of Warsaw, Mining Displacement: PDF

"Recently, an expansion of ...India and China."